ISi'W-'HH^^ '' ^i^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME or THE Alfred E. Perkins Fund ^^'e^tmjCYs^tmm jl^id) the mmti.oir'(Gj[K r /^ r :/f^. y/ufj^^:.-M/^/f, J f// . "' I J \ S I AS-l;!!,,,]!!, •i'lTTt^trn , j';\'n':RMis:T.b' itdw. CONTENTS PAGE Chapter I. History of London, from the acces.^ion of William and Mary, to the reign of George the Second 1 Chapter II. History of London during the reign of George the Second 26 Chapter III. History of London^, from the accession of George the Third, to the year 1780 55 Chapter IV. History of London, continued to the Union 96 Chapter V. History (f London, from the Union to the Jubilee 1809. . . . 142 Chapter VI. History of London, from the Jubilee to the peace of 1814 .. 168 Chapter VII. History of London, continued to the accession of George the Fourth 21 Chapter VIII. Account of the civil government of the city by portreves, bailiffs, and mayors, with a list of the latter. Cere monies to be observed by the lord mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs on particular occasions 241 Chapter IX. An account of the aldermen and sheriffs, with a list of the latter 268 Chapter X. Lists and brief accounts of the various offices and courts loithin the city 281 Chapter XI. Some account of the ecclesiastical government of the city of London, with a list and biographical notices of the Bishops of the See 305 Chapter XII. Some account of the military government of London, and ihe artilery company 318 Chapter XIII. An account of the twelve principal companies of the city of London 337 a 3 CONTENTS. Chapter XIV. page An account of the companies of the city of London, alpha betically arranged 376 Chapter XV. An account of the river Thames 430 Chapter XVI. Historical and topographical account of London bridge, Westminster bridge, Blackfriars bridge, Waterloo bridge, Southwark bridge, and the Thames tunnel. . . . 453 Chapter XVII. Topographical and hi torical account of the Tower of London 502 ENGBAVINGS. Cupper. Plan of the river Thames . 430 Views and plans of London bridge - . 467 White Tower, council chamber, and chapel. Tower of London 514 Plan and interior view of the Beauchamp Tower - 517 Wood. Arms of the see of London . ggs Mercers' company' . 3^9 Grocers' - _ . 344 Drapers' _ _ 3^7 Fishmongers' _ . 34Q Goldsmiths' . . 352 Skinners' . 325 Merchant Tailors' . _ 359 Haberdashers' _ _ 3g3 Salters' - » _ ggg Ironmongers' . . ggg Vintners' - . _ 372 Clothworkers' . . . 3^4 Plan of London bridge 1209 . _ ^^g St. Thomas' chapel 1757 . . 457 Inscription of 1497 found in London bridse . jcs 1509 . * . ' JZ. 1511 - - . . London bridge, 1500 - . 4gg South gate, London bridge ... 47g Southwark Tower . . _ ^.j,. , Crown discovered in Ihe Tower _ 510 Interior of the Bowyer Tower . 52] Gateway of the Bloody Tower , . 522 The Byward Tower • „ 524 Ancient Axe . . s . 539 THE HISTORY OF LONDON. J' Frem Ins oozy bed Olii father Thames advanc'd his reverond heat!, His ti'osses dress'd with dews, and o'er the stieaiti His shining horns diffus'd a golden gleam. Grav'd on his uvn appeai-'d the moon, that guides His swelling water and alternate tides; Tlie figur'd streams in waves of silver roll'd. And on their banlis August.4 rose in gold: Behold! Augusta's glittering spires increase, And temples rise, tiie beauteous works ofpeacel 'I he time shall come, when, free as seas or wind, Unbounded Thames shall flow for all mankind 1 Jiaith's distant ends our glory shall behold, And the new world lannch forth to seek the old." Pope. CHAPTER I. History of London, from the Acces.non of William and Mary, lo the reign of George the Second. On the evening ofthe day that James II. finally departed from W^hitoliall, the Prince of Orange arrived at the palace of St. James's, where he received the congratulations of the nobility, and ofthe lord mayor, aldermen, and comraon council of London. Soon afterwards he assembled the spiritual and temporal lords that were in the metropolis, to the number of sixty, who all resolved to sanction his proceedings, and coincided in his declaration to call a free parliament. They also addressed him to lake upon himself the administration of public affairs till the meeting of a convention; and, by a second address, they desired him to issue his letters missive '• to the lords spiritual and temporal, being protestants, and to the several counties, cities, and boroughs," containing directions for the chusing, within ten days, such a number of persons to represent them, as are of right to be sent to pai liament. The convention parliament assembled at Westminster on the 22d of .January, 1689, when, after violent debates on successive days, it was resolved, that the abdicatioii of James had rendered the throne VOI, 11. B 2 HISTORY OF LONDON. vacant ; and eventually it was determined, that the Prince and Princess of Orange " should be declared king and queen of Eng land." Accordingly on the 13th of February, they were pro claimed with the accustomed ceremonies, and on the 11th of April they were solemnly crowned in Westminster Abbey, under the title of William the Third and Mary the Second. Sir Thomas Pilkington, the lord mayor, being re-elected for the year ensuing, in the name of the city invited the king, queen, prince and princess of Denmark, and both houses of parliament, to dine at Guildhall on the approaching lord mayor's day ; at which time their majesties, accompanied by their royal highnesses, and attended by a numerous train of the nobility, repaired to Cheap- side, where they beheld the gorgeous cavalcade pass ; which, consi dering the beautiful decorations of the streets, the richness of apparel, the fine appearance of the militia and artillery company, the pomp of the royal regiment of horse volunteers, consisting of the chief citizens most sumptuously accoutred, and led by the earl of Monmouth, and the magnificence and curious embellishments of the several pageants, seems to have equalled, if not excelled, every thing of the kind hitherto seen in this city for splendour and magni ficence. The show being over, their majesties were, by the sheriffs, con ducted to Guildhall, where they were entertained with a truly royal feast ; and the joyful day concluded with bonfires, ringing of bells, and general illuminations in all parts of the city. And, through the whole course of this solemnity, nothing was omitted to demon strate the dutiful respect and hearty affection of the citizens to their majesties. Yet, a few days after, some malicious and impotent enemy spoiled the king's picture of the crown and sceptre. For the apprehending of whom the court of lord mayor and aldermen offered a reward of five hundred pounds.* Advice being brought of the defeat of the Dutch fleet in the channel, on the thirtieth of June, by that of France, after a gallant engagement for a whole day, though above three to one; and that this terrible blovy was entirely owing to the inactivity and misbeha viour (to call ii ho worse) of Torrington, our admiral, who, during the action, basely lay by as a spectator; the citizens, concluding that the French, having now none to oppose them, would un doubtedly put their design of landing in execution, (to their eternal honour and praise be it remembered) like true patriots, acquainted the queen (by the lord mayor, aldermen, and lieutenancy, in the absence of the king in Ireland) in council, that they had, at that extraordinary juncture, in common council, unanimously resolved to support and defend their majesties persons and government with their lives and fortunes, to the utmost of their power; and repre- * Ken. Hist. England. HISTORY OF LONDON. 3 sented to her, that the city trained-bands, consisting of about nine thousand men, were completely armed, and ready to march whither her majesty pleased ; and, as an additional reinforcement to the said troops, the lieutenancy of the city had resolved to raise six regi ments of auxiliaries ; and besides which, the lord mayor, aldermen, and commons of the common council, resolved, by a voluntary con tribution, not only to raise a large regiment of horse and one thou sand dragoons (wherein they had already made a considerable pro gress) but likewise to maintain the same for the space of a month or longer, if occasion required. And prayed, that her majesty would be pleased to appoint oflicers to command the said regiments ; when, with thanks returned for their hearty zeal and loyalty, she promised to comply with their requests. In the year 1692, on the Sth of September, the shock of an earth quake was felt in the city and parts adjacent, but did no particular damage.* About the same time, the Turkey Conipany, in a humble ad dress, represented to the queen the vast los.ses they had lately sus tained at sea by the French, for want of sufficient convoys; where with her majesty was so sensibly touched, that she not only ap pointed a committee ofthe privy council to examine into the cause of the late misfortune, but likewise that effectual care might be taken for preventing the like for the future. These laudable endea vours ofthe queen gave such a general satisfaction in the city, that the court of lord mayor and aldermen addressed her thereupon, with hearty congratulations upon the king's wonderful preservation in the battle of Landen, in Flanders; and likewise returned humble thanks for her majesty's gracious care of the merchants of this city; and withal assured her, that as they had formerly expressed their utmost zeal for their majesties' service, so they were heartily glad of the present opportunity of renewing the name, by assisting her majesty with money upon the present emergency ; and humbly en treated her to be assured of their sincere and fixra resolution of con tinuing their best endeavours upon all occasions, for the support of their majesties' authority and government, against all attempts whatsoever. And the citizens, for accomplishing their promise in the said address, immediately in common-council agreed to advance the sum of three hundred thousand pounds, required by her majesty, which they soon after raised and paid into the exchequer. The year 1694 disclosed an infamous system of bribery; which, being investigated by the house of commons, it was proved that 1000 guineas had been demanded and taken from the chamberlain of London by sir John Trevor, the speaker, for forwarding the Orphan bill ; and in consequence of which, he was expelled the house ; other bribes had been also taken by different persons. t The king being returned from Holland after the conclusion of tho "• M;-.nlhly Merftry. t Brayley's London, i. 478 B 2 4 HISTORY OF LONDON. treaty of Ryswick, he was humbly entreated by the lord mayorand citizens of London, on that happy and joyful occasion, to make his public entry into this city; which his majesty graciously conde scending to, he was pleased, on the 16th of November, to set out from Greenwich in his coach of state, accompanied by his royal highness George, prince of Denmark, and attended by the great oflicers of state, together with a vast train ofthe nobility and gen try. On his majesty's approach to the city, he was received at St. Margaret's-hill, in Southwark, by the lord mayor, aldermen, recor der, and sheriffs, in their formalities on horseback; where the lord mayor, alighting, presented the city sword to his majesty, who returned it, with a gracious command to bear it before him. Where upon the recorder dismounted, and, in a short, but eloquent speech, congratulated his majesty on the conclusion of the late peace, and on his safe and happy return to his dutiful and loyal people. From thence a hundred of the city trained bands led the way, followed by two of the king's coaches, and one of prince George's, the two city marshals with their men ; the sheriffs, and city oflUcers, according to their several degrees, the latter on horseback ; after whom rode the aldermen, sheriffs, and such as had fined for either of those dignities. Then came the king's trumpets and kettle-drums, the heralds of arms, according to their distinctions, between the Serjeants at arms bearing their maces, all bare-headed. Then the lord-mayor, in a crimson velvet gown, with his collar and jewel, bearing the sword between Clarencieux king at arrns on his right hand, and onp ofthe gentleman ushers on the left. Then the king, in a rich coach of state, accompanied by prince George, with one gentleman of the bed-chamber in waiting, and attended on each side by "his majesty's equerries, footmen, and yeo men of the guard, led by their respective officers, and followed by his majesty's life-guards, and a long train of coaches, with each six horses, of the great officers of state, nobility, and others. The streets were all the way lined and guarded by the trained-bands. Arriving at Whitehall, the lord mayor attended his majesty to the foot of the stairs leading to the royal apartments ; whei'e, having taken leave of his majesty, his lordship and the aldermen were con ducted to the lord-steward's lodging, where they were entertained with an elegant supper. The balconies and windows were crowded with infinite numbers of spectators ; so that it was in a manner a double shew, while the cavalcade was a pleasing sight to the beholders, and they no less a delightful object to the cavalcade. On this joyful occasion, the city was embellished with the most pompous decorations ; and before St. Paul's school were placed the blue-coat- boys, one of whom congratulated his majesty n a very handsome speech.* * Monthly Mercury. HISTORY OF LONDON. 5 In the year 1697, a measure of great utility to the metropolis was carried into execution. Various places, to which, before me Reformation, the privilege of sanctuary was attached, had by tAe lapse of time so far degenerated from their original destination, as lo become receptacles for unprincipled and lawless persons, who fled to them as places of refuge from justice and legal authority. The evils thus produced had grown so enormous as to demand the inter ference of the legislature ; and an act of parliament was passed, by which all the following places of abused privilege were suppressed, viz. the sanctuary in the Minories ; those in the neighbourhood of Fleet-street, as Salisbury-court, Whitefriars, Ram-alley, and Mitre- court; Fulwood's-rents, in Holborn, and. Baldwin's-gardens, in Gray's-inn-lane ; the Savoy in the Strand ; and Montague-close, Deadman's-place, the Clink, and the Mint, in Southwark,. This last place, however, through the supineness of the magistracy, was suffered lo re-assume its former character, and that with en- creased profligacy ; nor was it finally suppressed till the reign of George the First. On the disbanding of the army after the peace of Ryswick in the same year, many papists, and other disaffected persons, resorted to London, which occasioned a proclamation to be issued, restrict ing them to a distance of not loss than ten miles from the metropohs, on penalty of being punished as recusants. Similar proclamations were issued in 1699 and 1700, and the city magistrates were strictly enjoined to prevent the opening of mass-houses and popish schools, and also empowered to seize all arms and ammunition that might be found in the possession of papists or disaffected persons. On the death of king William, the eighth of March, 1702, the princess Anne, eldest surviving daughter of James the Second, who bad married George, prince of Denmark, acceded to the throne, and was crowned at Westminster on the 13th of April. On the 9th of November, the new queen dined with the corporation at Guildhall ; and on the \2th, she went in great state to St. Paul's, accompanied by both houses of parliament, to attend a solemn thanksgiving for the success of the earl of Marlborough in the Low Countries, and of sir George Rooke at Vigo. The year 1703 was remarkable for a dread ful storm of wind which arose about 10 o'clock during the night of the 26th of November, and continued to rage with extreme violence till .^even the next morning, when it gradually moderated. The devastation was most extensive, and every part of the kingdom experienced its ravages. The damage sustained by the city of London alone was estimated at two millions sterling ; and vast loss was also sustained in other parts of the metropolis. Upwards of two thousand stacks of chimnies were blown down ; and the streets were covered with broken tiles and slates from the roofs of houses. The lead on the tops of several churches was rolled up like skinsof parchment ; and at Westminster- abbey, Christ's Hospital, St. Andrew's, Holborn, and many 6 HISTORY OF LONDON. other places, it was carried off from the buildings. The roof of the guard-room, at Whitehall, was carried entirely away; two new- built turrets on the church of St. Mary Aldermary, one of the spires of St. Saviour's, Southwark, and the four pinnacles on the tower of St. Michael's, Crooked-lane, were wholly blown down ; the vanes and spindles of the weathercocks were bent in many places ; several houses near Moorfields were levelled with the ground, as were-about twenty others in the out-parts, with a great number of brick walls, and gable ends of houses innumerable. Twenty-one persons were killed by the fall of the ruins, and about two hundred others were greatly maimed. All the ships in the river Thames, between Lon don-bridge and Limehouse, except four, were broken from their moorings, and thrown on shore; upwards of four hundred wherries were entirely lost; more than sixty barges were driven foul of Lon don-bridge, and as many more were either sunk or staved between the bridge and Hammersmith ; these events were attended with the loss of many lives. The destruction at sea far exceeded that on the land; and in this dismal night, twelve men of war, with upwards of eighteen hundred men on board, perished within sight of their own shore; great numbers of merchantmen were also lost, and the whole of the damage was so great, that its amount defied computa- tion.* The years 1704 and 1706 were distinguished bythe glorious bat tles of Blenheim and Ramilies, obtained over the French and Bava rians by the duke of Marlborough, who, on both occasions, was splendidly entertained by the city, together with many of the prin cipal nobility and general officers. The standards and colours taken at Blenheim were directed by the queen to be put up in Westmin ster-hall ; those captured at Ramilies were presented by her majesty to the city, and placed in Guildhall. Another memorable event of the year 1706 was the union with Scotland, the terms of which were finally settled between the English and Scotch commissioners at the Cock-pit, Whitehall ; subject, however, to the revision of the par liament, who confirmed the measure, and passed the Act of Union. On this occasion the queen went in solemn procession to St. Paul's cathedral. t Many destructive fires having recently happened, chiefly through the Hiattention of servants, an act of parliament was passed in 1708, by which It was enacted. " that every servant, by whose negligence or carelessness a fire should be occasioned, should forfeit 1001. or in montl AlTT'^f 7^ ""^P' '° ^^'•'^ labour during eighteen Z I A fX"'^y'^'^^"l ^'ihin the bills of mortality were also ZCrf' • ^' f "'^¦' °^'^''' respective parishes, lo fix upon the several main water-pipes in the streets, stop-blocks, or fire-cocks- and also to provide alarge hand engine, with a leather pipe and socket to screw upon the fire-cock ; and for the future, thaTan party- walls should be entirely of brick or stone." ^ ' • Account ofthe Slorm, 1703. t BrajVy's London, i. 480. HISTORY OF LONDON. 7 About the middle of August, such a prodigious quantity of flies ell in this city, that they covered many of the streets ; and upon which the impressions of people's feet were as plainly seen as upon a thick snow; some hundreds of bushels were swept into the kennels.''' The year 1709 was marked by a circumstance highly creditable to the humanity of the nation. The cruel depredations of the French in the Palatinate, at different periods, had reduced the inhabitants to such extreme distress, that they were at last compelled to desert their country ; and as they did not think themselves so secure in any other place as in Great Britain, no less than twelve thousand arrived here, in the most forlorn condition, and sought refuge in the neigh bourhood of London. The queen, naturally humane, supported them out of her privy purse for some time ; and she was afterwards assisted by the benevolent donations of her subjects, and no less than 22,0381. was paid into the chamber of the city of London, for the relief of these distressed fugitives ; who wero at length finally disposed of by being sent as colonists to Ireland and North America. The metropolis was greatly convulsed at the commencement of the year 1710, from the effects produced by two sermons preached by Henry Sacheverel, D. D. and chaplain of St. Saviour's, South wark, which were voted in the house of commons to be 'malicious, scandalous, and seditious libels.' The first sermon was preached at the assizes held at Derby, on the 1.5th of August, and the last before the lord mayor, aldermen, and citizens of London, on the 6lh of November, in St. Paul's church. And his trial commencing on the 27th of February, before the lordsin Westminster-hall, the populace imagined, that instead of the doctor's ruin, that of the church was intended ; and believing the same to be a contrivance of the pres- byterians, breathed destruction to them and all other dissenters. A,nd a great multitude returning with the doctor from Westminster, )n the third day of his trial, to his lodgings in the Temple, they ran irom thence like so many enraged furies, to the meeting-hou.se of Mr. Burgess, a presbyterian minister, in New-court, Little Lincoln's 'nn-fields, which they instantly breaking open, stripped it- of its loors, casements, sconces, wainscot, pews, and pulpit, which they larried into Lincoln's-inn-fields; and whilst they were erecting the ame into a pile, a party was sent to surpri.se Burgess at his house, n order to have burnt him in his pulpit, on the top of the said pile ; )ut Burgess providentially escaping out at a back window, luckily fot off without being made a holocaust to party zeal. The mob, being increased to an excessive multitude, divided them- elves into divers parties, who, taking different routs, ran and lestroyed the meeting-houses in Drury-lane, New-street, Leather- ane, Black-friars, and St. John's-square. ? MaitTand's London, i. 507. 8 HISTORY OF LONDON. This commotion occasioning a great uneasiness in the direclors o the Bank, they assembled to concert measures proper to be taken at that juncture ; pursuant to the resolutions agreed upon, they sent to the principal secretary of state for a guard to prevent a" attempt upon the Bank. This message was no sooner received llian t le earl of Sunderland acquainted the queen therewith, who, with he greatest concern, commanded his lordship forthwith to dispatch the guards, both horse and foot, to quell the tumult ; but the earl, repre senting the danger her majesty's person might be exposed to, by being deprived of her guards in a time of such general distraction, especially by night, (it being about eleven o'clock) she generously replied that God would be her guard ; therefore desired him to lose no time. Pursuant to this command, Sunderland immediately repaired to his office at Whitehall, where the lord chancellor, duke of Newcas tle, and others of the nobility, waited his return. The secretary having sent for Horsey, the commanding -officer of the guard, ordered him immediately to mount, march, and disperse the mob ; the captain, being upon duty for the immediate preser vation of the queen's person, refused to obey the secretary's order ; but being told that it was her majesty's express command, he complied upon this condition, that Sunderland should give him an • order under his hand ; but no time being to be lo,st, the earl, upon his honour, promised him such an order next morning. Whereupon the old soldier merrily asked whether he was to preach or to fight the mob ? If the former, he desired a better speaker might be sent ; but if the latter, fighting was his trade, and he v/ould do his best. Sunderland replied, that must be left to his own discretion ; but to forbear violent means but in case of necessity. Matters thus agreed upon between the earl of Sunderland and the captain, he marched at the head of his guard to Drury-lane, where he easily dispersed the mob ; but George Purchase, a broken trooper, but then a bailiff's follower, with a few of the most resolute of his companions, made a stand, and cried, 'Damn ye, who are you for, high church, or low church, or Dr. Sacheverel?' And encouraging his fellows, said, ' Come on, boys, I'll lead you ; I'm for high church and Sacheverel, and I'll lose my life in the cause.' Then running resolutely with his sword, made a full pass at the captain ; but being parried, was instantly apprehended, with most of his fol lowers. Whereupon, a small detachment being sent to guard the Bank, the rest marched to Blackfriars, where, meeting with some opposition from the rabble that was rifling the meeting-house in that place, they attacked them, and by wounding some of the most des perate, they all took to their heels; but divers being taken in the pursuit, were immediately sent to prison. The news of this rough treatment had no sooner reached the other mobs, dispersed in divers parts of the city, than they immediately retired. However, the guards patrolled the streets, not only the remaining part of the night, but likewise for divers nights after. During this tumult, the HISTORY OF LONDON. 9 trained-bands drums were beating to arms all over the city, and one regiment thereof were continually kept on duty during the reniuin- tng part of Sacheverel's trial ; who at last was condemned not to Dreach during the term of three years, and his two sermons to be burnt at the Royal Exchange, by the hands of the common hangman. The number of houses and inhabitants being greatly increased in the city of London and its suburbs, the churches were thereby ren dered insufficient for their accommodation; wherefore, the parlia ment, in 1710, enacted, that ' fifty new ehurclie.s should be erected in or near the populous cities of London and Westminster, or suburbs thereof.' For which purpose, they laid a duty oftwo shil lings upon every chaldron or ton of coals that should be brought into the port of London. 1 The city of London having bee.n greatly injured by the number of foreigners who exercised manual operations, and retail trades, ir* contradiction to the laws and customs of the city, an act of common council was passed in this year, " That no person whatsoever, not being free ofthe city, shall, by any colour, way, or means what.sQ- ever, directly or indirectly, by himself or any other, use, e.xeicise, or occupy, any art, trade, mystery, manual occupation, or handicraft whatsoever; or keep any shop, room, or place whatsoever, inward or outward, for show, sale, or putting to sale, of any wares or mer chandize whatsoever, by way of retail, within the said city or theli- berties thereof, upon pain to forfeit five pounds. And that what free man soever does set any person that is not free, on work, knowing, and having notice given to him, that such person, so by him to be set to work, is a foreigner, shall forfeit five pounds. And that tiie freeman, who employs a foreigner to sell by retail, shall also forfeit fl-^e pounds for every offence.'' A rumour being- spread in 1712, that the ministry were plotting for the pretender's accession to the crown, the trading part of the city were so intimidated at it, that a total stop was put to all com merce, and the general credit ofthe nation suffered greatly. In this critical juncture, the queen found it necessary for the support of credit, and to prevent the citizens from entering into. associations or schemes, by which the measures of government might be impeded, to send a letter to the lord mayor, to be communicated to the alder men and citizens, ' to the intent that they might all, in their several stations, contribute to discountenance and put a stop to those mali cious rumours, spread by evil-dispoied persons, to the prejudice of credit, and the imminent hazard of the public peace and tran quillity.' In the year 1713, a peace being made with France, it was pub licly proclaimed in London on the 7th of July ; on which occasion, both houses of parliament attended a general thanksgiving at Saint Paul's. Her majesty, being ill of the gout, was unable to be pre? sent at the solemnity. She died August the 1st, 1714. 10 HISTORY OF LONDON. On the death of queen Anne, George Lewis, elector of Hanover^ was proclaimed kin^ of Great Britain, &c. with the usual solemm ties : soon after which his majesty made his public entry into London, accompanied by his son, prince George. In =^. "="^ J"^^' after, the city and lieutenancy addressed his majesty •" '°™' ^' St.jLmes's; who, in reply, said, "I take these addresses very kindly I have lately been made sensible of what consequence the city of London is, and therefore shall be sure to take all their privi leges and interests into my particular protection. And as an im mediate mark of his favour, he conferred the honour of knighthood on John Ward, Gerard Conyers, Thomas Scawen, Peter Delme, Joseph Lawrence, and Robert Child, esquires. His majesty having received an invitation from the city to dine at Guildhall on the approaching lord mayor's day, he was gracious ly pleased to accept ofthe same ; at which nme, his majesty and their royal highnesses the prince and princess of Wales, attended by a numerous train of nobility, went to the usual place of standing, op posite Bow-church, in Cheapside, and after having beheld the pom pous cavalcade, were conducted by the sheriffs to Guildhall, where they were sumptuously entertained by the citizens, who exerted the utmost of their abilities to convince them of their loyalty and affec tion for his majesty's person and government. And the lord mayor, having the honour to present the first glass of wine to the king, his majesty was pleased to order a patent to be passed for creating his lordship a baronet of this kingdom, and at the sarae time ordered one thousand pounds to be paid to the sheriffs, for tho relief and discharge of poor people imprisoned for debt. On the 1.5th of January 1715, a dreadful fire in Thames-street destroyed upwards of one hundred and twenty houses, with an im mense quantity of rich merchandize; and more than fi fty persons perished in the flames, and by other accidents. . The rebellion which had been excited in Scotland this year, in favor of the pretender, caused, a great sensation in the metropolis, where many persons, supposed to be implicated in the plot, were ap prehended and committed to different prisons. The city, however, was stedfast in its allegiance ; and in an address to the king, en gaged to ' endeavour the suppression of all seditious rioters and tn- multuous persons,' and promised a fixed ' adherence to the royal person and government.' In the house of commons, several of the nobility and disaffected members of parliament were impeached of high treason; the earl of Oxford, lord Powis, the earl of Scarsdale, and sir William Wyndham, were sent to the Tower, and some other members were committed to the custody of different messengers. In October, three persons were hanged at Tyburn for enlisting men for the pretender's service; arid three others wero executed for high treason, at the same place, in December. After the rebellion was suppressed by the victory obtained over the Scots near Preston, the seven lords and principal prisonbrs HISTORY OF LONDON. n who had been engaged in it, were brought to London, whe e. having previously been pinioned together at Barnet, they were led in that ignominious manner through the streets, when the lords were committed to the Tower, and the others to the Fleet prison, New gate, and the Marshalsea. The earl of Derwentwater and viscount Kenmure, who, with four other peers, had pleaded guilty to the charges exhibited against them, were beheaded on Tower-hill, on the 24th of February, 1716; but the earl of Nithisdale, who was to have suffered at the same time, made his escape in l^male apparel during the preceding night.* Many other persons were executed in the course of the year for high treason; and much severity was exercised against those, who, by their writings or deeds, expressed any sentiment favourable to the Jacobite cause. t The ministry, taking advantage of the unsettled state of the country at this period, caused one of the strongest bulwarks of po pular freedom which the wisdom of the nation had ever planned, to be removed; by abrogating the act for triennial parliaments, and substituting' that for septennial ones. This measure received the royal aisent on the 7th of May, 1716; and from this era may be dated the commencement of that system of corruption and undue in fluence, which, gathering increasing strength with every year of its progress, threatens, at no very distant date, to surrender up all the liberties of theJ people at the footstool of the throne At this time, the city rabble, on most of the public festivals, (es pecially t'jiose of the king's birth-day, accession to the crown and coronation) assembled in a tumultuous manner; and with the most amazing assurance, by expressions and representations, publicly reflected on, and dishonoured the king, in the streets of the city ; which being highly resented by the friends of tho government, many of them formed themselves into societies to prevent the like practices for the future, and on all public occasions assembled in divers parts of the city and suburbs, at certain ale-houses, which, from the vessels they generally drank out of, were denominated mug-houses : at each of which were provided a great number of ashen cudgels, not unlike quarter staves; with which, upon advice of any tumultuous proceedings in the streets, they sallied out, and frequently, after a sharp engagement, dispersed the mob. This so enraged the populace, that they threatened destruction to all such houses; and, in order to accomplish the same, many thousands of the rabble assembled on the 24th of Julj-, and attacked one ofthe said houses in Salisbury-court, in Fleet-street, with an intent to de molish the same. The landlord, in defending his property, killed one of the assailants; but this did not prevent their breaking in and rifling the house, before they could be dispersed. However, divers * The large estalea of the earl of piopriated to the support of Greenwich Derwentwater were subsequently ap- Ilospiial. t Brayley, i. 181. 12 HISTORY OF LONDON, of the rioters being taken, they were soon after tried; and five oj^ them being condemned, they were executed before the said house. Soon afterwards, the public peace was again di.suirbed by the SpitalliSlds weavers, who, finding their business affected by the pre- '"erence given to the wear of foreign calicoes, tumultuously paraded the streets, and destroyed the obnoxious gown of every female they met, either bv throwing over it corrosive liquids, or brutally tearing it from the back of the wearer. The attempts made to check these outrages by the police were little regarded, till the more daring rioters were fired upon, and several of them killed and wounded; others were committed to prison, where the ravages of a jail fever visited their imprudence by death. In June, 17 17, the trial of the earl of Oiford was commenced in Westminster-hall; but a dispute, on the very first day, between the lords and the commons, respecting the mode of procedure, led to the acquittal ofthe earl on the Ist of July: the comraons declining to go on in the way prescribed' by the peers. Two days afterwards, the earl re-assumed his place in the upper house. In March, 1718, a youth, named James Shepherd, was executed at Tyburn, for con spiring to assassinate the king ; an act which he persisted in consi dering as meritorious to the very last; he suffered with great resolution. The year 1720 will be ever famous in the annals of London, from the destructive system of speculation and fraud, which history has denominated the South Sea Bubble; and which so completely infatuated the people, that they became the dupes of the most bal'e- faced impositions. The notorious Mississippi scheme of a Scotch man, named John Law, by which the French nation was nearly ruined in the course of thisand the preceding year, was the undoubt ed prototype of the many base virojects that were now afloat to de ceive the credulous multitude, and which eventually proved the bane of thousands. The origin of the South Sea Bubble, Mr. Brayley says, may be tra eed to an exclusive trade which the company possessed with the Spanish colonies, and which trade had been rendered extremely lucrative by the arts of smuggUng. This caused a considerable in crease in ihe price of South Sea stock ; and the directors, encouraged by the prevalent spirit of avaricious enterprise, proposed to the government to take into their fund all the debts of the nation in curred before the year 1716, under the plausible pretext of lower ing the interest,and rendering the capital redeemable by parliament, in a shorter time than could be then anticipated. The amount of the debts comprehended in this schem.e was 31,664,5511. Is. Ud.; for the liberty of adding the whole of which to their capital stock^ they offered to pay to the public use ihe immense sum of 7,723,8091. This bait was too tempting to be refused ; the plan received the * Mailland's London, i. 521. HISTORY OF LONDON. 13 sanction of parliament, and the directors were empowered to raise the ready money necessary for so great an undertaking, ' by open ing books of subscription, and granting annuities, to such public creditors as were willing to exchange the security of the crown for that ofthe South Sea company, with the advantage of sharing in i: e emoluments that might arise from their commerce.' Before the bill had received the royal assent, which was given on the 7th of April, so much had the public mind been impressed with the idea of rapid gain, that the company's stock rose to 319/. piir cent.; during the same month it advanced' to 400/. per cent, and by the 25th of May, it had increased to 550/. per cent. This amazing rise was partly in consequence of a report which had been indus triously circulated by sir John Blount, the chief projector of the scheme, that it was intended ' to exchange Minorca and Gibraltar for some places in Peru, by which the company's trade to the South Seas would be vastly increased ;' and partly, by the great advan tages offered by the directors lo all persons subscribing to their stock. No further inducements, however, were now requisite. The delusion was attaining its zenith, and people of every rank, age, and sex, were eagerly crowding to partake of what they fondly hoped would prove a golden banquet. Even the more considerate classes of the community, those who had laughed at the folly and weakness of the first adventurers, were no longer able to resist the dreams of such an easy acquisiticn of affluence as the bubble afford ed. By the 2nd of June, the South Sea stock had advanced to 890/. per cent. ; and on the eighteenth the directors opened fresh books for a subscription of 4,0u0,000/. at 1,000/. per cent.: and such was the popular phrenzy, that before the expiration of the month, the subscription was at 200/. per cent, premium, and the price of stuck at nearly 1,100/. About this time the Mississippi scheme was entirely broken up, and Law, its infamous projector, execrated by all France, was forced to secure his safety by flight.* This seems to have made some little impression on the buyers of South Sea stock ; and dur ing the month of July, the price fluctuated frora 1,000/. per cent, to 900^. Yet, by the contrivance ofthe directors in opening a fourth money subscription at 1,000/. per cent in August, the stock for a short time bore a premium on that price of 40/. percent. Thealarm had, however, been given: it had been whispered, that the direc tors and their particular friends had disposed of their own stock * He was afterwards (in October, he made his escape from Newgate after 1721.) brought to England by admiral conviction, he took a large house near sir John Norris; and having contrived Hanover square, and to ihe surprize of to secure a full sullicienry of Missis- the hcnest, was admiUed lo associate sippi plunder, and to obtain his par- with persons ofthe first rank and pre- don for the murder of Beau Wilson sumed respectability. about twenty-seven years befuoe, when 14 HISTORY OF LONDON. while the price was at the highest, and all confidence in the stabi lity of their credit was now destroyed. The confusion became ge neral ; every one was willing to sell, but no purchasers could be found, except at a vast reduction. Distraction and dismay spread through the whole city. In the second week of September the South Sea stock had fallen to 550/. ; by the nineteenth it was reduced to 400/., and by the first of October to 370/. Within five days after wards it was as low as ISO/ , and a short time after that was reduced to 86/. per cent. ; a price, probably, which nearly approached to its true value. The destruction to public and private credit thus produced was excessive. All trade was at a stand ; and many of the nwst respect able merchants, goldsmiths, and bankers of London, who had un wisely lent large sum.s to the company, were obliged to shut up their shops and abscond. Whole families were beggared together, and bankruptcies spread through every quarter. Numbers quilted the kingdom, never to return; and many, unable to bear the stings of remorse and poverty, which their own inconsiderateness had produced, terminated their woes by suicide.* The affairs of the South S.sa company were soon afterwards in vestigated by parliament ; and the villainous knavery of the directors was so apparent, that the greater part of their estates was con fiscated for the benefit of those whom their chicanery had ruined The sum thus obtained, amounted to 2,014,0001., though an allow ance was made to each director, in proportion to his greater or less concern in the iniquitous proceedings by which such numbers had suffered, t • !n one of the periodical papers of the time, occurs this passage; " Ex change Alley sounds no longer of thou sands got in an instant ; but, on the tcmtrary, all corners of the town are filled wiih the groans of the afflicted ; and they who lately rode in great stale to that famous mart of money, now condescend to walk the streets on loot, and instead of adding to their equipages, have at once lost iheir es tates : and even those of the trading rank, who talked loudly of retiring into the country, purchasing estates, there building fine houses, and in every thing imitating their betters, are now become bankrupts, and have by neces sity shut up their shops, because they could not keep them open any longer." t How greatly the directors had enriched themselves may be seen from the following extract taken from the total of the value of their estates, as given upon oath: — Allowed for Sub Directors, Value of Estates. sistence £. «. d. £. ,Sir Theodore Janssen 243,244 3 1 1 50,000 Sir John Fellows . . 243,096 0 6 10,0(10 Sir John Blount 183,349 10 8| 5,000 Mr. Chester . . . 140,372 15 6 10.000 Mr. Read .... 117.297 16 0 10,000 Mr. Snrman . . . 112 321 10 0 5.000 M. Gibbon . . . 106,543 5 6 10,000 Sir Lamb. Bluckwell 83,529 17 U 15,000 Amount of Floe 10 £. 193,244 233,096 178,349 130,372 15 107,297 16 107,321 10 96,543 5 68,359 17 :. d. 3 11 0 6 8| 6 0 0 6 11 HISTORY OF LONDON. 15 During the inquiry before the house of commons, it was ascer tained, that several members ofthe government were implicated in the guilt of this transaction ; and John Aislabie, esq. who had re cently resigned his situation as chancellor of the exchequer, was in March, 1721, expelled the house, and committed to the Tower, for having ' promoted the South Sea scheme with a view to his own exorbitant profit, and combined with the directors in their perni cious practices to the ruin of trade and public credit.' The earl of Sunderland, first lord ofthe treasury, and Mr. Stanhope, one ofthe secretaries, who were also charged with participation, had the good fortune to obtain majorities of the house in their favour. James Craggs, esq. jun., secretary of state, and his father, the postmaster- general, both of whom had been accused, died within a month of each other, before their conduct could be investigated ; but all the prop'erty of the latter, (acquired after a certain date,) who was voted a " notorious accomplice," was ordered to be sequestered for the relief of the sufferers : the chief part of Aislabie's fortune was also seized for the like purpose. During the continuance of the infatuation which the splendid delusions of the South Sea Bubble had inspired into all classes of society, many other visionary projects were set on float by specula tors, gamblers, and sharpers ; and even chartered companies of established credit and good fame, induced by the flattering prospect of immense wealth which the intoxicated credulity of the multitude seemed lo promise, lent their countenance to schemes of impossible accomplishment. The popular phrenzy was so great, that sub scriptions were made to the most absurd plans, without any other consideration of eventual consequence than that of gain ; and the humourist who advertised proposals for raising a subscription of 2,000,0001. for the purpose of " melting down saw-dust and chips, and casting them into clean deal boards, without cracks or knots!''' can hardly be said to have caricatured the undisguised chicanery of many of the schemes by which the avaricious and inconsiderate were content to be gulled. Nearly two hundred subscription pro jects were on foot at the same, time; and in the mania of the day, there was scarcely one of them but what bore a great premium even- upon its lowest shares. The intervention of government, conjoined with the awakened reflections of the people, at length put a period lo the whole system of fraudulent speculation ; yet, notwithstanding the exertions of the parliament, the shock had been so great, and the ruin so extensive, that it was a considerable time before public credit could be restored, or trade revived.* The companies which had been most successful in practising the same delusive arts as the South-sea projectors, were those called ^he ' York Buildings,' the 'Lustring,' the 'English Copper,' and the ' Welch Copper and I^ead.' The shares of the first had advanced * Brayley's Hist, of Lond. i, 491. 16 HISTORY OF LONDON. from 101. to .3051.; of the second, from 51. 2s. 6d. to 1051.; oi tiie third from 51. to 1051.; and of the last, from 41. 2s. 6d. to 951. The attorney-general was subsequently expressly ordered by the lords justices to bring writs of scire facias against the patents of all the above companies. During the height of this speculation mania, prospectusses of the following joint-stock companies were i-sued ; some of them are evi dently in ridicule of the stock -jobbing system : — A petition of several persons, praying letters patents for carrying on a fishing trade, by the narae of the grand fishery of Great Britain. Ditto, ofthe royal fishery of England. Ditto, for a national fishery. Ditto, for a whale fishery to Greenland. Ditto, for a whale fishery to Greenland and Davis's straights. Ditto, for a Greenland trade. Ditto, for buying or building ships to let or freight. Ditto, for sowing hemp and flax. Ditto, for making of sail-cloth. Ditto, for raising madder for the use of dyers. Ditto, for borrowing of money, and purchasing of lands, for making of sail-cloth and fine holland. Ditto, to confirm a patent for making linen and sail-cloth, with an additional power to carry on the cotton and silk manufactures. Ditto, to raise a stock for a general assurance from fire. Ditto, for a general assurance from losses by fire. Ditto, for carrying on a trade to Harborough, in the electorate of Brunswick. Ditto, for importing of timber from Germany. Ditto, for carrying on a salt-work. Ditto, for making-snuff in Virginia. Besides the above-named bubbles, the under-mentioned wer*s carried on without ever applying for patents or charters : — The grand American fishery. Ditto, the British alum-works. Ditto, Sancta Cruz settlement. Ditto, Westley's actions. Ditto, Blanco and Sal society. Ditto, Tortuga settleraent. Ditto, the importation of beaver fur. Ditto, Bottomry society. Ditto, for inoffensively emptying bog-houses. Ditto, for supplying London with sea-coals. Ditto, for the cloathing trade, &c. Ditto, for supplying London with cattle. HISTORY OF LONDON. 17 Ditto, for breeding and feeding of cattle. Ditto, for insuring and improving children's fortunes. Ditto, for improving certain manufactures. Ditto, for entering and loading goods. Ditto, for erecting necessary-houses in the north of Engpldnd and Scotland. Ditto, for furnishing London with hay. Ditto, for purchasing lands to build on. Ditto, for lending money on interest. Ditto, for purchasing lead mines. Ditto, for dealing in lace, hollands, &c. Ditto, for purchasing fenny lands. Ditto, for raising hemp and flax. Ditto, for manuring of land. Ditto, for drying malt by hot air. Ditto, for restoring Morison's haven. Ditto, for buying naval stores. Ditto, for paying pensions to widows. Ditto, for trading to the river Oroonoko. Ditto, for making pasteboards. Ditto, for improving the paper manufacture- Ditto, Colchester bays. Ditto, the ballast society. Ditto, Bahama islands. Ditto, for lending money on bottomry Ditto, for a grand dispensary. Ditto, for improving a royalty in Essex Ditto, for a royal fishery. Ditto, the fish-pool. Ditto, for draining fens. Ditto, for making glass bottles. Ditto, for making looking-glass.' ' Ditto, globe permits. Ditto, for building and rebuilding houses! Ditto, for encouraging the breed of horsed. Ditto, for a foundling-hospital. Ditto, for discovering gold rnines. Ditto, for importing Swedish iron. Ditto, an assurance against thieves. Ditto, for improving of land in Great Britain Ditto, for trading in hair. Ditto, for loan offices. Ditto, for sinking pits and melting lead. Ditto, for insuring masters and mistresses from losses by servabU^ Ditto, for dealing in hops. Ditto,- for lending money on government security. Ditto, Puckle's machine for making muslin. VOL. II. c 18 HISTORY OF LONDON. DittO;DittoDittoDittoDitto,Ditto DittoDittO;DittoDittoDitto Ditto, DittO; Ditto DittoDitto,DittO; Ditto DittO; Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto DittoDittoDitto DittoDittO;DittoDitto DittO; DittO; DittoDitto Ditto Ditto DittoDitto Ditto DittoDittoDittoDittoDitto Ditto Ditto for importing pitch and tar from North Britain. for curing the grand pox. Nova Britannia society. for making rape-oil. for a corn trade. for Irish sail-cloth. for an Arcadian colony. for a coal trade from Newcastle. for making china-ware. for furnishing funerals, Orkney Islands fishery. for a coral fishery. for a flying engine. for improving gardens. for freeholders. for making sail-cloth. for importing Holland and lace. for insuring of horses. for feeding hogs. for bleaching of hair. for making iron and steel. for making iron with pit coals. for improving land in Flintshire. for buying and selling estates. for purchasing and letting lands. for trading in iron and steel manufactures. national permits. for a public fishery. an insurance on lives. for improving malt liquors. for supplying London with all sorts of provisions for making paste-boards and packing-paper. for purchasing lands in Pensilvania. for curing the gout and stone. for making oil of poppies. for transmuting quicksilver into a malleable metal. for erecting salt-pans in Holy Island. for improving the making of soap. for improving the silk manufacture. for bleaching coarse sugars. for making of stockings. lor improving tin mines in Cornwall. for importing and exporting tobacco to Sweden. for curing tobacco. for a woollen manufacture in the north of England. for furnishing merchants with watches. for an insurance against the pox HISTORY OF LONDON. 19 Ditto, for an air-pump for the brain. Ditto, for an insurance against divorces. Ditto, for making butter from beech trees. Ditto, for making raddish oil. Ditto, for importing of oils. Ditto, for paving London streets. Ditto, for making Manchester stuffs. Ditto, for extracting silver from leatS. Ditto, for boiling rock salt. Ditto, for making salt petre. Ditto, for erecting turnpikes. Ditto, for improving tillage. Ditto, for importing timber from Wales. Ditto, a water-engine to supply Deal with waioi. Ditto, for importing walnut-tree from Virginia. Ditto, for a perpetual motion. Ditto, for an engine to remove the South Sea-home mto Moorfields Ditto, for assuring of maidenheads. Ditto, for making deal boards of sawdust. Ditto, for making the river Douglas navigable. Ditto, river Thanet. Ditto, for insuring seamen's wages. Ditto, for making Joppa soap. Ditto, for fitting out ships against pirates. Ditto, for meliorating of oil. Ditto, discounting seamen's tickets. Ditto, for making sail and packing-cloth in Ireland. Ditto, Temple-Mills. Ditto, for supplying Liverpool with fresh water. Ditto, for exporting woollen manufacture, and importing brass. Ditto, for japanning of shoes. Ditto, a scheme to learn wise men to cast nativities. Ditto, for trading in Spanish padlocks. Total of both, 156. Besides these bubbles, innumerable were those that perished in embryo; however,, the sums intended to be raised by the above- named airy projects, amounted to about three hundred millions of pounds; yet the lowest of the shares of any of them advanced above cent, per cent.; most above four hundred per cent, and some to twenty times the price of the subscription. Which, tbgether with the imaginary wealth of the beforementioned companies, amounted to about seven hundred million of pounds, which is pro bably more than all the circulating cash upon the earth amounts to. On the 10th of March, 1722, the parliament, which had betrayed the liberties of Britain, by passing the Septennial Act, in treache- c 2 20 HISTORY OF LONDON. reus violation of the trust repo-sed in it by the people, was dis solved by proclamation. This event excited the most lively joy throughout the metropolis ; and the ringing of bells, bonfire^, and illuminations, expressed the general prevalence of the p9pular feeling. On the 9th of May, a proclamation was issued for enforcii?g the laws against papists and nonjurors, and for expelling all the former to the distance of ten miles from the metropolis. The government having resolved to take all the precautions imaginable for rendering abortive the designs of conspirators, orders were sent by the privy council to the several lieutenancies within the bill of mortality, to take an account of the number of horses within their several jurisdictions ; the returns thereof were as follow : The returns ofthe number of horses made hy the several officets of the militia of the City of London within their respective heats, on the iid of May, anno 112.1. Blue regiment. BysirGi]bertHeathcote,knight and alderman, col. 22 12 0 By Samuel Westal, lieut.-colonel - - - 12 7 6 By John Wicks, major - - - - -2170 By William Brind, first captain - - - 0 35 132 By James Innocent, second captain - - - 23 29 117 By Hugh Winchworth, third captain - - 1 1 33 27 By Joseph Edwards, fourth captain - - 10 45 28 By Joseph Sperinck, fifth captain - - - 10 19 23 Number total 90 197 332 Red regiment. By sir Samuel Stainer, knt. and alderman, colonel 10 18 0 By James Porten, lieut.-col. - - - - 80 66 18 By Edward Sedley, major - - - - 0 22 0 By William Beale, first captain - - - 39 49 ] 5 By Francis Smart, second captain - - - 30 16 0 By John Williams, third captain - - 6 89 0 By sir John Sedley, bart. fourth captain - 35 22 0 By William Lewis, fifth captain - - - 4 is 14 Number total 204 298 47 HISTORY OF LONDON. 21 Green regiment. 2 §• 2 5^ 8 m By sir William Humfreys, bart, and alderman, col. , 4 , 36 4 By Robert Croshaw, lieut.-col. - - - - 2 0,1 By Christppher Parkinson, major - - 47. 252 0 By.fialph Snow, first captain - - - 30 9 0 By Oliver Combes, second, captain - - - 37 29 72 By John Scrimshire, third captain - - - 65 52 119 By George Stray, fourth captain - - - 17 122 66 By Henry Tame, fifth captain - - - 24 155 8 Number total 226 665 260 Yellow regiment. By sir Charles Peers, knt. and alderman, colonel. 4 9 0 By sir Peter Eaton, knt. lieut.-col. - - - 8 53 46 By Thomas Gilbert, major - - - - 24 9 24 By Alexander Garret, first captain - - 21 142 21 By Benjamin Hodges, second captain - -61 111 16 By John Bassandine, third captain - - - 0 32 . 19 By, Nicholas Faulcon, fourth captain - - 2 16 0 By, John Johnson, fifth captain - - - 25 37 56 Number total 145 409 180 Orange regiment. By sir Gerard Conyers, knt. and alderman, colonel By James Seamer, lieut.-col . . - By George Jenkins, major - - - By George Jenkins, sen. first captain - - By Thomas Cartwright, second captain By Joseph Bawler, third captain By William Saunders, fourth captain By Samuel Saunders, fifth captain 2663 20 4 12 71 33 0 103 2174 6 18 146 7 24 7468 5 0 12 94 0 3 Number total 229 399 25« White regiment. By sir John.Eyles, bart. and alderman, colonel By John Shorey, lieut.-col. By Noah de la Fountain, major By Peregrine Phillips, first captain By Seth Adams, second captain 7 2 0 87 29 0 2 1 0 61 140 ,,. 4 47 .158 49 22 HISTORY OF LONDON. S'O s5? ^? 0 36 24 By William Bell, third captain - - By Willia'' showing tlieir re:,pect to hiin : 70 HISTORY OF LONDON. in consequence of which, it was resolved, in a court of common- council, to invite him to an entertainment at the Mansion-house, which being accepted, the 23d of September was the day appointed for receiving the royal guest, who intimated his desire of coming to the city by water. Ir. consequence of this a committee was chosen to conduct the en tertainment, who were empowered to draw on the chamberlain for money lo defray the expenses. On the appointed day, the city bar^e, attended by the companies' barges, proceeded to New-palace- yard, where the king embarked; and, in order to give him a more extensive view of the banks of the river, a circuit was made as high as Lambeth, and then down to the Steel-yard, after which, they returned to the Temple-stairs, and, on landing, were conducted to the Middle Teraple Hail, where an elegant collation was prepared by the benchers of the two societies. From the Temple, his majesty was conducted to the Mansion- house in the city state coach, followed by the noblemen of his suite, and the aldermen and sheriffs in their carriages; on alighting, he was received by the committee appointed to manage the entertainment, in their mazarine gowns ; and, being conducted into the great par lour, received the compliments of the city, to which his majesty re turned a very polite answer. The dinner, which was exceedingly magnificent, was served in the Egyptian-hall ; the galleries of which were filled with the ladies of the common-councilmen, elegantly attired, and aa excellent band of music wasstationed in an orchestra erected for the occasion. His -majesty took leave of the corpora tion about eight o'clock, having expressed his highe.st satisfaction at the elegance of the entertainment. And, at a court of common- council, held on the 10th of October, the freedom of the city was unanimously voted to the king of Denmark, to be presented in a golden box of two hundred guineas value. His majesty was ad mitted into the Grocers' company, and his freedom bein;:;- afterwards given to his arabassador here, was by iiim transmitted to Copen hagen. The death of George Cook, esq, having occasioned a vacancy for Middlesex, sir W. B. Proctor, who had been the unsuccessful candi date at the former election, and serjeant Glynn, Mr. Wilkes's lead ing council, were put in nomination on the Sth of December. The poll proceeded quietly till the afternoon, when a mob broke into the hustings, attempted to seize the poll-books, and put an entire stop to the election. Many persons were considerably hurt in the scuffle, and the remainder ofthe day was a scene of confusion The poll was again proceeded in on the 13th, and, on the followin'' dav ter minated in favour of serjeant Glynn. " ' George Clarke, an attorney's clerk in Mary-le-bone, who bad re ceived a severe blow on the head at Brentford, on the day of the not, died soon after, and an inquest was held on his body before the coroner for the county of Middlesex and a very respectable jury of HISTORY OF LONDON. 7I neighbours, who brought in a verdict of wilful murder by seme person or persons unknown. Soon after this, two Irish chairmen were apprehended and tried for the murder ; and it being proved that they had been hired for the purpose of creating a riot, and been very instruraental in it, they were both convicted ; but were after wards pardoned on an opinion ofthe raaster, wardens, and exami ners ofthe company of suigeons, who agreed unanimously that liio blow was not the cause of Mr. Clarke's death. The last public transaction of the year 1768 was the institution of the Royal Academy of Arts, which was established on the ISth of December, under the immediate patronage of his majesty. ¦ This so ciety was first held in a large house in Fall Mall; after which, thu king granted them apartments in Somerset-house. At this period, the citizens of London eagerly seized every oppor tunity of showing their attachment to Mr. Wilkes. On the 3rd of January, 1769, the election for alderman ofthe ward of Farringdon Without, came on at St. Bride's church; the candidates were Mr. Wilkes and Mr. Bromwich : but on the close of the first day's pull, the disparity of numbers was so gi-eat, that the latter gentleman declined the contest, and the lord mayor declared Mr. Wilkes duly elected. Some doubts, however, were started respecting the legality of closing the books before the time appointed for that purpose, and a second wardmote was held for a new election on the 27th, wheu no opponent appearing, Mr. Wilkes was again declared duly elected. On the 2nd of February, the house of commons passed a resolution of expulsion against Mr, Wilkes, as the author of ' an insolent, scan dalous, and seditious libel,'contained in the prefatory remarks he had published, with a letter written by lord Weymouth to the chairman of the quarter sessions of the county of Surrey ; and a new writ was consequently ordered lor the ehction of a member for .Middle sex. This produced an immediate meeting of the li-eeholders at the Assembly-room at Mile-end, where they unanimously resolved to confirm their former choice, and to support Mr. Wilkes entirely at their own expence. Frequent meetings were at this time held, not only by the free holders of Middlesex, but also by the electors of Westminster, those of Southwark, and the livery of London, in order to concert proper measures for vindicating the rights of election, and instructing their particular members to support them in their parliamentary capacity. On the 10th of February, a coramon hall was held for this purpo-e, when a string of resolutions, expressive ofthe desires of that court, was unanimously agreed to, and ordered to be presented to their "representatives in parliament. The most material articles in these instructions were in substance as follow: — To be particularly careful ofthe Habeas Corpus Ati, and to enquire into and eensi:re any atterapt to elude the force of ? hat law. To preserve equally 'nviolate the privilege of parliament. 72 HISTORY OF LONDON- and the rights of election in the choice of their representatives. To prevent all application of the public money to influence elections of members to serve in parliament. To use their utraost endeavours that the civil magistracy of the kingdom be put on a respectable footing, and thereby remove the pretence of calling in a military force. To use their best endeavours for having a standing com mittee appointed from time to lime, to examine and state the public accounts. To promote a bill for limiting the number of placemen and pensioners in the house of commons, and that an oath, to pre vent bribery and corruption, be taken, not only by the electors, but also bv the candidates, at the opening of the poll. And, lastly, that they use their utmost endeavours to obtain an act to shorten the duration of parliaments. The new election came on at Brentford, on the 16th of February. when Mr. Wilkes being put in noraination, he was chosen without opposition. Notwithstanding this, when the return was made, the next day, to the house, it was resolved, " that Mr. Wilkes, having been expelled this session, was, and is, incapable of being elected a member of the present parliament." In consequence of this reso lution, the election was declared void, and a new writ was issued for another. In the interim, a meeting of Mr. Wilkes's friends was held at the London tavern, in Bishopsgate-street, for the support of his cause; when the sura of three thohsand three hundred and forty pounds was iraraediately subscribed for that purpose ; and the sub scribers afterwards forraed themselves into a society, under the ap pellation of " Supporters of the Bill of Rights ;" which, they as serted, had been infringed by the proceedings against Mr. Wilkes. On the 16th of March, another election came on at Brentford, for a member for Middlesex ; when Mr. Wilkes being the only candidate, he was again returned. The house of comraons, how ever, persevered in their objections, and, on the same evening, de clared the election null and void ; and a new writ was issued for another. Addresses were at this time presented to his majesty from almost every part of the kingdom ; among which was that of the merchants ofthe city of London, who waited on his raajesty, on the '22d ; and, being introduced by the earl of Hertford, lord chamberlain ofthe household, they presented the same, and were most graciously re ceived. When they set out from the Royal Exchange, in order to present the address, the populace showed their resentment by throw ing of mud, &c. ; they shut the gates at Teraple-bar, and did every thing possible lo irapede their progress. When sorae of the coaches got to Exeter-change, a hearse came out of Exeter-street, and preceded them, drawn by a black and a white hor,se ; the driver of which was dressed in a kind of rough coat, resembling a skin, with a large cap, on one side black, the other white, whose whole figure was very grotesque. On one side of the hearse was HISTORY OF LONDON. 73 painted, on canvas, a representation of the rioters killing Mr. Clarke, at the Brentford election; and on the other side, was a representation of the soldiers firing- on young Allen in the cow house. The populace were so outrageous, that some of the mer chants were obliged to quit their carriages, and take .shelter in the houses ; and others, whose clothes were entirely covered with mud, retired home to shift theraselves, before they could proceed with the address. When they came to St. James's, it was discovered they had lost the address they came to present ; and, while a me.ssenger was dis patched in search of it, they began hastily to sign a copy of it. This accident was occasioned by the gentleman, in whose posses sion it was, being obliged to take shelter in Nando's coffee-hou.se, in order to avoid the indignation of the populace; when, in his hurry and fright, he left the address in the coach, and ordered his coachman to return home. The address, however, being found, was forwarded to St. James's, and the addressers, at length, accom- pli.shed their wishes (though attended with such singular difficulties), of testifying their distinguished loyalty. Several of the rioters were seized at St. James's-gate, five of whom were detained for prosecution ; and, the sarae evening, an e.vtraordinary gazette was published, containing a proclamation for suppressing riots, tumults, and unlawful assemblies. The final election for Middlesex took place on the 14th of April. The candidates were, Mr. Wilkes, colonel Luttrell, serjeant Whit- aker, and Mr. Roche ; and, at the close of the poll, the nurabers were, for Mr. Wilkes, 1143; Colonel Luttrell, 293; Serjeant Whitaker, 5 ; and Mr. Roche, 0 : whereupon, Mr. Wilkes was de clared duly elected. On the following day, the house of coraraons, after considerable debates, deterrained, that Mr. Wilkes was still incapable of being a raeraber of this parliament, and that colonel Luttrell should be the sitting member : in consequence of which, colonel Luttrell took the oaths and his seat, as knight of the shire for the county of Middlesex. This decision was far from being agreeable to the nation ; and, perhaps, no raeasure, since the accession of the present royal fa mily, has created such universal discontent. Petitions and addresses flowed jn from every part of the kingdom ; in which the county of Middlesex, as being most immediately concerned, took the lead. A petition, signed by one thousand five hundred and sixty-five free holders of that county, was presented to his majesty, on the 24th of May, containing a long catalogue of grievances, relative to the infringements on the constitution, from the first prosecution of Mr. Wilkes, to his being expelled the house of commons ; and con cluding thus " Most Gracious Sovereign, Such are the grievances and apprehensions, which have long 74 HISTORY OF LONDON. discontented and disturbed the greatest and best part of your ma jesty's subjects. Unwilling, however, to interrupt your royal re pose, though ready to lay down our lives and fortunes for your majesty's service, and for the constitution, as by law established, we have waited patiently, expecting a constitutional remedy by the means of our own representatives ; but our loyal and free choice having been frequently rejected, and the right of election now finally taken from us, by the unprecedented seating of a candidate who was never chosen by the county, and who, even to become a candidate, was obliged fraudulently to vacate his seat in parliament, under the pretence of an insignificant place, invited thereto by the prior declaration of a minister, that, whoever opposed our choice, though but with four votes, should be declared member for the county. We see ourselves, by this last act, deprived even of tiie franchises of Englishmen, reduced to the mosta'bject state of slavery, and left without hopes or means of redress, but from your majesly or God. " Deign, then, most gracious sovereign, to listen to the prayer of the most faithful of your majesty's subjects, and to banish from your royal favour, trust, and conlidence, forever, those evil and pernicious counsellors, who have endea-.oured to alienate the affec tion of your majesty's most sincere and dutiful .subjects, and whose suggestions tend to deprive your people of their dearest and most essential rights, and who have traitorously dared to depart from the spirit and letter of those laws, which have secured the crown of these realms to the house of Brunswick ; in which, we make our most earnest prayers to God, that it may continue, untarnished, to the latest posterity." The citizens of London were equally anxious to show their dis approbation of this proceeding, and, early in May, had requested the lord mayor to call a cominon-hall, for the purpose of taking the sense of the livery on the measures to be pursued in the existing circumstances ; but this his lordship declined, until he could pro cure the opinion of the common-council upon it. A court was ac cordingly summoned for this purpose; when a motion was made, " that the right honourable the lord mayor be desired to issue a pre cept to assemble the livery in common-hall, pursuant to their ap plication to his lordship;" which was carried in the negative, by a majority of twenty. But this disappointraent only increased their eagerness; and, on Midsummer-day, when a common-hall was held for the choice of sheriffs, and other city officers, the hall was crowded ; and so fear ful were the livery of not obtaining their wishes, that they would not permit the business of the day to be entered upon, till they were assured bythe lord mayor, that as soon as that was finished, he would listen to any motion they might choose to bring forward. This declaration was received with great applause, and the elections HISTORY OF LONDON. 75 proceeded as usual : after which, a petition to the king being pro duced and read, it was unanimously agreed to, with the exception ofthe title, which originally stood thus : " The humble petition of the lord mayor, aldermen, and, livery of London ;" but, on the suggestion ofthe lord mayor, the words in Italics were omitted. In August and Septeraber, great disturbances arose among the weavers, in Spitalfields, occasioned by a bod.y of handkerchief wea vers, who, conceiving themselves not sufficiently paid, refused working, unless their masters would increase their wages. In oider to support those, who were out of employment in consequence of this proceeding, they levied a contribution of six pence a week frora every loom that was at work ; and if their raore industrious brethren did not comply with this imposition, they destroyed their work, and cut their looms to pieces ; frora which they received the appellation of cutters On the SOth of September a desperate con flict took place, between a body of them and a party of the mili tary, who were called in to assist the civil magistrate. One of the soldiers and lwo of the rioters were killed ; and some of the latter being taken, two of them, Doyle and Valline, were tried at the en suing October sessions, and, being capitally convicted, sentence was passed upon them in the customary form. The execution of these men occasioneo a curious correspondence between the lord chan cellor, the secretary of state, and the sheriffs. According to the sentence passeo upon them by the recorder, they were to suffer at the usual place of execution ; but the warrant transmitted to the sheriffs, signified that it was his raajesty's pleasure that the sentence should be executed in the most convenient place near Bethnal- green church. The sheriffs, not knowing how they ought to pro ceed, under the circumstances of this variation frora the sentence, laid the case before serjeant Glynn, who, in his opinion, said he ^ was unacquainted with any authority which could justify an alteia- tion of the sentence of a court of justice, and advised them to re present their doubts to his raajesty. Upon the case being laid before the king, he ordered the pri soners to be respited till the opinion of the judges could be taken upon it ; which was soon after given to the following effect : " thn t the time and place of execution are, in law, no part of the judg ment ; and that the recorder's warrant was a lawful authority to the sheriffs, as to the time and place of execution." In reply to this, the sheriffs wrote to the lord chancellor, to say, that, though their doubts were over-ruled, they were not satisfied : on the 6th of December, however, a letter was received by the sheriffs, inform ing them, from authority, that, as the judges had determined their warrant was legal, it was his majesty's pleasure that there .should be no farther respite for the two convicts. Accordingly, on the Sth, they were executed on Bethnal-green, attended only by the peace offlcers, the sheriffs having refused the assistance of the mill tary ; but the mob was so outrageous, that it was found necessary 76 HISTORY OF LONDON. to order the unhappy sufferers to be turned off before the usua' time allowed on such occasions, to prevent a rescue. The citizens of London not having received any answer to their petition, presented to the king, relative to the Middlesex election, determined to renew their solicitations on the subject. On the .1st of .March, 1770, a committee of the livery laid a raeraorial before the court of common-council, in which they stated, thai, though a pe tition had been presented by them to his majesty, no answer or re dress had been obtained ; they therefore applied to that court, to join in a request to the lord mayor to call another common-hall, that further measures might be taken for the re-establishment of their ancient rights and privileges. The question being put, was carried in the affirmative, and, in consequence, a common-hall was held on the 6th, when a second application to his majesty was read, and unanimously agreed to ; the title of which ran thus : " The humble Address, Remonstrance, and Petition, of the Lord Mayor, Alderraen, and Livery, of the City of London, in Common-hall assembled." The substance of this reraonstrance was, a repetition ofthe grievances mentioned in their former petition, and an earnest request to his majesty to dissolve the parliaraent. This address and remonstrance was presented on the 14th; and his majesty returned the following answer: "I shall always be ready to receive the requests, and to listen to the complaints of my subjects ; but it gives me great concern to find, that any of them should have been so far misled as to offer an address and remon- monstrance, the contents of which I cannot but consider as disre spectful to me, injurious to parliament, and irreconcilable to the principles of the constitution. " I have ever raade the law of the land the rule of ray conduct, esteeraing it ray chief glory to reign over a free people : with this view, 1 have always been careful, as well to e.xecute faithfully the trust reposed in me, as to avoid even the appearance of invading any of those powers which the constitution has placed -in other hands. It is only by persevering in such a conduct that I can either discharge my own duty, or secure to my subjects the free enjoy ment of those rights, which ray family were called to defend ; and while I act upon these principles, I shall have a right to expect, and I ara confident I shall continue to receive, the steady and affec tionate support of ray people." At a court of aldermen, held on the 13th, the legality of this ad dress, and the propriety of its title, were strongly objected to, and a motion was made that it should be disavowed in that court ; which occasioned a warm altercation. Ne.^t day, the following protest appeared in al! the public papers. " We, the aldermen of the city of London, whose names are hereunto subscribed, observing that the addre.ss, remonstrance, and petition, agreed upon by the livery, who raet at Guildhall, on Tuesday, the 6th of this inst March, is intituled, ' The Address, Remonstrance, and Petition, of HISTORY OF LONDON. 77 the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Livery, ofthe City of London, to the King's most Excellent Majesty,' do declare, that we were not assenting to, nor signified our approbation of the said address, re monstrance, and petition. Dated the 13th of March, 1770. Robert Ladbroke Thoraas Halifax Robert Alsop John Shakespear Richard Glynn James Esdaile Thomas Harley Samuel Plumbe Samuel Turner Barclay Kennet Henry Bankes J. Kirkman Richard Peers James Rossiter William Nash John Bird." The example of the majority ofthe court of aldermen was followed by three ofthe city companies, who disputed the power of the lord mayor, in calling common-halls, on any other occasion than raerely for the election of city officers. At a court of assistants of the gold smiths' company, held the 22d of March, the following resolution was agreed to : " The right honourable the lord mayor having issued precepts for suraraoning the livery of this city to meet at Guildhall, on Tues day, the 6th inst. to consider of a farther application for a redress of grievances ; al which meeting, a most indecent remonstrance was ordered to be presented to his majesty; " Resolved and ordered. That, for the future, the wardens of this corapany do not summon the livery thereof to attend at any meeting in the Guildhall (except for the purpose of elections), without the express approbation or consent of this court." The companies of grocers and weavers followed the exaraple of the goldsraiths, and, at their next court days, passed resolutions of a like tendency. On the 12th of April, a common-hall was held at Guildhall, by virtue of a precept from the lord raayor, to receive the report of his majesty's answer to the address, remonstrance, and petition, of the lord mayor, alderraen, and livery, of London ; as also to hear the resolutions and addresses of the houses of lords and comraons there upon; and to take into consideration the late proceedings of the companies of goldsmiths, weavers, and grocers ; and, in particular, their resolution not to obey the orders of the lord mayor, for sum moning the livery of the respective corapanies to attend at common- halls. The last committee ofthe livery were appointed to consider what would be the proper mode of proceeding against these refrac tory corapanies, and to report their opinion to the court of coramon- council. In the month of Noveraber, the long-contested question of the legality of general warrants was brought to a decided issue, by the result of the prosecution which Mr. Wilkes had instituted against the earl of Halifax; and which was tried in the court of coraraon pleas, before sir John Eardley Wilmot, and a special jury, by whom 7S HISTORY OF LONDON. a verdict of 4,0001. damages was given for the plaintiff. In Apnl, 1770, Mr. Wilkes was discharged from confinement; on which occasion the metropolis was illuminated, and transparencies With No. 45, blue candles, &c. were exhibited, from respect to the man whom the people regarded as the martyr of liberty. On the 14th of May, a court of common-council was held, to con sider of a third address, petition, and remonstrance, to his majesty, which was pre.sented on the 2Jd ; when his majesty was pleased to return the following answer; " I should have been wanting to the public, as well as to myself, if I had not expressed my dissatisfaction at the late address. " My sentiments on that subject continue the same ; and I should ill deserve to be considered as the father of my people, if I could suffer myself to be prevailed upon to make such an use of my pre rogative, as 1 cannot but think inconsistent with the interest, and dangerous to the constitution, of the kingdora." It was on this occasion that the lord mayor, Beckford, made that reply to the king, so rauch spoken of at the time, for its prompti tude and spirit, but which is now a,sserted to have been composed by Mr. Home Tooke, and entrusted to his lordship's memory. Her majesty having been happily delivered of a princess, on the 22d of May, the lord mayor went to St. James's, on the SOth, with the custoraary congratulations, and was informed, " that, as his lord ship thought fit to speak to his majesty, after his anower to the late remonstrance, as it was unusual, his majesty desired that nothing of the kind might happen for the future." On the following day, the lord mayor, attended by the sheriffs and several of the alderraen, went in state to the Old Bailey, and laid the first stone of the present prison of Newgate. This was the last public transaction of Mr. Beckford's life, which was terminated by a rheumatic fever, on the 21st of June. The high opinion in which he was held, at that time, by his fellow-citizens, was evinced by the first common-council held after his death ; in which a resolu tion was passed for erecting a statue to his raemory, in Guildhall. The recorder having given great offence to the corporation, by refusing to attend the presentation of the late addresses and remon strances, two motions were carried, in the court of coraraon-council, on the 6th of July, for taking the recorder's conduct into consider ation at the next court, and for printing and distributing a copy of his oath to the raembers. In consequence of hostilities committed by the Spaniards, by forcibly taking possession of a small British settleraent on the Falk land Islands, governraent gave orders for iraraediate preparations for a war with that power; and press-warrants were issued to all the sea-ports and principal towns in England. Application being made by the lords of the admiralty to the lord raayor, to back these war rants, he refused, on the ground that this was an unusual procedure, unless when the lord raayor received intiraation of its necessity imrae- HISTORY O;- LONDON. 79 diately from the privy council; when the request was made through that channel, the lord mayor complied; but it produced much dissension in the corporation. A court of common-council was held on the 27th of September, at which the case of the recorder was taken into consideration. That gentleman attended, and justified his conduct, declaring, that should a similar case occur, he would act as he had done : in consequence of which, the court came to a resolution, "that the recorder, by refusing to attend the lord mayor, aldermen, and commons of this city, with their humble address, reraonstrance, and petition, acted contrary to his oath and the duty of his office," and the further consideration was adjourned to the I2th of Octo ber ; when it was resolved, that he should be no more advised with, retained, or eraployed, in any affairs ofthe corporation ; he being deemed unworthy of their future trust or confidence. On the 16th of November, a court of common-council was held at Guildhall, when it was unanimously agreed and resolved, that the sum of forty shiUings for every able seaman, and twenty shil lings for every ordinary seaman, over and above the bounty granteJ by his majesty, be given during the pleasure of the court, and not exceeding one month from this day, to evety such seaman as shall enter at the Guildhall of this city into the service of his majesty's navy. It was also resolved and ordered, that the remem brancer do immediately wait on the right honourable sir Edward Hawke, first lord commissioner of the admiralty, with a copy of the resolution fairly transcribed, and signed by the town-clerk, and Signify the request of the court, that his lordship will, at a proper opportunity, lay the same before his majesty, as an hum ble testimony of their zeal and affection for his most sacred person and government. At the same court, a motion was made and carried, that ano ther humble address, remonstrance, and petition be presented to his majesty, touching the violated right of election, and praying for a dissolution of parliament. This address was presented on the 21st ; and his majesty returned the following answer. " As I have seen no reason to alter the opinion expressed in my answer to your address upon this subject, I cannot comply with the prayer of your petition." The lieutenants employed in the impress service attended the lord mayor, on the 1st of December, to have their warrants back ed by his authority ; but his lordship refused, and told them, that the bounty given by the city was intended to prevent sueh violence. The opposition to the impress service was carried to such a height in the city of London at this period, that on the 15th of January, 1771, a motion was made in the court of conimon-couu- cil to censure alderman Harley, for having backed the warrants; and, on the 22nd, the following resolution was carried : "Thai i: any person shall be impressed within this city or liberty into lab 80 HISTORY OF LONDON. majesty's service, by virtue of any warrant granted or backed by any of his majesty's justices ofthe peace for this city, that this court will immediately direct their solicitor, at the city's expense, to prosecute, in the name of the person so impressed, if he desires it, not only the justice of the peace who granted or backed the said warra^nt, but the constable or peace-officer who executes the same." This question, however, was put to rest by a letter frora the secretary of state to the lord mayor, informing him that the dispute between the two governments was amicably adjusted. There seemed to be, at this period, a determination in some of the city magistrates to oppose and thwart every measure which origi nated with the government; and, u-ider the plausible pretence of upholding the privileges of the corporation, they sought opportu nities of counteracting all their proceedings. In February, 1771, complaint had been made to the house of commons, by some of its members, that their speeches had been grossly misrepresented in the public newspapers, a practice which prevailed too generally on both sides ; and, as the insertion of the proceedings of the house is a direct violation of their standing orders, a motion was made, and carried by a great majority, for ordering Messrs. Whe- ble and Thompson, the printers of two of the papers, to the bar. This order was not obeyed, and, in consequence, another was made for taking them into the custody of the serjeant at arms, which proved equally ineffectual. A royal proclamation was therefore issued, offering a reward for apprehending them Soon afterwards, Mr. J. Wheble, oue ofthe offenders, was taken by a journeyman printer, and carried before Mr. Wilkes, who happened to be the sitting alderman at Guildhall. Finding that there was no other authority for the detention of Wheble than the procla mation, Mr. Wilkes ordered him to be discharged, and then bound him over to prosecute the man who had forcibly taken him. Mr. Miller, the printer of the Evening Post, having been also complained against, was taken into custody by a messenger ofthe house of commons, at his own house, by virtue of a warrant from the Speaker. Mr. Miller sent for a constable, who carried both him and the messenger before the lord mayor, who was assisted by aldermen Wilkes and Oliver. They not only discharged the printer, but compelled the messenger to give bail to answer the assault and imprisonment of a citizen, without the order of a city magistrate. The house of commons resented this contempt of their autho rity, and ordered the lord mayor and the two aldermen to appear before thera. Mr. Crosby and Mr. Oliver attended, as members of the house ; but Mr. Wilkes refused to appear, except as member for Middlesex. The house, not choosing to enter again into this question, adjourned over the day appointed for his attendance ; but, in the mean time, they committed the lord mayor and alder- HISTORY OF LONDON. , SI man Oliver to the Tower, where they remained to the end of the session. The conduct of these magistrates, on this occasion, was so high ly approved by the citizens, that a vote of thanks to them was passed in the court of common council, and a committee was ap pointed to assist them in their defence ; and, after their committal, they were brought before every court of judicature at Westminster, by Habeas Corpus, at the city expence, in order to procure their enlargement ; but the courts refused to interfere wjth the privi leges of the house of commons ; and they were remanded to the Tower. At length, the day arrived, when, by the prorogation of parlia ment, the power that detained them expired, and their liberation was the consequence. Some days previous to it, the court of common-council had resolved to attend their enlargement, accom panied by the city offlcers. Accordingly they assembled at Guild hall, and proceeded to the Tower in fifty-three carriages ; the procession being augmented by the artillery company, who at tended in their uniform. When the lord mayor and Mr. Oliver were brought to the Tower-gate, they were saluted by twenty-one pieces of cannon belonging to the artillery company, and from thence to the Mansion-house received the loudest acclamations of an innumerable concourse of spectators. At a court of common-council, held the 28th of May, it was re solved and ordered, " That it be referred to the committee ap pointed to assist the lord mayor and alderman Oliver, in the Tower, to state cases, and take opinions, whether there is any, and what, method to bring into a course of trial, the legality of an imprisonment by a vote of either house of parliament." It was farther resolved," That, in case the said committee should be ad vised that the legality of the commitment of the lord mayor and alderman Oliver can be put into a due course of trial by law, they be authorized so to do." At another court of common-council, held the 5th of June, the opinions of the counsel, who had been consulted by the committee above-mentioned, were read to the court ; when it appeared they did not think any action could be commenced on that account. At the same time, the report was made from the committee, who had been appointed to consider of a proper mode of proceeding against the Goldsmiths, Grocers, and Weavers' companies, for their dis obedience to the lord mayor's precepts. The report stated, that queries had been submitted to counsel, on the following heads ; namely, the power of the lord mayor to call common halls ; the obligation of the masters and wardens of the several companies to obey the lord mayor's precepts ; and the methods of punishment, in case of refusal. The answers to these questions were as follow : — " We con- VOL. II. G 82 HISTORY OF LONDON. ceive it to be the duty ofthe proper offlcers of the sieveral compa nies, to whom precepts for summoning their respective liveries have been usually directed, to execute those precepts ; and that a wilful refusal on their parts is an offence punishable by disfran chisement. If it be thought proper to prosecute with that view, in the present case, we think it most advisable to proceed in the usual way, by information, to be filed by the common serjeaiU, in the mayor's court ; which the common serjeant may file ear offiicio, if he pleases, or at the instance of either of the bodies ttientioned in the query. , " Alex. Wedderburne, J. Glynn, J. Dunning, T. Nugent." A common-hall was held, as usual, on Midsummer-day, for the election of city offlcers for the year ensuing. This business being adjusted, a motion was made for presenting another humble ad dress, remonstrance, and petition to his majesty, setting forth the many grievances already complained of, and still unredressed ; to gether with the injurious and unconstitutional behaviour ofthe house of commons, during the last sessions, who had imprisoned the person of the lord raayor, their chief magistrate, and Mr. al derman Oliver, one of their representatives. The remonstrance being read to the livery, it was unanimously approved of, and ordered to be presented by the lord mayor, aldermen, sheriffs, the city members, the common-council, and the livery of London, attended by the city officers. Another motion was made and car ried, " That the livery of London do desire the common council to present a silver cup to the right honourable the lord mayor, of the value of two hundred pounds, with the city arms engraved thereon ; and to the aldermen Wilkes and Oliver, one each, ofthe value of one hundred pounds, as marks of their gratitude for their upright conduct in the affair of the printers, and for si^pporting-' the city charters." Though this motion was readily agreed to by the livery, it met with some obstacles ia the court of cortimon- council ; and so long was it before it was carried, that the cups were not presented to the different parties till the month of Janu ary following. ¦ On the SOth of June, came on at Guildhall, the trial of Edward Twine Carpenter, for an assault, in seizing and taking up the person of J. Wheble, according to the royal proclamation for that purpose ; when he was found guilty, fined one shilling, and or dered to be imprisoned for two months irt Wood-street compter. On the 4th of July, the sheriffs waited on the king, to know when he would be pleased to receive the city remonstrance ; when his majesty appointed the IOth, at two o'clock. The lord mayor, therefore, issued precepts for the attendance of the alder men, common-council, and livery; but in the evening preceding the day appointed, his lordship received the following- letter : HISTORY OF LONDON. 83 " My Lord, " As, in consequence of the notice given of the tirae, your lord ship proposes setting out to-morrow, the livery may be induced to attend your lordship to St. James's, I have the king's commands to acquaint you, that, it being unprecedented to admit the livery upon such occasions, as well as impracticable to introduce so nu merous a body, no persons, beyond the number allowed by law to present petitions to the throne, -will bo admitted, except your lord ship, the aldermen, common-council, and city offlcers, I am, my lord, with the greatest respect, your lordship's most obedient, humble servant, " Hertford," Grosvenor-street, July 9, 177L This letter being read to the livery, who had assembled in Guildhall, a committee of ten (the number allowed by act of par liament made in the reign of Charles II.) were appointed to at tend his lordship on the occasion. When the town-clerk had done reading the remonstrance, his majesty returned the following answer : " I shall ever be ready to exert my prerogative, as far as I can, constitutionally, in redressing any real grievances of my subjects ; and the city of London will always find me disposed to listen to any of their well-founded complaints : it is, therefore, with con cern that! see a part of my subjects still so far misled and deluded. as to renew, in such reprehensible terms, a request, with which I have repeatedly declared, I cannot comply." In the beginning of October, the city solicitor filed informations of disfranchisement, in the mayor's court, against the masters and wardens of the three refractory companies of Goldsmiths, Grocers, and Weavers, for refusing to obey the lord mayor's precept for a common hall. The refractory city companies ha-ving removed the above informations from the mayor's court to the court of King's Bench, and the city solicitor having obtained rules for them to ihew cause why the several writs of certiorari for removing the same should not be quashed, the matter was argued in that court on the first of June, when lord Mansfield gave the opinion of the court thereon ; which was, that the writs had been impro- vidently granted ; that causes of that nature had no business in Westminster-hall ; that every corporsition, inter se, was the sole" judge of its own rights and franchises; and that the corporation of London had the right and power of determining the present cause solely in their own hands. In consequence of this, on the 23rd of June, the city solicitor signed judgment of disfranchise-' ment against the masters and wardens of the three companies, in the mayor's court ; but, in the afternoon, the recorder set the g2 84 HISTORY OF LONDON. judgment aside, in order, as he alledged, to give the parties an opportunity of trying the merits of the cause at large. In the morning of the 23rd of December, there happened one of the greatest fogs in London that had ever been remembered ; through which great damage was done. The darkness was so great, that the carriages ofthe nobility and gentry were attended by lights, the same as at midnight. Many accidents occurred during the continuance of the fog, which lasted through the night; and, in the morning, several people were found dead in the fields round the metropolis, who, not being able to find their way, were sup posed to have perished from the inclemency of the weather, On the 1 1th of March, 1773, a common-hall was held, by virtue of the lord mayor's precepts for that purpose, to consider of a fur ther application to the throne, for a redress of grievances; when an address, petition, and remonstrance was agreed to, which, by his majesty's appointment, was presented on the 29th. After it had been read by the recorder, his majesty returned the following answer : "I have the satisfaction to think that my people don't doubt of my readiness to attend to their complaints, or of my ardent desire to promote their happiness ; which I cannot more effectually do than by resisting every attempt to sow groundless jealousies among them. " Your petition is so void of foundation, and is, besides, con ceived in such disrespectful terms, that I am convinced you do not seriously imagine it can be complied with." At a court of common-council held the 16th of June, the re corder's salary was augmented to one thousand pounds per annum, during the pleasure of the court, and, at the same time, an addi tional salary of two hundred pounds per annum was granted to the common-serjeant. On the 14th of July, the cause between the common serjeant, on behalf of the city of London, and Samuel Plumbe, esq. prime warden, or master of the Goldsmiths' company, was tried at Guild hall. The suit was instituted against the defendant, for refusing to obey a precept, issued in 1770, by the then lord mayor, to con vene the livery of the said company to a common-hall ; and, after a patient hearing, it was determined in favour ofthe plaintiff. The dreadful calamities occasioned by the American war occur red about this period. This destructive contest was entered into against the wishes and interests of the people, and in defiance of every constitutional principle by which the country had ever been governed ; but the public sentiment had no influence with admi uistration ; and, on the 23rd of August, 1775, the war was publicly declared at the usual places in London, by a proclamation for ' suppressing rebellion and sedition.' The lord mayor, Mr. Saw bridge, however, being inimical to the general proceedino-s ofthe HISTORY OF LONDON. 85 court, but particularly to a contest in which his brother subjects were concerned, ordered that the usual offlcial attendances of the mace, &c. should not be complied with ; and further to evince his detestation of such an unnatural conflict, he refused to back the press warrants issued from the admiralty in the October fol lowing.* In the beginning of the year 1776, sir Stephen Theodore Janssen resigned his situation as chamberlain of the city ; the vacant offlce was strongly contested between aldermen Benjamin Hopkins and Wilkes ; but the election was determined in favour ofthe former: after whose decease in 1/79, Mr. Wilkes was elected without opposition, and held the office till the time of his death. In January, 1779, much damage was done in and near the me tropolis, by a hurricane, by which most of the ships in the river were driven from their moorings, and some destroyed. Several houses were blown down, and others stripped of their roofs ; the stacks of chimnies that fell were numerous. Many lives were lost, and a great number of persons considerably maimed and bruised by the fall of the buildings. A cause was tried in the court of King's Bench, on the 5th of August, respecting the right of a claim set up by the city of Lon don, to a duty of six-pence per load, on hay sold in Smithfield, not the property of freemen of London. This was disputed by the inhabitants of Finchley, who pleaded an exemption in favor of the bishop of London and his tenants, granted by king John ; but as it did not appear that the manor of Finchley belonged to the bishop at the time of the grant, a verdict was given for the city of London. The attention of all ranks of people, both in the metropolis and in the rest of the kingdom, was, in the beginning of the year 1780, strongly directed to the general misconduct of government in the administration of public affairs, to the encroachments that had been made on civil liberty, and to the wasteful and extrava gant expenditure of the public money. Petitions, having for their object, not only a change of ministry, but also some very essen tial alterations in the constituted body of the house of comraons, poured in from all parts of the country ; and different committees were appointed in the cities of London and Westminster, to give due effect to the prayer of the petitioners. Mr. Burke, who, at hat time, was esteemed one of the most active of the patriotic • The illegalily of impressing free- assaults, and taken into custody by in- men of the city of London proved a dividuals whom they had seized witliin fertile source of discord al this period the city s jurisdiction. In these cases, between the administration and the the impres.sed men were immediately city magistrates. Whilst the disputes discharted. and the officers held to bail continued, several naval oflicers on the or committed for trial. impress service were charged with 8« HISTORY OF LONDON. band, proposed his celebrated plans of economy and efficient con- troul, some of which were eventnally carried into effect, in oppo sition to ministerial influence ; but the greatest triumph which the popular party attained over the premier of the day, lord North, was in the month of April, when Mr. Dunning, afterwards lord Ashburton, obtained a majority on his famous resolution, "that the influence of the crown had increased, was increasing, and ought to be diminished." This was followed by several other motions branching out from the former, and calculated to restore the administration of affairs to a state of greater political probity ; all which were carried in direct opposition to the will of the mi nister. A recess of ten days, however, in the meetings of the house, on account of the indisposition of the speaker, afforded the government an opportunity to exert the acts of corruption and in trigue ; by which means, when the parliament again assembled, the minister was enabled to counteract all the measures which were afterwards proposed for the public good. Mr. alderman Sawbridge, who was one of the city representatives, publicly charged lord North with exercising such corrupt influence on some of the merabers, and offered to prove his charges at the bar of the house ; but his lordship thought it most convenient to avoid the challenge. Though somewhat discouraged by this retardation of success, the popular leaders continued their efforts, and prepared to introduce the important motions for 'annual parliaraents,' and 'a more equal representation of the people in the house of commons.' At this time, associations had been formed in almost every quarter of the kingdom, for the purpose of consolidating the public sentiment; and it was at least expected, that some concessions in favour of constitutional liberty would have been wrested from the arbitrary controul of the adminis tration.* About this period, some very unexpected events, which chiefly took their rise from the weakest and most unenlightened men that the nation could produce, rendered nugatory all those constitu tional efforts. These events were the ' Protestant Association,' the tumultuous meetings which it occasioned, and the riots and conflagrations in the metropolis, that resulted from the attempts matje to carry the object of the association into effect. In the year 1778, it having become the general opinion of libe ral-minded men, that the laws against papists were much too rigo rous to be enforced in an enlightened age, an act of parliament had been passed for ' relieving his majesty's subjects, professing the Romish religion, from certain penalties and disabilities iraposed upon them in the eleventh and twelfth years of the reign of king William the Third.' This act, at the time, did not appear to excite any great alarm among persons of any class ; nor would it, * Brayley's Hist, of London, i. 527. HISTORY OF LONDON. 87 perhaps, have ever given birth to such extraordinary results, had not the Catholics acted very indiscreetly, in taking more liberties i^ the public exercise of their religion than what they had been previously accustomed to, and in proceeding to the yet greater length of proposing to open public schools for the education of youth in the Romish faith. The sensation produced by these occurrences, led many of the lower class of rigid protestants to express great apprehensions of the increase of popery, and to exclaim against the late act, by which they thought it was countenanced and supported. These persons, who for the most part were chiefly methodists and bi- gotted calvinists, at length formed themselves into a body in London, under the title of the • Protestant Association,' and chose for their president lord George Gordon, younger brother to the fjuke of Gordon, and at that time member of parliament for Lud- g'ershall. This young man had been educated in the rigid doc trines of presbyterianism ; and from imbibing a sort of hereditary repulsion to popery, was a flt head for such a community. Under his direction, a petition was framed for a repeal of the obnoxious act, and so much industry was employed to procure signatures, that the names of upwards of 120,000 persons were affixed to it ; among thera, howeverj were those of many women and children. The petition being thus prepared, a general meeting of the As sociation was held on the evening of May the '29th, 1780, at Coachmakers'-hail, Noble-street; when lord George, after stating his opinion, 'that the indulgence given to popery by the repeal of the act of William the Third, was inconsistent with the principles of the revolution, dangerous fo the Hanoverian succession, and destructive to the civil and religious liberties ofthe country;' and stated his conviction, that ' the only way to stop it was by going in a firm, manly, and resolute manner to the house of commons, and shewing their representatives that they were determined to preserve their religious freedom -with their lives ;' that, ' for his part, he would run all hazards with the people ; and if the peo ple were too lukewarm to run all hazards with him, when their conscience and their country called them forth, they might get another president ; for he would tell them candidly, that he was not a lukewarm man himself, and that if they meant to spend their time in mock debate and idle opposition, they might get another leader.' This speech was received with the loudest applause, and his lordship then moved the following resolution : ' That the whole body of the Protestant Association do attend in St. George's Fields, on Friday next, at ten of the clock in the morning, to accompany his lordship to the house of commons, on the delivery of the protestant petition.' This was carried unanimously. His lordship then said, that 'if less than twenty thousand of his fellow-citizens attended him on that day, he would not present 88 HISTORY OF LONDON. their petition;' and, for the better observance of order, he moved, ' that they should arrange themselves into four divisions; the protest ants ofthe city of London on the right, those of the city of West minster on the left, the borough of Southwark third, and the people of Scotland resident in London and its environs to forra the last division ;' and, ' that they might know their friends frora their enemies, he added, that ' every real protestant and friend of the petition should come with a blue cockade in his hat.' Accordingly, on Friday, June the 2nd, the day appointed, about ten o'clock in the morning, a vast concourse of people from all parts of the city and suburbs, assembled in St. George's Fields, near the obelisk, where they awaited the arrival of their president, who came about eleven; and having, in a shortspeech, strongly recoraraended the necessity of a peaceable deportraent, he raarshalled them into ranks, and gave directions for the conduct ofthe different divisions. His lordship then left thera, proceeding in his carriage to the house of coramons over Westrainster-bridge ; and the coraraittee of the association, with many other members, went the same way: but the main body, amounting to at least 50,000, took their route over London-bridge, marching in tolerable order, six or eight in a rank, through Cornhill, Fleet-street, and the Strand. Each division was preceded by its respective banner, having the words ' No Popery' written on it, with other sentiments expressive of the bu.siness ofthe day ; the petition itself, with the skins of parchment containing its numerous signatures, and which had been tacked together by a' tailor in St. George's Fields, was carried at the head of the proces sion. At Charing-cross, the multitude was increased by additional numbers on foot, on horseback, and in carriages ; so that, by the time the different parties had met together, all the avenues to both houses of parliament were entirely filled with the crowd. Till this period, every thing had been conducted with proper de-, corum ; but a raost lamentable change took place as soon as the members of parliament began to assemble. Among such an im mense concourse of people, it could not be imagined that every one would be equally peaceable ; yet the scenes of confusion and riot which ensued, went far beyond all possible calculation, and most forcibly irapressed the reflecting mind withthe never-to-be-forgotteri lesson of the iraminent danger that attends the expression of the vox populi from a congregated multitude. The Protestant Asso ciation appeared to recede frora its avowed purpose, and to assume all the properties of a seditious raob. Both peers and coraraons were insulted in their progress to the pariiaraent-house, and it was with great difficulty that some of thera escaped with their lives. The archbishop of York was the first attacked ; the bishop of Litchfield had his gown torn ; the wheels were taken off the bishop of Lincoln's carriage, and his lordship narrowly escaped with life; the lord president of the council, lord Bathurst, was treated very roughly ; the windows and pannels of lord Mansfield's coach were HISTORY OF LONDON. 89 broken to pieces ; the duke of North uraberland's pocket was picked of his watch ; the lords Townshend and Hillsborough came together, and were grossly insulted ; lord Stormont's coach was broken to pieces, and himself in the hands of the mob for near half an hour ; lords Ashburnham and Boston were treated with the utmost indignity, particularly the latter, who was so long in their power, that it was proposed to the house, to go in a body, and endeavour, by their presence, to extricate him ; but, in the interim, his lordship escaped without any material hurt. Many others of the peers were personally ill-treated; and Well bore Ellis, esq. was obliged to take refuge in the Guildhall of West minster, whither he was pursued, the windows broken, the doors forced, and justice Addington, with all the constables, expelled. Mr. Ellis escaped with the greatest hazard. During these unwarrantable proceedings, lord George Gordon came several times to the top of the gallery stairs, and harangued the mob, informing them of the bad success their petition was likely to meet with, and pointing out the members who opposed it. It was considered as a mark of pusillanimity in the house of commons, that, upon the arrival of the guards at night, they did not commit one of their own body, who had so sharacfully violated their privileges, and brought them into such unequalled disgrace and danger, to the Tower: but it is doubtful whether such an attempt, on that day, would not have increased the fanatic fury of the populace to such a height, which might have overpowered every endeavour to restrain it. Further outrage to the parliament itself was now prevented by the arrival of the guards ; and the house of commons, on the motion of lord George, seconded by Mr. alderman Bull, one of the city representatives, agreed to the bringing up ofthe petition ; but his lordship's subsequent motion, that it should be taken into immediate consideration, was negatived by one hundred and nine ty-two against six. It was resolved, however, that it should be debated on the Tuesday following, and the house then adjourned. These decisions were not satisfactory to the mob ; yet, as the pre sence of the military restrained them from violence on the spot, they separated into parties, and commenced the work of destruc tion by partly demolishing the Romish chapels in Duke-street, Lincoln's-inn-fields, and Warwick-street, Golden-square ; and all the furniture, ornaments, and altars of both chapels were com mitted to the flames. This was effected before the guards could arrive, when thirteen of the rioters were taken up. No further outrage of importance was committed during that night. On the next day, Saturday, the turault appeared to have sub sided, and the rage of bigotry and lawless violence was thought to be allayed ; but this expectation proved erainently fallacious. On Sunday afternoon, a mob of many thousands assembled in 90 HISTORY OF LONDON. Moorfields ; and with the cry of ' No Papists !' ' Root out Popery I' they attacked the popish chapel in Ropemaker's-alley ; and having demolished the inside, they carried the altars, pulpits, pictures, seats, &c. into the street, and comraitted them to the flames. More mis chief was prevented by the arrival of a party of the guards, when the rioters immediately began to disperse. Early on the following morning, however, they assembled again on the same spot, and de molished the school, and three dwelling houses belonging to the priests, in Roperaakers' -alley, together with a valuable library. They now divided into parties ; and threatening destruction to all who should oppose thera, they proceeded to different quarters ofthe town. One party went to Virginia-street, Wapping, and another to Nightingale-lane, East Smithfield, where they severally destroyed the Catholic chapels, and committed many other outrages. The house of sir George Saville, (who had introduced the obnoxious bill into parliament) in Leicester-fields, was, to use the vulgar but des criptive phrase of the mob, completely ' gutted' by a third party; as were also the houses of Mr. Rainsforth, tallow-chandler, of Stanhope-street, Clare market, and Mr. Maberly, of Little Queen- street, Lincoln's-inn-fields ; the latter persons having appeared as evidences against some of the rioters, who were taken up on the preceding Friday, and five of the most active of whom had been comraitted to Newgate. In all these cases, the furniture and effects were burnt before the doors of the dilapidated dwellings. On Tuesday, the day appointed for taking the petition into con sideration, all the military in London were ordered on duty ; yet a knowledge of this fact did not appear to intimidate the populace, and a multitude no less numerous than had assembled on the Friday,' again choaked up every avenue to the parliament-house. In vain had the committee of the Protestant Association circulated a resolu tion, requesting ' all true Protestants to shew their attachraent to their best interests, by a legal and peaceable deportraent.' The storm which they had raised, it was beyond their power to allay. As the day advanced, the mob grew more tumultuous ; they de molished the carriage of lord Sandwich, and seized his person ; but he was fortunately rescued frora their violence by a party of horse. The residence of lord North, in Downing-street, was also attacked ; but the assailants were repulsed by a body of light horse. In the midst of this alarming state of things, the house of coraraons acted with firmness and decision; they declared, that 'no act of theirs could be legal while the house was beset with a military force. and under apprehensions frora the daring spirit of the people ;' and on this principle they adjourned, having previously voted among other resolutions, that it was a ' high and dangerous breach of th privilege of parliament to insult or attack members coming t. HISTORY OF LONDON. 91 attend their duty in that house.' The peers also adjourned after a slight conversation. On the rising of the house, lord George Gordon acquainted the multitude with what had been done, and advised them to depart quietly; in return, they unharnessed his horses, and drew him in triumph to the house of Mr. alderman Bull. Whilst one body of the rioters was thus employed, justice Hyde, with a party of .the horse-guards, attempted to disperse the rest, and after some opposi tion, he succeeded ; yet they only separated to re-assemble in other places. The activity of the justice was highly resented by the mob, and about seven in the evening, a detached parly despoiled his house in Lisle-street of all its furniture, and burnt it before the doors : on the approach of the military, the rioters immediately fled. The prison of Newgate was the next object of attack ; but the mob, like ' regular assailants, did not proceed to storm before they had offered terms.' They demanded from the keeper, Mr. Acker- man, the release of their conflned associates, as the only means to save his mansion. He refused to comply ; yet, dreading the con sequence, he posted to the sheriffs to know their pleasure. On his return, he found that his house was in flames; and the gaol itself was soon in a similar situation. The doors and entrances had bee-M broken open with pick-axes and sledge-hammers; and it is scarcely to be credited with what celerity the gaol was destroyed : " nor is it less astonishing, that, from a prison thus in flames, a miserable crew of felons in irons, and a company of confined debtors, to the number in the whole of more than three hundred, could all be liberated, as it were by magic, amidst flames and firebrands, without the loss of a •¦single life ; some from the gloomy cells of darkness, in which the devoted victims to public justice were confined, and others from inner apartments, to which the access in tranquil times were both intricate and difficult." The devastations of this night were now only begun. The release of the Newgate ruffians gave an increase of strength and ferocity to the mob, which despised intimidation ; and the rainisters of justice and law were among the first marked out for vengeance. The pub lic-office in Bow-street, and the house of that active magistrate, sir John Fielding, adjoining, were presently attacked by the rabble, and all their furniture and effects, books, papers, &c. committed to the flames. Justice Coxe's, in Great Queen-street, Lincoln's-inn-fields, was similarly treated; the two prisons at Clerk enwell were set open, and the prisoners liberated ; the houses of Mr. Lyon, in Bunhill-row, and a pawnbroker in Golden-lane, were dila pidated, the goods, &c. being burnt before the doors; and to com plete the melancholy catalogue, the elegant mansion of lord Mans field, in Bloomsbury-square, was plundered, and burnt to ashes, together with an invaluable collection of rare manuscripts, notes on 92 HISTORY OF LONDON law cases, pictures, books, deeds, &c. Here the mob met with some resistance from a small party of the military, headed by a civil magistrate, who read the Riot Act, and afterwards ordered the de- tacliment to fire, by which six men and one woman were killed,* and several other persons wounded. Many of the mob hav ing made their way to his lordship's cellars, suffered from intoxi cation. Not content with the mischief done to lord Mansfield's property in Bloomsbury-square, a large body ofthe rioters marched off to his lordship's seat at Caen Wood ; but here their destructive intentions were frustrated by a party of horse, which had arrived about half an hour before them; and they retired without comraencing an attack. The violence of the populace, instead of dirainishing, or being glutted with the destruction, horror, and consternation they had already spread, seeraed to be considerably increased on the Wednes day ; which is not so much to be wondered at, when it is considered that all the prisoners of Newgate, Clerkenwell Bridewell, and New Prison, had been let loose on the terrified inhabitants of the panic- struck metropolis. Some even had the audacity to go into public houses, and call for what provisions and drink they thought proper, without paying for any ; nor dared the affrighted publicans ask for payment ; on the contrary, they thought themselves happy that they had not their houses pulled down. Others still more daring, even knocked at the doors of private houses in noon-day, and extorted contributions from the inhabitants. One man, in particular, was mounted on horseback, and refused to take any thing but gold. Many outrages were comraitted in the borough of Southwark; several Popish chapels and private dwellings were burnt in various parts, particularly about Kent-street and its environs. The King's Bench prison, with three houses adjoining, a tavern, and the New Bridewell, were also set on fire, and almost entirely consumed. An attempt was likewise made to set fire to the Marshalsea ; but here the rioters were repelled by the soldiery ; and another large body of the insurgents were put to flight in Tooley-street, after severalhad been killed and wounded, and others made prisoners, by an armed association of many of the substantial inhabitants of South wark. On the preceding night, the inhabitants of most parts of the town had been obliged to illuminate their windows ; and, in the courseof this day, they were compelled to chalk up the words ' No Popery!' on their doors and window shutters : blue ribbons and pieces of silk, • The case of this female was a it into the passage. Several bullets very pitiable one. She lived servant also entered the parlour window at the with a Mr. Dubois, and was going same time, yet no other person was towards the street door, when she was hurt, though several were in the room. killed by a ball which passed through HISTORY OF LONDON. 93 by way of flags, were hung out at most houses with intent to depre cate the fury of the insurgents, from whom no person thought hira self wholly secure. Those whose business called them into the streets, were likewise emulous to raount a blue cockade, in order to preserve theraselves frora personal insult. The outrages of this day were excessive. The rioters appeared to consider theraselves as superior to all authority; and not only openly avowed their intention to destroy certain private houses ofthe Cathoi- lies, but also declared an intention to burn the remaining public prisons, and demolish the Bank, the Temple, Gray's-inn, Lincoln's-inn, the New-river-head, the royal palaces, and the arsenal at Woolwich. The attempt upon the Bank was made twice in the course of the day, but both attacks were feebly conducted, and the rioters easily re pulsed, several of them falling by the fire ofthe military, and many others being wounded. An un.successful attempt, in which several fell, was also made upon the Pay Office. The threats of the insurgents, with the endeavours thus raade to accoraplish their purposes, seem at last to have awakened the latent energies of government, and vigorous measures were now taken to repress the disorders which had raged so long without controul. The military had hitherto acted under the guidance ofthe civil power, but an order was this day issued by the authority of the king in coun cil, for 'the military to act without waiting for directions frora the civil magistrates, and to use force for dispersing the illegal and tu multuous assemblies ofthe people.' As no man could foresee what might be the effect of a discretionary power vested in such hands, in a populous city, and in the centre of trade, the greatest alarm prevailed ; all shops were shut up, and the approach of night was awaited in the raost fearful suspense^ As soon as the day was drawing towards a close, one of the most awful and dreadful spectacles this country ever beheld was exhibited. The mob had not only declared their resolution of firing the prisons, and some private houses, but had avowed their intention to destroy all the pubhc offices. An universal stupor had seized the minds of men; they looked at one another, and waited, with a resigned consternation, for the events which were to follow. Governraent, indeed, had exerted itself to the utmost, as far as their power, under the direction of the civil magistrates, would extend. Now, however, it was become necessary to raake use of the royal prerogative, and give discretionary power to the military. Nothing could convey a more awfdl idea of the mischief which was dreaded, than the strong guard which was placed at the Royal Exchange for the protection of the Bank, as nothing could have equalled the national desolation, had the purposes of the in surgents upon this place succeeded. Soldiers were distributed at Guildhall, in the inns of court, in almost every place tenable as a 94 HISTORY OF LONDON. fortification, and in sorae private houses; and the cannon was dis posed to the best advantage in the park. With minds thus predisposed to terror by so many objects oi de vastation, and in a city which but a few days before enjoyed the most perfect tranquillity, let those who were not spectators judge what the inhabitants felt, when they beheld at the same instant of time, the flames ascending and rolling in vast voluminous clouds from the King's Bench and Fleet prisons, from New Bridewell, from the toll-gates on Blackfriars' bridge, from houses in every quarter of the town, and particularly from the bottom and middle of Holborn, where the conflagration was horrible beyond descrip tion. The houses that were flrst set on fire at this last-mentioned place, both belonged to Mr. Langdale, an eminent distiller, and contained imraense quantities of spirituous liquors. It is easy to conceive what fury these would add to the flames, but to form an adequate idea of the distresses of the neighbouring inhabitants, and indeed ofthe inhabitants in every part of the city, is perhaps im possible. Men, women, and children, were running up and down w/th beds, glasses, bundles, or whatever they wished most to pre serve ; and in streets where there were no fires, numbers were re moving their goods and effects at midnight. The shouts of the rioters were heard at one instant, and at the next the dreadful report, of soldiers' muskets, as if firing in platoons, and at various places :¦, in short, every thing which could impress the mind with ideas of universal anarchy and approaching desolation seemed to be accu mulating. Sleep and rest were things not thought of; the streets were swarming with people; and uproar, confusion, and dismay,' reigned in every part. Six-and-thirty fires were all to be seen blazing at one time in the metropolis during the night. These devastations, however, were no longer comraitted with impunity, and nurabers of the rioters fell in the course of this. night by the musket and the sword. Many of these misguided' wretches died also with inebriation in different parts, but especially at the distilleries of Mr. Langdale, from whose vessels the liquor poured in streams down the kennels, and ' was taken up in pails, and held to the mouths of the besotted multitude.' Others were killed with drinking non-rectified spirits ; and many became so miserably intoxicated, that they were either burnt in the flaraes which theraselves had kindled, or buried in the falling ruins. In some streets ' men were seen lying upon bulks and stalls, and at . the doors of empty houses, drunk to a state of insensibility, and to a conterapt of danger ; boys and woraen were in the same condi tion, and many of the latter with infants in their arms.' The nuraerous victims to insulted justice which military inter ference had thus spread before the eyes of the rioters, and the continual arrival of fresh troops from all parts ofthe country within fifty or sixty miles of the metropolis, had their full effect of intirai- HISTORY OF LONDON. 95 dsttibn. Th^ ri6ts were quelled ; and many inconsiderate wretches who had ehgaged in them were secured on the Thursday in various parts of the towri. On this day, London may be said to have bortie great similarity to a city recently stormed. The Royal Exchange, the public buildings, the squares, and the principal streets, were all occupied by troops ; the shops were closed, ahd business was entirely at a stand, whilst immense volumes of dense smoke were still rising from the ruins of consumed buildings. No distiirbance occurring during the night, the alarm gradually sub^ded, and on Friday business was began to be transacted as dsual. In the course of the day, lord George Gordon underwent a long examination before the privy council, and in the evening he Wa's corhmitted to the Tower, to which he was conveyed by a most numerous escort. On the following day, the secretary of the Pro testant Association, an attorney, naraed Fisher, was also sent under a stroftg guard fo the above fortress. Upwards of twenty thousand soldiers were at this time supposed to have their quarters in Lon don; the guards were afterwards encamped in St. James's park, and the marching regiments and militia in Hyde park. The idea of being governed by martial law e.^ccited much dis content, particularly araong tlie citizens, whose rights were shame- fiiJly invaded by an order from lord Amherst to colonel Twisleton, who coraraanded the regular forces stationed in the city, to disarm all persons who did not belong to the railitia, nor bore arms under the royal authority, and to detain their arms. This measure be carae the subject of parliamentary debate, and the duke of Rich mond moved that it should be declared " expressly contrary to the fundamental laws of the constitution ;" but this raotion was ne gatived by the rainistry. The uncontrolled ascendancy of the railitary force, however, was found to excite such general dissatis faction, that the king in a speech from the throne to the parliaraent on the 20th of June, judged it expedient to advert to the necessity of the measure ;* and to give " his solemn assurances that he had no other object but to make the laws ofthe realm, and the principles of oiK excellent constitution in church and state, the rule and mea sure of his conduct." The number of lives that were lost during the continuance ofthe riots was never, perhaps, correctly ascertained. The return given of the killed and wounded by the railitary, was as follows: killed by the association, mihtia, and guards, 109; ditto by the light * " The outrages committed by and the confusion of every order in bands of desperate and abandoned men the state, that I found myself obliged in various parts of the metropolis," by every tie of duty and affection to my said his majesty, " who broke forth people, to suppress in every part those with such violence into felony and trea- rebellious insurrections, and to provide ion, had so far overborne all civil au- for the public safety by tlie raost eHec- thority, and threatened so directly the tual and immediate applicai ion of the immediate subversion of all legal force intrusted to me by pailiament." power, and destruction of all property. 96 HISTORY OF LONDON. horse, JOl ; died in hospitals, 75 ; total 285. Prisoners under cure, 73, Within a few days after the suppression of the mob, a special commission was issued for trying the rioters in Southwark; but those of London were left to the regular course of the sessions at the Old Bailey, which chanced to be near. The nuraber of persons tried for rioting in the latter court was eighty-five, of whom thirty- five were capitally convicted ; in Southwark, fifty persons were tried as rioters, twenty-four of whom were adjudged guilty. Between twenty and thirty ofthe most active ofthe convicted rioters were executed in a few days after their trials, in different parts of town, but immediately contiguous to the scene of their respective devas. tations.* The new influence which these unfortunate events threw into the grasp of the ministry was very great ; and that ardour which had appeared for promoting popular meetings and associations for opposing the encroachments of government, subsided into a luke warm indifference. *^^^,^f*f CHAPTER IV. History of London continued to the Union. On the 2nd day of October, 1780, the chamberlain was ordered by the court of coraraon-council, to lay before them an account of the monies paid out of the chamber, on account of the lord mayor; which being produced, a motion was made and carried in the affirm ative, that the sum of eight hundred and fourteen pounds one shil ling, paid on account of the lord mayor's view of the river, and expedition to Windsor, ought not to be defrayed by the city ; being totally unneces.sary and highly extravagant. In consequence of its being mentioned that the audit-dinners were, in general, very extravagant, a motion was raade, and una niraously agreed to, that, in future, the expenses of auditing the city and bridge-house accounts, do not exceed flfty pounds. A raotion was also made, that the charaberiain do not pay the lord mayor more than the sura of three hundred and fifty-two pounds nineteen shillings, the balance due to his lordship, out of the ample allowance given by the city. The lord mayor refused to put the question for some tirae, but, having consented, it was resolved in the affirmative. * Brayley's History of London, from the New Annual Register, &c. i. 540. HISTORY OF LONDON. 9T On the 26th the court proceeded in the plan of retrenchment they had begun, and limited the expences of the conservancy to three hundred pounds, in every mayoralty. It was also resolved, that no money be paid, out of the chamber, without the special direction of the court of common-council. On the 5th of February, 1781, carae on in the court of King's Bench, the trial of lord George Gordon, who was accused as the author of the late riots, of high treason, in " levying war, by as- serabling great multitudes together, and striving, by terror and out rage, to compel parliament to repeal a law." The jury acquitted hira; and one of thera afterwards told his lordship in court, in reply to some remarks on the objects of the prosecution, that ' their deci sion had turned upon a very nice point.' In the month following, Benjamin Kennet, esq. the late lord mayor, was tried in Guildhall, for not using the proper means and authority for suppressing the riots in an early stage of the tumult. The jury returned a verdict of' guilty,' in ' neglecting to do his duty,' but not ' wilfully and obstinately.' The court refusing to record this verdict, another of • guilty,' generally, was given ; the decease of alderman Kennet, however, before sentence was pronounced, put a stop to further proceedings. The ruinous progress of the public affairs, the decay of trade, and the increasing discontent of the nation at the long continuance and ill success of the American wiar, at length produced a change in the raeasures of government, which for a short tirae seemed to move in unison with the wishes of the people. In December, 1781, a very pointed remonstrance was presented by the citizens of London to the king, in which they deprecated the " intention" manifested in his majesty's speech, " of persevering in a system of measures, which had proved so disastrous to the country ;" exhorted him " no longer to continue in a delusion from which the nation had awakened;" and implored him to " disraiss from his presence and councils all the advisers, both private and public, who had deluded hira into such an unfortunate and unnatural war." The city of Westminster followed the example of that of London ; and sirailar petitions and reraonstrances flowing in from most other places in the kingdora, the premier thought proper to give way ; and in the course of March and April, 1782, a new ministry was chosen under the auspices of that able and illustrious statesman, the marquis of Rockingham. Negociations for peace were soon afterwards com menced, and preliminaries were. settled on the 20th of January, 1783 : the definitive treaties were signed at Paris on the Srd of September following ; and on the 6th of October, the peace was proclaimed at the accustomed places in London, with the usual ce remonies, and amidst the reiterated acclamations of an immense multitude of people. The gleam of sunshine which these occurrences had spread over the hofizon of political liberty, was soon overclouded by the deatK VOL. II. H 9ft HISTORY OF LONDON. of the marquis of Rockingham, and the divisions which that fatal event admitted to break out araong his party. Mr. Pitt, the elo quent son ofthe late earl of Chatham, acceded to power ; and though an act of apostacy marked the outset of his career, that is, the abandonment of the cause of parliamentary reforra, of which he had previously been an ardent supporter, his youth and splendid talents, but, above all, his fascinating eloquence, had such an effect upon the raultitude, that for some tirae, he raay be said to have become the ' idol of a people's hope.' The Coalition Administra tion was dismissed in 1783, and Mr. Pitt became prirae minister; yet, from that period to the dissolution of parliaraent, about the end of March, he was left in a minority on alraost every q^uestion de bated in the house of commons. During the elections for a new parliament, the metropolis presented an almost constant scene of uproar and confusion; but particularly in Westrainster, where the struggle between the minifiterial candidates and Mr. Fox was unpa ralleled, and the poll was kept open from April the 1st till May the 17th. This latter circumstance occasioned the passing of an act, by which the duration of all future elections was limited to fifteen The grandest musical performance ever attempted in any coun try, was exhibited in Westrainster-abbey,in May and June of 1784, in coramemoration of Handel. It originated in a conversation be tween some amateurs, in which it was lamented, that no public occasion existed for collecting all the vocal and instrumental per formers of eminence into one band, which would produce a perform ance on so grand and magnificent a scale as no other part of the world could equal. The birth and death of Handel, the former of which was acomplete century, and the latter exactly a quarter of a century, before this period, was immediately recollected as offering a desirable opportunity for making the attempt. The plan was speedily coraraunicated to the different musical societies in the metro polis, and coming, at length, to the knowledge of the king, was honoured with his sanction and patronage. Westminster-abbey, where the reraains of the great musician were deposited, was selected as the most proper place for the perforraance : and it was determined to appropriate all the profits arising frora it to charitable purposes. Nosooner was the project known, than the greater part of the practi cal musicians in the kingdom manifested their zeal for the enterprise ; and raany of the most eminent professors, waving all claim to pre cedence, offered to perform in any subordinate station. The first performance took place on the 26th of May; the number of per formers amounted to five hundred and twenty-two, and that of the audience to nearly five thousand; of which, at least two thirds were ladies; feathers, and all extraneous ornaments being forbidden, the neatness and simplicity of their dresses added charms to their • Brayley'sHistory of London, i.-54S. HISTORX OF tONDON.. v9 natural beauty, and produbed luch an Assemblage of elfegapt women as no other CountJ'y in the Universe dould boast of. There were five performanfceS'in the wholBj the second of which was at the Pin- thebn, in 0:tford-street ; and the totdl amount df the receipts for tickets, including two rehearsals, was.feleven thousand eight Hundred and forty-two guineas; afterpayment of the expences, whieh amount ed to upwards of five thousand poundS> the remainder Was given to charities, es follows: to the Musical Fund six thousdnd pounds; tot th^ Westminster-hospital one thousand pdunds. The attention of the metropolis was elicited iri a high degree, on the I5th of September, by the first aerial voyage ever tindertaken ifi this kingdom: Mr. Lunardi ascended from the Artill^ry-grbuhd ¦with a balloon, thirty-three feet in diameter, amidst the admiration and dread of* an immense concourse of spectators, about two o'clock iH the afternoon ; and, after a voyage of three hours, descended in a' meadow, five miles beyohd Wate in Hertfordshire. A rem&rkable occurrence happened in the court of King's Bench, Westminsterj on the 22nd of April, 1785. In consequence of a very high witid, some of the stones from the upper part of the building ftell through the sky-light; the fragments of the glass falling among the judges on the bench, and a considerable part ofthe ceiling watf scattered about among the barristers and officers of the court. Im pressed with the idea that the whole fabric was tumbling, their lord ships, and all the bar, made a precipitate retreat: but soon finding that it was a pretnature alarm, the court was resumed. In this con fusion, several gentlemen of the bar were much hurt ; particularly a Mr. Stebbing, ti^ho, being thrown backwards on one of the benches. Was trampled Over by his affrighted brethren, and received several severe bruises. The lohg-contested question relative to the power of th6 court of aldermen to remove one of their body« was finally determined in th6 court of King's Bench, on the 11th of June in this year. Some years before, in consequence of several accusations brought against aldermah Wooldridge, repeated summonses were sent to him to at tend in his place in the court of aldermen, to answer to them ; all of Which being Unattended to, he was declared to have forfeited his seat, and a wardmote was held for the election of an alderman in his stead. At a subsequent period, ho attended and claimed to be received as alderman ; which being refused, he obtained a manda^ nius i'rorti the court of King's Bench to be restored : the return tor this mandamus had been argued in November preceding, but tlie court required further time to decide tipcm it J and, on this day the final argument was heard, when the coiirt unanimously pronounced judgment in favour of the city, declaring their opinion that the court of aldermen had the power to remove one of the aldermen, upon a just and reasonable cause ; and that, in the present instance^ their exercise of that right was perfectly legal. H 2 ;00 HISTORY OF LONDON. Early in the morning of the 7th of February, 1786, a fire broke out in a room adjoining to the chamberlain's office, in Guildhall, and, notwithstanding speedy assistance, burnt so furiously for sorae time, that the whole of that offlce was destroyed, together with all the books of accounts, several bonds, and a considerable sura in bank-notes and cash. Part of the , court of King's Bench was also damaged ; but the fire was at length got under, without communi cating to the other offices. A cause was tried at the Lent assizes for the county of Surrey, which lasted three days. It was brought by the cjrporation of the city of London, as conservators of the river Thames,, against a ship wright at Rotherhithe, for obstructing the navigation, by, erecting a floating dock; the jury, after five hours' deliberation, found the defendant guilty. In August, an atterapt was made on the life of his majesty, by an insane woman, named Margaret Nicholson ; who, under the pre tence of presenting a petition, struck at hira with a concealed knife, as he was alighting from his carriage .at St. Jaraes's. The blow was warded off by a page, and the woman seized ; she was after wards sent to a mad house, where she continued till her death.. On this occasion, addresses of congratulation at the king's escape were transmitted frora all parts of the kingdora. The address from the corporation of London was carried by the lord mayor, and other officers, attended by a nuraerous body of citizens. On the 26th of June, 1788, a violent storra of rain and thunder arose at four o'clock in the afternoon, and continued to rage inces santly for two hours. The thunder was .terrific; and the rain poured down so fast, that the streets were wholly impassable for foot passengers ; and in places where there happened to be a descent of ground, as near Northumberland-house from St. Martin's-lane, the current run so strong, that even carriages could not be driven through it. -Many kitchens and cellars were inundated in different parts of the town ; and in George-street, Westminster, the windows of several houses were broken by a fire-ball, and other damage done. The ensuing winter was very reraarkable for a severe frost, which began on the 25th of November, and lasted exactly seven weeks. On the 5th of January, the thermometer stood at 1 1 " below the freezing point, in the very midst of the city. The river Thames was completely frozen over below London-bridge; and frora the variety of booths, &c. erected on the ice, it assumed all the appear ance of a fair; even puppet-shows and wild beasts were exhibited. The thaw was sudden, and the confusion which it occasioned was extre'me. The large bodies of ice that floated down the river made It necessary to moor the shipping to the shore; yet, notwithstanding every precaution', many vessels broke away by the weight and pressure of the shoals and tide. One vessel that was lying off Rotherhithe, and partly fastened to the main bearas of a house, was HISTORY OF LONDON. 101 among the latter number. By this accident, the whole building gave way, and unhappily five persons, who were sleeping iu their beds, were killed. The distresses ofthe poor in London, during this inclement season, were very great ; and though liberal subscriptions were raised for their relief, many perished through want and cold. On this occasion, the city subscribed 15001. towards supporting those persons who were not in the habit of receiving alms. On the 23rd of April, 1789, (St. George's Day) the metropolis displayed a most splendid scene of festivity and show, in celebration of his majesty's recovery from the calamitous state of insanity, which had attacked him in the preceding October. This event had given birth to the celebrated question respecting a restricted regency, which, after many animated debates in both houses of parliament, was carried in the affirraative. The arrangements proposed, how ever, were rendered useless, by the gradual restoration ofthe king's health, under the judicious treatment directed by Dr. Willis. The official notification of a coraplete recovery was published on the lOth of March ; and all ranks of people seeraed to vie with each other in testifying their joy. In the morning the Park and Tower guns were fired, the bells were rung in the churches, and all the shipping in the river were decorated with the colours of their respective na tions, .strearaers, devices, &c. At night, the raetropolis was illu- rained throughout, and many appropriate tran.sparencies were exhi bited by the more affluent inhabitants. Shortly afterwards, Saint George's day was appointed by authority for a general thanksgiv ing; and their raajesties on that day went in great state to St. Paul's cathedral, accorapanied by both houses of parliament, the great officers of state, and the corporation of London. The universal joy and loyalty which pervaded the cities of London and Westminster, the grandeur ofthe spectacle exhibited, in the more than triumphal entry of a beloved sovereign, filled the mind with the most sublime ideas. The procession began a quarter before eight, by the house of comraons in coaches (167 merabers attending), followed by the speaker in his robes, seated in his state-coach, with his mace-bearer and chaplain, from Palace-yard; and, passing through the entrance at the horse-guards into St. James's park, went out at the Stable- vard, and ranged along Pall Mall and Charing-cross, followed by "three knights-marshalmen, the clerk of the crown, masters in chan cery, and the twelve judges, in the capacity of assistants to the house of peers. After them, the peers in coaches, in the order of precedency, as they were marshalled by the black rod ; beginning with lord Malmesbury, as youngest baron, and ending with the duke of Norfolk, the premier duke. The, lord high chancellor, in his robes of office, and his state-coach, closed this part of the pro cession. Soon after the raembers of both houses bad passed,. the male branches ofthe royal family appeared' in different carriages, in due order of precedency. Their majesties set out from the queen's 1051 HISTORY OF LONDON, palace poon after ien, in the order previously arranged ^by hw ma-; jesty himself. Between eleven and twelve, the king's carriage arrived at Temple-bar, where the lord mayor was in waiting, attended by ^ix delegates from the corporation : viz. sheriffs Curtis and sir Benjamin Hammett, as aldermen, and deputies Leekeyand Birch, with Messrs. Wadd and Dixon, as comraoners. The lord mayor and his associates came thither in coaches soon after nine, and were politely accommodated, by the banking-house of Mr. Child, in the great room immediately over the Bar, till, on notice of the king'^ approach, they all mounted theu- beautiful white palfreys, which were richly caparisoned, the saddles and bridles new for the occasion^ silver-stitched, silver roses, and silk reins ; the furniture l?lue and gold, with tassels of gold fringe ; the front of the bridles richly em broidered with the words " God .save the King !" White fur cap? to the holsters, richly wrought with gold ; and each horse decorated with three dozen of favours, blue and white. The lord mayor was in a rich gown of crimson velvet ; the two aldermen in their scarlet gowns, and the four commoners in their mazarine gowns, dressed uniformly in dark blue coats, white waistcoats and breeches, with purple roses in their shoes, and at their knees. Each of them had a walking page, carrying a hat, adorned with a beautiful cocljade of purple and gold, inscribed, "Long live the King!" After they had taken horse, the lord mayor dismounting in form, surrendered the city sword to his n'ajesty ; who having graciously returned it, the lord mayor, on horseback, carried it bare-headed before the king to St. Paul's. The sheriffs and four commoners rode also bare-headed. Nothing could exceed the magnificence of the procession from Temple-bar. Iraraediately after the lord chancellor's carriage, the arrangement of the precession was as follows : yigh bailiff of Westminster- Master of the Horse. Duke of Cumberland. Duke of Gloucester. Duke of York. Prince of Wale?. Attendants. Six Pioneers. (Colonel Sir Watkin Lewes, on horsebapk. The Artillery Company. Music. Two pair of colours. fifteen of the Toxophilites, or ancient society of Archers, dressed in a green uniform, with their bows in their hands, and elegant belts to their quivers, on which were embroidered " Long live the King 1" City Arms. HISTORY OF LONDON. 108 City Marshal, four Common-councilmen, and the Sheriffs on horseback. Lord Mayor on horseback. His mace-bearer on foot, and six servants in rich liveries of purple and silver. The city counsel. THEIR MAJESTIES, Drawn by eight cream-coloured horses, attended by six pages and six footmen ; in a private carriage, pannels and front of glass instead of leather. The Princesses in two carriages. Attendants in two coaches. The different guards of honour in the procession were formed from the Oxford Blues; and the whole was closed by a troop ofthe royal regimeut of horse guards. All the charity children entered the church at the north and south doors, by seven o'clock in the morning, and remained till the church was cleared. They had a place appropriated for their appearanr e, much in the sarae manner as at their anniversary meeting. This was at the particular desire of her majesty. The clergy, with the minor canons, and their friends, entered the church, at the Dean's-gate, at eight o'clock. The aldermen, with their ladies, and the principal city officers, between eight and nine, proceeded from the Mansion-house, along Cheapside, to the south entrance of St. Paul's church. The corporation were represented in the procession from Temple- bar, as we have already stated, by a deputation. The other mem bers ofthe body corporate assembled at eight o'clock, in Guildhall, whence, in about half an hour, they began to parade on foot, in their mazarine gowns, through Cheapside, Newgate-street, the Old Bailey, and Ludgate-street. They were in two divisions, each attended with a suitable standard, and an excellent band of music. The first division was led by Deputies Hillier, Nichols, Wrench, and Mr. Pope ; the other by deputies White, Merry, Mr. Box, and Mr. Slade; all with wands, painted blue and gold, and elegant cockades of purple and gold. Entering the church at the north west gate, they remained in the morning prayer chapel, until the king's arrival was announced ; when they ushered his majesty into the choir, and immediately took their seats. The peers and raembers of the house of comraons soon after en tered the we,st door of the church. The feraale nobility, gentry, and others, came down Holborn, proceeded along Snow-hill and Newgate-street, down Warwick- lane, along Paternoster-row, and were set down at Cannon-alley, opposite to the north door of the church, where an awning was erected ; their carriages then proceeded to the end of Paternoster- row, turned round to tlie left into Newgate-street, down St. Mar- tin's-le-grand, into Aldersgate-street, where they waited. 104 HISTORY OF LONDON Then majesties were met at the westdoor of St. Paul's, bythe bishop of London, the dean of St. Paul's (bishop of Lincoln) ; the canons residentiary, garter king at arms, and the rest of the heralds; the band of gentleraen pensioners and the yeomen of the guard. The sword of state was carried before his majesty by the marquis of Stafford into the choir, where the king and queen placed themselves. under a canopy of state, at the west end of it, opposite to the altar. . ¦ The peers had their seats in the area, as a house of lords; and the coraraons were in the stalls. The upper galleries were allotted to the ladies ofthe bedcharaber, the maids of honour, and such ladies of distinction as attended on the occasion. The foreign ministers were placed in the two lower galleries next to the throne ; and the lord mayor and aldermen, in the lower galleries, near the altar. Immediately on their majesties being seated, divine service com menced. The serraon was preached by the bishop of London ; after which, an anthem, selected for the occasion, by the king, was sung by the gentleraen ofthe choir. The whole was finished about three o'clock, when their majesties returned with the sarae state to Buckinghara-house. .f The streets through which the procession passed, were filled with rejoicing spectators. Before most of the houses were placed tem porary galleries, crowded with beauty and fashion. Every precau^! tion which prudence could suggest was taken to guard against the accidents which might have been expected from suoh a numerous assemblage of people, but they were unnecessary: good humour had so completely taken possession of every individual, that the military, who were stationed to keep the multitude in order, had nothing to do but to see the procession with their fellow-citizens in the rear. On the following evening, a general illumination took place throughout London and Westminster, which, for splendour and magnificence, surpassed all former exhibitions. All the public of-7 fices, the houses of the nobility and gentry, as well as many of those of private individuals, were decorated with transparencies, dr ele gant designs in coloured lamps; while, even in the humble garret of the indigent, the gleam of loyalty and affection twinkled as cheerfully, if not as brightly, as in the splendid mansion of the opulent.* The repeal of the shop-tax, whieh was obtained in the course of this session of parliament, was celebrated on the 16th of June, by a dinner at the London tavern, to which the ten representatives of London, Westminster, Middlesex, and Southwark, were invited, in testimony of the respect and gratitude of the tradesmen, for their exertions to relieve thera from this burthen. A dreadful fire consumed the Opera-house, on the night of the * Lambert's llislpry of London, ii. 309. HISTORY .OF LONDON. K* 17lh of June. The performers were rehearsing a ballet on the stage, wheti they were suddenly alarraed by flakes of fire falling on their heads. In a few minutes after, the whole building was in a blaze, which,' from the vast quantity of combustible mal;erials on the premises, and the calmness of the evening, ruse in a spiral co lumn to an extraordinary height- The light was so powerful that, for a few minutes, the Whole western front of St. Paul's cathedral was as-minutely visible as at noon day. On Midsumraer-day, serjeant Adair resigned the offlce of recorder. John William Rose, esq. was elected his successor on the SOth, and his salary ti.\ed at six hundred pounds per annum. The endeavours of the Protestant Dissenters to procure a repeal ofthe Corporation and Test Acts, having failed in the last session, by a very small majority, they were this year renewed with increased ardour; and, in the hope of strengthening their interest, the claims of the Roman Catholics were also' included in their application to parliament. This junction of opposing interests, added to the vio lent political conduct of their leaders, induced moderate men to withhold that support, which the great body of the dissenters were, perhaps, entitled to ; and induced the friends of the established church to exert a greater degree of vigour in opposing their pre- tension«. Among other mea-sures calculated to give weight to this opposition, a common council met, on the 25th of February, 1790, for the especial purpose of taking into consideration the steps taken by the dissenters to obtain the repeal of these acts, and whether any and what proceedings were necessary to be taken by that court; when, after a calra and dispassionate investigation of the subject, the following resolutions were carried by a very great majo rity. I. That it is the indispensable duty of this court to support the rights and privileges of the church of England, as by law establish ed ; they being essentially connected with, and forming a part of our happy constitution. II. That a full, perfect, and free toleration in the exercise of religious duties, must be the wish and glory of every liberal mind ; but to remove the two bulwarks to our sacred constitution, in church and state, by a repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, would tend to produce that civil anarchy, which at first pointed out to the legis lature the necessity of making such wise and salutary restrictive laws. III. That this court do consider themselves called upon to strengthen the hands of those friends to the established church, m the house of coramons, who have, twice, successfully opposed the repeal ofthe Corporation and Test Acts, by expressing their public thanks for such conduct ; and to solicit the members of this court who have seats in parliament, strenuously to resist every attempt i|iat shall bei made to obtain that repeal. On the discussion of the jectsof the British erapire enjoy, under the present mild and happy government, as inestimable, will strengthen its exertions by every possible means, to suppress all unlawful and seditious assemblies within this city, and to bring to justice every disturber of the public tranquillity. III. That this corporation, in the most solemn manner, doth hereby call upon every good citizen to co-operate with them to the same salutary end ; to discourage every attempt which may be made to excite the fears of the raetropolis, by weak and designing men; md each in his own person, to be ready at all times to accompany and assist the magistrates of the city in the suppression of every tumult. IV. That this oourt doth remind their Constituents, the freemen 112 HISTORY OF LONDON. of London,' of the oath by which they are bound, to this purpose ; viz. the first, second, and last clauses of a freeman's oath.. " Ye shall swear that ye shall be good and true to. our sovereign lord king George. Obeysant and obedient ye shall be to the mayor and ministers of the city. Ye shall also keep, the king's peace in your own person. Ye shall know no gatherings, conve.nticles, nor conspiracies, made against the king's peace, but ye shall warn the mayor thereof, or let it to your power." 'V. That it be recommended to the aldermen and common^coun- cil, in their respective wards, to consider of the best means of pre serving tranquillity, and of securing obedience to the laws. VI. That these resolutions be printed in all the public papers of the united kingdoms, signed by the town-clerk. The apprehensions of sorae sudden insurrection was at this time so strong among the friends of administration, that it was thought expe dient to make great preparations for the defence of the Tower, by opening entrenchments, raising parapets, and mounting cannon on the walls. All the breaches were filled up ; and, on the west side of the Tower, some hundreds of old rum-puncheons, filled with earth, were placed as a barricade. At the same tirae the Bank was double guarded; the villages, in the environs ofthe capital, were filled with soldiery, sufficient to protect the lives and property of the inhabit ants of the metropolis, in case of a sudden alarm ; and the court of lieutenancy of the city ordered a company of the London militia to be constantly on duty at the Artillery-house, night and day, to be ready at a moment's notice, in case of a disturbance. In this ferment, the merchants, bankers, traders, and other inha bitants of London, thought it necessary to come forward, with a public declaration of their firm attachment to the constitution, and of their resolution to support the same. A meeting, for this pur pose, was accordingly held, on the 5th of Deceraber, at Merchant Taylors'-hall, which was attended by upwards of three thousand persons; when, the declaration being twice read, and unaniraously agreed to, was left at the hall, for receiving the signatures of all the above descriptions who should approve of it. In a few days it was signed by upwards of eight thousand persons of the first consequence in the metropolis. This declaration, and similar resolutions entered into by the capi talists and principal corporate bodies in the kingdom, mainly con tributed to plunge the country into that ruinous and expensive war, the fatal effects of which are felt to the present time. On the 19th of December, the trial of Thoraas Paine, for sedi tion, in writing and publishing the second part of the " Rights of Man," was brought on before lord Kenyon and a special jury, at Guildhall; and a verdict of guilty having been given, the defendant was.subsequently outlawed, he having recently left the country to go lo France, where he had been elected a member of the National C ¦>nventiori. HISTORY OF LONDON. 113 Early in 1793, the Alien Act was passed ; in one ofthe debates on which, in the house of commons, much effect was produced hy the theatrical oratory of Mr. Burke, who drew a concealed dagger from his coat, and threw it with great violence on the floor ; falsely affirming, that three thousand of those weapons had been ordered at Birmingham, for the purpose of assassination. During the months of December and January, several attempts were made by Monsieur Chauvelin to renew the political inter course between Great Britain and France, which had been sus pended from the preceding August, when the French king, Louis the Sixteenth, was imprisoned by his subjects. The administra tion, however, refused to acknowledge him in his new character of minister plenipotentiary from the republic of France ; and on the 24th of January, three days after the decapitation of Louis, Chauvelin was ordered to quit the kingdom. On the very eve of his departure. Monsieur Marat, under secretary for foreign affairs in France, arrived in England, with enlarged po>vers, but he also was hastily ordered to leave the kingdom, without being permitted to open the object of his mission. These circumstances, with the warlike preparations in the British ports, &c. leaving no doubt as to the intentions of the British ministry, the French republic, on the 1st of February, declared itself 'at war with the kins of England.' On the 16th of February, the court of common council presented an address to his majesty, " thanking him for his paternal care in the preservation of the public tranquility, and assuring him of the readiness and determination of his faithful citizens to support the honor of his crown and the welfare of his kingdoms, against the ambitious designs of France," &c. Previous to this, a bounty of fifty shillings to every able seaman, and twenty shillings to every able landsman who should enter the navy at Guildhall was voted out of the city chamber, in addition to the bounties given by the king. The commencement of the war was marked by great distress in the commercial world, and the number of bankruptcies which took place within a few months, as well in the other principal trading towns as in the metropolis itself, was unprecedented. Through the general stagnation of trade and credit, a vast number of families were reduced to beggary, and the consequences would have been still more deplorable, had not the legislature interfered, and enabled his majesty to institute a commission, under which ' exchequer bills, to the amount of flve millions, were directed to be issued, for the assistance and accommodation of such persons as might apply to the commissioners, and give proper security for the sums to be advanced for a time to be limited.' This measure was chiefly founded on the recommendation of a committee of Eleven of the principal merchants of London, who met at the Mansion-house on the 23rd of April. VOL. 11. I 114 HISTORY OF LONDON. Dtiring the progress of this year, numerous prtisetJutioUS Were carried on; under the direction of the Attorney Geiieral, against divers persons in the metropolis and elsewhere, for seditious li bels and expressiotlS ; yet th€ issue viras not always' favourable to the government, dhd morfe dissatisfaction, perhaps, was excited by the attehlpts ftiade to fetter the liberty of the press and the right of free discussion, thdii could have resulted from the licence com plained of in these proceedings. In the month of Noveiiiber, the city voted .5001. towards supplying the British troops on the con- tineni with warm clbthirig and other necessaries, during the win ter ; and ward committees were also appointed to receive subscrip tions for the same humane purpose. On the 2iid of Dfeceriib'er, the whole range of warehouses, at Hawlfey's-vvhaff; hear Hermitage-bridge, Wapping, was destroyed by fire, together with several adjoining houses, and three vessels, with othier small craft, that were lying in the dock ; great quan tities of siig-ar, rum, and hemp were destroyed ; of the sugar, nearly 1400 casks were melted by the intense heat, into one mass, and flowed through the streets ih a bright stream of liqliid flre. On the 3rd of February, 1794, a dreadful accident happened at the little theatre, in the Haymarket, through the pressure of the crowd, who had assembled in great numbers, in cbnsequense of the play ou that night haying been commanded by their majes ties. On opening the pit-door, the rush was so strong, that a number of persons were thrown down, and those that immediately followed vvere carried over them, by the irresistible pressure from behind; so that many, who were literally trampling their fellow- creatures to death, had it not in their power to avoid the mischief they were doing. The cries of the dying and the maimed were truly shocking ; and before the confusion could be remedied, fif teen persons were deprived of life, and upwards of twenty others materially injured, by bruises and broken limbs. Most of the sufferers were respectable characters ; among the dead were Ben jamin Pingo, esq. York Herald, and J. C. Brooke, esq. Somerset Herald. The alarm which had been so zealously spread by the ministry and their partizans, in the latter end of the year 1792. concerning' the traitorous conspiracies of the democratic societies in England, had for some time been suffered to subside ; but in the spring and summer of 1794, they were again excited into new consistency and strength. Government, indeed, seemed now determined to try Its power, and to check the influence of adverse opinion bythe edge ofthe sword.* ' On the 2nd of May, Mr. William Stone, a coal-merchant of Kutland-place, Thames-street, was apprehended, and, after seve ral examinations before the privy-council, he was committed to • Brayley's History of London, i. 655. HISTORY OF LONDON. 116 Kewgate, on a, ch^trge of high treason. On the 1 2th, Mr. Daniel Adams, formerly clerk in the auditor's office, secretary to the Society for Constitutional Information; and Mr. Thomas Hardy, 4 shoein.aker in Piccadilly, vvho had acted as secretary to the Lon don Corresponding Society, were apprehended for treasonable practices, and had all their books and papers seized. On the same d,ay, a message from the King' was brought down to the house of ' commons, stating that ' seditioiis practices had been carried on by certain societies in Lopdon, in correspondej:)ce with other socie ties ; th^t they had lately been pursued vifith increasing activity and boldness, and been avowedly directed to the assembling of a pretended general conyention of the people, in contempt and defi>- ance of the aiithority of parliament, on principles subversive of th.^ e^$ting law and constitiition, and tending to introduce that sy^tp^i^ pf anarchy prevailing in France ; that his majesty had given oyd§TS fpr seizing the books and papers of these societies, which vfere to he laid before the house ; and that it was recommended to the hoijise to consider them, and to pursue such measures as TXfere necessary) in order to prevent their pernicious tendency." On Jhe following day, the voluminous papers which had been seized, hilt.vhich chiefly consisted of the original copies of reso- liltion^ and proceedings that had long been known to the public, \vere referved to a committee of secresy, which, on the 16th,made their first report, wherein it was stated, generally, that " It had appe^r^ to the committee, that a plan had been digested and actg^ upon,^d ^^s then in forwardness for its execution^ the ob ject of 'vvbiQh 'vyas to assemble a pretended convention of the pepplej.fpj the purposes of assuming the character of a general repri^sept&tipn of the nation, superseding the representative capa- (rity ofthe house, and arrogating the legislative power ofthe country at larg'e." On these,, and other grounds specified in the report) the prejnier, Mr. Pitt, recommended the suspension of the Uabetig Cerpv^ act, and moved for)eave to bring- in a bill for that purpose. This was vehemently opposed by the leading members of opposition, who ridiculed the idea of a treasonable conspiracy; apd Mr. Sheridan expressly declared his belief, ' not only that no treasonable practices existed in the country, and that ministers and their friends knew this to be the case;' but that the measures they were now pursuing, ' was to create some new cause of panic, to gain a continuation of power over the people.' It was deter mined, however, that the suspension should take place, and the ministry, having thus freed themselves from the principal bar to despotic rule, proceeded with their arrests. In the course of the week, the celebrated John Home Tooke, esq. the Rev. Jeremiah Joyce, private secretary to lord Stanhope, Mr. John Thelwall, a political lecturer, and Messrs. Bonney, Richter, and Lovett were all apprehended on charges of high treason, and conveyed to I 2 116 HISTORY OF LONDON. the Tower, strongly guarded. Various other persons were also arrested, and were confined in different prisons. On the 17th of May, the French colours which had been taken on the surrender of Martinique, and had been previously brought to St. James's palace, were, by the command of the king, depo sited in St. Paul's cathedral, to which they were carried, in a military procession, by twenty-nine Serjeants, escorted by detach ments of the horse and foot guards. On the 10th of June, intelligence arrived ofthe memorable victory obtained by lord Howe, on the 1st, over the French fleet, and, on the three following nights, the metropolis was illuminated with great splendour. Almost immediately afterwards, a sub scription was opened at Lloyd's Coffee-house, for the relief of the wounded on board the British fleet, and for the widows and children of those who had fallen in the battle. The subscriptions soon amounted to a vast sum, towards which, the proprietors of Drury lane theatre, gave a clear benefit, producing upwards of 12001. and the city 5001. The freedom of the city, in a gold box of one hundred guineas value, was also voted to the gallant Howe by the court of common council. On the 23rd of July, about three o'clock in the afternoon, a dreadful fire broke out at Cock-hill, Ratcliffe, which, in its pro gress, consumed more houses than any one conflagration since the great fire of London, in 1666. It was occasioned by the boiling over of a pitch kettle, at a barge-builder's, from whose ware houses it communicated to a large barge laden with salt-petre, and from that to the saltpetre warehouses belonging to the East India company. The scene now became dreadful ; ihe wind iilowing strong from the south directed the flames towards Rat cliffe High-street ; which being narrow, took fire on both sides, which prevented the engines from being of any service. From hence, it extended towards Stepney, until, having reached an open space of ground, it stopped for want of materials to con sume. About ten o'clock at night, its devastations on the side next Limehouse were checked by the great exertions of the fire men and inhabitants. It was a very remarkable circumstance that an extensive building, the dwelling-house of a Mr. Bere; standing almost in the centre of the conflagration, remained unin jured, not even a single pane of glass being cracked. On making a survey of the extent of the damage, it appeared that, out of one thousand two hundred houses of which the ham let consisted, not more than five hundred and seventy were pre served from the destructive element. About four hundred fami lies were deprived of their all, and thrown on the public benevo lence. In this distress, government sent one hundred and fifty tents from the Tower, which were pitched in an enclosed piece of ground, adjoining to Stepney church-yard, for the reception of HISTORY OF LONDON. 117 ithe sufferers, and provisions were distributed among them from the vestry. A subscription was also immediately opened af Lloyd's coffee-house for their relief; and some of the gentlemen in the neighbourhood attended at the avenues leading to the deso lated scene, for the purpose of solicting the benevolence of those whom curiosity might lead to witness the distresses of their fellow- creatures ; and it may be recorded among the instances of univer sal charity peculiar to this nation, that the collection from the visitants on the Sunday following, amounted to upwards of eight hundred pounds ; four hundred and twenty-six pounds of which Was in copper, and thirty-eight pounds fourteen shillings in far things. The total sum collected was upwards of sixteen thousand pounds. The oldest inhabitant of London never witnessed so dreadful a storm as that which took place on the 7th of August, about four o'clock in the afternoon. The rain fell in torrents, and was accom panied by long- and tremendous peals of thunder, and vivid flashes of lightning. One of these was seen to come down and strike the street on the east side of Temple-bar, producing an effect similar to an explosion of gunpowder ; every particle of straw, mud, and even the water, being completely swept from the pave ment, while the houses on both sides of the street were violently shaken, and the doors of some of them forced open : fortunately, the rain had driven every person from the street. Among other damage done by the violence of this storm, the centre beam of the roof of Lloyd's coffee-house was split, and great part of the ceiling fell into the coffee-room, followed by a torrent of rain. Which in a few minutes covered the whole floor. Many balls of fire fell in the streets, particularly at the west end of the town, by which several people were thrown down, but only one person was killed. About the middle of August, the metropolis was, for several days, a sce/ie of great confusion, in consequence ofthe accidental death of an unfortunate man, who had been inveigled into a house in Johnson's court, Charing-cross, kept for the double purpose of debauchery and recruiting. This house had communications by secret avenues with five others, all of which were in the occupa tion of a wretched female, called Mrs. Hanna, whose inmates fre quently alarmed the neighbourhood by the cries of violence and murder. On the morning of the 15th, a young man, named George Howe, who had before been heard to cry out for mercy, " was seen on the roof of the house in his shirt, in apparent great ' agony, as if closely pursued from -within ; and, upon the approach of his pursuers, he threw himself in despair from the tiles, aid was dashed to pieces on the flags of the court."* This event raised the indignation of the people, and a great mob began to assemble "* Plowdeii, Short. Hist, p. 255. 1J8 HiStORY OP LONiX)PJ. in the vicinity ; but their thrfeatefted veftg-eance Was f6t A few hours appeased by the exertions bTMr. Sheridan and Mr. 'Grey,* whom curiosity had attracted to the Spot. The former being- vd the commission of the peiace for Westminster, signed a warrant to irearch the residence of a rtbtoriotts crimp, called Jaques, where a poor wretch, the son of a farmer near Maidstone, was foUnd Smo thering in the height of the small-pox, in a loathsome cellar. In the evening, the crowd was, with some difficulty, dispersed by the military; bnt, on the next hiorhing, the populace re-assieiribled, and completely gutted all the crirtiping houses in the court, with loud cries for vengeance against all crimps and kidnappers. They were at length drivisn off by a detachment of the horse guards, and in the course of the day the coroner's inquest returned a Ver dict on the body of Howe, of ' accidental death in endeavouring- to escape from illegal confinement in a house of ill-fame.' This was so little satisfactory to the lower classes, that, on the four or ifive following days, different mobs collected, and various recruit ing offices in different parts of the town were assailed, ahd more or less demolished, accordingly as the people met with interrup tion from the soldiers, large bodies of whom, both of horse and foot, were now constantly patrolling the streets. At last, by the prudent exertions of the lord mayor and other magistrates, and the flrm but temperate conduct of the military, the disturbance gradually subsided ; and though some shots were flred, no person appears to have been particularly hurt. On the 10th of "September, a special commission of Oyer and Terminer was issued 'for the trial of the prisoners charged with high treason in May, and it was opened on the 2nd of October, at the Siessions-house, Clerkenwell. In the course of the pro ceedings, the grand jury found true bills against Thomas Hardy, John Home Tooke, J. A. Bonney, Stewart Kydd,'Jeremiah J^qyce, Thomas Wardell, Thomas Holcroft,* John Richter, Matthew Moore, John Thelwall, R. Hodson, John Baxter, and John Martin. Whilst these affairs were in progress, a new alarm was excited by the rumours of a base conspiracy to assassinate the king by means of a poisoned arrow, which, according to the informationof an infamous and perjured wretch, named Upton, was to have been blown through a hollow brass tube, inserted in a walking- stick. The poison with which the dart was to have been enve nomed was to be of such a subtile and powerful nature, that the slightest wound would occasion deatli. John Peter Le Maitre, a watchmaker's apprentice; William Higgins, an apprentice to a chemist; and one Smith, who kept a book-stall, were the three • Now Earl Grey. son, voluntarily surrendered himself t This gentleman, who had heard whilst the grand jury was sitting. from public report that he was to be Brai/ley'i Hiat. qf Limdon,i. 560 included in the charges for high trea- HISTORY OF LONDON. 119 persons implicated by Upton, (who was also a watchmaker, and n very ingenious though vicious man) and after a long investiga tion before the privy council, they were committed to prison. That some idle conversation in respect to public affairs had passed among the persons thus charged, there is reason to believe ; but that there was the slightest attempt made to fabricate a plot of this kind, unless by the informer himself, was never proved. .Certainly nothing appeared in evidence to justify the tale ; for when Le Maitre yvas to have been fried, 'Upton could not be found, and it was said that he was accidentally drowned in the Thames a day or two previons; but the greater probability is, that he did not dare to appear. After a close confinement for some months, the three prisoners were liberated; and thus ended the first part ofthe famous Pop-gun plot.;* On the 25th of October, nine of the persons against whom bills for high treason had been found, were arraigned at the Old Bai ley ; and, on the third day following, the trial of Thomas Hardy was commenced. After a laborious investigation of eight days, in which all the eloquence of the attorney and solicitor-gene- rals,t aided by a vast mass of papers, and strengthened by the tes timony of hired spies, was exhausted to criminate the prisoners, the jury pronounced a verdict of Not Guilty. The effect of this verdict in removing the gloom which had spread over the country at . the continued efforts of government to govern by despotic jPower, was most remarkable. In the metropolis, the news flew with a sort of ele(;tric rapidity, and all ranks seemed to participate in the sentiment, that the liberties bf Britain could never be effec- tii^lly destroyed, whilst the invaluable privilege of ' trial by jury' was still maintained inviolable. On the 17th of November, John Horne Tooke was brought to trial. The proceedings lasted nearly six days : the evidence was similar to what had been offered against Hardy, and the issue was the same. These defeats led to the liberation, on December the first, of Bonney, Joy<;e,Kydd, and Holcroft; yet the ministry de termined on making one mcire attempt to secure a victim, and on the same day was begun the trial of John Thelwall, who, in his political lectures, had been known to employ some very strong language against the measures of government. Here, however, they were again foiled ; and a third verdict of ' not guilty' shamed them into a feeling of the moral turpitude which must accompany any further attempts to sacrifice men's lives on charges so repeat edly proved to be ill-founded. Those in custody for treasonable practices were therefore discharged on different days, and the com mission itself was finally dissolved iu January. During the continuance of the proceedings on these trials, the • Brayley's London, i. 561. t Sir John Scott (now Lord 'Eldon) and sir John Mitford. 120 HISTORY OF LONDON. strongest agitation prevailed among the people, yet by the judi cious conduct ofthe city magistracy, tranquillity was effectually preserved through the exertions of the civil power alone. Every day the vicinity of the Old Bailey was crowded by a countless multitude, and the counsel on the popular side, Messrs. Erskine^ and Gibbst were drawn to their homes in triumph. The popular joy on the acquittal of the prisoners was displayed by loud and reiterated acclamations, and even the interior of the court itself partook of the general feeling. In the course of the two or three preceding years, the minds of the credulous part of the public had been much disturbed by the prophecies of one Richard Brothers, who had been a lieutenant in the navy, and whose writings, founded on erroneous explana tions of the scriptures, had made so much noise, that governraent judged it expedient to interfere, and on the 14th of March, 1795, he was apprehended at his lodgings in Paddington-street, under a warrant from the secretary of state, grounded on the 15th of Elizabeth, in which he stood charged with ' unlawfully, mali ciously, and wickedly writing, printing, and publishing various fantastical prophecies, with intent to create dissentions and other disturbances within this real-m, and other of the king's dominions, contrary to the statute,' &c. Among other extravagancies pro mulgated by Mr. Brothers, he styled himself the ' nephew of God,' and predicted the destruction of all sovereigns, the downfall of the naval power of Great Britain, and the restoration of the Jews, who, under him as their prince and deliverer, were to be re-seated at Jerusalem. All these events were to be accomplished by the year 1798. After a long examination before the privy council, in which Mr. Brothers persisted in the divinity of his legation, he was committed into the custody of a state mes senger. On the 27th, he was declared a lunatic, by a jury appointed under a commission, on a writ de Lunalico inquirendo , and assembled at the King's Arms, in Palace-yard. He was sub sequently removed to a private mad-house at Islington, where he was kept till the year 1806, when he was discharged by the au thority ofthe lord chancellor Erskine. On the I9th of January, 1795, two vessels, cut from their moor ings by the large bodies of ice drifting in the river, were driven with such force against London-bridge by the tide, that one of them, a large West Indiaman, carried away all her masts against the balustrades ofthe bridge, knocked down two of the lamps, bending the irons in an astonishing manner; and, with a crash that shook the whole fabric, passed through the centre arch with incredible velocity, and drifted up the river lo Blackfriar's bridge, which she also went through, and continued her course till she came above SomerseUhouse, where she drove on shore, and was • The late lord Erskine. + The laie sir Vicary Gibbs, and attorney-general. HISTORY OF LONDON. 121 secured. The crew, perceiving their danger, took to the boat a few minutes before she reached the bridge. The other vessel struck against the starlings of one of the smaller arches, and did not go through. On the Sth of April, the marriage of his royal highness the prince of Wales with the princess Caroline of Brunswick, was solemnized at the chapel-royal, St. James's, in the presence of their majesties, the princes and princesses, the state officers, &c. In the evening the metropolis was partially illuminated. On the 23rd of this month, the long depending trial, in West minster-hall, of Warren Hastings, esq. who had been impeached by the house of commons for ' high crimes and misdemeanours,' whilst governor-general of India, was brought to a conclusion; and he was declared ' not guilty' by a considerable majority ofthe few peers (only twenty-nine) that voted. The proceedings had began on the 12th of February, 1788, and continued by successive adjournments through every sessions of parliament to the above tirae; so that upwards of seven years and two months had elapsed before the end of the trial ; a circumstance unparallelled in the annals of judicature. About the middle of July, fresh tumults were excited in the metropolis by the rashness ofafifer, named John Lewis, who, ha-ving been refused liquor at the King's Arms, Charing-cross. (then deprived of its licence) and turned out of the house for his insulting behaviour, raised an immense crowd round the door, by falsely asserting, that ' his companion had just been kidnapped, and was then chained down in the cellar, with three others ; whence they were to be conveyed away .by a secret door, that communicated with the Thames.' This tale was so fully credited by the mob, that, notwithstanding the house was submitted to search, and nothing of the kind discovered, all the furniture was destroyed or carried off, before the military could disperse the rioters. . Lewis, however, was taken into custody by some persons who had witnessed his improper conduct. On the two following days, a mob again assembled at Charing- cross and in St. George's fields, where Ihey partly demolished the recruiting offices, and made bonfires of the furniture. They were at last dispersed by the horse guards, who, after enduring a great deal of insult, were forced to ride their horses among them, by which several were trampled on and severely wounded ; and some of the more active rioters were apprehended. On the succeeding morning, another great multitude collected, and several parts of the town were threatened v/ith disturbances ; but the judicious distribution ofthe soldiery had the effect of intimidation, and the tumult ceased without the necessity of using particular violence. The unfortunate instigator of these disorders was afterwards capitally convicted for the offence, and was hanged at Newgate 122 HISTORY OF LONDON. in November : some other persons also suffered for participating^ in them. In the afternoon of the 17th of September, the beautiful church of St. Paul, Covent-garden, was destroyed by fire. The neigh bouring buildings were with difficulty preserved, as the beat thrown out by the flames, which arose from the interior of the building in a vast pyramid, was most intense. Nothing was saved but the communion plate. This accident was occasioned by the negligence of some plumbers, who had been employed in-finish ing the lead work of the new cupola, the whole edifice having just undergone a complete repair. The general dearness of provisions, and particularly of bread ia the summer and autumn of this year, occasioned various meetings of the privy council, and of corporate and other bodies, through whose recommendations the consumption of the finer sorts of flour was somewhat reduced. Subscriptions for the relief of the necessitous were also opened; and the court of common council gave lOOOl. to be distributed among the industrious poor in the different wards ofthe city. On the 26th of October, an assemblage of the people was con vened in a field between Pancras church and Copenhagen-house, lay the London Corresponding Society, for the purpose of prepar ing an address and remonstrance to his majesty on the subjects of peace and parliamentary reform. The meeting consisted of be tween forty and fifty thousand persons, and every thing was con ducted with propriety and good order; yet the effervescence .thus excited among the populace was most probably the immediate cause of a most daring attack upon the king's person, made three days afterwards, when the sovereign went, as customary, to open the parliament. A strange rumour, that a riot was likely to take place, had been industriously \ circulated, and this contributed greatly to increase the multitude of spectators ; so much so, in deed, that the numbers assembled in St. James's park, and its leading avenues, were computed at about 200,000. Instead ofthe loud huzzas which generally greeted the king in his way to the parliament-house, the predominant exclamations on this day were "Peace! Peace! — Give us bread! — No Pitt! — .No Famine! — no war 1" — and a few voices were heard to exclaim, " Down with George !" or words to that effect. As the procession advanced along the park, and in Parliament^strest, the clamours of the mob were mingled with indecent hissings and hootings, and several stones were thrown at the royal carriage, one of the glass pannels of which was at letigth perforated by & stone or bullet, near the ordnance office, in St. Margaret-street. Similar outrages attended the king's return from the house of lords; and though the.gates of the Horse Guards had been shut to exclude, the mob, great numbers had procured access by the other passages, and by them HISTORY OF LONDON. 123 the insults. and reviling were kept up till his majesty alighted at St. James's. The stale coach was afterwards attacked by the populace with stones and bludgeons, on its way through Pall Mall to the Mews, and almost demolished. After the king had remained a little time at St. James's palace, he proceeded in his private carriage to Buckingham-house, with out any military escort, and attended only by two footmen. In this unprotected state, he was again 'beset by a g-ang of ruffians, who, before the carriage could get through the Mall, attempted to force open the door ; but the king's footmen having beckoned to a party of the horse guards, which was fortunately in sight, the guards g-alloped up, relieved the sovereign from his new danger, and conducted him in safety to the queen's palace. This atrocious attack, whether it was really the consequence of a premeditated design, or whether, as the greater probability is, it merely resulted from the ebullition of the moment, awakened the strongest feelings of abhorrence throughout the country ; and his majesty received addresses on the occasion from both houses of parliament, from the city of London, and from numerous other bodies in all parts of the kingdom. Three or four persons who had been most active in hooting the sovereign, were taken into custody on the day of the tumult ; but the proffered reward of 10001. offered by a royal proclamation, failed in bringing to justice any of the rabble who had personally insulted the king. The trial of Kyd Wake, one of the gang who followed his majesty's coach on the first day of the sessions, hissing and other wise insulting him, came on in the court of king's-bench, on the 20th of February, 1796, when the facts charged in the indictment being fully proved, the jury, without hesitation, returned a ver dict of guilty. The judgment of the court, which was pronounced on the first day of the next term, was, to be imprisoned and kept to hard labour in Gloucester gaol for five years, and to stand on the pillory in one of the public streets of Gloucester, on a mar ket-day, within the first three months of his imprisonment, at the expiration of which, he was to find security for one thousand pounds, for his good behaviour for ten years. At a court of common council, held on the 28th of April, the sum of two hundred ponnds was voted to that excellent institution, the Humane Society. On the 29th and SOth of January, 1796, Mr. William Stone, coal-merchant, was tried in the court of King's Bench, for high treason, in corresponding with his brother in France, &c. when a verdict of not guilty was returned, to the complete satisfaction of a crowded assembly. In the course of May, this year, the last part of the Pop-gun plot was played off, by the trial of Richard Thomas Crossfield, a surgeon, who had been implicated in the charge of intending to 124 HISTORY OF LONDON. assassinate the king ; but after an investigation of tvi'o days at tbtf ; sessions-house, in the Old Bailey, he was declared not guilty, Le Maitre, Smith, and Higgins, who, after the apprehension of Crossfield, had been re-committed to prison in rather an unprece dented manner, were finally liberated, without trial, on the 19th of this month. At a court of common council held on the 16th of September, a committee was appointed " to take into consideration the high price of flour, whilst grain was cheap, and to make a speedy re turn of the best means of removing so oppressive an evil." This measure was founded on the relative prices of wheat and flour in London, at different periods, viz. in 1788, when wheat was 40s. 9|d a quarter, and flour 36s. 6d.; in 1787, v^'ben wheat was sold at at 41s. Ijd. and flour at 32s. ll^d.; and in August, 1796, when wheat was 40s. 3 jd. and the price charged for flour 50s. Among the measures resorted to by the ministers to meet the increasing exigences of the government, towards the close of this year, was that of a voluntary loan of 18,000,0001. sterling; and- such was the success of this scheme, that though it was only communicated on the 1st of December to the lord mayor, with a request that he would make it known to the corporation and pub lic companies, the subscriptions were made with such eagerness, that the books, w(hich had been opened at the Bank* were closed w.thin four days ; and though 100,0001. was voted by the court of common council on the 6th, in the afternoon, it was only by 'especial indulgence' that this subscription was admitted. At this period, the sentiments of the livery and of the common council were decidedly hostile; and whilst the former, on the 14th, assembled in Guildhall, and instructed their representatives to vote ' a censure upon ministers, for sending money to the emperor of Germany, during the sitting, and without the consent of par liament ;' the latter, on the 21st, resolved, that " the pecuniary aid so furnished to the emperor had been productive of great ad vantage to Great Britain, and given a decided and favourable turn to the war !" The beginning ofthe year 1797 was distinguished by the ex traordinary circumstance of the stoppage of Bank payments in specie, a measure rendered necessary by the alarming slate of public affairs, which had caused such a demand for cash that it was feared a sufficiency would not be left for the emergencies of government, unless further issues were restricted. The leading causes of this unprecedented event originated in the gieat advances that had been made to govetnment, during the years 1795 and 1796, on the security of Treasury bills, and which flUiituated from about eight hundred thousand pounds to upwards, * On* bunared thousand pounds towards the loan was sub scribed by the Bank, in its corporate capacity. HISTORY OF LONDON. 125 of two millions and a half sterling, besides other advances under different heads, which made the entire sum amount to more than 10,672,0001. The remittances that had been sent during the war to the emperor of Germany, and other foreign powers, were found to press so heavily upon the Bank, that as early as January, 1796, the court of directors informed the chancellor of the ex chequer that it was their wish ' that he would arrange his finances for the year in such a manner, as not to depend on any further assistance from them.' Similar remonstrances were made in April and June, and on the Sth of October, the directors ad dressed a written paper to the minister, which concluded by stat ing ' the absolute necessity which they conceived to exist for dimi nishing the sum of their present advances to government, the last having been granted with great reluctance on their part, on his pressing solicitations.' On the 23rd of the same month, in an interview which took place withthe chancellor of the ex chequer, on the loans to the emperor being mentioned, the go vernor of the Bank assured Mr. Pitt, ' that another loan of that «ort would go nigh to ruin the country.' In July, 1796, on the .strong representation of the minister that without the accommo dation of 800,0001. 'it would be impossible to avoid the most se rious and distressing embarrassments to the public service,' the BanJk directors agreed to advance that sum, towards the end of August ; at the same time, they expressly stated that ' the court granted this accommodation with great reluctance, and contrary to their wishes;' and that ' nothing could induce them, under the present circumstances, to comply with the demand now raade upon them, but the dread that their refusal might be productive of a greater evil, and nothing but the extreme pressure and emer gency of the case, can in any shape justify them for acceding to this measure.' On the 1st of February, 1797, Mr. Pitt hinted that it would be necessary for him to negociate a loan for Ireland in this country ; and, in a subsequent conversation, on the ISth, he stated, that the sum wanted would be about one million •and a half. The governor immediately replied, that such a .scheme would * cause the ruin ofthe Bank,' by the drain which it would occasion in the specie ; and, on the next day, he further .informed him, on the authority of the couit of directors, that, ' under the present state of the Bank's advances to government, ^uch a measure would threaten ruin to the house, and most pro bably reduce them to the necessity of shutting up its doors!' During these conferences, the cash in the Bank was very rapidly lowering, partly through dread of the threatened invasion from France which had induced the farmers and others resident in the parts distant from the metropolis, to withdraw their money from the different banking-houses in which it had been deposited. The.run, therefore (to employ the technical language ofthe money market) commenced upon the country banks, and the increasing 126 HISTORY OF LONDON. demand for specie soon reaching the capital, it became evident to the court of directors tbat, without some essential expedient, the Bank would be wholly unable to withstand the shock. In this cii- tical raoment, also, the' expected invasion seemed about to take place, by the appearance of sorae French shipping in Cardigan Bay, and the landing, at Fishguard, of about 1400 men, all of whom, however, surrendered at discretion, to lord Cawder, without blood-shed. At this alarming conjuncture a message was sent to his majesty, at Windsor, to request his immediate attendance in town, to assist at a privy council, which was accordingly held al St. James's, on Sunday, February the 26th, when an order was made to prohibit the directors of the Bank from " issuing any cash, in payment, until the sense of parliament can be taken on that subject, and the proper measures adopted thereupon for maintaining the means of circulation, and supporting the public and commercial credit of the kingdom." This order was proraulgated on the next morning, annexed to a notice frora the Bank, stating that " the directors meant to continue their discounts, for the accommodation of the commercial interest, paying, the amount in Bank notes, and the dividend warrants in the same manner ;" and further, " that the general concerns ofthe Bank were in a most aflluent and prosperous situation, and such as to preclude every doubt as to the security of its notes." Notwithstanding these assurances, the metropolis, and indeed the whole kingdom, was for some days in a state of the greatest agitation, and the'stoppage must have had the most fatal conse quences, but for the judicious steps that were immediately taken. The merchants, bankers, &c. of London, as in the year 1745, de clared their unanimous resolution to receive bank not«s as cash, and to make their payments in the same manner; and many of the lords and other members of the privy council signed a similar declaration.. The parliament also, which was fortunately sitting at this period, immediately proceeded to investigate the affairs of the Bank, and a secret committee was appointed by each house for that purpose. The discussions as to the policy of i;he measure, were particularly animated, and especially in the house of commons ; but the majorities in favour of administration were always con siderable. On the 1st of March, Mr. Pitt introduced a bill for empowering the Bank to issue notes for sums lower than five pounds, to which amount they had hitherto been restricted ; and this was passed into a law with such rapidity as to receive the roydl assent on the second day afterwards. On the same day the coraraittee made their first report, in which they stated, that they had examined the outstand ing claims against the Bank, with the corresponding assets, and found, that on the 25th of February, the day to Which the accounts could be made up with accuracy, the total amount of demands on HISTORY OF LONDON. W the 6aft&,^as 13,Yt0,390/^ ; and that the assets (not including the sum of i r,6'66j800/. of permanent debt due by government) amount ed to 17,5dY,^^0/. ; so that the surplus in favour of the Bank was 3,82^,890/.'* A second report was made on the 7th of March, in which the committee recommended that the ' order of council should be contihucd abd Confirmed for a time to be limited ;' and on this recomraendation, &c. an act was passed confirming the restriction, and making Bank notes a legal tender' in every case, except the payment of the navy and army, which was to be continued in specie. This bill received the royal assent on the 3d of May.t In March, 1797, an attempt was made by the lord mayor, Brook Watson, esq. to subject the power of convening the livery in com mon hall, to the authority of the court of comraon council ; and in this manifest endeavour to violate the rights and privileges of the livery, he was assisted by three of the city representatives, viz. sir James Sanderson, and the aldermen Curtis and Lushington. The forty-three liverymen who signed the requisition for a meeting which led to this event, immediately addressed a paper to the mayor, stating various unanswerable arguments in defence of their inhe rent right ; and so little was the court of common council itself in clined to invade it, that when the question came to be argued, the following motion, made by Mr. Waithman, " That it would be highly iraproper in this court to givo any opinion respecting the propriety or expediency of convening a common hall," was carried by a great majority. About a week afterwards, March the 23d, at a very full meeting of the livery in Guildhall, it was resolved, that " An humble address and petition should be presented to his ma jesty, upon the present alarming state of public affairs, and praying him to dismiss his present ministers from his councils for ever, as the first step towards obtaining a speedy, honourable, and permanent peace." Only seven voices opposed this resolution, out of a body of three thousand persons ; and the petition was ordered to be pre sented " to his majesty, sitting on his throne," by the lord mayor, the two sheriffs, and the four parliamentary representatives. When the sheriffs attended at St. James's, to know when his majesly would receive the address, they were informed by the duke of Portland, that ' the king would receive it at any levee, in the comraon form; but that his majesty received addresses on the throne from the city of London as a corporate body only.' • From a table which was given in trary numbers, at least for some time ; lo the house of commons, professing but it was at length discovered that to show the scale of cash and bullion the mean number 660, denoted four in the Bank, from 1782 to 1797, it ap- millions; and by pursuing the calcu- peara, that the quantity of specie re- lations, and comparing the different maining on February the 25th, in the accounts, that when the order of coun- latter y6ar, was less than at any former cil was issued, the amount of the cash period since December 1783. What and bullion did not exceed 1,272,0001. the eiact sum was remained hidden t Brayley's Hist, of London, i. 57S« from (be public, under certain arbi- 1 2s HISTORY OF LONDON. Ot; the 1st of April, at another common hall, the livery after hearing this answer, directed the sheriffs, attended by the city re membrancer, to wait upon the king personally, agreeably to their undoubted right as sheriffs of London, and to enquire of him when he would be pleased to ' receive the said addiess, upon the throne :' they were also instructed to inform his raajesty, if necessary, " that the lord raayor, aldermen, and livery of London caiinot deUver their address in any other raanner than to the king on his throne." His majesty's reply was sirailar to that given by the duke of Portland ; and he professed his readiness to receive it, provided it ' was pre sented at the levee by no more than ten persons.' When the she riffs made their report at another common hall, held on the 12th, the livery carae to the unaniraous resolution, " That the lord mayor, aldermen, and livery of London, have frora tirae immemorial en joyed the right and privilege of addressing the king upon the throne, and have never before been denied that right, except under the corrupt administration which occasioned and persisted in the American war." They likewise proceeded to discuss another reso lution, strongly reprehensive of the measures of government ; but after much altercation, the lord mayor refused to submit it to the livery, as being contrary to the precept by which the meeting had been convened, and at last, he formally dissolved the a,sserably. Another coramon hall on this subject was convened on the 4th of May, when several strong resolutions were entered into, declaratory of the rights of the livery, and of the profligate and wanton con duct of his raajesty's rainisters, "who had evinced a disposition to sacrifice the blood, treasure, and liberties of the kingdom, in sup port of measures repugnant to the principles of the constitution, derogatory to the dignity and safety of the king, and inconsistent with the happiness of the people." The late conduct of the lord mayor was also highly censured; but some days afterwards, a counter declaration was signed by 2096 liverymen, expressive of their disapprobation of the proceedings in the three last comraon halls, &c. and of their approval ofthe measures of government. The war about this period had become extremely unpopular, ex cepting with the monied men ; and on the 3d of April, a crowded asserably of the inhabitants of Westrainster was held in Palace- yard, and a strong address and petition to the king unaniraously voted, on the subject ofthe war, and the conduct of administration. " Your ministers," said the address, " have tarnished the national lionour and glory. They have oppressed the poor with almost into- /erable burthens. They have poisoned the intercourse of private life. They have given a fatal blow to public credit. They have divided the empire, and subverted the constitution. — We humbly pray your majesty, therefore, to disraiss them from your presence and councils for ever." Several peers and raerabers of pariiaraent attended at this meeting ; and many similar ones were held in the course of the spring in various parts of the kingdom. HISTORY OF LONDON. 120 On the 1st of June a message was delivered from his majesty to both houses of parliament, on the mutiny among the seamen at the Nore, which at this time had raged for ten or twelve days, and threatened the' raost serious consequences. The comraerce oJ London was particularly obstructed by the mutineers, who acted , with a boldness and deterraination, unparallelled in the naval history of Great Britain. Their whole force amounted to between twenty and thirty ships of war, mostly line of battle ships, and their pro ceedings were directed by a committee of delegates, two from each ship, of which one Richard Parker, a brave seaman, and as appears frora his conduct, a man of strong natural talents, but with little education, was appointed president. Some of their demands were similar to what had been recently granted to the seamen of lord Howe's fleet at Portsmouth, but others were of a description wholly incompatible with the discipline of the navy. After a fruitless at tempt, therefore, to persuade the fleet to submission, made by a deputation of the lords of the admiralty, it was determined to reduce them by force ; to this end, a proclaraation was issued, declaring certain ships in a state of rautiny, and an act was passed, impo.sing death upon any person having ' any wilful and advised communica tion' with the ships' crews so declared to be mutinous. In this desperate situation, the seamen thought proper to concentrate their forces, which they did at the great Nore, where they drew up the squadron in a line. The men of war being ranged at about half a mile from each other, with their broadsides abreast. To enforce compliance with their demands, they stopped all shipping trading to and from the port of London, except colliers, neutral vessels, and a few small craft ; those which were detained were obliged to cast anchor in the intervals between the line of battle ships. The appear ance of such a multitude of shipping, the London trade included, under the orders of a body of mutinous seamen, formed a singular and awful spectacle. In the mean time, government made the most vigorous preparations to reduce them to a state of duty, and lest they should form the desperate .scheme of standing out to sea, all the buoys from the mouth of the Thames and the adjacent coasts were removed. Both shores opposite the fleet were lined with batteries, the forts at Sheerness, Tilbury, and Gravesend were furnished with furnaces for red-hot shot, and the Neptune of ninety-eight guns, partly manned by volunteers, raised by a subscription among the merchants of London, with other vessels and gun-boats, dropped. down to Long-reach, with a view to act offensively against the mutineers. Happily, however, this last resource was unnecessary; the seamen began to feel the hopelessness qf their situation, and on the night of the 9th of June, the Repulse, the Leopard, and the Ardent separated from the rebel fleet, and submitted. Between that and the 12th, several other ships struck the red flag and hoisted the union ; and the detained merchantmen were allowed to proceed on their respective destinations. On the following day, five more VOL. ir. K 130 HISTORY OF LONDON. quitted the rebel lines, and ran for protection under the forts of Sheerness; and lastly, the Sandwich surrendered: in this ship the delegates had held their meetings, and Parker, the president, with aboul thirty others, was now delivered up to justice. On the 22nd, the trials of the mutineers commenced with that of Parker, before a court martial, on board the Neptune, off Greenhithe ; on the fourth day he was solemnly adjudged guilty, and a few days after wards, he met his death with great fortitude, on board the Sandwich. He was at first buried at Sheerness, but his wife, with some other women, having found means to obtain the body, had it conveyed to Loudon, where the curiosity ofthe public leading them in crowds to view it, the magistrates were at last obliged to interfere, and by their orders it was finally deposited in Whitechapel church-yard. Many others of the mutineers were condemned to die, and all the , principal ringleaders were executed ; yet a considerable number re mained under sentence, confined in a prison-ship in the river, till after the signal victory obtained by admiral Duncan in October, when they received his majesty's pardon.* The election for sheriffs on Midsummer-day, in this year, was marked by the singular circurastance of a peer offering himself a candidate for that office. From what has been said above, it will be seen that party politics ran high in the city : this election was con sidered, by both sides, as a criterion to judge of their comparative strength. The popular party were strengthened by the addition of the earl of Lauderdale, who had purchased his freedom a few days before, and had become a member of the Needlemakers' com pany, in order to qualify him to become a candidate. Mr. S. F. Waddington joined his lordship, and their pretensions were supported by those who had led the resolutions of censure against administra- tration, and against the lord mayor, at the late coraraon halls ; but the show of hands gave them so little hope of success that no pol was demanded. On the night of July the 16th, occurred one of the most tremen dous storms of thunder, lightning and rain, ever remembered in this metropolis. The Ughtning commenced about nine o'clock in the evening, and continued without intermission till twelve, illuminating with its corruscations and vivid flames of scarlet and bhie light every quarter of the heavens. The thunder came on about twelve, and continued till about half past three, with incessant and most loud and awful peals, so near as seemingly to burst over the head, and accompanied the whole time with the heaviest and most uninterrupted falls of rain : at four o'clock the storm had passed over, but its fury was felt in many other parts of the country, as well as on the con tinent. On the 31st of this month, one of the last public meetings of • Brayley's History of London, i. 678,' HISTORY OF LONDON. I3l the London Corresponding Society, was held in the fields behind Somers-town, for the purpose of proposing a petition to the king. The multitude was extremely numerou.s, and three tribunes had been erected for the accommodation of the speakers, who had called the meeting under the provisions of the late acts. The district magistrates, however, had thought proper to declare, that the assem bly had not been legally convened ; and though the crowd was perfectly peaceable, sir William Addington, who had surrounded the principal tribune with a large body of police officers, announced that the riot act had been read, and gave orders that several per sons should be taken into custody. This was immediately done, the tribunes were knocked down, and the people began rapidly to disperse : a measure that was accelerated by the appearance of a troop of horse, which was ordered to enter the field, and galloped up and down for some time. Several other miUtary detachments had been drawn round the neighbourhood ; the West London militia were stationed in the Veterinary College, and the London and Westminster light-horse volunteers in the Foundling fields. In the evening, the persons who had been taken into custody were admitted to bail. An action was afterwards brought against sir William Addington for his conduct, but it failed through an infor mality in the process. Soon after the commencement of the session of parliament in November, the emergencies of the government occasioned the mi nister to resort to a new mode of raising the supplies, viz. by direct contribution, and it was proposed to increase the assessed taxes to nearly a triple amount. This was strongly opposed in a common hall, held at Guildhall, on the 16th of December, and the city re presentatives were instructed to prevent it passing into a law, as being 'partial, oppressive, arbitrary, and unconstitutional;' and in its principle ' destructive ofthe dearest interests of the people, and subversive of social order.' The city of Westrainster, and the prin cipal wards and parishes of the metropolis, held meetings about the same time, and carae to sirailar resolutions. By this plan and its modifications, on which income was made the basis of taxation, a double weight was imposed upon the industrious, whilst the spend thrift and the idle were almost exempted from its effects ; yet, Mr. Pitt persisted in the measure, and the bill was finally On the 19th of December, the day appointed for a national thanksgiving, for the three great victories obtained by lord Howe over the French, in June, 1794; by sir John Jarvis over the Spa niards, in February, 1797 ; and by admiral Duncan over the Dutch, in October, 1797; their majesties, with most of the royal family, officers of state, principal nobility, &c. attended divine ser vice at St. Paul's cathedral. The procession was extremely splen did, and was conducted with great order, notwithstanding the pressure of an immense raultitude of spectators which lined the K 2 132 HISTORY OF LONDON.: streets, and thronged every avenue. It began with the naval co lours taken frora the eneraies of Britain, viz. two from the French, three frora the Spaniards, and four from the Dutch, mounted on artillery waggons, each attended by a party of lieutenants, who had fought in the respective engagements in which they were won. A large detachraent of marines, with music followed ; and after them a number of gallant admirals in carriages. Next carae the speaker of the house of coraraons, with raany of its members; the clerks of the crown, the masters in chancery, the twelve judges, and the house cf peers ranged according to etiquette, and followed by the lord chancellor; after came the royal family, in carriages drawn by ca parisoned horses. At Temple-bar, the procession was joined by the lord mayor, with the sheriffs, and city deputation, gorgeously attired, who, after the cereraony of delivering up the city sword to the sovereign, rode bare-headed before the royal carriage to the ca thedral church. When the procession reached St. Paul's, the lieutenants taking the flags frora the waggons, attended by the .searaen and marines, divided themselves for their superiors to pass up the body of the church ; and the colours were next carried in under loud huzzas, and grand martial music, to the middle of the area below the dome, where they were ranged in a circle. The princesses, with the dukes of York and Clarence, prince Ernest, and the duke of Gloucester, and their respective suites, on their alighting, remained near the great west door, within the church, to receive their majesties ; the lord mayor, sheriffs, aldermen, and admirals standing opposite. The king was received by the bishops of London and Lincoln, who walked on each side his raajesty, preceded by the heralds at arras, and the prebendaries of the cathedral. Her raajesty, led by earl Morton, followed with her suite; and next the princes, princesses, &c. in procession. On the arrival of the royal faraily within the circle, the colours were lowered, and their majesties were greeted with the loudest shouts and acclamations. The corapany then took their seats, the common council, with their ladies, being acooramo- dated with two spacious galleries, under the circle of the dome, and the service was began. At the end of the first lesson, the flag officers entered in two divisions, right and left ofthe king's chair, bearing the captured trophies, which were deposited in succession upon the altar. At half past two, on a signal being given frora St. Paul's; that the service was concluded, the Park guns were fired. In returmng the royal cortege went first, and fortunately the day closed without any particular accident. The military behaved with rauch propriety, notwithstanding the pressure of the crowd, and the whole business ofthe day reflected great credit on those who superintended its ar rangeraents. The three brigades of foot guards, with parties of the horse-guards, were stationed in a double line from St. Jaraes's to Temple-bar ; within the bar to St. Paul's, the streets were lined with the two regiments of the city militia, the East India volunteers, HISTORY OF LONDON. 133 and several other parochial corps of the sarae description, whilst the light horse volunteers of London and Westminster paraded as oc casion required. ¦ The death of alderman Wilkes, which happened on the 26th of Deceraber, occasioned a vacancy fur the office of chamberlain. A common hall, for the election of his successor, was held on the 2nd of January, 1798, when the candidates were sir Watkin Lewes and alderman Clark. On the show of hands, there was a great majority in favour of Mr. Clark ; but a poll was demanded in favour of sir Watkin ; which began at half-past two, and closed fur the day, at four, when sir Watkin Lewes declined giving the livery any further trouble ; the numbers being 393 to 48. The unusually great num ber polled in this short space is an araple testiraony of the high esteem in which the unobtrusive raerits of tho present venerable and highly respected charaberlain are held by his fellow-citizens: there being, perhaps, no instance of so many liveryraen having voted in the same time, on any other occasion. A raeeting of the most respectable merchants and traders of London, was held at the Royal Exchange, on the 9th of February, 1798, for the purpose of entering into a voluntary subscription for the service of the country. The lord mayor, aoco-mpanied by a considerable number of the principal bankers, mu-chahts, &c appeared on a temporary hustings, about one o'clock, and in a short speech, stated the object of the meeting. He weis followed by Mr. Bosanquet, who entered raore fully into the propriety and necessity of the measure, and proposed that books should be opened at the Exchange, for receiving subscriptions, which was unanimously agreed lo. Four separate books were then opened on the hu.stings, and, at the close of the day, the exact sum subscribed was 46,5341. 14s, 6d. Four days afterwards, 10,0001. was subscribed by the court of coramon council; and several ofthe raerabers, also gave large suras as individuals, as soon as the court broke up. Two hun dred thousand pounds were subscribed by the Bank, and considera ble sums were given by other public companies. The gifts of many noblemen and gentlemen increased the contributions, and "20,0001. was subscribed by his majesty.* The continued threats of invasion from France, and the distracieo state of Ireland, rendering a great increase of the military force expedient, government, in the beginning of this year, devised a plan for a more powerful defence of the kingdora than had ever yet been called into action. This occasioned the passing of several acts of pai lianient, tending to this end, and various arraed associations were, in consequence, organized indifferent parts of the country. On the l!)th of April, the lord mayor informed the common council, that he had received a letter from the secretary of state, and had also had a * In the summary of ways and means a half; its total produce, however, was for the year, the minister estimated the upwards oftwo millions, — Lruy^ty. , voluntary subscription at a million and 134 HISTORY OF LONDON. conference with the duke of York, at that time commander-in-chief of the British army, respecting the formation of armed associations, in the several wards of the city. At the next meeting of the court, the committee of aldermen, lo which the business had been referred, made their report, and, on the 1st of May, the inhabitant house holders met in the respective wards, when the following propositions were generally adopted, viz. ' that the inhabitant house-holders of «ach ward should choose a committee to forra regulations, and re- coramend officers; that the more able men should learn the use of arms, and those not capable to bear arms, be sworn in as special constables; and that the whole force thus raised should, in case of necessity, be united into one body, under the direction of the lord mayor and court of aldermen. Whilst these raeasures were in agitation in the city, parochial, and other meetings, for the sarae purpose, were general throughout the metropolis ; and, in the course of a few raonths, a very consider able volunteer force was established, and the protection ofthe capi tal, by that means, pretty effectually secured.* On the 24th of May, a bill, which particularly affected the sea men, &c. belonging to the port of London, was brought into par liament, and carried through both houses ; and, on the next day, it received the royal assent. This was the very era of the insurrection in Ireland, and was founded on the evident necessity of having a numerous fleet in readiness, to prevent the insurgents receiving suc cour frora France. Il was intituled, a bill for ' the more effectually and speedily manning the navy;' and the principle ofthe measure was to supersede the force of all protections, for a certain tirae. During the discussions in the house of comraons, whilst the bill was in progress, the rainister accused Mr. Tierney, the popular repre sentative for Southwark, of opposing this raeasure from ' a desire to obstruct the defence of the country,' and he afterwards refused either to explain or^ retract his expressions. This led to a duel between the parties on the following Sunday, which terrainated without injury to either ; Mr. Pitt having flred his last pistol in the air. The raeeting took place on Putney heath. On the Sth of June, Jaraes O'Coigley, alias Fever, who had been recently conderaned at Maidstone for high treason, in raaintaining a treasonable correspondence with the French Directory, was exe- on Pennenden-heath. He had been apprehended about the end of * Mr. Brayley justly remarks, that accelerated by the measures of the " tbe cause for hastening on the form- Irish government ! How much more ation of volunteer corps at this period, to the interests of humanity and of the was doubtless, that the regulars and British empire, would it have been militia might be more at liberty to leave had the same pains been taken to re- this country to oppose the projected move the grounds of complaint, as insurrection in I reland, which, as after- were thus exercised to goad disaffection wards appeared from the confession of into rebellion." mioistera themselves, was purposely HISTORY OF LONDON. 135 February, at Margate, whilst endeavouring to obtain a passage to France, together with the celebrated Arthur O'Connor, esq. nephew to lord Longueville, John Binns, secretary to a division of the London Corresponding Society, John Allen, and Jeremiah Leary: the latter was O'Connor's servant. On the 1st of March, the pri soners were brought to London : and several other persons, sus pected of being connected with them, but who were afterwards discharged, were taken up in the course of the week. On the 7th, they were examined before the privy council, and on the following morning, O'Connor, O'Coigley, Binns, and Allen were committed to separate apartments in the Tower. In April, a special commis sion for their trial was opened at Maidstone; and the grand jury having found a true bill, they were tried on the 21st and 22nd of May, when O'Coigley only was found guilty ; an absurd but trea sonable paper having been discovered in his possession, purporting to be '£m address from the secret committee of England to the exe cutive directory of France.' O'Connor and Binns were detained in custody on other charges. During these proceedings, Roger O'Con- ner, esq. was arrested at his apartments in Craven-street, and remanded to Dublin, under a warrant from the secretary of stale; and two divisionsofmembersof the London Corresponding Society, which still continued its meetings, though not so openly as formerly, were apprehended in different parts of the town. These arrests, however, led to no particular discoveries : they appear to have been made more to keep up the spirit of alarm than for the sake of sub stantial justice. On the night of the 11th of September, the metropolis was visited by a most tremendous storm of wind, which did considerable damage in various parts of the town and its vicinity, as well as on the river. In some of the streets, the current of air was so violent as to break the lamps; in Hyde-park and Kensington-gardens many trees were torn up by the roots, and shattered branches were carried through the air to remote distances ; al Lambeth, several houses were un roofed, and chimnies blown down. On the river, at the turn ofthe tide, the greatest confusion ensued, the wind being directly contra ry, and many boats were dashed to pieces and sunk. Below bridge several ships were driven from their moorings, and much damaged; and the Castor, West Indiaman, having a cargo on board, valued at 15,0001. parted her anchor, and drove on shore at Limehouse-reach, where she received considerable damage and filled with water. On the 2nd of October, intelligence arrived of the ever-meraor- able victory obtained over the French fleet by sir Horatio Nelson, off the mouth of the Nile; and, on the sarae day, a subscription was opened at Lloyd's coffee-house, for the relief of the wounded, and of the widows and orphans of those who had fallen. Two days afterwards, the hon. captain Capel waited on the lord mayor, with the sword of the surviving French admiral, Monsieur Blanquet, which was surrendered in the naval action at the Nile, admiral Brueys 136 HISTORY OF LONDON. having been blown up in the I'Orient.and intended by sir Horatio Nelson as a present to the city of London, accompanied by the fol lowing letter. Vanguard, Mouth of the Nile, Aug. S. My Lord, Having the honour of being a freeraan of the city of London, I take the liberty of sending to your lordship the sword ofthe com manding French admiral (M. Blanquet), who survived after the battle of the 1st, off the Nile ; and request that the city of London will honour rae with the acceptance of it, as a reraembrance that Brittannia still rules the waves ; which, that she may ever do, is the fervent wish of your lordship's most obedient servant, H. Nelson. This letter, and the sword, were laid before a court of common council, on the 10th, who referred it to a coraraittee, to consider the best raanner of disposing ofthe sword, and report to the next courts It was then unaniraously resolved to address his majesty on the glorious victory over the French, off the Nile, on the 1st of August, by his majesty's fleet, under the command of sir Horatio, now baron Nelson, of the Nile ; which was presented. on the 24th, and very graciously received. The report from the committee was laid before the court on the 16th, and unanimously agreed to.. It was, that they had corae to the following resolution : — " That the sword, delivered up to our gallant hero, lord Nelson, by the French admiral, M. Blanqiiet, be put up in the most conspicuous place in the common council charaber, with the following inscription engraved on a marble tablet : — The sword of Mons. Blanquet, the commanding French admiral, in the glorious engagement off the Nile, on the 1st of August, 1798, presented to the court by the Right Hon. Rear Admiral Lord Nelson. The lord mayor was then requested to coraraunicate to -ord Nelson the high sense which the court entertain of this invaluable present. After which, the thanks of the court, with a sword of two hundred guineas value, were voted to lord Nelson ; and also the thanks of the court to captain Berry, the captains, officers, and seamen, for their iraportant services; and the freedom of the city was voted to captain Berry, to be presented in a bpx of one hundred guineas value. The night of the eleventh of February, 1799, was distinguished by a dreadful storm, from which great injury was sustained by the HISTORY OF LONDON. 137 shipping in the river Thames Many vessels were driven from their moorings, and run foul of each other, and great nurabers of small craft, boats, &c. were sunk or dashed to pieces. His majesty's birth-day, June the fourth, was this year celebrated with more than customary splendour, the common ceremonies of re joicing being increased by a grand review of the associated volun teers of London and its environs, who assembled in Hyde-park aboul eight o'clock in the raorning, and were formed into three hues, with the exception of part ofthe cavalry, which was employ ed to keep the ground. At nine, his majesty entered the park, ac companied by the prince of Wales, and the t-ukesof Keni-and Cum berland, and the review commenced ; the queen and the princesses beholding the spectacle from the houses of lady Holderness and lord Cathcart, in Park-lane. The whole of the evolutions having been gone through, a royal salute of twenty-one guns was fired, and his raajesty, after expressing the highest satisfaction at the mar tial appearance, patriotism, and conduct of the gallant bands, whom the threatened violation of their country's independence had thus associated in arras, left the ground about one o'clock, amidst the joy ous shouts of a concourse of spectators, supposed to araount to nearly 1,50,000. The day was extremely unfavourable, through the fall of a heavy rain, with much wind ; yet the display of female beauty was not inconsiderable. The walls, trees, and contiguous houses, were all loaded with people, and the interest of the scene was much increased by the patriotic sentiments which seemed to pre vail in every bosom. The total nuraber of volunteers under arms on this day was 8989, of which 1008 were cavalry. On the twenty-first of June, a yet greater body of volunteers was assembled about the raetropolis, for the purpose of undergoing a royal inspection at different stations, previously fixed on as being near their accustoraed places of exercise. His raajesty, accorapanied , by the prince of Wales, and the royal dukes, and a nuraerous suite of general and other officers, left the queen's house at nine o'clock, and proceeded towards St. George's fields, where, between the A.sy- lura and the Obelisk, the Surrey vohmteers, araounting to iii96, were drawn up. Thence going to Blackfriar's, he was received on the bridge by the lord-raayor, sheriffs, &c., who preceded hira in his subsequent progress through the city. In Bridge-street, 1054 vo lunteers were asserabled ; in St. Paul's Church-yard, 1000; at the Royal Exchange and Bank, 1011; al the East India-house, 600; on Tower-hill, 1038; in Finsbury-square, 862; and at Islington, 394. After inspecting the latter corps, his majesty proceeded to the lord chancellor Loughborough's, where he waited for the arrival ot the queen and five princesses, who came about two o'clock, at tended by the duke of Clarence, and with thera, and his own suite, he partook of an elegant collation. About three his raajesty again mounted, and with the whole of the royal family, proceeded dow n Giiildford-street, where 823 ofthe Tower-hamlet and Mile-end vo- 138 HISTORY OF LONDON. lunteers were drawn up, to the Foundling-hospital, in front of which were the Bloomsbury, St. Martin's, Somerset-place, Hamp stead, and other corps, amounting to 1230, drawn up in parallel lines. During the inspection here, the queen and princesses entered the hospital, and viewed the children's apartments, &c., and were soon joined by his majesty, with the royal brothers : the ' Children's Hyran,' and ' God save the King,' Were afterwards sung in the chapel, before the whole family. On his departure from the Foundling, the king went onward to Hyde-park, where the West minster cavalry, St. George's volunteers, &c. were as.sembled,to the number of '2700; and having pa.ssed these, he rode down Constitu tion-hill to the queen's palace, where he arrived about five o'clock. The whole number of volunteers inspected on this day, was 12,208. His majesty expressed himself highly gratified at the impressive dis play of loyalty and public spirit, which this day had afforded him : and the city received his particular thanks for the attention and or der with which his progress had been attended. Vast nurabers of spectators filled the streets on this occasion, and the windows and house-tops were every where crowded with people. On the thirteenth of July, a dreadful fire broke out within the King's Bench prison, in the north wing, and for some hours raged with the utraost violence. The prisoners theraselves made every ex ertion to extinguish the flames, without attempting to escape ; and at length, by the assistance of the engines, the fire was subdued, yet not till between eightyand a hundred of the lodging rooms were entirely consuraed, and other considerable damage done. The severity of the season, and the great distresses of the poor from want of eraployraent, and the growing dearness of provisions and coals, occasioned a meeting to be held at the London Tavern, on the ninth of December, to lake into consideration the best means of giving thera assistance during the continuance ofthe pressure. It was then resolved to open a geneial subscription for the relief of the industrious poor, in all parts of the raetropolis, &c. ; and that the most effectual way of aiding the distressed would be, by selling provisions at reduced prices, as had been done in the year 1795 ; through which measure great benefits had resulted. It was also re solved to increase the nuraber of soup-houses, the erection of which had particularly contributed to extend the advantages of a former subscription; insomuch, that in the course of the winter and spring months of 1798, about 8400 families had been supplied with 481,336 meals, al the three soup-houses in Spitalfields, at an expence of only 89-51. 12s. to the funds subscribed, exclusive of the first costs of the erection and repairs ; and in the winter and spring months of 1799, the number of persons who received benefit from the fund was 40,000, and the number of meals distributed 750,918, at the aggre gate expence of only 3,4761. Ss. lOd. The dearness of corn at this period was in a great degree occa- s'.oned by the unfavourable stale of the seasons, and particularly by HISTORY OF LONDON. 139 the heavy rains, and continuanco of wet weather for many weeks together ; yet it was the opinion of many welNinformed persons, that the alarm of scarcity, which had been very industriously pro pagated, had its full share in advancing the price. It was thought, also, that a circular letter, sent by the duke of Portland to the lord lieutenants of counties, in which, after adverting to the various means used in the metropolis for relieving the poor, il was strongly recommended to enforce the statute of the thirteenth of George the Third, empowering the justices in quarter sessions to ' direct, that no finer bread shall be made than such as is called by the name of standard wheaten bread,' &c. had very rauch contributed to extend the alarm. However this might be, the increasing dearth engaged much of the attention of parliament in the beginning of the year 1800; and in consequence of a previous report, a bill was passed with unexampled rapidity through both houses, and received the royal assent on the same day, February the twentieth, to prohibit, for a limited tirae, any bakers in the cities of London or 'Westrain ster, or within ten miles of the Royal Exchange, from selling bread till it had been removed from the oven al least twenty-four hours, under a penalty of five pounds for every loaf sold. On the same day, the archbishop of Canterbury moved in the house of lords, • That their lordships should oblige themselves, by a voluntary en gagement, not lo suffer raore than a quartern loaf of bread a week, for each person, to be consumed in their families, from the twenty- fourth of February till the twenty-fourth of October next ;' and after the substitute of ' recommendation ' for ' engagement,' this measure was adopted. The average price of wheat in Middlesex, at this time, was 51. 12s. 3d. per quarter; and of rye 31.* The great importance of the subject induced the house of com mons to pursue their investigation into the causes, extent, and means of supply; and on there port of a committee, recommending * the allowance of a bounty on corn iraported from the Mediterra nean and America ; the substitution of a new assize of bread, with new regulations respecting the millers; the stoppage of the distille ries; the encouragement of the importation of rice and fish, and the culture of potatoes ; the prohibition of manufacturing starch frora wheat,' &c. those measures were successively adopted, and passed into laws. In March, also, a committee was appointed to enquire into the stale of the coal trade. The price of wheat in London markets on the twenty-fourth of this month, was frora 4l. 8s. to 61. 12s. a quarter; the price of rye, from 31. I6s. to 41. a quar ter; and the price of barley, frora II. 16s. to 31. 12s. 6d. On the evening of the fifteenth of May, an attempt was made by one James Hatfield, a lunatic, to assassinate the king, in the Thea tre-royal Drury-lane. At the raoraent when his majesty entered the box, a man in the pit stood up, and fired a pistol at him. The • Brayley's Hist, of London, i. 591. i40 HISTORY OF LONDON. house was iramediately in an uproar, and the cry of ' seize him burst from every part ofthe theatre. The king, apparently not the least disconcerted, carae forward in the box; and the man who com mitted the crime was conveyed from the pil. The indignation of the audience could not be tranquillized until after repeated assu rances that the culprit was in custody. On his examination he proved to be insane. He had been a soldier in the loth light dragoons, and had received eight wounds in his head, from which it was be lieved his raalady arose. He was tried for the offence on the 26th of June, and acquitted on the ground of insanity, after which he was conveyed to a raad-house to be taken care of. The celebration of his majesty's birth was again commenced with a review of the volunteer force of the metropolis and its vicinity, which differed in nothing from that of the preceding year, except in an increase of numbers, nearly twelve thousand being under arms on this day. Soon after the prorogation of pariiament, which took place on the 29th of July, apprehensions of tumult and riot alarmed many of the inhabitants of London. About the middle of August a refractory spirit had manifested itself among the felons in the prison m Cold Bath-fields. This was attributed to various publications on the state of this prison, which had appeared a short tirae before. But, how ever this may be, the keepers began to entertain serious apprehen sions ; and the prisoners' turbulence at length assumed a serious as-- pecl ; for on the evening of the 15th, when the bell rung as the sig nal for looking up, instead of retiring to their cells, they colieeted together, appearing to have sorae design in agitation. However, after a trifling resistance, they were compelled to separate, and sub- mil to being locked up. Iramediately they began the most dismal exclamations of " Murder ! Starving," &c. which collected a con siderable mob round the prison, who answered them with loud shouts. Thus encouraged, they continued their cries, beseeching the mob to force the gates, arid pull down the walls to release them. In this dileraraa, il was found necessary to apply for assistance from the civil raagistrates and the military associations in the neighbour hood, by whose exertions tranquillity was again restored. The attempts of the disaffected to incite the populace to outrage were but too successful in the month of September. Written hand bills were thrown about al this time, provoking the people to rise, and, in particular, two large ones, of the above tendency, were stuck on the Monument, on Sunday, the I4th, inviting thera, " as they valued their rights as Englishraen, to attend at the Corn-market on Monday, which would soon reduce the price of bread to six-pence the quartern loaf." These incitements to popular outrage induced the lord-raayor to take the necessary precautions to secure the pub lic peace; he collected the civil officers, and applied to the volunteer corps, frora whom he received assurances of support, and that they would await his orders. In the raorning of Monday the raobassem- HISTORY OF LONDON 141 bled at the Corn-raarket, to which the lord-mayor immediately re paired, and persuaded thera to disperse, which they did but as soon as he quitted the spot, they returned. Several of the dealers in corn wefe ill-treated by thera, and the windows of sorae houses in the neighbourhood were broke.; and when, in the end, they were driven off by the volunteers, they attacked the houses of some bakers and corn-factors, al Shoreditch, Whitechapel, and Black- friar'g-road. This spirit of riot and discontent continued during the whole week; but the vigour and promptitude of the magistrates, seconded by the flrmness and huraanity of the volunteers, prevented the mistaken multitude frora effecting any greater raischief, than the breaking of windows and laraps; which was happily accoraplished without bloodshed. At a full meeting of the livery of London, in common hall, held on the 3d of October, an address and petition to his majesty was re solved on praying him to convene the parlinmenl, for the purpose of considering of the most salutary measures for remedying the suf ferings of the poor, in consequence of the exorbitant price of every article of life. This petition the king refused to receive, excepting at the levee ; on which, at a subsequent common hall, it was voted, '• That whoever advised his majesty to persist in refusing to his faithful subjects free access, in these times of peculiar difficulty and distress, is equally unworthy of his majesty's confidence, and an enemy to the rights and privileges ofthe city of London." A few days afterwards, an address and petition of similar import to that of the livery, was agreed to by the court of common council ; though in the intermediate time the parliaraent had been summoned to meet for the dispatch of business. On October the 6th, a great fire, occasioned by the boiling over of a pitch kettle, destroyed upwards of sixty private houses and other buildings at Wapping, fcnd several persons were killed by the explosion of sorae barrels of gunpowder. The damage was estimated at upwards of 200,0001. The parliament assembled on the 11th of November, and irarae diately proceeded to pass difierent acts to prevent the scarcity from merging into famine ; and on the 3d of December his majesly, at the request of both houses, issued a proclamation, e.xhorting, ' all persons to employ the strictest economy in the use of all kinds of grain, to abstain from the use of pastry, and lo reduce the consump tion of bread in their respective farailies, as far as possible.' During the suraraer and autumn of this year great quantities of corn were iraported from foreign countries ; and, though a temporary reduc tion in price took place in August, it was alraost iraraediately fol lowed by a considerable advance, and in the last week of this year the average price of wheat in Mark-lane, was 71. Is. 6d. per quarter. 142 HISTORY OF LONDON. CHAPTER V. History of London from the Union to the Jubilee, 1809. The comraenceraent of the new century, 1801, was distinguished by the union of the kingdoras of Great Britain and Ireland, which had been resolved on by the two parliaraents in the course of the preceding year. On this occasion new standards were hoisted, and the Park and Tower guns were fired : a meeting of the privy council was held, and the new oaths taken by all the members that were in town. The style and titles of the king were now altered, and a royal proclaraation of this day, ordered them to be expressed in Latin, as follows: "^Georgius Tertius, Dei Gratia Britanr niarum Rex, Fidei Defensor." The excessive dearness of corn still continuing, it was judged expedient to prohibit the use of fine wheat flour after the se cond of February ; and all loaves were in consequence made of the brown, or household kind. Notwithstanding this, the prices of corn continued to advance, and in the three last weeks of March the quartern loaf in London was as high as Is. lOjd. The average prices of wheat in Mark-lane, was about 71. 10s. per quarter; and the average in all Middlesex, 81. 8s. lOd. per quarter. On the 13th of June, in the afternoon, the raetropolis and its vicinity experienced one of the raost violent storras of thunder, lightning, and wind, that was ever reraembered, accorapanied with rain, which fell in such quantities for half an hour, that the streets were almost irapassable. In the midst of the storm, the wind and rain forced in part of the sky-light of the court of Common Pleas, and for a tirae, totally impeded all business, the counsellors, &c. hurrying into Westminster-hall, to avoid the descending torrents. The hurricane did great damage also in many parts of the kingdom. The Paddingdon canal was opened on the morning of the 10th of July, with a grand procession of boats, to Bull's bridge, near Ux bridge, where they arrived about noon, and, being joined by the city shallop, with the sub-comraittee of the Thames, and several pleasure boats, the procession returned lo the great dock at Pad dington. Intelligence having been received, of the adjustment ofthe dif ferences between Great Britain and Russia, on the 11 th of July, lord Hawkesbury immediately transmitted the pleasing information to the lord mayor. Prelirainaries of peace, between his majesty and the French go vernment, were signed at lord Hawkesbury's office, in Downing- street, on the 2d of October, and on the 10th, general Lauriston, Bonaparte's first aide-de-camp, arrived with the ratification. In his passage through the town to M. Otto's residence, his carriage was followed by a numerous concourse of people, who afterwards HISTORY OF LONDON. 143 took the horses from it, and drew him and M. Otto to Downing- street, with expressions of the most tumultuous joy. On the ratifi cations being exchanged, the Park and Tower guns were fired, and at night there was a general illumination through the metropolis, which was repeated on the following evening. A memorable exaraple of English justice was displayed on the 28th of January, 1802, by the execution, before Newgate, of John Wall, once governor of Goree, in Africa, for the murder of a Ser jeant, named Arrastrong, whom he had caused lobe tied to a gun carriage and flogged with such severity that the unfortunate victim died on the fifth day afterwards. This was as far back as the year 1782: some time after which Wall returned to England, and was apprehended for the crime, but made his escape from the officers on the road from Bath, and had lived upon the continent till the year 1797. He then, most fatally for his safety returned to this country, and lived in privacy till a short time before his trial, when, apparently induced by perturbation of mind, and deluded by the hope that the witnesses of his guilt were no more, he wrote to the secretary of state that he was ready to surrender to take his trial. The evidence against him was conclusive, and though an attempt was made to rebut it by witnesses, who stated the garrison al Goree to have been in a stale of mutiny when the punishment was inflicted on Armstrong, the jury pronounced a verdict of ' Guilty:' various inconsistencies in their testimony being evident. Great interest was made to preserve his life, and a short reprieve was twice grant ed to the importunity of his friends One whole day is said to' have been occupied by the great law officers of the crown in considering his case, and the judges conferred together for three hours, at the lord chancellor's, on the same subject. The result was against him ; in the then slate of the public mind, lo have pardoned him might have been dangerous, even if his guilt had been questionable On the morning of his execution a vast crowd surrounded the scafibid, and far, very far, contrary to the usual conduct of the multitude on these occasions, his ascending it becarae the signal for the utterance of three distinct huzzas; and again, when the rope was affixed to his neck, the brutal exultation of the populace was evinced by an other very loud shout. Under this extrerae pressure of ignominy the criminal bowed his head, as if the detestation of his fellow-crea tures had penetrated to his sou| ; but his sufferings were not yet ended : al the moment the platform dropped, the knot of the cord shifted lo the back of his neck, and he remained suspended in con vulsive agony nearly twenty minutes. His body was afterwards dissected, as customary in all cases of execution for murder. On the ISth of March, 1802, a comraon hall was held for the pur pose of taking into consideration the propriety of applying to par liament for the repeal of the Income tax ; when a petition being prepared and agreed to, it was ordered to be presented by alderman Combe, the other representatives of the city having offended the livery by voting for the tax. 144 HISTORY OF LONDON. The Easter dinner at the Mansion-house was remarkable for the absence of the sheriffs, in consequence of a conceived omission of at tention frora the lord raayor, to their official situation. The prince of Wales haying honoured the dinner with his presence, they thought it their duty to apologize to his royal highness by letter, in which, after stating the lord mayor's neglect of that respect to wards them which custom had established, and which from their high office they had a right to deraand, they conclude " Under this impression your royal highness will not be surprised, that we re sented what we considered indignity to our station ; that we refused to be mere puppets, in what he presumed to be his private pageant; that we consented to sacrifice the unbounded pleasure we ought to have enjoyed, in hurably receiving, and dutifully waiting upon your royal person, to the feeUngs of public propriety." Peace was proclaimed in the cities of London and Westminster, on the 29th of April, and, notwithstanding the ardour with which the preliminary articles had been received was considerably abated by the insidious conduct of France, during the interval that had elapsed since that period, yet, generally speaking, the most lively sensations of joy were excited on the present occasion. The streets were crowded at a very early hour, by persons of alraost every rank, irapatiently waiting for the procession; and the vast number of strangers frora the country, whora curiosity had attracted, added much to the bustle of the scene. The procession was formed al St. Jaraes's palace, and the cereraony coraraenced at twelve o'clock, by Windsor herald reading the proclamation of peace for the first time, after which the procession moved forward along Pall Mall, in , the following order : Horse Guards clearing the way. Beadles of Westminster, two and two, bare headed, with staves. Constables of Westminster, in like manner. High Constable with his staff on horseback. Officers of the High Bailiff of Westminster, with white wands on horseback. Clerk of the High Bailiff. High Bailiff and Deputy Steward. Horse Guards. Knight's Marshalmen, two and two. Knight Marshal. Drums. Drum Major. Trumpets. Serjeant Trumpeter. Pursuivants, Hiiralds. Serjeant at Arms | ""^If^l^^^^l; } Serjeant at Arm ¦When the procession reached Charing Cross it halted, and the reading of the proclamation was repealed. It then proceeded along .he Strand to Teraple-bar, where it arrived at one o'clock. On its Horse-guards to flank the Procession. Horse-guards to flank the ? Procession. HISTORY OF LONDON. 146 approach to the bar on the Westminster side, the horse guards filed off, and lined both sides of the way. Tho beadles and constables of Westminster, and the officers ofthe high bailiff did the -same, and made a lane for the knight raarshal and his officers to ride up lo Temple-bar, the gales of which were shut. The junior officer of arms, then coming out of the rank, between two trumpeters, and preceded by two horse guards, rode up to (he gate, and, after the trumpets had sounded thrice, knocked with a cane. Being asked by the city raarshal from within ' Who comes there ?' he replied ' the officers of arms, who demand entrance into the city, to publish his majesty's proclaraation of peace.' The gates being opened, he was admitted alone, and the gates were shut again. The city mar shal, preceded by his officers, conducted him to the lord mayor, lo whom he showed his majesty's warrant, which his lordship having read, he returned, and gave directions lo the city marshal to open the gales, who attended the officer of arms on his return to them, and, on leaving hira, said " Sir, the gates are opened." The trumpets and guards, being in waiting, reconducted him to his place in the procession, which then raoved on into the city, the officers of West minster retiring as they came to Temple-bar, and the city proces sion fell in behind the kings of arms, in the following order: Sheriffs ( Oflicers < on fool. J Porter in f a black J gown with ^ a Staff. ^^ Four Constables together. Six Marshalmen, on foot, three and three. Six Trumpeters, three and three. Two City Marshals on horseback. Two Sheriffs on horseback. Sword and Mace bearers on horseback. Sheriffs Officers on foot } Lord Mayor on horseback, bearing the an cient sceptre of Ihe city, which is of gold and glass, ornamented with pearls and pre cious stones round the coronet and sur mounted with the national arms. Household on foot. Six footmen in rich Liveries, three and three. Stale Coach, with six horses decorated with ribbands, &c. Alderraen in Seniority, in their Coaches. Carriages ofthe two Sheriffs. Officer.- of the city in Carriages according to their seniority. Horse Guards. The Volunteer Corps of the city. The Artillery Comjiany. The East India Volunteers. Beadles The proclamation was read at the bottom of Chancery-lane, after which the procession moved on through Fleet-street, Lud- gale-hill, and St. Paul's church-yard, to Cheapside. At the end of Wood-street, the cavalcade halted till the proclaraation wns again read, and when the procession reached the Royal Exchange It was read for the last tirae. The procession then passed along VOL. II, L 146 HISTORY OF LONDON. Cornhill, and Leadenhall-street, to Aldgate, and returned back along Fenchurch-streel, Gracechurch-street, and Cornhill lo the Mansion-house, from whence the horse guards escorted the heralds to their college in Doctors' Coraraons, and afterwards proceeded to St. James's, with the knight marshal and his men. Illuminations of the raost splendid nature succeeded the ceremo nial of the day. The Mansion-house, the Bank, the India-house, the public offices, and theatres, as well as the houses of many indi viduals, were particularly distinguished for the taste and splendour of their decorations ; but the object of universal attraction, was (he French minister, M. Otto's house, in Portman-square, which was most brilliantly illuminated with coloured lamps, disposed in the. form of a teraple of the Ionic order, having the entablature divided in the centre by the word Amity,* in brilliant light ; and above it, beneath an arch, a large transparency, representing England and France, with their various attributes, in the act of uniting their hands before an altar dedicated to Humanity ; this was surmounted by the word Peace: the letters G. R. surmounted by a royal, and F. R. by a civic crown, also appeared issuing from between trees of laurel, formed by green laraps ; and the whole was terrainated above by a large and raost brilliant star. The excessive brilliancy of this illumination was probably never exceeded : the sight could hardly sustain the radiance, even at the distance of many yards. The crowd was so immense, that, lor a long lime, those who had reached the square, could find no avenue for retreat ; and many carriages were jararaed in for hours. During the elections for a new pariiament, in July, the metropolis was thrown into great confusion by the luraultuary assemblies of people which accorapanied the choosing of the members for West minster and Middlesex. In Westrainster, Mr. Fox and sir Alan Gardiner were opposed by one Grahara, an auctioneer; and though the latter scarcely possessed a single necessary qualification for a statesman, he polled 3207 votes. In Middlesex, the popular candi date was sir Francis Burdett, who obtained his election against Mr. Justice Mainwaring, through the extraordinary circumstance ofthe sheriffs, R. A. Cox, esq. and sir Williara Rawlins, knt. receivino- the votes of 372 persons, by whora, and a few others, a company had been formed for erecting a fiour-miU at Isleworth, on about a quar- • Whilst the preparations for this the inference that the • Eno-lish had magnificent display were going on, a been conquered by the French ' M circumstance or two occurred most Otto, after some fruitless attempts at highly characteristic of the national explanation, very prudentlv gave wav u'rl^^-n, T h ''"'/''"'""'•^ l^' ^' «^^' •¦'¦"I 'he word Aniity was substituted.' surmounted by the word Concord ; It was next discovered by some sailors this was mistaken by the populace Ibr that the letters G. R were not distin- Cmquered, and with true John Bull guished by a crown ; this was next sti- spirit, they insisted that ,t should be pulated for and put up according v removed, as being intended to convey v,i,o.uiugiy. HISTORV OF LONDON. 147 ter of an acre of ground, which ha-d been bargained for just a twelvemonth before. The original shares in this concern were only of the value of two guineas each ; the purchase money was unpaid, no regular conveyance had been made, the raill was unfinished, and not a farthing of profit had been derived from it by any of the proprietors, yet it was sworn by each of them, that he possessed a freehold of the clear yearly value of forty sliillings ! Every day during the election, the road to Brentford was the scene of great disorders, and many acts of personal violence, menace, and insult were comraitted by both parlies ; but chiefly by the opposers of Mainwaring, who had highly displeased the populace by his conduct as chairman of the county magistrates, when the enquiry respecting the Cold Bath Fields prison was going on. On the 19th of Noveraber, the day appointed for the meeting of the new parliaraent, colonel Edward Marcus Despard, and thirty other persons were apprehended al the Oakley-arms, Oakley-street, Lambeth, on a charge of treasonable practices ; and after several examinations, twelve of them, with the colonel, were comraitted to different gaols for trial. They were accused of forming a conspiracy to overturn the constitution, and destroy the king and other branches of the royal family ; and the associations to which they belonged were stated lo consist of several divisions of about ten persons each, which assembled in various public-houses aboul town. On the IOth of January, 1803, a special commission was appointed for their trials, which came on in the following month, al the New Sessions- house, Horsemonger-lane, Southwark. Despard, with nine others, was adjudged guilty; but three of them were recommended to mercy, and afterwards pardoned. In his opening speech, the attor ney-general staled the conspirators lo consist ' of the lowest order of the people, as journeymen, day-labourers, and comraon soldiers;' and three of those convicted were privates in the guards. The exe cution took place on the 21sl of February, on the top of the county gaol ; but that part of the sentence on traitors, which directs the bowels to be taken out, &c. and the body to be quartered, was remitted. The head, however, of each sufferer, was afterwards cut off, and exhibited to the crowd, which was considerable and very orderly; though some confusion had been expected, and a strong military force was provided to resist any attempt that might have been made by the populace to rescue the prisoners. Colonel Des pard strongly asserted his innocence on the scaffold; and it does not appear that any of his associates made any other confession inferring guilt, than that lliey had done wrong in attending the meeting. At a court of common council, held on the 17th of March, it was unanimously resolved to .subscribe five hundred pounds to the royol Jennerian Society, which had been instituted a short time before for the purpose of exterminating the small-pox by the intro duction ofthe vaccine inoculation. L 2 148 HISTORY OF LONDON. The 21st being the anniversarj' of the memorable battle of Alex andria, the Turkish piece of ordnance taken on that day, was placed opposite the gunner's house, in St. James's park. It is 16 feet in length, but was originally 20 feel. The carriage was made for it in London. A most extraordinary forgery was practised in the city on the Sth of May. At an early hour in the morning, a man delivered a letter at the Mansion-house, which he said he had brought from the secretary of state, and requested it raight be delivered iramedi ately ; it was accordingly given to the lord mayor, and soon after the following literal copy appeared in front ofthe Mansion-house; " Lord Hawkesbury presents his compliments to the lord mayor, and has the honor to acquaint his lordship that the negocialion be tween this country and the French republic is brought to an amica ble conclusion. Downing-street, 8 o'clock, May 5, 1803." Printed notices were then posted round the Custom-house, declaring the erabargo to be taken off saltpetre, &c. In consequence of this delusion, the consols experienced an immediate rise from 63| to 71 J. A real treasury raessenger soon arrived, however, to announce the deception, on which the genuine comraunication was read in the public streets by the city marshal. The confusion which ensued was beyond all description ; the Stock Exchange was iraraediately shut, and the committee came to a resolution that all bargains raade that morning should be void; and the consequence of the detec tion of this artifice was a rapid fall in the funds to their first price in the morning. A similar attempt was made two days after, through the me dium of a raorning paper, notoriously in the interest of the governraent, in which a paragraph appeared, slating the amicable termination of the differences with France. The committee for managing the Stock Excljange, however, in order to guard against a second iraposition, would not allow the doors lo be opened until the truth of the report could be officially ascertained. At their instance, the lord raayor addi-es.sed a note lo lord Hawkesbury, soli citing information, and staling the occasion of his application. To this note, the chancellor of the exchequer, in the absence of lord Hawkesbury, returned an anwer, signifying that no information had been received by government which could be the subject of a public coramunication, and cautioning the lord raayor against receiving reports through unauthorised channels. An extract of this answer being made public, the Stock Exchange was opened, and business went on as usual. The differences which very soon after the signing ofthe defini tive treaty at Amiens, had arisen between the governmentsof Great Britain and France, most unhappily terminated in war; and, after an interval of less than thirteen months, the rival nations were again involved in inveterate hostility. His majesty's declaration on this subject was laid before parliament on the 16th of May, 1803 ; and HISTORY OF LONDON. 149 the strong discussions which arose upon il were, as usual, decided in favor of administration. About the middle of June, the minister signified his intention to impose a property lax, on the principle of^hal so lately repealed on income, but only lo the amount of five per cent. ; and this inea- liure »yas, in the course of the session, passed into a law, notwith standing the opposition of the livery of London, and other consider able public bodies. The commenceraent of the war with France was attended on the part of the first consul with strong threats of invasion ; to pro vide effectually against which, the pariiaraent passed an act to ena ble his majesly to arm the people en masse ; every raan from the age of seventeen to fifty-five being rendered liable to enrolment and military duty. Several other acts for increasing the military force of the country were also passed ; and, in consequence of these and other measures, the people began to form volunteer associations in every part of the kingdom ; yet, no where were greater zeal and ardour displayed than in the metropolis itself. The city of London took the lead ; and, on the 1 1th of July, a special court of aldermen was held al Guildhall, for the purpose of considering of the best plan for arming the citizens at large ; and subsequently, meetings were held in all the wards to carry the resolutions of the alderraen into effect. Almost every parish and public office had also its dis tinct meeting, and many thousands were quickly enrolled as volun teers to defend the independence of Britain. The squares, gar dens, and even church-yards of London and its vicinity, soon be came places of military exercise; and within little more than three months from this time, viz. on the 26th and 2Sth of October, the nuraber of effective volunteers alone, within the cities of London and Westminster, and the parishes immediately adjacent, amounted to 27,077, as appeals by the general orders issued from the horse guards, after the volunteer reviews on those days, by his majesly in Hyde Park.* On the '20th of July, a general fund, under the name ofthe patrio tic fund, wa.^ established al Lloyd's coffee-house, on an enlarged scale, for the reward of those individuals who should distinguish themselves in the service of their country ; for assisting the relations * The following are the numbers of do. 587; 11th do. 293 ; 1st regiment each corps mustered on the above oc- of Tower Hamlets, 350; Whitechajiel, casion. In the eastern district, the 445; Mile-end. 333: St. George in Loyal London cavalry mustered 217 the east, 230; Ratcliff. 183; Shorditch, effective men; the hon. Artillery com- 294; Bromley St. L.eonard, 175; Beth- pany994; 1st regimeni of Royal East nal-green, 166; St. Calher'ne's, 121; India volunteers, 640; 2nd do. 636; Christ-church, 184. Total, 12.401.— Srd do, 585; 1st regiment of Loyal In the western district, the number of London volunteer infantry, 737 ; 2nd eftective men was — in the London and do. 657; Srd do. 804; 4lh do. 790; Westminster light-horse volunteers, 5lh do. 501 ; 6th do. 647; 7th do. 727; Westminster cavalry, 225; South- 404 ; 8lh do. 777 ; 9th do. 6^1 ; lOlh wark yeomanry, 69; Clerkenwell ca- 150 HISTORY OF LONDON. of those who might fall in battle, and for reheving the wounded. Such was the alacrity with which sub.scriptions were presented, that the total amount before the end of August was more than 152,0001. ; towards this sum, the city gave 2,5001. in its corporate capacity. In consequence of the negligence of sorae of those whose duty it was to see the lights put out, Astley's amphitheatre, near Westmin ster-bridge, was destroyed by fire, eariy in the morning of the 2nd of September. The imraense quantity of inflammable materials it contained, caused the flaraes to rage with such fury, that neariy forty houses were consuraed before the fire could be got under. An accident of the sarae kind, and in the same place, occurred on the night of the duke of York's birth-day, August 16, 1797. ' In February, 1804, a committee of the house of coraraons was appointed to investigate the proceedings at the recent contested election for Middlesex; and, on their report, made July the 9th, it was resolved, ' that sir Francis Burdett had not been duly elected ; that Williara Mainwaring, esq. was duly elected ; but that he, hav ing by his agents, violated the Treating Act, was thereby incapaci tated frora sitting in parliament.' In consequence of this decision, a new writ was is.sued, and the younger Mainwaring was put in noraination against sir Francis. The election coraraenced on the 23rd, and was carried on with as much heat and violence as had ever been remembered. The numbers admitted on the poll for Burdett exceeded those for Mainwaring by one; yet the examina tion into the legality of some of these votes having been deferred by the sheriffs to the day alter the election, it was then found that the power ofthe .sheriffs had ceased; and the undecided votes hav ing been deducted, Mainwaring had a majority of five, and he was therefore returned. On a petition of sir Francis, the house resolved, ' that though the questionable votes had been improperly added, il was the prerogative of the houise of comraons alone to strike them off again; and, therefore, that the return should have been made in conformity to the nurabers on the poll.' Through this decision, sir Francis becarae the norainal silting member, yet the business was not brought to a final issue till the lOlh of February, when Main waring was declared to have been duly elected. valry, 46 ; Lambeth do. 40 ; St. Loyal Britons, 127 ; St. Andrew's and George's regiment of volunteer infan- St. George's, 5.14; lst<& 2ndbaUalioDS try, 663 ; St. James's do. 954 ; Blooms- of Queen's Royal, 696 ; Knightsbridge bury and Inns of Court do. 929; Royal 124; St. Clement's Danes, 245; 1st Westminster, do. 961; Prince of Surrey, 515; St. Sepulchre's, 174; St. Wales','! do. 640; St. Margaret-s and Saviour's,151 ; Lojal Southwark,545; St. John's do. 625 ; Loyal North Bri- Lambeth, 555; Christchurch, 171; tons, 286 ; Mary-la bonne. 905; Law St. John's, 138; St. Olave's, 116; Assoc!ation,335; Duke of Gloucester's Rotherhithe, 158; Duke of Cumber- 462 ; Somerset-place, 380 ; St. Giles's land's sharp-shooters, 84 ; Gray's inn and St. George's, 605, Clerkenwell, corps of riflemen, 38.— Total, 14,6T6. 7U1 ; Loyal British Artificers, 542; — Grand total, 27,077. HISTORY OF LONDON. 161 About the middle of May, a new change took place in the ad ministration, and Mr. Pill resumed his former office of prirae minister; the temporary retireraent of Mr. Addington was, in the following January, rewarded by his return to power, with the title of viscount Sidraoulh, and the place of lord president of the council. Spanish dollars, re-stamped at Mr. Bolton's^mint, at Soho, near Birmingham, with his majesty's head, and the inscription, " Georgius HI. Dei gratia rex" on the obverse; and Britannia, with the words " Five Shillings Dollar, Bank of England," on the reverse, were issued from the Bank on the •Z2nd of May. A case was heard at Guildhall on the 1 Ith of January, 1805, rela tive lo the right of freeraen ofthe city of London, carrying the goods of non-freemen for hire, without paying the city toll, when it was deterrained that, under such circumstances, a freeman -was not entitled to the full exemption, and the defendant was therefore adjudged lo pay half-loll. The London docks were opened on the SOth of January. The vessel appointed for this service was called the London Packet, a fine two-niasted vessel frora Oporto, laden with wine. Early in the forenoon, she displayed the flags of the difl'erent trading nations expected to use the docks, and aboul noon, she was coramitted to the charge of the Dock-masters, who conducted her safely across the entrance bason into the great dock, at the north east corner of which she was moored, for the purpose of unloading her cargo. The directors ofthe West India Dock company served originally without any rerauneration, and when, towards the end of the last year, il was proposed to give them a salary, the corporation of London came to an unaniraous resolution, that it would be highly unbecoming, and inconsistent with ihe dignity ofthe city, that the four aldermen, and four comraon councilraen, who were part ofthat body, should receive any pecuniary emoluraent for the execution of a public trust, confided, in so material a degree, to the corporation of London. This resolution was, however, ineffectual, for which reason a motion was submitted to the court of coraraon council, on the 7th of February, to declare such merabers of that court, as ac cepted a salary for their duty of directors of the West India Dock Company, ineligible lo be elected on any coraraission or com mittee of the court, so long as they continue ilireclors with a salary, but upon a division il was carried in the negative by a raa jority of 15. The nurabers being for the queslioi. 41 ; against it 66. On the 1st of March, the court of coraraon council agreed on a petition to parliament, to enable the corporation to raise a further sum of sixty thousand pounds, for finishing the canal at the Isle of Dogs, which was presented the same day, and an act of parliament was afterwards passed in conformity to the prayer of it. to-l HISTORY OF LONDON. The foundation stone of the East India Docks, at Blackwnll, was laid on the 4th of March, by captain Joseph Huddart, (in the absence of captain Cotton, the chairman ofthe company, who was confined by illness), accompanied by Joseph Woolmore, esq. the deputy chairman, and several ofthe directors. These docks, ' though nrit so large as either the London or West India Docks, are capable of admitting ships of greater burthen, by having deeper water, and locks of larger dimensions. They consist of two docks and an entrance bason. The dock for discharging lawards covers eighteen acres; that for loading outwards nine acres ; the entrance bason is about three acres. The docks for raerly belonging to Messrs. Ferry and Co. were purchased by the company, and named the Brunswick dock. In the spring of 1805, the parliament increased the duties on property one fourth; and, under this advance, the minister esti mated its produce at 6,302,0001. On the 1 1th of March, the house of comraons ordered the speaker's warrant to be issued for the commitment to Newgate ofthe late sheriffs of Middlesex, for their conduct in respect to the Isleworth millers, &c. during the contest between Burdett and Mainwaring. They were afterwards reprimanded at the bar of the house, and, discharged on paying- the customary fees. A dreadful fire destroyed the whole of the water-mills, at the northern extremity of the cut from the Thames to the Lea, on the 21st of April; some granaries and dwelling-houses were also burnt, with upwards of 1000 sacks of corn and flour. Two barges afloat were consumed to the water's edge, and all the inflammable materials on the adjacent road and bridge, and even the piles, to a distance of eight feet in the stream, were in a blaze, and pre sented a spectacle not less singular than terrific. Had it not been for a fortunate shift of wind, while the conflagration was at its height, the whole village of Bromley must have been involved in the common calamity. About this period, the delinquency of lord Melville, whilst treasurer of the Navy, in making use of the public money for his own emolument, through his agent, Alexander Trotter, oc cupied a very enlarged share of popular attention ; and, on the 8th of April, the house of commons, on the motion of Mr. Whitbread, and in despite of every effort ofthe minister to screen his old associate, came to a series of resolutions, in which it was declared, that lord Melville ' bad been guilty of a gross violation of the law, and a high breach of duty.' On this momentous question, the speaker, Mr. Abbot, gave the casting vole, the numbers on each, side, viz. 216, being equal. It was afterwards determinedj that a criminal prosecution should be brought against lord Melville ; and, on the 7th of May,, his majesty struck out his aame from the list of privy councillors. Ou the 26lh of June, a HISTORY OF LONDON. 1.53 motion for proceeding by impeachment, instead of by prosecution in the lower courts, was carried by a majority of nine ; and, on April the 29th, 1806, the trial of the viscount came on before the house of lords. On the 12th of June, the peers, much to the dis satisfaction of the nation, declared him • not guilty' on all the charges ; though, on the second and third articles, which accused him of knowingly permitting his agent Trotter to make a fraudu- ent application of the public money for his own benefit, upwards of fifty of the lords voted him « guilty.' On the I6th of November, intelligence arrived at the admiralty of the unprecedented naval victory off Cape Trafalgar, fought October the 21st, in which Nelson, the British commander, fell. The death of this hero sadly damped the public joy, and even the illuminations of the metropolis testified the mixture of exultation and sorrow which pervaded the minds of its inhabitants. The crape and the cypress were entwined with the laurel, and the darkness of some streets contrasted with the brilliancy of others.* An address of congratulation on this occasion was presented to his majesty, by the corporation of London, on the 2 Ist of November; and on the 26th, the court of common council came to a resolution to erect a monument in Guildhall, to the meraory of lord Nelson, and voted a sword ofthe value oftwo hundred guineas to admiral Collingwood, his second in command, and swords of the value of one hundred guineas fo admirals lord Northesk, the third in com mand, and sir Richard Strachan, who, with a small squadron of observation, stationed ofl' Ferrol, had been so fortunate as to fall in with and capture four ships ofthe line, which escaped from the action off Cape Trafalgar. At the same court, a letter was read from the honourable Mrs. Damer, ofl'ering to e.xecute and present to the court a bust of lord Nelson, either in bronze or marble ; which were accepted, and the thanks of the court unanimously voted for her liberal proposal. But great as were these testimonies of civic gratitude, greater still awaited the remains of the departed hero. A national tribute of respect was paid to him by a public funeral, the ceremonial of which, so immediately connected with the city of London, is here inserted entire : On the Sth of January, the heralds and naval offlcers, who were to assist in the procession by water, assembled at the go vernor's house in Greenwich hospital, where they were met by the lord mayor, aldermen, and committee appointed by the corpo ration of London, and proceeded to their several barges. Tho body was then carried from the saloon, where it had lain in state, through the great hall, out at the eastern portal, round * Brayley, i. 605 154 HISTORY OF LONDON. the Royal Charlotte ward, to the north gate, and placed on board the state barge. The coflin was covered with a velvet pall, adorn ed with escutcheons. During the procession from the great hall lo the barge, a very noble band of music played the dead march in Saul ; minute guns were fired; and the bells lolled in unison. The body being embarked, the procession moved in the follow ing order, about 12 o'clock. 1. Two Harbour Masters. 2. Water Bailiff. 3. Rulers of the company of Watermen, &c. 4. Chaplain and Staff of the River Fencibles. 5. Boat with drums muffled. 6. Officer commanding gun-boats. 7. Ten Gun-boats, two and two. S. River Fencibles flanking. 9. Two row-boats, with an officer in each. 10. First Stale Barge. Drums — two trumpets with their banners in the steerage — the standard at the head, borne by a captai'n, supported by two lieutenants of the royal navy — the Guidon, at, the door place, also borne by a captain, and supported by two, lieutenants; all in their full uniform coats, with black waistcoats, breeches, and stockings, and crape round their arms and hats — Rouge Croix and Blue Mantle Poursuivants of Arms, in close mourning, with their tabards over their cloaks ; and hat-bands and scarves. II. Second barge. Four trumpets in the steerage — Heralds of Arms, bearing the Surcoat; Target and Sword; Helm and Crest; and Gauntlet and Spurs of the deceased. The Banner of the de ceased as a knight ofthe Bath, at the head, borne by a captain; and the Great Banner, with the augmentations, at the door-place, borne by a captain, supported by two lieutenants. 12. Third barge, covered with black velvet (the other barges being covered with black cloth), the top adorned with plumes of black feathers; and in the centre, upon four shields of the arms of the deceased, joining in point, a viscount's coronet. Six trum pets, with their banners as before, in the steerage— Three banne- rolls of the family lineage of the deceased, on each side, affixed to the external parts of the barge — six officers of the royal navy, habited as those in the other barges, viz. one to each bannerOll. THE BODY, covered with a large sheet, and a pall of velvet, adorned with six escutcheons — Norroy king of arms (in the absence of Clarencieux) bearing, at the head of the body, a viscount's coronet upon a black velvet cushion. Al the head of the barge, the union flag of the united kingdom. Attendants on the body, while at Greenwich, in mourning. ' 13. Fourth barge, covered with black cloth. The chief mourner, sir Peter Parker, bart. admiral of the fleet, with a captain for his train bearer — two admirals, his supporters — six admirals, assistant mourners — four admirals, supporters of the pall, and six admirals, supporters of the canopy, all in mourning cloaks over their respec- HISTORY OF LONDON. 155 live full uniform coats, black waistcoats, breeches, and stockings crape round their arms, and crape hat-bands. 'Windsor Herald (acting for Norroy king of arms) habitied as the other offlcers of arms. The banner of emblems, at the door place, borne by a captain, and supported by two lieutenants of the royal navy, habited as those in the other barges. Eight row-boats of the harbour marines. 14. Corps flanking the state barges. 15. His majesty's barge. 16. Barge with the lords commissioners for executing the offlce of Lord High Admiral. 17. Barge of the right hon. the Lord Mayor ; who, in the ar rangement of the procession by water, in his character of conser vator of the Thames, highly distinguished himself by his judicious and unremitting attention ; as did likewise Matthew Lucas, esq. commander of the river fencibles. 18. Barge, with the committee specially appointed by the cor poration of London. The only ornaments of this barge were the actual colours of the Victory, borne by seven select seamen from that ship, by the express permission of their captain, and with the .sanction of the admiralty. These flags, and their brave supporters, formed a truly interesting part of the procession. 19. Barge with the Committee of the Corporation for improving the navigation of the river Thames. 20. Eighteen row-boats of River Fencibles, flanking the pro cession. 21. The barges of the companies of Drapers, Fishmongers, Goldsmiths, Skinners, Merchant-taylors, Ironmongers, Stationers, and Apothecaries. • 22. Eight row-boats, with Harbour Marines, flanking the Com panies' Barges. 23. Two Harbour Masters. The Funeral Barge was rowed by sixteen seamen belonging to the Victory : the other barges by picked men from the Greenwich Pensioners. They had all their flags hoisted half-staff high; and, as the procession passed the Tower, minute-guns were there fired. Not a vessel was suffered to disturb the procession. The decks, yards, rigging, and masts, of the numerous ships on the river, were all crowded with spectators ; and the number of ladies was immense. The Navigation Barge, which is usually stationed at Kew for ex cursions up the river, and which, though as long as a 74 gun ship, draws but two feet of water was,on this occasion, for the first time, brought through Westminster-bridge, and moored opposite the Temple, for the accommodation of such members of the corpora tion (in deep mourning and violet gowns) as were not actually engaged in the procession. At a quarter before three, the procession approached White 156 HISTORY OF LONDON. hall-stairs ; the king's, admiralty, lord mayor's, and city bargp.s iraraediately drew up in two lines, through which the barge with the body passed. All the oars were advanced, and the trumpets and other bands played the Dead March in Saul, the gun-boats firing minute-guns all the time. Exactly at three, the funeral barge began to disembark its charge. A procession then commenced from Whitehall-stairs to the jVdmiralty on foot. 1. Druras and Trumpets. 2. Rouge Croix, Poursuivant of Arms. 3. The Standard. 4. Trumpet. 5. Blue Mantle, Poursuivant of Arms. 6. The Guidon. 7- Two Trumpets. 8. Rouge Dragon, Poursuivant of Arms. 9i Banner ofthe Deceased, as Knight of the Bath. 10. TwoTi-urapels. 1 1. Richmond Herald. 12. The Great Banner, 13. Gauntlet and Spurs, borne by York Herald. 14. Helm and Crest, borne by Somerset Herald. 15. Sword and Target, borne by Lancaster Herald. 16. Surcoat, borne by Chester Herald. 17. Six Trumpets. 18. Norroy King of Arms, (in the absence of Clarencieux) bearing the Coronet on a black velvet cushion. 19. THE BODY, SRannprollsC"!") covered with a black ( II^^JS Banne- dliannerolisv g.| 7 velvet Pall, adorned with \^ If rolls borne Q^"® ''y.'^<^M5VEscutcheonsunderaCa-/ g:^S by 3 Ofli- ? V. 'r'^^tv'"/? = V nopy supported by six i§.»V cers in the ihe a. ^. to,. \ Admirals. (|?3r.N. Garter principal King of Arms. Suf)porter to'J 21. The chief mourner. Sir Pe- ^l Supporter to the Chief > ter Parker, Bart. Admiral of the J- the chief Mourner. ) fleet. ) mourner. 22. Train Bearer. 23 The six Admirals, assistant mourners. 24. Windsor Herald, acting for Norroy King- of Arms. 25. The Banner of emblems, borne and supported as in the barge. Every necessary preparation had been made at the admiralty for receiving the body. The captains' room, in which it was placed, was hung with superflne black cloth for this solemn oc casion. The room was lighted with wax tapers, placed in sconces on the sides. The body remained in the room, guarded by the offlcers of the house and the undertakers, till the ceremony of its removal to St. Paul's commenced. On Thursday, the 9th, an hour before daylight, the drums of the different volunteer corps in every part ofthe metropolis beat to arms ; and, soon after, the troops lined the streets, in two ranks, from St. Paul's church-yard to the Admiralty. The life guards were mounted at their post in Hyde-park by day-break, where HISTORY OF LONDON. 157 the carriages of the nobility, &c. with the mourning coaches ap pointed to form a part of the procession, began to be assembled al eight o'clock, in a line from Hyde Park corner to Cumberland gale. By ten, one hundred and six carriages were assembled, of which number nearly sixty were mourning coaches, principally filled with naval offlcers; all of which, under the direction ofthe proper offlcers, were marshalled in their due order of precedence, and drove into St. James's park, to be in readiness to fall into the procession on the proper signal. In St. James's park were drawn up all the regiments of cavalry and infantry quartered within 100 miles of London, who had served in the glorious campaigns in Egypt, after the ever-memorable victory at the Nile ; and a de tachment of flying artillery, with 1 1 field pieces, and their ammu nition tumbrils. At eleven, the procession commenced from the Admiralty, with the march of their several regiments, led by his royal highness, the duke of York, attended by his aides-de-camp and staff, in the following order : 1. A detachment of the 10th Light Dragoons. 2. Four companies of light infantry of the old buffs, with the band playing Rule Britannia, drums muffled, as an advanced guard. 3. The 92nd and 79th regiments, in sections, commanded by the hon. major Charles Hope ; their colours honourably shattered in the campaign of Egypt, which word was inscribed upon them, borne in the centre, and hung with crape. 4. The rear guard, formed by a detachment of the 92nd, pre ceded by their national pipes, playing the Dead March in Saul. 5. The 31st and 21st regiments, commanded by the hon. Bri gadier-general Robert Mead0, with their bands playing as before. 6, The 14th, 19th, and 2nd light dragoons, and the Scotch greys, two squadrons of each, commanded by major-general William St. Leger. The trumpets at intervals sounded a solemn dirge, and performed the dead march. 7. "The Royal Horse Artillery, with 11 field pieces. The whole of the military were under the command of general sir David Dundas, K. B. and lieutenant-general Henry Burrard. 8. Six Marshalmen, on foot, to clear the way. 9. Messenger of the College of Arms, in a mourning cloak, with a badge of the college on his shoulder, his staff tipped with silver, and furled with sarsnet. 10. Six Conductors in mourning cloaks, with black staves headed with viscount's coronets. 11. Forty-eight Pensioners from Greenwich Hospital, two and two, in mourning cloaks, with badges of the crests of the deceased on their shoulders, and black staves in their hands. 12. Forty-eight seamen and marines of his majesty's ship Vic tory, two and two, in their ordinary dress, with black neck hand kerchiefs and i lockings, and crape in their hats. 158 HISTORY OF LONDON. 13. Watermen ofthe deceased, in black coats, with their badges 14 Drums and Fifes. 15. Drum Major. 16. Trumpets. 17. Serjeant Trumpeter. 18. Rouge Croix, Poursuivant of Arms (alone in a mourning coach) in close mourning, with his tabard over his cloak, black sjik scarf, hat-band, and gloves. 19. The Standard, borne in front of a mourning coach, in which were a captain and two lieutenants ofthe royal navy, in their full uniform coats, with black cloth waistcoats, breeches, and black stockings, and crape round their arms and hats. 20. Trumpets. 21. Blue Mantle, Poursuivant at Arms (alone in a mourning coach), habited as Rouge Croix. 22. "The Guidon, borne in front of a mourning coach, in which were a Captain and two Lieutenants of the Royal Navy, dressed as those who bore and supported the Standard. 20. Servants of the Deceased, in mourning, in a mourning coach. 24. Officers of his Majesty's Wardrobe, in mourning coaches. 25. Gentlemen. 26. Esquires. 27. Deputations from the Great Commercial Companies of London. 28. Physicians of the Deceased, in a moiirning coach. 29. Divines, in clerical habits. 30. Chaplains ofthe Deceased, in clerical habits, and Secretary ofthe Deceased, in a mourning coach. 31. Trumpets. 32. Rouge Dragon, and Portcullis, Poursuivants of Arms (in a mourning coach), habited as before. 33, The Banner of the Oeceased as a Knight of the Bath, borne in front of a mourning coach, in which were a Captain and two Lieutenants of the Royal Navy, dressed as those who bore and supported the Guidon. 34. Attendants on the Body while it lay in state at Greenwich ; viz. Rev, A. Scott (Chaplain to his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales), Joseph Whidbey and John Tyson, Esquires, in a mourning coach. 35. Knights Bachelors. 36. Serjeants at Law. 37. Deputy to the Knight Marshal, on horseback. 38. Knights of the Bath. 39. A Gentleman Usher (in a mourning coach) carrying a carpet and black velvet cushion, whereon the trophies were to be deposited in the Church. ^ 40. Comptroller, Treasurer, and Steward of the Household of the Deceased (in a mourning coach), in mourning cloaks, bearing white slaves. Next followed the carriages of the different degrees of Nobility and great Law Offlcers, who attended to show their respect to the memory of the Deceased, beginning with the younger sons of Barons, and ending with the following distinguished personao-es: HISTORY OF LONDON. 169 Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal. Earl Camden, K. G. Lord President of the Council. Archbishop of Canterbury. His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge. His R. H. the Duke of Sussex. His R. H. the Duke of Cumberland. His R. H. the Duke of Kent. His R. H. the Duke of Clarence. His Royal Highness the Duke of York, Commander in Chief. His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. The Prince of Wales, and Dukes of Clarence, Cambridge, and Sussex, were in coaches and six. The Duke of York and his staff, with the Dukes of Kent and Cambridge, and the Colonels of Volunteers, followed the funeral Car on horseback. Richmond Herald (alone in a mourning coach), habited as the other Officers of Arms. 42. The Great Banner, borne in front of a monrning coach, in which were a Captain and two Lieutenants of the Royal Navy, dressed as those who supported the Banner. 43. Gauntlet and Spurs; Helm and Crest; Target and Sword: Surcoat ; in front of four mourning coaches, in which were York, Somerset, Lancaster, and Chester Heralds, habited as before. 44. A mourning coach, in which the Coronet of the Deceased, on a black velvet cushion, was borne by Norroy King of Arms (in the absence of Clarencieux), habited as before, and attended by two Gentlemen Ushers. 45. The six Lieutenants of the Victory, habited as before, with the Bannerolls, in two mourning coaches. 46. The six Admirals, in like habits, who were to bear the Canopy, in two mourning coaches. 47. The four Admirals, in like habits, to support the Pall, in a mourning coach. 48. The BODY, placed on a funeral Car, or open Hearse, decorated with a carveo imitation of the head and stern of his Majesty's ship the Victory, surrounded with Escutcheons of the Arms of the Deceased, and adorned with appropriate mottos and emblematical devices ; under an elevated Canopy, in the form of the upper part of an ancient Sarcophagus, with six sable Plumes, and the Coronet of a Vis count in the centre, supported by four Columns, representing Palm Trees, with wreaths of natural laurel and cypress entwining the shafts ; the whole upon a four-wheeled carriage, drawn by six led horses, the Caparisons adorned with Armorial Escutcheons. The head of the Car was ornamented with a figure of Fame. The stern, carved and painted in the naval style, with the word ' Victory,' in yellow raised letters on the poop. Between the Escutcheons were inscribed the words " Trinidad," " Bucentaur," 160 HISTORY OF LONDON. " L'Orient," and " St. Josef." The coffin, placed on the quarter deck, with its head towards the stern, with an English Jack pen dant over the poop, and lowered half staff. The corners and sides of the Canopy were decorated with, black ostrich fefithers, and festooned with black velvet, richly fringed, immediately above which, in the front, wasinscribed,in gold, the word " Nile," at one end. On one side the following motto — " Huste devicto requievit;" behind, the word " Trafalgar ;" and on the other side the motto — " Palmam quimeruit,ferat.'' lN. B. The black velvet Pall, adorned with six Escutcheons ofthe Arms of the Deceased, and the six Bannerolls of the Family Lineage, were reraoved from the Hearse, in order to afford an unobstructed view of the Coffin containing the remains of the gallant Admiral.] 49. Garter, Principal King of Arms, in his official habit, with his sceptre (in his carriage, his servants being in full mourning), attended by two Gentlemen Ushers. .50. The Chief Mourner, in a mourning coach, with his two supporters, and his Train-bearer; all in mourning cloaks. 51. Six Assistant Mourners (in two mourning coaches), in mourning cloaks as before. 52. Windsor Herald, acting for Norroy King- of Arms (in a mourning coach), habited as the other officers of arms, and attended by two Gentlemen Ushers. 53. The Banner of Emblems, in front of a mourning coach, in which were two Captains, and two Lieutenants of the Royal Navy. 54. Relations of the Deceased, in mourning coaches. 55. Officers of the Navy and Army, according to their respective ;anks; the seniors nearest the body: The whole in 20 mourning coaches. 56. The private chariot of the deceased Lord, empty — the blinds drawn up — the coachman and footmen in deep mourning, with bouquets of cypress. The whole moved on in solemn pace, through the Strand to Temple Bar-gate, where the lord mayor of London waited to re ceive the procession, accompanied by the aldermen, recorder, sheriffs, and the following gentlemen, selected from the committee appointed by the corporation for arranging their attendance at the funeral : Samuel Birch, Esq. chairman ; Daniel Pinder, Esq. father ofthe corporation ; sir William Rawlins, knight; Solomon Wadd, John Nichols, Samuel Goodbehere, Jacob Boak, James Dixon, James Taddy, John Ord, Thomas Marriot, and Edward Colbatcb, esquires. On the arrival of the military preceding the whole, the lord mayor had a short conversation with his royal highness the duke of York. As the procession advanced, the deputation of the common HISTORY OF LONDON. 161 council, in six elegant chariots, and in their violet gowns, fell in as had been previously adjusted, before the physicians of the de ceased: and were preceded by seven select sailors from the Vic tory, who had accompanied the committee in their barge, bearing the union, jack, and pendant of the ship ; whose honourable tatters attracted universal attention. The aldermen, in their scarlet gowns, fell in before the masters in Chancery ; and (by an especial sign manual) the lord mayor on horseback, bearin"- the city sword, attended by the sheriffs, rode between his royal highness the prince of Wales and the heralds at arms. On the arrival of the procession at St. Paul's (which was filled at an early hour by all those who could obtain places), the cavalry marched off to their barracks; the Scotch regiments drew up in the area fronting the church, and marched in at the western gate. The 48 Greenwich pensioners, with the 48 seamen and marines from the Victory, entered the western gate, ascended the steps, and divided in a line on each side under the great western portico. On the arrival of the body and the funeral car at the great en trance, it was drawn up without the western gate. The body was taken from the car, covered with the pall, and borne by 12 men ; and was received within the gate by the supporters and pall-bearers, who had previously alighted for its reception. The remainder of the procession entered the church, and divided on either side according to their ranks ; those who had proceeded first remained nearest the door. Immediately after the great banner, near the entrance of the church, the dean and chapter fell into the procession, attended by the minor canons and vicars choral, &c. of St. Paul's Cathedral, assisted by the priests and gentlemen of his m^esty's chapels royal, and the minor canons and vicars choral of the collegiate church of St. Peter, Westminster, and others, who sang the first part of the burial service, set to music by Dr. Croft. The Body was borne into the church and choir, preceded by Richmond herald; the great banner borne by a captain; and the gauntlet and spurs, helm and crest, target and sword, and surcoat, by four heralds as before. The Coronet by Norrov King of Arms. The body, with the supporters of the pall and canopy. Garter King of Arms. Chief mourner, and assistant mourners. Windsor herald. The banner of emblems. Relations of the deceased ; viz. Horatio Nelson, esq. commonly called viscount Merton, nephew G. Matcham, esq. nephew ; G. Matcham, esq. brother-in-law ; VOL. n. 1*1 162 HISTORY OF LONDON. William Earl Nelson, sole brother and heir; T. Bolton, esq. nephew; T. Bolton, esq. brother-in-law. Rev. R. Rolfe, T. T. Berney, esq., hon. H. Walpole, hon. G. Walpole, cousins. The remainder ofthe procession followed in the order as before marshalled. The officers of arms, and the bearers of the banners, with their supporters, entered the choir, and stood within, near the door; and all above and including th rank of knights bachelors, as well as the staff officers, and the naval officers who attended the procession, had seats assigned to them in the choir. The chief mourner, his two supporters, and train bearer, were seated on chairs near the body, on the side next the altar ; and the six assistant mourners, four supporters of the pall, and six supporters of the canopy, on stools on each side. The relations also near them in the choir ; and garter was seated near the chief mourner. '\ The prince of Wales, and his six royal brothers, were at the east end of the prebendal stalls, on the south side of the choir. The duchess of York was also seated in the choir ; her royal highness was conducted to her seat by the bishop of Lincoln. The officers of the navy, and the staff officers commanding the troops were seated near the altar. The lord mayor, aldermen, recorder, and sheriffs, were in their accustoraed seats (the prebend stalls), at the east end of the north side ofthe choir ; their ladies in the closets over them ; land the deputation of the comraon council in the seats immediately under the aldermen. The carpet and cushion (on which the trophies were after wards to be deposited) were laid by the gentleman usher who carried them, on a table placed near the grave, which was under the centre of the dome, and behind the place which was to be there occupied by the chief mourner. The coronet and cushion, borne by Norroy, king of arms (in the absence of Clarencieiix), was laid on the body. The gentlemen of the three choirs ascended into a gallery on the east side of the organ, from which the evening service was performed. ¦ . ¦ At the conclusion of the service in the choir, a procession was made thence to the grave, with the banners and bannerolls as be fore; during which was performed on the organ a grand solemn dirge, composed and played by Mr. Atlwood ; the offlcers of arms preceded with the trophies ; the gentlemen of the choir of St. Paul's accompanying the body ; the gentleraen of the chapels royal and Westrainster stationing themselves in a gallery on the west side ofthe orjran ; the body borne and attended as before. The chief mourner, with his supporters, and near them garter, had seats at the east end of the grave ; the train bearer stood be hind the chief mourner, and near him the relations of Ihe de- HISTORY OF LONDON. leS ceased. At the opposite end sat the right reverend the lord bishop of Lincoln, dean of the cathedral, attended by the three canons residentiaries. A supporter of the pall stood at each angle ; the assistant mourners, the supporters of the canopy, and bearers of the bannerolls, on either side. On the right of the dean were the chaplains ; on the left the officers of the house hold of the deceased. The great banner was borne on the north, the banner of the deceased, as a knight of the Bath, on the south ofthe grave ; the standard and guidon behind the chief mourner ; the trophies in the angles. The royal dukes, foreign ambassadors, and naval officers, had seats reserved for them in the front of the south side of the dome. At the grave was sung : " Man that is born of a woman, &c.'' The remainder of the burial service was then read by the dean : and after the first collect an anthem was sung, selected from Han del's grand funeral anthem. There was an excellent contrivance for letting down the body into the grave. A bier was raised from the oblong aperture under the dome, for the purpose of supporting the coffin, by invisible machinery ; the apparatus being totally concealed below the pavement. This contrivance prevented all those disagreeable circumstances which too often occur at the funerals ofthe great. Upon a signal given from St. Paul's that the body was deposited, the troops being drawn up in Moorfields, the artillery flred their guns, and the infantry gave vollies, by corps, three times re peated. The service of the interment being over, garter proclaimed the style ; ahd the comptroller, treasurer, and steward of the de ceased, breaking their staves, gave the pieces to garter, who threw them into the grave. The interment thus ended, the standard, banner^, bannerolls, aud trophies, were deposited on the table behind the chief mourner ; and the procession, arranged by the officers of arms, returned. The vast space under the dome of St. Paul's cathedral was illuminated by a temporary lanthorn, the contrivance of Mr. ¦Wyatt, consisting of an octagonal framing of wood, painted black, and finished at top by eight angles, and at bottom by a smaller octagon. On it were disposed about 200 patent lamps ; and il was suspended by a rope from the centre of the lanthorn. When drawn up, it illuminated the whole church, and had a most im pressive and grand effect, contributing greatly to the magnificence of the spectacle. During the whole of this solemn ceremony, the greatest order prevailed throughout the metropolis ; and, as the remains of the much-lamented hero proceeded along, every possible testimony M 2 164 HISTORY OF LONDON. of sorrow and of respect was manifested by an immense concourse of spectators of all ranks. From the admiralty to the cathedral, the streets were lined with the several volunteer corps of London and Westminster, the militia, and many other military bodies, both cavalry and infantry. The lord mayor and corporation of London were entitled to the grateful acknowledgments of the public (who profited by'their attention throughout every department), not only for the exem plary manner in which they provided for the peace of the city, but for the comfortable access afforded, under their direction, to all who entered it. Upon this celebration it seems hardly necessary to offer a word more, when we consider the general feeling of the nation on the subject. The funeral of a hero, who had achieved, in the service of his country, the greatest naval exploits that were ever per formed by any conqueror that has yet existed, was attended by the seven sons of his sovereign, by the chief nobility, gentry, and merchants of the empire, and by many thousands of subjects of all classes, with an universal, an unmixed, and a heartfelt sense of grief for his loss ; but at the same time, with a glorious exulta tion in the deeds by which his life had been adorned, and his Jeath consecrated to immortal honours. In the course of the year 1806, the obsequies of two other distinguished personages, the right hon. William Pitt, and the right hon. Charles James Fox, were also celebrated in London with great solemnity and funeral porap. The former died on the 23d of January, and was buried on the 22d of February; the latter died on the 13lh of September, and was interred on the 10th of October. These eminent statesraen were both deposited within a few yards of each other in Westminster abbey. The decease of Mr. Pitt led to a total change of administration, and the country began to entertain strong hopes that some of its many grievances would be ameliorated ; yet the emergencies of government were so great, that one of the first measures of lord Henry Petty, the new chancellor of the exchequer, was to increase the imposition upon property to ten per cent. ! Mea sures, however, were taken, in the course of the summer, to open a negocialion for peace, under the direction of Mr. Fox, who had been appointed secretary of state for foreign affairs ; and had it not been for his lamented death, whilst the discussions were pending, it is more than probable that the sword of destruction would have been once more sheathed. A motion was made in the court of common council, on the 6th of February, " That this court, deeply impressed with a sense of the infle.xible integrity, transcendant ability, and splendi-j virtue of the late illustrious minister, the right hon. W. Pitt, da cause a monument to be erected within the Guildhall of this city to perpetuate his memory, with a suitable incription, expressive HISTORY OF LONDON. lo5 of their veneration for so pre-eminent a character, and of th'e irreparable loss this nation has sustained by the death of so ex alted and disinterested a statesman." After a very animated de bate, the question was determined in the affirmative by a majority of six. At the elections for a new parliament in May, the city of West minster was the scene of a singular contest, between three or four different interests ; and the result most unequivocally demon- stated that the cause of reform was gaining ground. It had been proposed to put in nomination a former candidate, Mr. Paull, who had much distinguished himself in parliament, by urging an inquiry into the conduct of marquis Wellesley, whilst governor of India; yet the intemperate conduct of this gentleman, on seve ral occasions, and more particularly in forcing sir Francis Burdett to fight a duel, in which both parties were wounded, led to another decision, and sir Francis Burdett himself was proposed as a candidate, and placed at the head of the poll. This was effected by a committee of the electors, without any e.xpence to the baronet, and even without his knowledge ; his wound having obliged him to be conflned to his house, and kept free from agi tation. On the evening of Thursday, October the 15lh, a dreadful ac cident hajipened at Sadler's Wells, through a mistaken alarm of fire. The audience were thrown into the greatest confusion, and in the sudden effort made to quit the house by the people in the gallery, many were thrown down whilst descending the stair case, and the pressure from above preventing all possibility of aid, eighteen hapless beings, male and female, were totally deprived of life. Many others were greatly bruised and hurt, and several vvere restored from a state of apparent death, by medical assistance. The public attention in London, during the latter part of 1807, and beginning of the following year, was much engaged by the proceedings against general Whilelocke, for his conduct at Buenos Ayres, in South America; and after a trial of eight weeks before a court martial, assembled at Chelsea-hospital, he was declared unlit and unworthy to serve his majesty in any military capacity whatsoever.'* On the morning of the 20th of September, 1808, the whole of Covent-garden theatre was destroyed by fire, together with seve ral adjoining houses. But the destruction of the theatre itself formed but a small part ofthe calamity ; an engine had been in troduced within the avenue opening from the piazza, when, dreadful to relate, the covering of the passage fell in, and involved all beneath in the burning rubbish. The remains of fourteen un fortunate sufferers were afterwards dug out in a most shocking • Brayley's History of London,!. 607. JS6 HISTORY OF LONDON. state; and sixteen others, in whom life remained, were sent lo the hospital most miserably mangled and burnt. On the 9th of December, a numerous meeting of the merchants, bankers, &c. of London was held at the City of London tavern, Bishopsgate-street, for raising a subscription to defray the expence of clothing, &c. the Spanish army, and books having been openetl for the purpose, upwards of 50,0001. was subscribed within a few weeks afterwards. About two o'clock, on the morning ofthe 21st of January, 1809, an accidental fire broke otit in the king's palace, St. James's, and destroyed a considerable part of the building before it could be got under. The damage in the destruction of properly, &c. was estimated at 100,0001. On the 24th of February, about eleven o'clock at night, the superb theatre of Drury-lane was discovered to be on fire, and, though such a vast building, it was entirely consumed by four o'clock On the following morning. The entrance of his majesty into the SOth year of his reign, on October the 25th, was celebrated as a Jubilee ; and every part of the kingdom, but-more particularly the metropolis, partook in the festive rejoicings which this event produced. At an early hour, the day was ushered in by the ringing of bells in the different churches ; and at half past ten, the lord mayor proceeded from the Mansion-house to Guildhall, in the city state coach, drawn by his set of six beautiful grey horses, preceded by the trumpets soundinir, and the band of the West London militia playing ' God save the king.' At Guildhall, his lordship being joined by the members ofthe corporation, at half-past eleven, the procession moved from thence to St. Paul's church. In the large space between the iron gates and the west door, the West Lon don militia received his lordship with presented arms ; and on entering the west door of the cathedral, he was received by the dean and chapter. The centre aisle to the choir was lined on each side by the river fencibles, in full uniform. A most excel lent and appropriate serraon was preached by his lordship's chap lain, from the Sth ofthe second of Kings, and the 66lh verse. "And they blessed the king, and went into their tents joyful and glad of heart for all the goodness the Lord had done for David, his servant, and for Israel, his people." The coronation anthem was performed previous to the sermon, by the full choii, with great effect. The procession returned about three o'clock in the same order. At five o'clock, the cor poration were introduced up the grand stair-case in front of the Mansion-house, the trumpets sounding their entrance into the vestibule. The building had been previously decorated with a splendid illumination, consisting of elegant devices of the oak, the shamrock, and the thistle, in coloured lamps. In the centre was a radiant display of G. R. and the crown, with ' Loug may HISTORY OF LONDON. 167 he reign.' On entering the grand saloon, lined by the band of the West London railitia, pla.ying ' God save the king,' 'Rule Britannia,' &c. the company were individually received by the lord mayor, in his robes of state. The saloon was brilliantly lighted with several large Grecian laraps, beautifully painted ; and, at half-past five, tho doorsof the raagnificenlEgyptian-hall were thrown open, illuminated by the blaze of innumerable lamps, arranged round, the pillars, and the elegant lustres and chandeliers suspended frora the roof. The tables were laid out with the greatest laste, and covered with :ui elegant and hospitable dinner, the whole of it served in plate ; and there was a plentiful supply of excellent wines, of superior quality and flavour. The band continued during the dinner loplay several military and other airs. After the cloth was reraoved, Non nobis Domine was sung by several professional gentleraen. The lord mayor then gave ' The king, God bless hira, and long may he reign over a free and united people,' drunk with three tiraes three. When this effusion of loyal feeling had subsided, the grand national an them of ' God save the king' was perfonned by the professional gentlemen present, with appropriate additional verses on the occa sion, accorapanied by the railitary band. The toasts which were .select and loyal, were followed by ' Rule Britannia' sung in full chorus by the band and the corapany present. The illuminations of the public buildings and offices were unusually tasteful and splendid on the occasion ; lo heighten the public joy, a proclamation was also issued for pardoning all deserters from the fleet, whether they returned to their duly or not. Another proclalnation announced the pardon of all deserters frora the land forces, provided they surren dered in two raonths. The lords of the admiralty ordered an extra allowance of four pounds of beef, three pounds of flour, and one of raisins lo every eight raen in his majesty's ships in port, or half a pint of rum each raan. Eleven crown debtors were also on this occasion discharged frora prison, by the society for the relief of persons confined for small debts. The city of London had recently subscribed 10001. to this useful institution. A form of prayer was likewise coraposed and ordered by authority to be read in the churches on this occasion. Another benevolent trait in the Jubilee transpired through Mr. Percival, who sent a letter to the Society for the Relief of Persons confined for Small Debts, to say, that his mnjesty had graciously given orders to present them with 20001. from his private purse. In .addition lo this, his raajesty gave 10001. for the hberation of per sons confined for small debts in Scotland ; and the same sum for Ihose under similar circumstances in Ireland. The merchants of London, pursuant lo the example set by the corporation, also gave 20001. for the same charitable purposes. J6-3 HISTORY OF LONDON. CHAPTER VI. History of Loudon from the Jubilee to the Peace of 1814. Towards the latter end ofthe year 1809, the celebrated O. P. riots occupied the public attention. The opening of the theatre royal, Covent-garden, having been protracted till the 16lh of De ceraber, the raanagers, in consequence of the great expence attend ing its building, thought proper to make an advance in the prices of admission; but though the whole rise was one shilling on the bo.xes, and sixpence on the pit, this, with the circumstance of hav ing fitted up a nuraber of private boxes, which were thought to in fringe upon the room of the galleries, excited a spirit of resistance in the audience which had never before been equalled by its perti nacity and continued duration. As this rise of the prices had neces sarily been announced in the papers previous lo the opening of the house, the opponents of the raanagers were prepared to aet their parts. Accordingly, on the opening as before mentioned, ita[ipeared that a number of persons were collected in all parts of the house, who, by their noise and riotous behaviour, by barking, shouting, groaning, cat-calls, cries of off! off! old prices, &c. interrupted the performances, or rendered them totally inaudible. A crowd of people also assembled on the outside, actuated with like feelings and designs. This noise and riot having continued with increased violence for five successive nights, Mr. Kemble came forward, and announced the intention of the proprietors lo shut up the house; having resolved to submit their accounts and concerns lo the inspec tion of a committee of gentleraen of the first respectability, who should report their true .state to the public. This committee con sisted of alderman sir Charles Price, bart. M. P, ; sir Thomas Plo- mer, knt. the solicitor-general; John Sylvester, esq. recorder ofthe city of London ; John Whitmore, esq. governor of the bank of England, and John Julius Angerstein, esq. The report of the com mittee was, that the rale of profit actually received by the proprie tors upon an average of the last six years, upon the capital embark ed, amounted to 6| percent, per annum, charging the concern with only the sura actually paid for insurance on such part ofthe capital as was insured; and that if the whole capital had been insured, the profit would have been reduced to little more than five per cent.; further stating the opinion of the committee, that the future prolits ofthe new theaire at the proposed advance, would amount to no more than three and a half per cent, per annum, upon the capital expended in the theatre. However, notwithstanding the character ofthe committee, ,i,nd the perspicuity of their state ments, on re-opening the theatre, much to the surprise and mortifi cation of tho raanagers, the same discordant and hideous noi,scs HISTORY OF LONDON. 169 were resuraed, with cries of ' Old prices!' 'No garbled extracts lo humbug John Bull 1' &c. Bills also of this nature were not only renewed every night, but the noisy performances of the rioters were related in such a raanner in raost of the daily newspapers, as to give them confidence, and even add to their numbers. For the flrst two or three nights after the re-opening, these disturbances began at the comraenceraent of the play ; but when the rioters were tired of paying the full price, they reserved their opposition till the half price commenced after nine o'clock ; and there seemed at last to have been a conspiracy for the attainment of the end in view The inslruraents of noise and up roar were now varied and raulliplied ; for in addition lo laughing, singing, and groaning, there was an accorapaniraent of coachraen's horns and trurapels, dustman's bells and watchmen's rattles. Many persons came with the symbolical characters of O. P. or old prices in their hats, and upon their clothes, forming rings, and making mock-flghts in the pit, and soraetimes pushing together in a mass ; or otherwise joining, in the notable O. P. dance, as il was called, which consisted in the alternate stamping of the feet, accompanied with the regular cry of O. P. in noisy and monotonous cadence. ' The performances of the house all the while consisted in mere durab shew and pantomiraical representation. The proprietors at length, wearied out with this conduct on the part of the auditors, very im properly sanctioned the introduction of several pugilists and prize fighters in the house, in order to check the refractory ; and among these, a Jew, nick-naraed Dutch Sam. For a while, on the first night the experiraenl was tried, there was a kind of calra ; but no sooner had the curtain been drawn up than the actors were saluted with the custoraary his.=esand groans. The constables and fighting men iraraediately began to act the parts assigned them, and till the half-pay auditors came in, they had the advantage ; but when the pit began to fill, the yell of defiance was renewed, and in five mi nutes hundreds of fists were clenched in savage hostility. The people were exasperated alraost lo phrenzy at the idea that brutal force was thus employed to corapel thera to submission, and the evening closed in disgraceful confusion. Whether these tumults would have subsided if Mr. Clifford, a barrister of distinction, had not made his appearance at Covent Garden theatre, is hard lo say; but coraing into the pit with the letters O. P. in his hal, he was saluted by the familiar and com mendatory address : ' Here coraes the honest counsellor.' The people again gave free scope to their claraour, and ' old prices,' and ' Clifford for ever,' became the rallying words of the night. Brandon, the box-keeper, got Mr. Clifford apprehended as a rioter, and carried before a magistrate at Bow-street; but he was imme diately discharged. Mr. Clifford now indicted Brandon for an assault and false imprisonment, in which indictment Biandon was cast. 170 HISTORY OF LONDON. When the jury came in with their verdict for the plaintiff, a shout of universal approbation was heard ; and the applauses of the raul titude within the hall, were echoed by those without. At a public dinner at the Crown and Anchor tavern, a com mittee had been appointed to defend the persons under prosecution for riot; when the proprietors, thus foiled in their attempt at coercion, thought proper lo compromise the dispute between them selves and the public ; and Mr. Kemble at length agreed, notwith standing the losing concern made out by the first coraraittee of re ference, " that the boxes should continue at 7s. ; that the pit should be lowered lo the old price, 3s. 6d, ; and that the new tier of private boxes in the front of the house should be thrown open and restored to the public at the end of the present season ; and that all prosecutions on both sides should be stopped."* A meeting ofthe court of common council to consider of an ad dress lo his majesty respecting the expedition to the island of Wal- cheren, gave rise lo a numerous meeting of the livery in Guildhall, and a second raeeting of the comraon council to recon-^ider the ad dress voted before, which, when ultiraately presented to his raajesty on the 20th of December,- drew forth a reply from the throne as to iheWalchtren business, and other subjects of complaint connected with it in the address, that his raajesty was the best judge ofthe propriety or irapropriety ofthe measures adopted by the executive ; and, in fact, that parliaraent only had a right to make inquiry. But, notwithstanding the high language used on this occasion, and the strenuous wishes expressed by a raeraber of the cabinet for the retention of Walcheren, this iraportant island was evacuated by the British forces on the 23d of December, 1809, after they had kept possession of il, with Flushing, and several other strong posts, nearly six months. On the 9lh of January, 1810, the livery a,sserabled in Guildhall for the purpose of receiving the report of the sheriffs, relative to the presentation of an address and petition lately voted to his ma jesty. The lord raayor opened the business of the meeting, afler which the crier read the report of the coraraittee ; stating in sub stance, that it was his majesty's pleasure that their petition should be delivered at the secretary of state's office, in consequence of the public levees having been discontinued for the last four years, owing lo the defective condition of his majesty's eye sight ; and that the liberty to present it at the private levee had been refused. Messrs. Favell and Waithman animadverted in severe terms on the conduct of ministers, and read a series of resolutions, one of which was to instruct their representatives in parliament to support all raotions of inquiry, and also the reform in parliamentary representation. The whole were carried unaniraously. * Continuation of Brayley's History of London, forming Vol. x. Part II. of thu Beauties of England and Wales, edited by the Rev. J. Nightingale, HISTORY OF LONDON. 17 1 The city, about this time, received an augmentation of its numerous commercial facilities in the opening of the navigation of the canal from the river Thames to the town of Croydon, in Surrey. After the investigation of the Walcheren expedition had been nearly brought to a close, Mr. Yorke, on the 1st of February, gave notice of his intention to enforce the standing order of the house for the exclusion of strangers. This rule, which is settled at the commencement of every session of parliament, led to a train of events which very materially endangered the peace of the city of London. Mr. Yorke, on the 19lh of February, complained of a breach of privilege, his conduct in that asserably having been made the subject of discussion in a society called the British Forum ; and, on the twenty-first, John Gale Jones, the manager of the society, was summoned to the bai-, and committed to Newgate. Though several merabers expressed their doubts of the policy of his com mitment, the power of the house to do so was denied by Sir Francis Burdett alone, who, not having been present at the former debate, moved, on the twelfth of March, for Ihe discharge of Jones, on the ground that the house had exceeded its authority, which was negatived by one hundred and fifty-three against fourteen. The speech delivered on this occasion. Sir Francis published in a periodical paper on the twenty-fourth, with a letter prefixed, addressed to his constituents, " denying the power of the house of commons to imprison the people of England." In consequence of this publication, it was moved by sir T. Leth bridge, and decided by a majority, that he had been guilty of publishing a scandalous and libellous paper, reflecting upon their just rights and privileges ; and a motion for his commitment to the Tower was made by Sir Robert Salisbury, and carried, after a long and animated debate, by a majority of one hundred and ninety to one hundred and fifty-two voices. The division did not take place till seven o'clock on the morning of Friday, the sixth of April, when the speaker signed the warrant, and delivered it to the serjeant-at-arms. That offlcer was informed by Sir Francis that he would be ready to receive him on the next morning, which being viewed by the serjeant as implying that he would go peaceably to the Tower, he retired. Sir Francis, however, al leging the illegality of the warrant, refused to go, unless con strained by actual force, which he was determined to resist. After taking the opinion of the attorney-general, the serjeant, accompanied by a number of police officers, and a detachment of the guards, forced an entry into his house, and conveyed him in a close carriage by Albemarle-street, Bond-street, into the New- road down the City-road, through Finsbury to the Tower, where it arrived at twelve o'clock; Two troops of the life-guards pre ceded, and the 15th light dragoons followed the carriage ; the 172 HISTORY OF LONDON. latter, having been in Spain, wero repeatedly cheered by the people, who, on the other hand, were considerably irritated by the behaviour of the life-guards, in strikingat a number of persons standing up at their own doors and windows. As the military re turned, they were assailed with showers of stones, brick-bats, &c. when charging the multitude, several carbines were fired; by which two or three lives were lost, and several persons wounded. The mob, assembled round the house of sir Francis, also com mitted many outrages in the neighbourhood. On the IOth, a spirited letter sent by sir Francis to the speaker, after the receipt of his warrant, became a topic of debate, and a resolution was unanimously passed, declaring it a high and flagrant breach of the privileges of the house. Sir Francis Burdett coramenced actions against the speaker of the house of commons, for issuing the warrant of his arrest and imprisonment; against the serjeant al arms, for executing the warrant generally, and for breaking open the outer door of his house in its execution ; and against earl Moira, the governor of ?he Tower, for illegal imprisonraent; the object of sir Francis being to ascertain whether an appeal lay to a court of law, against proceedings of the house of commons acting as- accuser and judge, and affecting the liberty of the subject, — if the punish ment could be remitted by a court of law, the privilege claimed would be restricted, if not destroyed; in all which he failed, the plea that the warrant being issued by the authority of the house of commons was a legal instrument, and that therefore the arrest and imprisonment were legal, being admitted. Thus the attempt to overthrow this branch of the privilege of parliament served to confirm it, and gave to the claims of the house of commons a so lemn judicial recognition. A nuraerous and highly respectable meeting of the livery of London soon after took place at Guildhall, " to take into conside ration the alarming assumption of privilege by the hon. the house of commons, of arresting and imprisoning, during pleasure, the people of England, for offences cognisable in the usual courts of law." Mr. Favell opened the business, and after an aniraated speech, voted resolutions to the following effect : " That the livery of London were impressed with sentiments of regret and indignation at the extraordinary and unconstitutional proceedings of the house of commons, who, by the arrest of a British subject, had superseded the laws of the land, and set up a capricious and arbitrary power ; that the livery were called upon, at this impor tant crisis, to express their unqualified disapprobation of a measure contrary to the principles of the constitution, derogatory to the dignity of the house of comraons, and lo the glory and happiness of the sovereign and the people of these realms; that the house of commons, by the arbitrary imprisonment of Mr. G. Jones and HISTORY OF LONDON. 173 Sir Francis Burdett, had made themselves accusers, judges, and executioners in their own cause; and that the assump tion of such a power was a violation of the bill of rights, which declares that the privileges of the house of commons were for the benefit of the people, and ought not to be converted into instru ments for their own annoyance and destruction.' Thanks were also voted lo sir Francis Burdett for his constitutional opposition to the power unjustly claimed by the house of commons. Sub sequently, an attempt was made to get up a counter-resolution at a meeting of various members of the corporation, friends of the ministry, at the London-tavern, Bishopsgate-street; but Mr. Waithman and some of his friends haying obtained access to the room, so discomposed the gentlemen, that they retired to a private room, and there moved, seconded, and agreed to certain resolutions in opposition to those of the common hall. On the 17lh of April, lord Cochrane presented a petition from a meeting at Westminster, held that day in Palace-yard, in which the house was called upon to restore to the inhabitants of Westminster, their beloved representative. It contrasted, among other conteraptuous expressions, the refusal of the house to en quire into the conduct of lord Castlereagh and Mr. Percival, when distinctly charged with the sale of a seat in that house, with the committal of sir Francis Burdett lo prison, enforced by mili tary power. This petition, after some debate, being ordered to lie on the table, on the 2nd of May, another was presented by Mr. Byng from Middlesex, which Mr. Perceval looked upon to be a kind of experiment to try how far the forbearance of the house would go in the sufferance of language such as it contained. This petition was rejected, as was also another from the livery of London for the release of sir Francis Burdett and Mr. Gale Jones. Petitions of a similar nature afterwards came in from Berkshire, Reading, Nottingham, Kingston-upon-Hull, Rochester, South wark, and Sheffleld. On the 30th of January, 1810, colonel Wardle attended at Guildhall, to receive the thanks and the freedom ofthe city, in consequence ofthe part which he took in prosecuting the inquiry into the conduct of the duke of York, and his unfortunate con nection with Mrs. Mary Anne Clarke. The trial of Mr. Cobbett, in the court of King's Bench, in June, 1810, for a libel on the German legion, excited a great deal of interest. Some ofthe Cambridgeshire militia having been muti nous, were flogged by these foreigners ; and being found guilty of a libel, he was sentenced to two years imprisonment in New gate, and to pay lOOOl. to the king. During sir Francis Burdelt's confinement in the Tower, a depu tation from the livery of London, to the number of a hundred and twenty, proceeded from Guildhall in their civic costume, and 174 HISTORY OF LONDON. in several carriages, preceded by the city marshalls, other city officers, and Mr. sheriff Wood, colonel Bosville, &c. went to the Tower, where they were met by lord Moira, who complimented thera as they passed, and introduced thera to sir Francis Burdett, who thanked thera for the honour they had done him; after which, they returned in the sarae order as they carae. But as the parliaraent adjourned for the usual recess in June, the hberation of sir Francis Burdett followed as a matter of course, an event which his friends could not pass over without shewing every public mark of approbation of his conduct in their power. Perhaps on no pre vious occasion had there ever been a greater nuraber of people assembied in all the streets leading frora Piccadilly to the Tower, than on this, exclusive of carriages, horse and foot, mostly decorated with blue ribbands and mottoes, and escorted with music. Besides the crowds that lined the streets, an imraense raultitude was collected on Tower-hill, waiting the great event with the utmost impatience, till near four in the afternoon ; when it was discovered, that sir Francis had left the Tower quite privately, going down the river a little distance, and then landing, and taking horse to his house at WirabledoU; In the evening, an illuraination to a very considerable extent took place ; and it was a great satisfaction to all reflecting minds, that the peace ofthe metropolis was not on this occasion ^t all disturbed ; and thai no military force was wanting to preserve public order. The last business of importance which occupied the attention of the coraraon council, al the close of this year, was the regulations proposed for the city railitia, or rather the abuses connected with this establishment. The report of a coraraittee appointed lo exaraine the subject being brought forward, it appeared they had agreed that it was expedient to petition parliament to enable them to do away the militia acts altogether, "ihe railitia syslera in ihe city had been carried on al an enorraous expence, and no practical benefits arose frora it ; the actual expenditure being 60001. independent of the trophy tax. The committee further slated, that the information required was peremptorily refused by the colonel, sir John Eamer, and alderman Hunter, who said that they were only responsible fo the court of lieutenancy, which was appointed by the crown and of which they were the members ! The .situation of those gentlemen had becorae raore lucrative than that of any other colonels of railitia, or even of the regular regiments. In the West London regiment, there was a balance of more than 20001. in a stock-purse, which the lieutennnt-colonel offered lo hand over, if sir John Eamer would, in like manner, hand over the balance for his regiraent of East London. The sole and entire controul of this stock-purse, was exercised by sir John Earner himself, who neither allowed the lieutenant-colonel or the major lo interfere. The coraraittee could not conceive any reason for sir John Earner refusing to give them the information HISTORY OF LONDON. 175 required, but a wish lo conceal from the citizens of London, who |)aid tho tax, the raanner in which it was applied. They stated, as the result of their enquiries, that there was then above 80001. in the hands ofthe colonelsofthe two regiraents, which ought to be handed over lo the city treasurer. They believed that the city of London militia was of no use either to the cily or county; that the civil power had been gradually found sufficient for its protection ; and that the ancient force of trained-bands, or volunteers, was sufficient in any extraordinary emergency. They therefore recommended to parliaraent to repeal the laws respecting the railitia ofthe city of London, and lo make this force more available lo the good of the country, by extending its services in comraon with other regiments of militia.'* On the 18th of January, 1811, Mr. Lyon Levy, a diamond mer chant, precipitated himself from the east side of the gallery of the monument, and was killed on the spot ; he cleared the rails, but struck against the pedestal. The fall from the lop of the gallery enclosure to the ground is about 175 feet. This was tho third in stance of the kind that had happened within the last sixty years. Oh the 25th of June, 1750, about four o'clock in the afternoon, a raan, supposed to be a weaver, fell from the top. He struck the pedestal, and pitched on a post, which laid open his skull, arid he was otherwise most terribly shattered. The next instance was in 1788, July 7, when John Cradock, a baker, threw himself over the north side. of the raonuraent; he cleared the pediraent and iron railing, by falling just on the outside of them, near the north-west corner. An extraordinary circumstance took place in the night ofthe ,^lsl of May, or rather, early in the morning of that day, when an attempt wns made to assassinate his royal highness, the duke of Cumberland. On the Wednesday, the day before, the duke had been dining at Greenwich, and returned lo town in the evening. He came homo to his apartments in St. James's palace about half-past twelve, and went lo bed aboul one. About half-past two, he received two violent blows and cuts on the head. The first impression upon his mind was, that a bat had got into the room, and was beating aboul his head: he was soon convinced lo the contrary by receiving a third blow; he jumped out of bed, when he received a nuraber of other blows: frora the glimmering light, reflected from a dull larap in the fire-place, playing on the moving instrument that inflicted the wounds, they appeared like flashes of lightning before his eyes. He hastened toward a door, near the head of his bed, leading to a small room, to which the assassin followed him, and cul him across his thighs. His royal highness, not being able to find his alarra bells, which there is no doubt the villain had concealed, called with a loud voice for Neale, his valet in waiting, several tiraes, who carae * History of London continued by the Rev. J. Nightingale, pt. ii. p. 27. 176 HISTORY OF LONDON. to his assistance, and together with his royal highness, alarmed the house. The duke desired Neale not lo leave hira, as he feared there were others in the room. His royal highness shortly after went to the porter's roora, and Neale went to awaken Sellis(aPiedraontese, another of the duke's valets). The door of Sellis's roora was locked, and Neale called out to him, saying, " the duke is murdered." No answer being given, the door was broke open, and Sellis was found dead in his bed, with his throat cut frora ear lo ear. It was sup posed that Sellis, conscious of his guilt, imagined when the alarm was given at his door, that they were aboul to take him in custody, and imraediatel3' cut his throat. His blue coat was found folded up in a chair, at one corner of the room, the inside of which was stained with blood. A pair of his slippers were also found in the closet ad joining the duke's charaber. The sword used was a large military sabre of the duke's, and had been lately sharpened. The whole edge appeared hacked and blunted. His royal highness, il was understood, received six distinct wounds: one upon the forehead towards the top ofthe head; one upon the cheek, another down the cheek, one upon the arm, another by which his little finger was nearly severed frora the hand, and another on the thigh, besides seve ral punctures in different parts with the point of the sabre. Mr. ' Horae, the surgeon, beingsentfor, iraraediately pronounced that none of the wounds were raortal. A coroner's inquest that sate upon the body of Sellis, returned a verdict of felo de se. During this exami nation, the foreman ofthe jury asked a witness if he thought the deceased had any reason to be dissatisfied with the duke. He re plied, on the contrary, he thought Sellis had raore reason to be satis fied than any other of his servants ; his royal highness had stood godfather for one of his children ; the princess Augusta, godmother. The duke had shewn him a very particular favour, by giving him apartments for his wife and faraily, with coals and candles. He was a little sallow raan, whose features retained sorae regularity, even amid the convulsion into which they had been distorted. The body of Sellis was buried al the corner of Scotland-yard. On the 23rd of July, the earl of Northesk and sir Richard Strachan received at the Mansion-house the swords voted thera by the city of London. They were accompanied by the earl of St. Vincent. Appropriate speeches were made by the charaberlain, and answered by the adrairals. After this ceremony, they staid and dined with the lord mayor. An accident, ralher alarming to the commercial interest, occurred on the 3rd of October ; the coffer-dam at the Limehouse entrance of the West India docks, erected for the purpose of keeping out the water, while the building ofthe wing wall of the lock was going on, gave way. Al nearly high water, in the afternoon, the workraen eraployed in excavating the earth for the foundation, hav ing observed the water to burst un/irneath the piles, were ordered to remove iraraediately frora the d m. The confidence, however, HISTORY OF LONDON. 177 reposed in its security, from the immense strength of the braces, &c. was such, that hopes were entertained that it would not entirely give way. But in a few rainutes, the piles, which were upwards of thirty feet long, were forced perpendicularly into the air, the water of course filled the dam, and the effects were immediately felt in the bason, though not to the extent that might have been expected. The situation of the dam was so much exposed, that not less than frora thirty to forty vessels passed every tide. Many of these in passing, notwithstanding every exertion of the dock-master, carae with a severe crash against the dam, and from this circumstance, and the pressure of about fifteen hundred tuns of water, the blowing ¦up ofthe whole was not to be wondered al. Fortunately, no lives were lost. Early in the month. of Noveraber, the malady which had fixed upon his majesty in October, could no longer be concealed. After the unwelcome intelligence had been announced to the public, in terras as delicate as possible, preparations were made for issuing daily bulletins al St. Jaraes's and the Mansion-house. So early as the 1st of Noveraber, it had also been announced by the secretary of slate lo the lord mayor, that, in consequence of the continuing indisposition of his raajesty, no chief magistrate of the city could be submitted for the royal approbation, and that his lordship would, of course, be expected to continue in thedischarge of the duties of his high office, until his majesty's pleasure could be taken on the ap pointment of his successor. On the meeting of bolh houses of parliament, on the SOth of No vember, a report of the physicians on the state of the king's health was brought in and laid before the members. The final issue of all the debates that followed was, th-at the prince of Wales should be regent, under certain restrictions ; and that the queen should have the care of the king's person ; her majesty being assisted by a coun cil. One of the first acts of the regent, after his being sworn in in due form before the privy council, was to receivethe address ofthe lord mayor and common council of the city of London on the occa sion : and as he on the same day held a council, all the ministers of slate were pre.sent, when il was read in a very solemn manner. The address ofthe city was partly condoling and partly congratulatory. Among the grievances was specified ' the pi-esent representation in the commons house of parliament, a reform in which vvas necessary for the safely of the crown, the happiness of the ,peo,ple, and the independence of the country.' To this the regent returned a kind and dignified answer, assuring the city that he should esteera il as the happiest moment of his life, when he could resign the powers delegated to hira into the hands of his sovereign, and that he should always listen tj the complaints of those who thought themselves aggrieved , The conclusion of 1810 was marked by an act of sacrilege and robbery in the cathedral of St. Paul's, scarcely paralleled in the VOL. II, N 178 HISTORY' OF L^ONDON. annals of atrocity. On Saturday night, or early on Sunday morning, Deceraber tlie 24lh, this edifice was deprived of the whole of its rich service of plate. The difficulty and ingenuity required to get al the property prove the depredators to have been com plete masters of their profession. The. articles carried off were as follow : One large embossed chased waiter, with the erableras ofthe Lord's Supper, weight 1 28 ounces. The covers of a large folio Bible, richly chased, 110 oz. Ditto of a Prayer-book, 100 oz. One large plain salver, engraved with a glory, 67 oz. Two rich chased waiters, with very fine alto relievo figures, in the centre, 163 oz. Two very large chased altar candlesticks, 200 oz., Two smaller candlesticks, 200 oz. Two very large ricli chased flagons 130 oz. Two chased chalices with sexagon feet, and two salvers for the covers, 112 oz, 'I'wo sraall salvers richly chased, 31 oz. And one pierced spoon. Several of these articles were used but a few days before at a pri vate ordination, by the bishop of London, and after they were done with were locked up in the plate room, iraraediately over the vestry, in iron chests, which had on them padlocks, as well as other locks. There are two doors lo the roora, an inner and an outer one ; the former is entirely iron, the other plated and of uncommon strength. To these principal doors, there are several passages leading, all of which have doors always locked, through which persons must pass before they enter the plate-roora ; and it was only known to a few persons to what apartraent these passages led. All these doors re mained locked, and il was not till Sunday morning, when the plate was wanted for the church service, that the robbery was discovered. The person who had the plate under his care, opened the passage doors with the keys belonging to them, but the lock of the main door he could not open until he had procured the master-key. He then found that the chests containing the plate had been broken open with an iron crow, or some such instrument, the padlocks hav ing been opened in the usual way. When the police-officers came from Bow-street lo exaraine the premises, they were of opinion, that the quantity and value ofthe plate were all previously known, and the crime committed by persons perfectly acquainted with the place. The weight of the whole was 1760 ounces. Il had been doubly gilt but a very short time before, which gave it the appear ance of gold. The robbers must have passed nine doors or gates, before they could get at the property. The master-key was kept in a closet, where one of the vergers usually placed his silver staff; but that was stolen, although it is probable the key was used to effect the robbery. An attempt to steal the plate from this cathedral had HISTORY OF LONDON. 179 been made aboul twenty-seven years before. The robbers then got €is far as a closet where the keys were kept ; but whether they were prevented frora proceeding, by being alarmed, or by their light going out was never ascertained. The state of the currency having rendered sorae alterations in it necesjary, on the 9th of March, 181 1, a rise of ten per cetit. in the value of the stamped dollars took place. The increase in the price of silver had becorae so great, that the dollars, or tokens issued by the bank, had sold for more as bullion, than they would pass for as coin. The directors of the bank, consequently, gave notice that they would in future receive in payment all bank-dollar-tokens at the rale of five shillings and six-pence each ; and that all such tokens would in future be issued at the same increased rate. About this time, a new dock was opened al Rotherhithe, near the king's victualling-office, called the east country dock, capable of holding about eighty ships, intended for those from America, the Baltic, the fisheries, and others, containing naval stores. Al a common council, holden on the 4th of April this year, the recommendation of the Committee of General Purposes for adding 15001. -per annum, lo the allowance of the late, present, and future lord mayors, was agreed to. The annual expences of the chief magistrates were ascertained to be 12,0001. and the receipts about «500l. In another court of common council, Mr. Quin, afler paying some high compliments to the prince regent, moved that the freedom of the city should be presented lo his royal highness^ in a box of heart of oak, which was agreed to unanimously ; but, at a subsequent meeting, the deputation that had waited on his royal highness, inforraed thera, that after expressing very sincere gratification from the proofs of the corporation's attachment, he had, on account of the high situation he wa.-s placed in, declined accepting the freedom. A singular circurastance relative to the arrest of a dead body oc curred this year in the neighbourhood of Hoxion, where a writ of arrest was served upon a dead body by a sheriflfs officer and his nssi.stants, as the friends of the deceased were conveying it to Shoreditch burial ground. The officer and his assistants presenting the writ, forcibly reraoved the body into a shell, and conveyed it away. However, as the friends ofthe deceased did not come forward to pay the debt, the officer the next day applied to the minister of Shoreditch to inter the corpse, which he very properly refused, unless service was read over it, which would ensure the -security of the body in holy ground. The sheriffs of London soon after, caused an enquiry lo be made into the circumsiances of the case; and finding, that though the officer did not disturb the body himself, he improperly left it with the plaintiff, without having made any comraunication at the sheriff's office, they therefore dismissed him from his employment. In fact, an action of this N 2 180 HISTORY OF LONDON. nature could not be otherwise than revolting to the feelings of the community at large, though il tended to determine a point till then subject to a doubt, as it occasioned lord EUenborough lo declare, the arrest of a dead body was manifestly unauthorised by the laws of Lu:;land. The committee of the corporation of London for carrying into execution the acts of pariiaraent for the iraproveraent ofthe entrance al Teraple-bar and Snow-hill, having corae to a resolution that the new street, leading northwards frora Picket-street, should, as a me mento of respect to their chairman, the alderman, be called Dom- ville-street ; he having declined the honour, it was agreed it should be called Pickett-place. After nearly twelve raontns experiraenl on his raajesty's health, about the latter end of October, the report from the queen's council alraost extinguished the last hope entertained in favor of his reco very. It was then stated that his majesty's health was not such as to enable hira lo resume the exercise of his royal authority. His bodily health did not appear to be essentially altered since the date of the last report ; but, frora the protraction of the disorder, the duration of its accessions, and the peculiar character it had assumed, one of his raajesty's physicians thought his recovery improbable, and the other very rauch so ; yet, frora his majesty's health and poB^ers of raind, from his memory and perception, from the remaining vigor of his constitution and his bodily health, some of the medical persons in attendance did not entirely despair of his recovery. A high breach of private trust was about this time committed by Mr. Walsh, a raeraber of the British parliaraent, and a stock-broker, who absconded with 150001. the properly of the solicitor-general, for which he was a'pprehended and coramitted for trial. The affair, however, owing to sorae informality, was not followed by any pu- ni.-^hraenl, except that of his being expelled the tiouse of commons. The session of parliament was opened on the 7lh of January, 1812, by coraraissioners frora the prince regent. The address from the throne, afler laraenling the disappointment of the hopes so con fidently entertained of his majesty's speedy recovery, congratulated parliament on the skill and valour displayed by the British array in the peninsula of Spain and Portugal, as well as upon the extinction ofthe colonial power ofthe eneray in the east ; and concluded with an assurance, on the part of the regent, that he would continue to employ all such means of conciliation, for adjusting the existing dif ferences between Great Britain and America, as might be consistent with the honour and dignity of his majesty's crown. The king's symptoms had gradually become more discouraging, until, in the beginning of the present year, there remained little hope of his restoration. As separate establishments for the regent and the king were now necessary, the chancellor of the exchequer posed ihat an addition of seventy thou.sand pounds per annum d be made to the civil list out ofthe consolidated fund ; that HISTORY OK LONDON. 181 the king's establishment, the annua! expence of which was estimated at one hundred thousand pounds, should be placed under the control of the queen, who would have the care of his person; that ten thousand pounds per annum be added to her majesty's income ; and that a coraraission of three persons should be appointed for the management of the king's private properly. These propositions were agreed to, as was a bill, by which the sum of one hundred thousand pounds was voted to the prince regent lo meet the ex pences consequent on his assuraption of the royal authority. A grant of nine thousand pounds per annum was likewise voted lo each of the princesses, in addition to four thousand pounds payable frora the civil list. On the 13lh of February, when the regency restrictions were on the eve of their lerraination, the prince addressed a letter to the duke of York, expressing his approbation of the conduct of rainis ters, but inliraating a wish that some of those persons with whom the early habits of his public life were forraed would strengthen his hands, and constitute a part of his governraent. Two days after the date of this letter, lords Grey and Grenville, lo whora the duke of York had, in compliance with the request of the prince regent, communicated his sentiments, addressed a reply to his royal high ness, in which they expressed on public grounds alone, the impossi bility oftheir uniting with the existing governraent, their differences of opinion embracing almost all the leading features of the actual policy of the empire. On one subject their sentiments were espe cially at variance : they were so firmly persuaded of the necessity of a total change in the system of governing Ireland, and of the immediate repeal of those civil disabilities under which so large a portion ofthe people laboured, on account of their religious opi nions, that to recoramend to pariiaraent Ihal repeal would be the first advice which they would feel it their duty to offer lo his royal highness. All hope of forraing an extended adrainistration was therefore at an end. The rainistry now consisted oftwo parties ; at the head of one of which was Mr. Perceval, and of the other the marquis of Wel lesley. The differences between these statesmen were partly per sonal, and partly political : the high and aspiring views of the mar quis would not permit him to serve under Mr. Perceval, though he had no objection to serve with hira, or to serve under either the earl of Moira or lord Holland; and when il appeared that the regent intended to continue Mr. Perceval at the head of his councils, ihe marquis resigned his office, and the seals of the foreign department were transferred to lord Castlereagh. On the 19lh of March lord Borington moved an address to the prince regent, beseeching him to form such an administration as raight raost effectually call forth the entire confidence and energies' of the united kingdom, and afford to his royal highness additional means of conducting to a successful termination, a war, in which were involved the safely, honour, and JS2 HISTORY OF LONDON. prosperity of the country. Earl Grey staled the points on which Jord Grenville and himself had declined a union with the existing administration, which, he said, was forraed on the express principle of resistance to the catholic clairas; a principle loudly proclairaed by the person al its head, frora the raoraent he quitted the bar to take a share in political life; and where he led, the rest were obliged to follow. With respect to the disputes with America, be wished to bear in mind the principle so well expressed by the late Mr. Burke, that, "^ as we ought never to go to war for a pro fitable wrong, so we ought never to go lo war for an unprofitable right." On making bank notes a legal tender, an impassable line of separation existed between him and the present ministry ; and as to the war in the peninsula, it was his wish that we should not proceed on the present expensive scale, without having sorae military authority as to its probable result^ He complained of an unseen and separate influence behind the throne; the existence of which was denied by lord Mulgrave, who avowed the hostility of ministers lo the catholic claims, which was a.ssuraed, by the earl of Moira, as a sufficient reason why they ought to be removed. The motion was negatived. The power of the administration appeared now more firmly es tablished than ever, when it was deprived of its leader by a tragical and extraordinary event. On the iith of May, aj Mr. Perceval, chancellor of the exchequer, was entering the lobby of the house of comraons, a raan, named John Bellingham. shot hira through the heart. He staggered, fell, and in a few minutes expired. The assassin, who made no attempt to escape, was examined at the bar of the house of commons, where il was apprehended that this was only the first act of a deep and extensive conspiracy ; but il soon- appeared that the aet was raerely in revenge of a supposed private injury. Bellingham having, in a commercial visit to Russia, un dergone iraprisonment for debt unjustly, as he asserted, and for which he thought the British government was bound to procure him redress, its refusal to take any cognizance of his case made such an impression on his mind, constitutionally disposed to dark melancholy, that he resolved to make a sacrifice of sorae conspi cuous raeraber of the government. On his trial, which took place four days after the commission of the deed, be displayed great self-possession, yet his sanity was involved in doubt ; he discovered intellectual powers capable of discerning all the tendencies of hu man actions ; he was found guilty, and was executed opposite Newgate, May ISth, 1812. The day after the assassination of Mr. Perceval a raessage was sent down to parliaraent by the prince i-egent, expressing the wish of his royal highness that a suitable provision should be made for his fami y. A grant oftwo thousan-d pounds a year was accordingly conferred on his widow, and the sum of fifty thousand pounds voted to her twelve children, ll was afterwards proposed, and agreed; toj, HISTORY OF LONDON. 183 that the annuity of Mrs. Perceval should, at her deraise, descend to her eldest son. On April the 28th, the lord raayor, aldermen, sheriffs, and coraraon conncil of the cily of London, waited upon his royal highness al Carlton-house, with the following address and petition ; which was read by the recorder : " May it please your royal highness, " We, the lord raayor, aldermen, and comraons of the city of London, in coraraon council assembled, humbly approach your royal highness, dutifully to represent our deep sense ofthe difficulties and dangers irapending over the country, and anxiously lo invite your beneficent attention to the complaints and grievances of your afflicted but faithful subjects. Fourteen raonths have elapsed since your royal highness acceded lo the regency of these kingdoms ; at which time, we felt it our duty to submit to you a statement of abuses, which had taken root in the various deparlraents of the go vernraent, the speedy correction and removal of which we deemed essential lo the prosperity and safely of the empire; and we now again present ourselves before your royal highness, to express our unfeigned sorrow, that during this interval, no efficient measures have been adopted by your ministers, calculated to satisfy the wishes and wants of your people; but that, on the contrary, the same mal-practices and the same false principles of government have been tenaciously pursued and enforced, thereby adding contumely to injury, and extinguishing the spring of public energy in a free nation. We have continued to witness the same system of profli gacy, in the expenditure of the public money; the sarae syslera of governing by undue influence and corruption; the sarae system of delusion in regard lo the circulating medium and finances of the country ; the .same system of arbitrary and grievous assessment and collection of taxes, by which industry is thwarted, and liberty vio lated ; the same system of introducing into the heart of the country foreign troops ; the same system of persecuting the press, by which the value of free discussion on national topics is lost to prince and people; and finally, the same syslera of coercive restrictions on the freedom of commerce, by which many of our merchants and raanu- faclurers have been involved in ruin, and flourishing districts re duced to beggary. As faithful and loyal subjects, and as the repre sentatives of the first cily in your empire, we feel the deepest affliction in being thus compelled to reiterate this enumeration of the mal-practices and mistaken principles of your ministry : we should, however, compromise that sense of public duty, and that character of frankness, which appertains lo us as freemen and Britons, were we to disgui.se the truth, and forbear to express our conviction that your confidential advisers have plunged this great and once flourish ing empire into an abyss, from which we can be rescued only by radical reforms, and a total change in our domestic government and 184 HISTORY OF LONDON. foreign policy. In a crisis, therefore, which involves the destiny of the greatest empire of these or past tiraes, aiid of an erapire which is blessed by Providence with unequalled natural advantages, and' which possesses a people that in all ages have bravely secured their prosperity on the solid basis of public liberty, we feel that we should justly raeril the reproaches of our country and of posterity, if, at such a crisis, we were to refrain frora laj'ing before your royal highness a faithful representation of the public grievances, and ex pressing our painful apprehensions for the welfare and the very ejtistence of the nation. We therefore pray, that your royal high ness will be graciously pleased to disraiss from your councils those rainisters, who have proved theraselves so undeserving of the confi dence of your people, and call to the adrainistration of the govern ment raen of public character and patriotic principles, whoseenlarged and liberal policy, if suited tolheenlightened character of the nation, whose wisdora and energy would prove equal to the exigencies of »h« tiraes; who.se inclinations would lead thera to secure the affec tions of the people; and whose public spirit would stiraulate thera to effect those reforras in the coramons house of parliament, and in the various branches of the state, which, al this perilous crisis, are absolutely neces.sary to the restoration of national prosperity, and not less e.s.sential to the honour and true interest of the crown, than to the greatness and true glory of the erapire." To which his royal highness was- pleased lo return the following " It raust always be my inclination lo listen with attention to the petitions of any part of his majesty's subjects. For the redress of any grievances of which they can reasonably complain, I have full confidence in the wisdom of parliament, the great council of the nation. " Being firmly of opinion that the total change in the domestic governraent and foreign policy of the country, the declared object of your petition to accoraplish, would only serve to increase the dangers against which we have to contend, I should be wanting to rayself, and to the great interests corarailled to my charge, if I did not steadily persevere in those endeavours which appear lo me best calculated to support the just rights of the nation abroad, and to preserve inviolate the constitution at home. These endeavours can only be attended with success, when seconded by the zeal and loy alty of his majesty's people, upon which I shall continue lo place the strongest reliance." A dreadful high wind occurred on the 2Tlh of October this year, by which a lamplighter was blown over the balustrades of Black- fiiar's-bridge, and was unfortunately drowned. Aboul seven in the ainrniiig, the large iron pipe, affixed on the chiraney of colonel Cal- HISTORY OF LONDON. 186 vert's apartments in the Horse Guards, was blown into the front of the building in Whitehall, fortunately doing no injury. A woraan and child were killed in Black friar's-road, several persons were wounded in the Borough, and many other accidents of the same .sort happened throughout the metropolis and in the environs. The prosperous slate of affairs al horao in the year 1812, was closed by the official publication of a treaty of peace betweenGreal Britain and Russia, in which it was agreed that the relations of amity and comraerce between the two countries should be re-established on each side on the footing of the most favoured nations, the per petuity of which was now rising in probability every day, from the reiterated defeats and distresses of the French army in Russia, ac counts and confirmations of which arrived almost with every posi. And if any event served lo cast a degree of shade on the brighten ing prospect, il was on the opening of parliament in Deceraber, when, with the deepest concern, the prince regent announced the continuance of his raajesty's lamented indisposition, and the diminu tion of the hopes he had raost anxiously entertained for his recovery. The speech also noticed the relations of peace and friendship, re stored between his raajesty and the courts of St. Petersburgh and Stockhoira, and the additional proof of the confidence which the regent had received from his imperial raajesty, in the measure which he had adopted of sending his fleets to the ports of this coun try: a tacit acknowledgeraenl that Britain was a. most the only point in Europe invulnerable to the common enemy. On the 27 th of March, 1813, the monument erected by the cor poration of London to the raeraory of the right honorable William Pitt, in Guildhall, was opened to public view, placed on the south side ofthat edifice, exactly facing that of his father, the great earl of Chalhara. Mr. Canning, attended by lord George Leveson Gower, attended the corporation coraraittee, and, after viewing it, expressed his satisfaction with its design and execution. In the course ofthe spring, as a number of gross and unfounded calumnies had been disseminated against the princess of Wale.s, the spouse of his royal highness the prince regent, the city thought proper to presentan address to her on the 17th of April, expressing that the sentiments of profound veneration and ardent affection which they entertained for her, had never experienced diminution or change, and assuring her that they should always feel, and be ready to give proof of their most anxious solicitude for her health, prospe rity, and happiness. To this, her royal highness rephed, that il was a great consolation for her lo learn, that during so many years of unmerited persecution, the kind and favourable sentiments with which the city of London had at first received her, had undergone no change. Their sense of abhorrence against the foul and detest able conspiracy which perjured and suborned traducers had carried on against her life and honour, she said, was worthy of thera. The consciousness of her innocence had supported her through her long,. 1S« HISTORY OF LONDON. severe, and unraeriled trials. She added, that she would not lo.se any opportunity she might be permitted to enjoy of encouraging the talents and virtues of her dear daughter, the princess Charlotte, who would clearly perceive the value of that free constitution, oyer which, in the natural course of events, il_ would be her high destiny to preside. This distinguished proceeding, she said, adopted by the first city in this great erapire, would be considered by posterity as a proud meraorial of her vindicated honour. This address the city presented lo her royal highness at Kensington palace, was not, as usual, inserted in the London Gazette. This year, vaccine inoculation, the practice of which had raet with some obstacles, from a disagreement of opinion in a nuraber of individuals belonging to the faculty, received the unquahfied sanction of the Royal Colhsge of Surgeons, who entered; into an engagement between theraselves and with the public, not to inoculate for the small-pox, unless for some special reason, after vaccination ; but to pursue, and to the utmost of their power promote, the practice of vaccination, concluding with their re- coramendation lo all the members of the college of corf espondent opinions and sentiments of duty, to enter into similar engage- raents. On the 16th of July, the cily of London, feeling in common with the country al large, the benefits acquired by the successes obtained by marquis Wellington, determined upon an address to his royal highness the prince regent, in which they offered their heart-felt congratulations on the brilliant and decisive victory obtained over the French forces in the neighbourhood of Vittoria, on the 21sl of June; a victory, they observed, so complete and decisive, that it could not fail to produce the happiest effects on the liberties and independence of Europe; and concluding with their earnest hope that il might promote, and finally secure an honourable and lasting peace. To this loyal and patriotic address, his royal highness gave fhe following answer : " 1 return you my warmest thanks for your dutifii! and loyal address. The victory with which it has pleased Almighty God 16 bless the operations of the allied array under its illustrious coiii- mander, field-raarshal Wellington, vannot fail lo have e.xcited, in every part ofthe united kingdom, the strongest emotions of exulta tion and gratitude; and il is with the utmost satisfaction that I re ceive such a testimony of feelings which animate the raetiopolis ofthe empire, on this most interesting and important occasion. Success so splendid and decisive, so glorious in all respects to the arms of his majesty and his allies, is calculated to contribute most essen tially to the establishment of the independence of the peninsula on a firm and lasting foundation, and lo the improvement of our prospects in all other parts of the world." Aboul this tirae, the foundation of the new prison in Whitecross- street, near Cripplegate, was laid. This extensive building is HISTORY OF LONDON. 1S7 solely appropriated to the imprisonraent of London and Middle sex debtors, instead of confining those unfortunate persons, as before, in the criminal prisons of the metropolis. Mr. alderman Wood, as chairman of the committee appointed to superintend the building, laid the first stone, attended by the dukes of Kent and Sussex, and several other persons of distinction. The expression ofthe public mind on the subject of the recent victories was not confined to addresses. The metropolis was illu minated, more or less, on the nights of the 5lh, 6lh, and 7lh of July. The fronts of Carlton-house and Somerset-house, exhibited each a blaze of light, with the name of Wellington formed with lamps, and allusions to the hero's exploits. The India-house, the Mansion-house, Apsley-house, (marquis Wellesley's, Picca dilly,) with the houses of the Spanish ambassador, and the Spanish consul, were illuminated with much spirit and elegance: and many individuals made displays not less honourable to their patriotism, than to their taste and judgment. At a common-hall on the 29th of September, Mr. alderman Doraville and Mr. alderman Wood being returned by the livery of London as proper persons to fill the iraportant office of lord mayor of London, the court of aldermen having proceeded to a scrutiny, Mr. Doraville was declared duly and unaniraously elected. In the beginning of October Dr. Howley's election to the bishopric of London, was confirraed at Bow church, Cheapside, being the oldest church in the diocese, by sir Williara Scott, the vicar- general of the province of Canterbury, with the usual cereraonies. On the morning of the 3d, Dr. Howley was consecrated bishop of London at Lambeth chapel. Al half past ten the queen, (who had expressed a wish lo be present.) with two of the princesses, were received al Lambeth palace by the archbishop, who conducted them into the drawing-room, where Dr. Howley, the bishop elect, the bishops of Oxford, Gloucester, and Salisbury, the vicar-general, in their full robes, and other distinguished characters, paid their re spects to them, afler which they proceeded to his grace's chapel. The queen and princesses were conducted into Mrs. Sutton's family gallery. No person was admitted into the body ofthe chapel ex cept those engaged in the ceremony. Dr. Howley look his seat the last on the right ofthe allar. The morning service was read by one of the archbishop's chaplains : the bishop of Gloucester read the epistle; the bishop of Oxford the gospel: the sermon was preached by the Rev. Dr. Goddard, who took a general view of the established church from the period of the reformation ; and dwelt upon the divine institution and expediency ofthe episcopal order. On Saturday, November 21,' the whole city of London was thrown, as it were, into a state of temporary deliriura ; the heart cheering news of a counter-revolution in Holland, in which the French were every where ejected, while the allies were marching in to the assistance of the natives, reached town this afternoon. This 188 HIS ['ORY OF LONDON. gave birth to an extraordinary gazette, and the firing of the Park and Tower guns on Sunday evening. From the gazette, and by the arrival of baron Perponcher and M. Fazel, it appeared that a counter-revolution had broke out in part of the United Provinces on the preceding Monday, the 15th of Noveraber, 1813, when the people of Araslerdam rose in a body, proclaiming the house of Orange, with the old cry of ' Orange Boven' and universally putting up the Orange colours. This example was iraraediately followed by other lowns of the provinces of Holland, as Haerlemr Leyden, Utrecht, the Hague, Rotlerdara, &c. where the French government was dismissed, and a temporary government proclaimed in the name of the prince of Orange, until his serene highness's arrival. In fact, the proclamation issued by the new governor of the Hague, excited as rauch joy here as it was possible even for the Dutch to feel, as in a coraraercial view, it seeraed equally as applica ble to us as theraselves. That no tirae raight be lost, on Thursday the 25th of November, his serene highness the prince of Orange left London, and erabarked with the earl of Clancarty, and was joyfully received by his ancient and faithful subjects. On the 7th of Deceraber a proclaraation for a general thanks giving was issued from Carlton-house, to be observed in England, Ireland, and Scotland, on the 13th of January following, for the series of signal and glorious victories over the eneray, and the in- estiraable benefits which this kinjdom had received at the hands of Alraighty God, &c. This drew forth an ardent and loyal address frora the city of London to Ihe prince regent on the late glorious events ; highly congratulating hira on his recent declaration on the opening of parliament, " that no disposition to require from France sacrifices inconsistent with her honour, or just pretensions as a na tion, would ever on the part of his royal highness or his allies, be ap obstacle to peace." In the answer returned to this address, the prince, after expressing his satisfaction with the dutifulness and loyalty of the sentiments, added that great and unremitted exertions were still necessary ; but that he was persuaded that any further sacrifices required would be made by the citizens of London, and by all descriptions of his majesty's subjects, with the same fortitude and perseverance which had distinguished the countr.y throughout the whole of the present contest; the expected reward of which would be an honourable and lasting peace. This year, 1814, had scarcely commenced, when it becarae ge nerally known that the prince regent and his rainisters, acting up to the spirit of those pacific professions so recently raade, had dis patched lord Castlereagh to the head quarters of the allies at Cha- tillon-sur-Seine, in France, which country he never quitted till he had happily completed the object of his mission. If any thing ominous had, as usual in the darker ages, been attached to the ap pearances of the weather when his lordship set out from London, HISTORY OF LONDON. 189 the happy issue of his eraba.ssy would have sufficiently exposed the futility of such auguries : perhaps his lordship's departure from London on Monday, Deceraber 27, 1813, about seven in the evening, was attended by a fog, which, for its density and duration might have been equalled, but could not possibly have been ex ceeded al any time. Fortunately, his lordship proceeded on the Essex road towards Harwich without interruption ; it was not so with the prince regent, who intending to pay a visit to the marquis ¦ of Salisbury, at Hatfield house, Herts, was obliged to return to Carlton house, after one of his out-riders had fallen into a ditch on this side Kentish town. Il was remarked that ths winter of 1796, in several particulars, resembled the present : but there was nothing in the memory of raan to equal the continued fall of snow for nearly eight days, in the beginning of the winter of 1813-14. Almost twelve weeks the wind blew continually from the north and north-east, and was in tensely cold. A short thaw also, which scarcely lasted one day, only rendered the state of the streets ten times worse. Hence the nia.sses of snow and water became so thick that il was with difficulty that hackney coaches with an additional horse, could plough their way through. In some streets in the city raen were employed on the Sundays lo remove the snow. Almost all trades and callings carried on in the streets were slopped, which considerably increased the distresses of the lower orders. Few carriages, even stages, could travel on the roads, which even aboul town seemed deserted. From many buildings, icicles full a yard and a half long, were seen sus pended. The house water pipes were mostly frozen, whence it becarae necessary to have plugs in the streets for the supply of all ranks of people. One fall of snow continued forty-eight hours in cessantly, after the ground had been covered with a conden.sation, the result nearly of four weeks' continued frost. In the meanwhile, the river Tharaes, in consequence of the conti nuance of the severe weather, began to assume a singular appear ance : vast quantities of snow were seen alraost every where on the surface, and being carried up and down by the tide and the stream, or collected where the banks or the bridges .supported the accumula tion, a sort of glaciers were formed, united one moment, and crash ing, cracking, and dashing away the next. At tiraes loo, when the flood became elevated by the spring tides, and the current ran strongly, the small ice islands floated away, passing through the arches with a rapidity scarcely to be conceived, according as the wind or tide prevailed. In fact, the conglomeration upon the whole, presented more of the appearance of the rudeness of the desert, than that of a broad surface, to which the eye of the observer had been mostly accustomed. Paths were formed by strewing ashes, &c. direct and diagonal from shore to shore, and frequent cautions were given to those he roines whose curiosity induced them to venture on the glassy plain. 190 HISTORY OF LONDON. to be careful not lo slip off the kirb. Booths of all kinds for con stituting what raight be called frost fair, were erected in great num bers. Many of these were distinguished by appropriate signs, as the Waterman's Arras, the Crown, the Mag Pye, the Eel-pot, &c. ; and one wag had a notice appended lo his tent, signifying " that several feet adjoining, his premises were to be let on a building lease." Among the most rational of the oddities cotlectecl on the Thames on this occasion were a number of printers, who, with their presses, pulled off various impressions of names, verses, &c. which they sold for a trifle. On Saturday, February 5, notwithstanding there were evident signs of the breaking of the ice, and even very early on the Sunday morning some imprudent persons passed over from Queenhithe to Bankside. About two in the morning also sorae persons carousing in a booth opposite Brooke's wharf, were very near losing their hves ; the tide beginning to flow at London bridge, and being as sisted by the thaw, the booth was hurried along with the quickness of lightning. The men in their alarm neglected the fire and candle, which communicating with the covering, set il in a flame. In this singular situation they succeeded in getting into a lighter, which had broken frora its moorings ; but this was dashed to pieces against one of the piers of Blackfriars bridge ; upon this some of the men got out, and were taken off' safely ; the rest had thrown themselves into a barge while passing Puddle dock. Long before noon, on Sunday, the whole mass of the ice had given way, and forcing itself through the bridges, carried every thing before it. Nurabers of boats were now busily employed saving rafts of timber, and towing drifted barges, &c. on shore. The passage of the river al length became quite free, though the coldness of the weather, and the snow was not clear off the surface of the ground in the environs of the city before Sunday, March the 20th, when the wind flnally changed from the north-east.'* Upon the whole, il did not appear that the late winter, notwith standing its length, was reraarkable for intensity of cold. Fahren heit's thermometer had been frequently observed at 20, several times al 15, more than once al 10, once at 6, and once so low as 2 below 0, that is lo say 34 degrees below the freezing point. This happened on the morning of Christmas day, 1796, supposed lo have been the most intense degree of cold ever known in England, On Saturday raorning, February 12, aboul a quarter past six o'clock, a fire began lo issue from the Custom-house, and lo burn with such violence, as to threaten the most destructive consequences. Numerous engines soon arrived but about seven o'clock, the flames had made so rapid a spread, th?t lillie hope was entertained of saving * Frostiana; or, a History of the River Thames in a Frozen Stat«,Ae. £e. Printed and published on the Ice on the River Thames. HISTORY OF LONDON. 19 1 any of the building. The exertions of the firemen and others were llien directed to the warehouses and other buildings on both sides Thames-street, when a report that a great quantity of gunpowder was deposited in the vaults, caused all the spectators, as well as the firemen, to withdraw lo a distance. At half-past nine, this rumour was proved not to have been an idle one. The explosion which then took place was heard and fell for several miles ; burnt paper, leaves of books, &c. were scattered as far as Hackney, Low Leighton, &c. Numbers of persons, soon alter the breaking out of this fire, were seen running aboul Thames-street, alraost naked, and some were .severely scorched. Al one o'clock, the whole of the Custom-house and the adjoining warehouses were reduced to ashes ; but, about three, all fear of the further evtensioii of the flames had subsided. Ten houses opposite were burnt down by two o'clock ; and among them Holland's coffee-house ; the Rose and Crown, and Yorkshire Grey public houses; the King's Arras was rauch damaged. A man standing close to one of the persons employed in holding a branch pipe, was killed by the ex plosion of the gunpowder before mentioned ; but the branch-holder did not sustain the least injury. The fire is thought to have origi nated in a fire-flue in one of the offices of business adjoining a closet in the housekeeper's room, all upon the two pair of stairs. Miss Kelly, the house-keeper and her sister, had a narrow escape, burst ing in a manner, through the flames with her brother, captain Hin- ton Kelly, who had returned from Brighton only the day before. It was but loo soon ascertained that two poor orphan girls in her service had perished in the flames, il being impossible for Miss Kelly lo awaken them, or to get to the charaber where they slept. The rest of the servants had the good fortune to get to the lop of the building, from whence, by the help of ladders, they were soon removed. The books and papers of the searcher's office on the quay were saved, being conveyed out of a window and put into a lighter lying along side; but, in the secretary's office, docuraents nearly 100 years old, with the bonds in the Coast Bond Office, were lost. This Custom-house was erected ill I7I8, upon the ruins of the first of this kind in London, built in 166EI. A fraud of a most extraordinary kind was played off in the me tropolis on Monday, the 21sl of February, -when between eleven and twelve in the forenoon, a person wearing a white cockade passed rapidly by the Royal Exchange in a post chaise, drawn by four houses, aud decorated with sprigs of laurel. Much about the same lime, a chaise sirailarly decorated, and a person of the sarae descrip tion within, was seen in the vicinity of Downing-street ; not pro ceeding directly thither, but wandering about, apparently in want of a guide. All the cily and all the west end of the town were in a tumult of joy. The approaches to the public offices were crowded with persons anxiously intent upon learning the cause of this extra- 192 HISTORY OF LONDON. ordinary arrival. Thousands of persons supposing the guns would fire, collected about the west end of Ihe town chiding the delay, it being supposed an absolute fact that the Tower guns had already tired ; although il was, at the same time, made matter of surprise and blarae in the city, that the Tower guns did not open their mouths, hundreds were quite certain that those in the Park had been blazing away long before. Down tiil five o'clock, the crowd.. was still waiting in the Park for the firing of the guns ; but in the city, the business was long- before that time suspected. Omnium fell back from its previous high and sudden elevation, in proportion as the delusion vanished, leaving multitudes of cheated speculators cursing the deception practised on them. In the course of the evening, an attempt was made lo revive the trick. Il was asserted by the authors of this story, that the mission of the man with the white cockade was nolle the British government, but lo the French princes here ; and that he had certainly arrived at the residences ofthe prince of Conde and the duke of Bourbon. Inquiry in this quarter also proved the whole trick, and nothing remained but to set down and ruminate upon the consequences. It appeared certain that a chaise and four, decorated as before related, came first towards Whitehall frora Weslminster-bridge ; afterwards got back over that bridge again, as it is soraetiraes done on the return after landing the fare; then went round by the Bo rough over London-bridge, as if to gratify the cily with a sight in passing to the westward. Al length, being set down al the Marsh gate, Larabelh, the pretended messenger, whose name was De Berenger, stepped into a hackney coach, and was traced to a house then recently taken by lord Cochrane, in Green-street, Grosvenor square. On Wednesday, June the Sth, as lord Cochrane and others had been iraplicated in this popular deception, in consequence of the in vestigations ofthe coraraittee appointed by the Stock Exchange, their trial came on for conspiring to defraud that body, by circulating false news of Bonaparte's defeat, his being killed by the Cossacks, &c. to raise the funds lo a higher price than they would otherwise have borne, lo the injury of the public, and to the benefit of the conspirators. Mr. Gurney called witnesses to prove that colonel de Bourg, who pretended to have been conveyed in an open boat from France, and landed at Dover, was Random de Berenger, that he wrote lo admiral Foley, who, but for the haziness of the weather, would have telegraphed the intelligence to the Admiralty. The effects of Ihis news in town was proved to have raised the premium on omnium from 27i to 30 per cent. But no confirmation having been received at the \dmiralty, omnium began again to gel down, when an important auxiliary lo this fraudulent contrivance appeared. This was the arrival of three apparently military officers in a post chaise and four from Northfleet, having the drivers and horses decorated with laurel. These persons were named Sandon, M'Rae, HISTORY OF LONDON. and Knight. To spread the news they drove ovw Blackfriar.« bridge, through the city; but when they were ultimately set down near the Marsh gate they tied up their cocked hats, put on round ones, and walked away. This last contrivance raised omnium to 32 per cent. Much evidence was adduced by the counsel lo con nect the parties, and to .shew that the two arrivals were branches of the same conspiracy. The araount of the slock in the possession of lord Cochrane and Messrs. Cochrane Johnstone and Bull was nearly one million. Mr. serjeant Best for the defendant, called lord Yar mouth, colonel Torrens, and admiral Beresford, to prove that lord Cochrane was acquainted with De Berenger on honourable grounds, not arising from stock jobbing transactions, having exerted himself to gel hira into the navy ; likewise that lord Cochrane had autho rized his broker to sell his stock whenever he could get a profit of one per cent. An alibi was set up on the part of De Berenger, and his servant, Sraith, and his wife, were called to prove that he slept at horae on the night of Sunday, February 20; and M'Guire, a servant at a hvery stable, deposed that he saw hira al Chelsea that evening ; but they varied as to the dress he wore. The court sat till three next morning, and then adjourned ; but meeting again at ten, Mr. Gurney having replied, lord EUenborough took two hours to sum up. The jury then retired two hours and a half: on their return, they found all the persons indicted guilty ! Monday, June 13th, lord Cochrane appeared in person in court, and earnestly solicited a new trial, declaring that he had affidavits in his hand on which he founded his application. When refused to be heard, his lordship observed it was indeed hard that he should be denied the opportunity of doing justice lo his character, because the guilty dared not appear in the place in which he then stood. On Monday, June 19, lord Cochrane and the others being brought up for judg ment, he was sentenced to pay a fine of one thousand pounds to the king; to be set upon the pillory in front of the Royal Exchange, and to be imprisoned 12 calendar raonths ; Richard Gawthorne Butt received the same judgment, and John Peter Holloway, Charles Random De Berenger, Henry Lyte, aud Ralph Sandom were also sentenced to a year's imprisonment in the Marshalsea.* The war which had been carried on in France by the alhes after the breaking up ofthe negociations opened al Chalillon, with un exampled success, having excited a general expectation of i's con clusion in the overthrow of Bonaparte ; on Tuesday, Api j, the news that the allies had entered Paris, burst upon the citizens of London from all quarters; and on Friday, April 8, the intelligenc* of Bonaparte's resignation was received, when a notice being give.i by lord Bathurst that the public offices would be illuminated during three successive nights, this became general on the Monday, Tues day, and Wednesday evenings, following. The principal streets ' ¦ ' ' • Rev. J Nightingale's Hist, of Lond. ii. 89. VOL. n. o 194 HISTORY OF LONDON. were crowded to excess by persons of all ranks, in whose hats and bosoms the white cockade and sprigs of laurel were conspicuous. Many carriages of the nobility and gentry also paraded up and down, their servants and horses wearing white ribbons and laurel branches. The colours of England and France, united, were dis played from many houses. The illuminations at Carlton house were araong the raost splendid, The columns in the front were encircled with spiral lines of lamps ; and the cornices and other parts studded with them. Along the front were the words — Russia. Austria. Vivent les Bourbons. Prussia. England. Transpa rencies of all descriptions were very numerous, and some of them extremely fanciful. At Carlton house, on the night of the 13th, the great gates on the east and west were thrown open, and six hogsheads of strong ale were trundled into Pall-Mall for the popu lace. In a raoraent the heads of each cask were stowed ; and, for want of proper vessels, the mob used their hats to drink out of. The screaming of the women, the huzzaing of the men, and the firing of guns and pistols, seeraed to rend the skies. Druras, trum pets, hand-bells, marrow bones and cleavers, added to a confusion of sounds of which scarcely any conception can be formed. During the interval occupied by these rejoicings, as Louis the Eighteenth, who had long resided at Hartwell, in Buckinghamshire, had been invited to London by the prince regent, it was observed, that upwards of four hundred years had elapsed since the raetropolis of the British erapire had beheld an acknowledged king of France within its walls. The F'rench king having been indisposed, on Monday, April 18, found himself so much recovered, that he sent an express to the prince regent and his own relatives that he would undertake the journey on Wednesday the 20th. Every court ar rangement was made to suit his convenience in coming to London. The duchess of Oldenburgh, who had been some tirae in town, postponed her intended journey to Windsor ; and the queen and princesses, on receiving- notice of the king of France's intention to be in town, also signified their royal pleasure to have the honour of meeting hira in London. Louis was received with every mark of respect, and on his arrival at Grillon's hotel in Albemarle street, he invested the prince re gent, who had accompanied him from Stanmore, with the order of St. Esprit. On the succeeding Saturday he departed in a private travelling carriage, escorted by a detachraent of horse from the 23d regimeni ; he was received at Dover by the prince regent, who, after seeing hira on board, returned to London. The restoration of peace, after so long and arduous a struggle, was hailed in London, and the erapire generally, with the most lively satisfaction ; and the metropolis was converted into a scene of gaiety never surpassed on any other occasion, by the arrival, on .iune the 6th, of the emperor of Russia and the king of Prussia; the latter, accorapanied by his two eldest sons, prince HISTORY OF LONDON 195 Williara, his brother, prince Frederic, his nephew, prince Augustus, his cousin, marshal Blucher, and baron Humboldt, with a nuraber of attendants. Counts Plaloff, Barclay de Tolli, and Tosloi, accompa nied the eraperor. They arrived in London quite incog. The em peror entered London aboul half-past two, in the carriage and four of count Lieven, without a single attendant ; lords Yarmouth and Bentinck preceding him in a post-chaise : the king of Prussia, his sons, and their numerous suite, also arrived al Clarence-house, which had been fitted up for thera in a very private raanner ; and, when the emperor carae to the Pulteney hotel, in Piccadilly, he ascended the first flight of stairs, before prince Gazarin announced his arrival. But though the public fell rather mortified at being cheated of a sight, when his imperial majesty appeared at the bal cony, and bowed, he was always received with a hearty welcome. Aboul six in the evening, when marshal Blucher arrived at Carlton- house, all attempts to keep the populace out of the court-yard were in vain: the two sentinels at the gale, with their rauskets, were laid on the ground ; and the porter was overpowered. To indulge the public, the doors of the great hall were thrown open on the occasion ; and here the first interview ofthe general with the prince took place. It was soon apparent that the pursuits of the eraperor Alexander were sirailar to those of his sister, the duchess of Oldenburgh, having a perfect indifference to show and parade ; and that, to observe him well, it would be necessary to be as early a riser as hiraself. On Tuesday raorning, the 7th, he breakfasted by eight, and walked in Kensington-gardens with his sister. He returned to the Pulteney Hotel at ten, and then proceeded in one of the prince regent's car riages to view Westrainster-hall and the abbey. His sister and himself next visited the British Museum. At one, he held a levee at Curaberland-house, and was visited by the prince regent. Between five and six, he attended her raajesty's court ; and at .seven, her ma jesty, the princesses, the allied sovereigns, their farailies, &c. dined with the prince regent at Carlton house. On Wednesday, June 8, the eraperor Alexander rode in Hyde- park, between seven and eight o'clock in the morning, accompanied by lord Yarmouth and colonel Bloomfield. From thence they rode to Westrainster, crossed the bridge, passing through the Borough into the city. They passed the Mansion-house and the Exchange before nine in the morning, and turning round by the Bank and the Excise-offire, proceeded through Finsbury-square, along the City-road, and the New-road towards Paddington, and returned down the Edgeware-road and Hyde-park, lo the Pulteney Hotel. After breakfasting, the emperor, the duchess of Oldenburgh, and a parly of distinction, left the hotel in their carriages, without mili tary escort, and proceeded along the Strand and Fleet-street to St. Paul's cathedral. After viewing this, they proceeded to the London docks, and returned through the Strand. 0 2 196 HISTORY OF LONDON. On Thursday, the 9th, the allied sovereigns breakfasted together at seven, at the Pulteney hotel, with the grand duchess of Olden burgh, and afterwards set out, accorapanied by raarshal Blucher, general Plaloff, and a nuraerous suite, for A.scot-heath races ; and, arriving at Richraond-hill at nine, the whole party walked on the terrace, and expressed themselves quite delighted with the beauty of the scene. They afterwards visited Hampton-court, with as much attention as the shortness of the tirae would admit, assuming no character of pomp, but conversing familiarly with all. On Saturday, the 11th, about eleven, the emperor and his sister again rode through the Strand into the city, to visit the Bank. They entered by the Lothbury-gate, and attended by the governor, deputy-governor, and court of direclors, were conducted through the various departments of that extensive building, and afterwards partook of a cold collation. The emperor, returning lo his stale apartments, in the duke of Cumberland's house at St. James's, was ¦waited on about six by the lord mayor, recorder, sheriffs, and the whole ofthe aldermen and comraon council, in their civic robes. On the sarae evening, the emperor of Russia and the king of Prussia visited the king's theatre, as before mentioned ; and on Sunday attended Hyde-park. Here the sovereigns, the princes, with the venerable Blucher, making their appearance on the ride, il seemed as if every horse in the metropolis had been furnished with a rider to meet them. The pressure was intolerable ; the horses were so jammed together, that many noblemen and gentlemen had their knees crushed, and their boots torn. Blucher was so cruelly perse cuted with kindness, that he alighted and took refuge in Kensington gardens, declaring this to be more formidable to him than all the enemies he ever encountered. In the confusion and pressure which occasioned it, all sense of courtesy was abandoned, and each indivi dual was, in a raanner, corapelled to fight his own battle. Many were of course seriously injured. In one place was seen a lady in hysterics ; in another, a beautiful female lorn frora her protector, entreating raercy from the overwhelming throng ; in a third place, were parents who had lost their children, and again, children who had lost their parents. It was in this state of things, the approach of the emperor of Russia and his suite was announced. That crowd which had before almost reached the acrae of alarra and ap prehension, had now new evils to endure. The horse-guards being constrained to obtain a passage for the approaching cavalcade, many were the severe contusions which the shins and toes of the populace received from their horses' hoofs; when, m order to avoid this, raany were obliged to take refuge under the carriages, and there, in trerabling anxiety, await the moment of their libe ration. An aquatic excursion being planned for Monday, the 13lh of June, by seven in the moi-ning, the admiralty, navy, and ordnance barges, were collected at Whitehall-stairs, gaily dressed with ban- HISTORY OF LONDON. 197 ners, and a band of music in one of them. The adrairalty barge hoisted the royal standard ; others, the Russian and Prussian flags. A gun being fired al nine, the regent was escorted by a party of horse-guards lo Whitehall-stairs : and the eraperor of Russia, the king of Prussia, and the grand duchess, by detachments of the blue.s,| As soon as the illustrious visitors got on board, the band struck up 'God save the king,' and the fleet raoved off, gliding gently down. greeted with the acclaraalions of the thousands asserabled on the wharfs and shores. Off London-bridge, the cily barges, with the lord mayor, aldermen, &c. joined the procession. On the arrival of the royal visitors off Woolwich, the Thisbe frigate, bearing the flag of vice-admiral Legge, and other vessels, fired a salute, and manned their yards. The party then proceeded to the arsenal and labora tory ; and, in addition to a discharge of great guns, a quantity of Congreve's rockets were discharged. In the evening, about eight, the whole parly dined al the marquis of Stafford's, Cleveland-row, St. Jaraes's. On Tuesday the 14lh, the royal parly left London for Oxford, where they were received with all possible distinction. Here, with his characteristic activity, Alexander, after looking al his apartraents at Merton-college, and the gardens behind it, was walking in the public streets before three o'clock, accorapanied by several noble- raen, with whom he made a tour to the most distinguished colleges and public edifices. Early next raorning, the royal parly returned lo London ; the eraperor, before he went to bed, attended a ball at lady Jersey's. At eleven, he repaired to St. Paul's cathedral, where he witnessed the annual asserablage of the charily children, belonging to the different parishes of the raetropolis. His Prussian majesty and his two sons were also present ; and the august parly were every where greeted, both in going and returning, with cheers and accla mations. In the evening, afler dining with lord Castlereagh, the two sovereigns visited Drury-lane theatre ; and, when the play was over, went to the marchioness of Hertford's. At eleven, on Friday the 17th, they set out to visit the military asylum, commonly called the duke of York's school. The emperor afterwards accompanied his sister to see Greenwich Hospital and the Royal Observatory. On the evening of the same day, the allied sovereigns did the Mer chant-taylors' company the honour of dining at their hall in Thread needle-street. Almost the whole ofthe afternoon, every avenue to the place was thronged, so that a regiraent of the London railitia, under sir John Earaer, could scarcely keep the ground. Before three o'clock, nearly one hundred ladies of rank and distinction had assera bled at the house of Mr. Teasdab, the clerk, who had fitted up a kind of platform in the court-yard, to enable them to see the great visitors as they passed. "The appointed dinner-hour was six; but. 5';8 HISTORY OF LONDON. from the multiplicity of previous engagements, it was after eight o'clock before a part of the royal carriages drove to the door. As usual, they were received with loud acclamations; and the mili tary presented arms, while the band played ' God save the king.' In about a quarter of an hour, a buz was heard, and then the shout of the people; this was a sufficient announcement of the approach of the remainder of the guests, as, in less than a minute after, four more carriages, filled with them and their suite, dashed up the street with the utmost rapidity. Other halls haying contributed to the shew of plate exhibited on this occasion, it must have given the royal strangers high ideas of the opulence of the citizens of London. The dinner consisted of the most exquisite viands : being ended, the duke of York gave the first toast, 'the king;' this was followed by great applause, and the visitors seemed much amused al the hearty manner in which the English receive their toasts. * The emperor of Russia' was the next toast, at which he rose and bowed; his sister, the duchess, rose and acknowledged the compliment at the same time. 'The king of Prussia' was next given; and the company hailed it with equal congratulations. He bowed in return. 'The prince regent and the ' emperor of Austria' then followed. ' Lord Castlereagh, and thanks to him for his exertions in concluding a safe and honourable peace,' was the next. His lordship, then, in a short speech, ascribed the chief merit of the peace to the valour ofthe allies, and begged to propose as a toast, 'the allied sove reigns, and their brave generals.' ' The duchess of Oldenburgh' followed, and about eleven o'clock, the illustrious visitants with drew, and after leaving Merchant-taylors' hall, paid a visit to Covent-garden theatre. A court of common council was held on the Sth of June, to vote addresses to the emperor of Russia and the king of Prussia, and subsequently to invite them and the prince regent to a sump tuous entertainment in the Guildhall, which was graciously ac cepted ; and, on the 18th, a banquet was given by the corporation that must have equally surprised and delighted the noble visitants From an account printed by order of the corporation, the follow ing extracts are taken :* " The following illustrious, noble, and distinguished personages were present at this festival : The prince regent's list — Their royal highnesses, the dukes of York, Kent, Cambridge, Gloucester; the duke of Montro.se, * "An account of the visit of his printed by order of, and for, Ihe royal highness, the prince regent, with corporation of the city of London, by their imperial and royal majesties, the Nichols, Son, and Bentley, Red L,ion. emperor of all the Russias, and the passage, Fleet-street.'" Royal quarto, king of Prussia, to the corporation of pp.79. London, ia June, IBM. London: HISTORY OF LONDON. 199 master of the horse to his majesty ; the marquis of Hertford, lord chamberlain of his majesty's household; the marquis of Winches ter, groom of the stole to his majesty; the earl of Cholmondeley, lord steward of his majesty's household; the earl of Macclesfield, captain of the yeomen ofthe guard ; the earl of Harrington, gold stick ; the viscount Jocelyn, vice chamberlain of his majesty's household ; the lord Charles Bentinck, treasurer of his majesty's household ; the lord George Beresford, comptroller of his majes ty's household ; the lord Boston, lord of the bedchamber in waiting; general Barton, silver stick; sir William Congreve, bart. ; colonel Bloomfield ; the groom of the bedchamber in wait ing; the equerry in waiting; the page in waiting; William Adam, esq. chancellor to his royal highness, the prince regent; Joseph Jekyll, esq. attorney-general to his royal highness, the prince regent ; William Draper Best, esq. solicitor-general to his royal highness the prince regent. The emperor of Russia's list. — Her imperial highness, the grand duchess of Oldenburgh, his serene highness the prince of Oldenburgh ; his serene highness, the prince of Cobourg, His excellency count Lieven, his imperial majesty's ambassa dor at this court ; countess Lieven. Field-marshal Barclay de Tolly ; prince Walkonsky, quarter master-general of the army ; general count Plaloff; general count Woronzow ; general count Michael Woronzow ; general Ouva- roff; general Tchernicheff; general Ozaroffsky ; general Potem- kin ; general prince Volkonsky ; princess Volkonsky ; general Benkendorff ; colonel Brozine, aide-de-camp to the emperor ; sir James Wyllie, &c. &c. Prince Razumoffsky, minister of state ; count Tolstoy, lord steward ; prince Czartorinsky ; count Nesselrode, secretary of state; countess Nesselrode; count Orlow, privy councillor and senator; Monsieur d' Anstedt, minister; counts Potocki and Woronzow Dashkoff, chamberlains; Monsieur de Bulgakow, counsellor of state ; the princess Volkonsky, Mademoiselle d'Ale- densky, prince Gagazine, and colonel Arsenieff, for the grand duchess. Baron Nicolay, secretary of embassy ; Monsieur de Doubatcheff- sky, consul-general ; the Rev. James Smirnove, chaplain. The king of Prussia's list. — Prince royal of Prussia; prince William, son of the king: prince Frederick, nephew of the king; prince Henry, brother of the king; prince William, brother of the king; prince Augustus, cousin ofthe king; prince Charles of Mecklenburgh; prince Anton Radzivil. Marshal prince Blucher of Wahlstadt ; general count York of Wartenburg ; general count Billow of Dennewitz ; lieutenant- general de Fagow, grand equerry ; lieutenant-general de Knese- buck ; lieutenant-general de Hacke ; general de Raugh ; colonel 0 HISTORY OF LONDON. count de Schwerin, colonel de Natzmer, lieutenant-colonel de Thile ; major de Brauschitsch, major count Brandenburg, major de Hedeman, major de Boeder, major count Nostitz, aides-de camp. Prince Hardenberg, chancellor of state ; baron de Jacobi Kloest, minister of state; baron de Humboldt, minister of state ; baron de Bulow, minister of finance ; baron de Humboldt, baron de Arnim, count de Bruhl, chamberlains; Monsieur Albrecht, counsellor of the cabinet; Monsieur Ancillon, counsellor of state. Great officers of state. — The archbishop of Canterbury, the earl of Harrowby, lord president of the council, the earl of Westmoreland, lord privy seal, the marquis Camden, the earl of Buckinghamshire, president of the Board of Controul, the eari Bathurst, his majesty's principal secretary of state, war depart ment, the earl of Liverpool first lord commissioner of his ma jesty's treasury, the earl Mulgrave, master general of the ord nance, the viscount Sidmouth, his majesty's principal secretary of state, home department, — the viscount Melville, first lord comrais sioner of the Adrairalty, the viscount Castlereagh, his majesty's principal secretary of slate, foreign department, the viscount Palmerston, secretary at war, the lord bishop of London, the right hon. Charles Abbot, speaker of the house of coraraons, the right hon. Nicholas Vansittart, chancellor of his majesty's exche quer, the right hon. sir William Grant, master of the rolls, the right hon. Charles Bathurst, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, the right hon. George Rose, treasurer of the navy, the right, hon. Charles Long, joint paymaster of his majesty's forces, the tight hon. Frederick John Robin.son, joint paymaster of his raajesty's forces, the right hon. sir Thomas Plumer, knt. vice chancellor of England, the right hon. Robert Peel, secretary to the lord lieute nant of Ireland, the right hon. William Fitzgerald, chancellor of his majesty's exchequer in Ireland, the hon. Berkeley Paget, lord comraissioner of the treasury, the viscount Lowther, lord commis sioner of the treasury, Charles Grant, jun. esq. lord comrais sioner of the treasury, admiral sir Joseph Sidney Yorke, K- B. lord commissioner of the Admiralty, the right hon. William Dundas, lord comraissioner of the Admiralty, admiral sir George Johnson Hope, K. B. lord commissioner of the Admiralty, sir George Warrender, bart. lord commissioner of the Admiralty, John Osborn, esq. lord coramissioner of the Admiralty, the lord Henry Paulet, lord commissioner of the Admiralty. The judges of the realm, S^c. — The right hon. lord EUenbo rough, lord chief justice of his majesty's court of King's Bench ; the right hon. sir Vicary Gibbs, knt., lord chief justice of his ma jesty's court of Common Pleas ; the right hon. sir Alexander HISTORY OF LONDON. 201 Thomson, knt., lord chief baron of his majesty s court of Ex chequer; Mr. justice Heath, sir Simon Le Blanc, knt. sir Robert Graham, knt. sir Alan Chambre, knt. sir George Wood, knt. sir John Bayley, knt. sir Henry Dampier, knt. sir Robert Dallas, knt. sir Richard Richards, knt. ; the right hon. sir John Nicholl, knt. judge of the Ecclesiastial court ; the right hon. sir William Scott, knt. judge of the High Court of Admiralty. — Sir William Garrow, knt. his majesty's attorney general ; sir Samuel Shep herd, knt. his majesty's solicitor general. English nobility and persons of distinction. — The dukes of Devonshire and Atholl ; the marquisses of Lansdowne, Stratford. Wellesley, and Huntley ; the countess of Liverpool ; the earls of Chichester, Grey, Upper Ossory, Aberdeen, and Yarmouth ; the viscountess Castlereagh ; lords Holland, Erskine, Beresford, Lynedoch, Combermere, Hill, Stewart, and Burghersh ; the right hon. sir John Borlase Warren, bart. ; the right hon. John Hiley Addington, under secretary of state ; the right hon. George Tierney ; the right hon. Charles Arbuthnot, secretary of the treasury ; the right hon. George Ponsonby ; the right hon. Warren Hastings; sir Arthur Pigott, knt.; Samuel Whitbread, esq. ; Thomas William Coke, esq. ; Stephen Rumbold Lushing ton, esq. secretary ofthe treasury ; George Harrison, esq. secre tary of the treasury ; John Becket, esq. under secretary of state ; Williara Hamilton, esq. under secretary of stale ; major-general Bunbury, under secretary of state ; Henry Goulburn, esq. under secretary of state; admiral Blackwood; major-general Turner; Francis Freeling, esq. ; William Domville, esq. son of the lord mayor, and the Rev. Samuel Birch, son of the chairman of the committee. Foreign nobility and persons of distinction. — His serene highness the prince of Orange ; his royal highness the prince royal of Wirtemberg ; his royal hig-hness the prince royal of Bavaria; his royal highness the dukeofSaxe Weimar ; his high ness the duke of Orleans ; prince Mettemich (Austrian) ; prince Lichtenstein (Austrian) ; prince Tcherbetsoff (Russian) ; count Hardenberg (Hanoverian). Foreign ambassadors and ministers. Ambassadors. Count de Fernan Nunez, duke of Montellano (Spanish); count Lieven (Russian) ; baron Fagel (Dutch) ; count Merveldt (Austrian) ; count L'Chastre (French) ; baron de Jacobi Kloesl (Prussian). 202 HISTORY OF LONDON. Ministers. Baron de Rehausen (Swedish) ; count St. Martin d'Aglie (Sardinia); baron Vander Duyn de Maasdam (Dutch) ; Mon sieur de Pfeffel (Bavarian) ; count deBeroldingen (Wirtemberg) ; Monsieur de Bourke (Danish); count Munster (Hanoverian); Monsieur Ramadani (Turkish). Robert Chester, esq. assistant master of the ceremonies. Public companies. — William Mellish, esq. governor of the Bank of England; Jeremiah Harman, esq. deputy governor of the Bank of England ; John Inglis, esq. deputy chairman of the honourable East India company; Samuel Thornton, esq. chair man of the Russian company ; Alexander Henry Sutherland, esq, deputy chairman of the Russian company. In consequence ofthe grand duchess of Oldenberg and several Russian ladies of distinction having been included in the list sent by order ofthe emperor of Russia, it was thought proper that the lady mayoress should be present, lo receive the grand duchess and the other Russian ladies; and her ladyship was accordingly present, as also the countess of Liverpool, the viscountess Castle reagh, and Miss Elizabeth Domville, sister of the lady mayoress, who were invited on the occasion. The following royal personages, noblemen, and gentlemen of distinction, were invited, but could not be present in consequence of indisposition or other peculiar circumstances : His royal highness the duke of Clarence; his royal highness the duke of Cumberland (on the continent) ; his royal highness the duke of Sussex ; the lord high chancellor ; the dukes of Norfolk and Richmond; lords Grenville and Niddry ; count de Funchal, Portuguese ambassador ; prince of Caslelcicala, Sici lian minister ; baron Doernberg, Hessian minister ; right hon. George Canning ; right hon. John M'Mahon ; honourable F. Elphinstone, chairraan of the honourable East India company ; sir Samuel Romilly ; Edward Cooke, esq. under secretary of state John Wilson Croker, esq. secretary to the Adrairalty; Thomas Brooksbank, esq. private secretary to the first lord ofthe treasury ; Anthony Rosenhagen, esq. private secretary to the chancellor of the exchequer. His royal highness the prince regent, to give a proper effect to this magnificent banquet, determined on going in state, with the full splendour of his court. Orders were accordingly issued to all the officers to be in readiness at St. James's palace, to attend his royal highness. Aboul three o'clock the streets east of Temple bar were lined on both sides with nearly eight thousand troops, rejgulars, militia, and volunteers, aided by detachments of cavalrv. HISTORY OF LONDON. 203 Soon after four o'clock the cavalcade departed from Carlton house in the following order: The Eleventh Dragoons. Seven of the Prince Regent's carriages, in which were the Officers of his Household, and Foreign Officers of distinclion The State Carriages of the Prince of Orange, Duke of Gloucester, Duke of Cambridge, and Duke of Kent, each drawn by Six Horses. These illustrious Individuals nere accompanied by several of the Foreign Princes. The State Carriage of the Duke of York, who was accompanied by two Princes of Prussia. The Speaker of the House of Commons in his State Carriage. Between each of the preceding Carriages were Sections of the Royal Horse Guards. The Carriages of His Majesty's Ministers, Wliich were followed by two Troops of the Horse Guards, in new Uniform. A State Carriage and Six Bays. Guards. A Carriage and Six Horses, occupied by the Prince Regent's Officers ol State. Six Royal Carriages, with the Suite of the King of Prussia, Foreign Noblemen, Officers, &c. A Detachment of Hussar Cavalry. The Officers of the Yeoman of the Guard. One Hundred Yeomanry ofthe Guard, in their ancient Costume, with Halberts on the left shoulder. The full Band of Gentlemen Pensioners. The Officers of Arms ; viz. The Poursuivants. The Heralds. The Provincial Kings of Arms. Gai ter Principal King of Arms. THE PRINCE REGENT, dressed in full Military Uniform, wi-aring the English, Russian, Prussian, and French Orders. in the State Carriage, drawn by eight beautiful Cream-coloured Horses, with Scarlet Ribbons, and attended by Knights Marshalmen. The King of PRUSSIA sat on the right side of the Prince Regent ; and on the fore seat sat the Prince of Orange, and the Prince Royal of Prussia. Guards. A great number of other Carriages, containing Foreign and English Noblemen, and Persons of Distinction. A strong Detachment of the Scotch Greys closed this Cavalcade. 204 HISTORY OF LONDON. About five o'clock the prince regent was followed by the em peror of Russia, in the following order : Horse Guards. The Prince Regent's State Chariot, drawn by Six white Hanoverian Horses, decorated with blue Ribbons. The Emperor of RUSSIA, dressed in Scarlet and Gold, occupied the same with his illustrious Sister, the Grand Duchess of Oldenburgh ; and they were cheered in the loudest manner by the Spectators, which His Imperial Majesty returned, by bowing uncovered. Guards. A Royal Cai riage with two Russian Princesses. Many Private Carriages. The Ninth Regiment of Cavalry and the Scotch Greys brought up the Rear. The lord mayor and sheriffs, in slate carriages, with the alder men and city officers, had previously arrived at Temple bar ; and, until the approach of the procession, they were accommodated in the house of Messrs. Child and Co. bankers. On its arrival they mounted horses, which were decorated for the occasion with crimson ribbons. The first part of the cavalcade having entered the city ; on the carriage of his royal highness the prince regent drawing up, the lord mayor, aldermen, sheriffs, c&c. advanced ; and the lord mayor presented the sword of state to his royal highness, who was graciously pleased to return the same to his lordship. They then joined the procession, immediately preced ing his royal highness's carriage, in the following order : Sheriffs Officers. The City Marshals. "Pile Lord Mayor's Footmen. The Band of the London Militia, playing ' God save the King.' The City Officers. Sixteen Aldermen, in their Robes, bare-headed. The Common Crier bearing the City Mace, and the Sword Bearer wearing the Cap of Maintenance, The Lord Mayor, bare-headed, carrying the Sword of State, and dressed in a rich Crimson Velvet Robe, trimmed with Ermine. In this order the procession moved on to Guildhall, cheered as they went, by the spectators in the houses and streets. In order to insure the convenient and safe conveyance of the company, the whole carriage way from Temple bar was spread over with bright gravel ; and to prevent any interruption, the ends of the several streets and carriage ways leading thereto, were, by order of the court of lord mayor and aldermen, secured with posts and bars: a measure which not only enabled the illus- HISTORY OF LONDON. 205 Irious visitors to pass with ease and security, but afforded to the public a most gratifying, because uninterrupted, view of this grand and imposing spectacle. Your committee, also, with a view to prevent the possibility of interruption to the line of procession, directed the admission of the ladies into the galleries to lake place between the hours of twelve and three, through a passage raade for that pur pose, from the principal entrance ofthe hall, to the comptroller's house. By these means, and the attendance of some of the mera bers of your coraraittee, not only to receive the ladies, but lo conduct them to the galleries, they were all seated, and their carriages drawn off, long previous to the arrival of the royal and illustrious guests. A temporary passage was erected from the .principal entrance of the hall to the middle of Guildhall-yard, in order that the car riages might readily pass from thence through Blackwell-hall. This passage, lined with green cloth, and the flooring covered with matting, was illuminated by a profusion of lamps, and led to the porch ofthe hall, which was also hned with green cloth, and converted into a temporary arbour, in which were displayed the most costly exotics, with flowering and aromatic shrubs, fancifully arranged, and omamented with moss. This arbour extended into the hall, and being illuminated with variegated lamps, had a most beautiful and pleasing effect. The grand gothic hall, with its two superbly painted windows, suggested to the architect the appropriate decorations of the inte rior, and within the short space of time allowed, an effect was produced, highly creditable to his taste and exertions. The sim plicity of the design, the magnitude of the parts, and, above all, the harmony of the colour, diffused a lustre over the whole, upon which the eye reposed with the most satisfied delight; the com bination had an unity, a character of strength, and a breadth and tone, the most attractive. The painted windows were externally illuminated, so as to throw into the hall the rich and warm influ ence of the immense body of light, by which all the Gothic divisions of the two windows were articulated, and which, strik ing on the brilliant circle of ladies in the galleries, produced an efl'ect as enchanting as novel. The walls of the hall to the underside of the capitals of the clustered columns, and the fronts of the galleries, were covered with bright crimson cloth, elegantly and boldly fluted throughout, and so formed and festooned as to represent grand arcades ; in the recesses of which were placed tables, illuminated with cut glass chandeliers ; reflected by handsome mirrors at the back, giving to the whole a most finished appearance. Above the range of galleries, were suspended large superb cut-glass chandeliers, and over the great cornice, and resting thereon, was a beautiful cordon of uncoloured lamos. bv which the entire length of the 206 HISTORY OF LONDON. hall, on each side, was illuminated; and the royal banner, and the banners of the city, with those of the twelve principal compa nies, were displayed underneath. The galleries terminating by circular ends at the monuments of the late earl of Chatham and Mr. Pitt, those monuments were lefl open to view ; and the most magnificent cul glass chandeliers that could be procured were suspended from the roof over the royal table, and down the cen tre of the hall ; and a great number of gold and silver candelabra with wax lights were most tastefully disposed on every table. In order to increase the effect of the illuminations, the windows in the upper part of the hall, above the great cornice, were dark ened; and sorae of them were made to open, that full and com plete ventilation might be obtained, which was most amply afford ed as occasion required, by men stationed on the roofs for the purpose; and means were adopted for an abundant supply of water to various parts of the hall. The committee having been under the necessity of directing the music gallery from the Irish chamber to be removed, for the more convenient accomraodation of the ladies, and that the line of the fronts oftheir g-alleries might not lose its effect, by being broken or interrupted ; other galleries were erected for two full military bands over the entrance leading to the council chamber, and above the ladies' galleries. This was effected by removing the great clock, and had this advantage, that from the height ofthe bands, the effect was more imposing ; and the ladies' gallery on this side of the hall corresponded with the opposite, and was not interfered with by the arrangements, as the access to the music galleries was obtained from the roof. Orchestras for the vocal performers were erected at the upper end of the hall, under the ladies' galleries, which, projecting in a sraall degree beyond them, rather relieved than interrupted the uniformity ofthe fronts ofthe galleries. Immediately adjoining these orchestras, at the circular returns ofthe galleries, fronting the royal table, were affixed white satin banners, with the arms of England, Russia, and Prussia united : these banners your committee have since directed to be suspended in the Guildhall, to convey to posterity the circumstance of this glorious union of great nations. At the upper or eastern end of the Hall, on a platform elevated above the level of the floor, covered with Turkey carpeting, was placed a very large table, at which stood three massive carved and gilt chairs covered with crimson velvet, decorated with gold fringes, under a lofty canopy of rich crimson velvet, lined with crirason sarsnet, and rich velvet draperies reaching to the floor, tied back with gold ropes. In front of the dome of the canopy were placed the sword and sceptre ; and on the top the royal crown of the united kingdom, boldly carved on a large scale, and gilt; over which hovered a dove withthe olive branch in HISTORY OF LONDON. 20? proper colours as in the act of alighting,in allusion to the leading happy circumstance of the times, and in conipliraent to the thice great personages, — the whole producing an effect of simple grau deur, consistent with the object of this magnificent entertain ment. The members of the common council, in their mazarine gowns, arranged themselves in two lines across the hall, and from thence to the comraon council and new council chambers, which were richly fitted up as drawing rooms for the occasion; and the whole of the floor, from the entrance into the great hall to these rooms, was covered with crimson carpeting. The court of King's Bench was also fitted up as a drawing-room, the end of which was filled with a beautiful transparent painting, by the late Jaraes Barry, R.A. In the centre opening, between two naval and military trophies, was a portrait of his most gracious majesty, in stained and painted glass ; on the right and lefl, whole length figures, representing Britannia and Fame; in the frieze of the entablature, the words Gloria Deo, and over the whole, the figure of Peace descending upon the terrestrial globe. The royal procession began to arrive at Guildhall about five o'clock. The lord mayor and aldermen, having dismounted, pre ceded his royal highness, the prince regent, the lord mayor car rying the sword of state immediately before him. On the entrance of the royal and illustrious personages, they were severally announced and conducted through the hall, attended by the aldermen, the chairman and gentlemen of the committee, lo the coramon council and new council chambers, between the lines formed by the members of the corporation, and with shouts of welcome and appropriate music : our own princes of the blood royal with the national air of ' God save the king,' and the illus trious warriors with the air of ' See the conquering hero comes.' The other great personages, princes, ambassadors, marshals, ministers, peers, judges, &c. &c. continued to arrive in quick suc cession, and were all received with the most cordial shouts of applause. The prince regent and the two sovereigns being received in the common council chamber by the lord mayor, were conducted to the state chairs placed at the upper end. The lady mayoress received the grand duchess and those ladies who were to dine in the hall, as they entered the room. When the prince regent was seated, the lord mayor, having laid aside his crimson velvet robes, and put on his embroidered state or entertaining gown, advanced with the aldermen and Mr. recorder, who addres. which a joint address, congratulating his royal highness on his escape, was agreed upon. A proclamation was issued, offering a reward of one thousand pounds for the apprehension of the offenders, but they were never discovered. On the 31st of January the master and wardens of the company of ironmongers presented lord Exmouth and sir D. Milne to the chamberlain in his outer office at Guildhall, as freemen of that company inthe presence of the lord mayor and several naval and military officers, who served under his lordship at Algiers ; when the chamberlain having perused the certificates from the cora pany administered the usual oaths ; and agreeably to resolutions of the court of common council admitted them into the freedom of the cily of London ; after which he presented to each a superb sword. About this period a new silver coinage was issued from the Mint to the amount of 1,125,630/. in half-crowns ; 2,455,,566/. in shillings; and 667,162/. in sixpences. The report of the secret committee of the house of lords was presented on the 18th of February, and comraenced by stating- that the coraraittee found that there was no doubt that treasona ble conspiracies had been formed in the metropolis and elsewhere, which had for their object the total overthrow of the laws ai>d government, and the indiscriminate plunder and division of pro perty. That in August last, different meetings had been held in the metropolis, arms were purchased, and other measures ofthe like kind resorted to. At subsequent consultations it was re solved to call a public meeting in Spa-fields, which was fixed for the 15th of November. The conspirators had prepared ad dresses, and circulated them in gaols, informing the pri soners tbey \vould shortly be liberated, when they would be armed by the provisional government. They were also desired to prepare themselves with tri-coloured cockades, emblematic of the approaching revolution. Plans were also formed for an at tack upon the Tower,pikes were manufactured to arm the people, leaders were appointed to conduct the assaults in different dis^ tricts, and fire-arms were distributed amongst those who were considered most worthy of- confidence. While these arrange ments were forming, the leaders of the conspiracy were found, night after night, in public houses, working up the minds of the people whom they might meet there, so as to render them ready instruments to execute any project, however desperate. Exer-^ tions were also made to win over the soldiers to their cause. Tri-coloured flags were prepared, together with a banner, on which was inscribed, ' The brave soldiers are our friends — treat them kindly ;' and il appeared that, down to the 2d of December, they had the fullest confidence of success. Coraraunioations re gularly took place between the conspirators in the metropolis, and persons actuated by similar feelings in other parts of the 230 HISTORY OF LONDON. country ; and matters were so regulated as that -their efforts should be devoted to the same purpose in different quarters at one time : for which end it was agreed that they should all hold meetings on the same day, and thereby effect a general rising at once ; and this was to be done under the pretence that they were to petition the prince regent, the real object being to promote a spirit of insubordination ; a contempt of all laws, whether reli gious or otherwise , an equal division of all property, and a re storation to what was termed natural rights. The next point upon which the report touched, was the existence of societies in different parts of the kingdora, under the titles of Hampden clubs, Spencean philanthropists, &c. the intent of which was, under the disguise of constitutional proceedings, to extend the plans of de vastation and destruction already described. A reference was then had to the administration of secret oaths, and to the extraor dinary measures which were taken by the conspirators to prevent a discovery of their plots — plots which were found to have ex istence in all the great manufacturing towns throughout the country, Glasgow, Manchester, Birmingham, &c. The last topic alluded to was the publication of inflammatory and seditious works at a cheap rate, the object of which was to root out all feelings of religion and morality, and to excite hatred and con tempt for the existing state of things. The committee, in fine, attributed the late attack upon the prince regent to the effect produced by those publications ; and expressed it as their de cided opinion, that the civil power, as at present constituted, under all the circumstances stated, was insufficient for the pre servation of the public peace. On the following evening a re port similar in object and effect, was presented from the com mittee of the house of commons. Inconsequence of the circumstances developed by the secret committee of parliament, four persons, of the names of 'VVatson, Preston, Hooper, and Keene, were apprehended, and committed to the "Tower on a charge of high treason. A reward of five hundred pounds was also offered for the apprehension of a person ofthe name of Thistlewood ; and a further reward of five ihunr dred pounds for the junior Watson. The metropolis, indeed, as well as several other parts of the kingdom, was for some time in a state of great alarm. The first parliamentary consequence of the reports of the secret committees was a motion by lord Sidmouth, in the upper house, for the suspension ofthe habeas corpus act, until the 1st of July, then next ensuing. A bill to this effect was passed, and ordered to the commons, where il went through its different stages with rapidity ; and, on the 4th of March, received the royal assent. In the lords, a protest against the measure was signed by eighteen peers, on the ground that the existing laws were adequate to the danger. Lord Castlereagh gave notice of farther measures for HISTORY OF LONDON. 231 the protection .of the country against the machinations of the di.ng Sunday, January 30lh, the anniversary of the n-artyrdom of Charles I., a sdleraa fast is appointed by our church, and conse quently this pageant would have been inadmissible. The first proclaraation was made on the steps of Carlton palace in the presence of his majesty, his royal brothers, ^nd the principd officers of state. The procession then formed in the following order, and proceeded to Charing-cross: — Farriers of the Life Guards with their axes erect. French horns of the Troop. Troop of Life Guards. The beadles of theditferent parishes in their long cloaki. Constiibles. Two knights marshalls' officers. Knight marshall and his men. Household drums. Kettle drums. Trumpets. Pursuivants. Blue Mantle— W. Woods, Esq. Rouge Croix— W. Radcliffe, gent. F. S. A. Rouge Dragon— G. C. Young, esq. Portcullis— J. F. Beltz, esq. F. S. A. Kings of Arms in their tabards and collars. Garter, sir I. Heard, knt., supported by two Sergeants at Arms, with their maces. Clarencieux — G. Harrison, esq. Norroy — R. Bignold, esq. Heralds in their full dress. Windsor— F. Martin, esq. F. S. A. Chester— G. M. Leake, esq. Lancaster— E. Lodge, esq. F. S. A. York— Sir G. Nayler, knt. F. S. A. Richmond— J. Hawker, esq. F. S. A. Somerset— J. Cathrow, esq. Troop of Life Guards. On arriving at Charing-cross, the proclamation was again read, and the procession proceeded to Teraple-bar, where the usual formalities of closing the gates, and admitting one of the heralds lo shew his authority, having been gone through, the cavalcade entered the cily, and were joined by the lord mayor, sheriffs, and several of the aldermen ; the proclamation was read at the end of Chancery-lane, at the end of Wood-street, Cheap- side, and at the Royal Exchange, when the heralds and the military returned. HISTORY OF LONDON 241 CHAPTER VIII. Account of the Civil Government of the City by Portreves, Bai liffs, and Mayors, with a list of the latter — Ceremonies to be observed by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Sheriffs, on particular occasions. No authentic documents are in existence to show what was the nature of the government of London, during the time it was under the dorainion of the Roraans and Saxons ; and as, when it was brought under the Danish yoke, they raade no other use of it but as a place of security to fly to, in case of necessity, for shelter and defence ; there is, therefore, no probability that a regular go vernment existed during that period. In 886, Alfred having dis lodged these freebooters, and restored London to its former splen dour, committed the government thereof to Ethelred, earl of Mer cia, who had married Elfleda, his daughter ; but as to the govern ment exercised therein by Ethelred nothing is known, for we have not the least account transmitted to us, whereby we can form an idea of the government of this city, before the Norman conquest, other than a few scraps taken from a charier addressed to the port grave, and said to be granted by Edward the Confessor to the city of London, whereby all her ancient customs and usages were con firmed ; and by an additional grant, every servant or vassal, re pairing to London, and residing therein during a year and a day, without being claimed by the lord or master, became in all re spects a freeman of this cily, as if he had been born and bred therein. By this charter it appears, that the chief officer of the cily be fore the Norman conquest, was denominated porlreve, or portgrave. Various are the derivations of this epithet, some taking port to sig nify a town, whereas in truth it raeans an haven or harbour ; and grave, an intendant, governor, or collector, is derived from the Saxon Grau, that is, gray or hoary-head ; such were, by the ancient Saxons, for their age and experience, chosen judges, as the Roraan senators and aldermen of England were on the same account ; but this appellation at last becoming general, it was indifferently ap plied to a judge, governor, magistrate, warden, keeper, and re ceiver ; as is manifest by the following ancient German titles, via. margrave, a warden of the marches ; landgrave, an itinerant judge ; burgrave, a governor, or chief magistrate of a city ; and portgrave, a collector, or general receiver of the public duties of a commercial port ; such a one was the portgrave of London under the Saxons, who was likewise at the head ofthe civil government of the city. In the survey, commonly called the Domesday-Book, made in VOL. II. r 24!J HISTORY OF LONDON. the twentieth of Williara the Conqueror, anno 1086, il appears, that raany cities and boroughs in England were held of the Saxon kings, nobility, and clergy, in demesne or vassalage ; and whose se veral properties being cantoned out into sokes and liberties in the said cities and boroughs, al first gave rise to the appellation of ward, lo each of the said divisions ; this is not only in some mea sure corroborated by the wards of Baynard's-castle, Coleraan-streel and Porlsoken, but likewise by several wards of London being an ciently alienable."' In the reign of Henry I. an additional raagistrate was added to the governraent of this cily, by the narae of provost : but what his office was, is not raenlioned, though probably either that of sheriff or bailiff. The chief offlcer of this city under the Saxons (as before men tioned) was the portgrave; but the Normans having by conquest reduced the English, they were in all things forced to submit to the conqueror; wherefore the appellation of portgrave was obliged to make way for the exotic one of mayor ; from the French word' meire (a Latin derivative from major) wherewith the chief magis trate of the city of Rouen, the capital of the province of Norraandy, was then dignified. The earliest mention of the appellation of mayor, is towards the close of the reign of Henry II. In the year 1213, the citizens of London obtained the privilege of chusing their own mayor, but with a condition that he should be presented annually to the king, or in his absence to his justices, to be sworn into his office. The elections for the mayor and cily officers, were at first made tumultuously by aU the citizens, without distinction ; but this giv ing rise to great disturbances and coramotions in the cily, the ma gistrates were afterwards chosen by a select nuraber out of each ward, and these were called the commonalty. This mode of elec tion by delegates continued from the reign of Edward I. or perhaps earlier, to that of Edward IV., in whose reign the elections were made by the liverymen of the respective companies, which me thod has continued ever since, and is established by act of parlia ment. The necessary qualifications for the office of lord mayor, are that the nominee shall be free of one of the city companies ;t have served the office of sheriff, and be, at the tirae of election, an alderman of one of the wards of the city. 'When a citizen has gone through this gradation of honours, he is presumed to be pos sessed of wealth and talent enough to fill, with credit to the city and himself, the post of its chief magistrate ; and it is only where * Maitland, i.— 1192 one of the twelve prmcipal city com- T it was formerly considered neces- panics sary for the lord raayor to be free of HISTORY OF LONDON. 243 notorious misfortunes have reduced an individual from affluence to poverty, that he ever loses his chance of succession lo this highest of civic dignities. The election takes place on Michaelmas day, at a court of hust ings held in Guildhall, under the presidency of the sheriffs. All the alderraen who have not passed the chair, but have served the office of sheriff, are proposed successively in the order of their seniority, and the livery testify, by a show of hands, the degree of favour in which each is held. The sheriffs make a return to the court of al dermen, of the two merabers of their body, who have united the greatest nuraber of suffrages ; and it reraains with thai court lo de termine on which of the two the election has fallen. The candi dates are not, however, absolutely bound by the .show of hands ; for it is open to any of them or their friends to demand a poll, a privi lege which has of late years been frequently exercised. The lord mayor, though elected by the citizens, raust be approved by the king, or as has heen invariably the case since Henry III., in the 7th of his charters to the city, perraitted the alternative by the lord- chancellor on his raajesty's behalf. Although the crown, however, does possess this power, there is no instance of its having exercised it, since the revolution at least, and il may be now regarded as a mat ter of formal observance entirely. The royal approbation having been obtained, the mayor elect, on the 8lh of November, takes the oath of faithful administration, in presence of the citizens assembled in the GuUdhall ; and next day he is finally installed into office, by the barons ofthe exchequer at Westminster. This day is the carnival of London, but within the last few years it has been sadly curtailed of its splendour. Ofthe forraer appearance of the lord mayor's procession, or show,.little remains. The first account of this annual expedition known to have been published, was written by George Peele, for the inauguration of sir Wolstone Dixie, knight, on the 29th of October, 1585. On that occasion, as was customary to the limes, there were dramatic re presentations in the procession — of an aUegorical character. ChU dren. were dressed to personify the city, magnanimity, loyalty, science, the country, and the river Thames. They also represented a soldier, a sailor, and nymphs, with appropriate speeches. The show opened with a moor on the back of a lynx. On sir Thomas Middleton's mayoralty, in 1613-, the solemnity is described as unpa ralleled for the cost, art, and magnificence of the shows, pageants, chariots, morning, noon, and night triumphs. In 1655, the city pageants, after a discontinuance of about fourteen years, were re vived. Edmund Gaylon, the author of the description for that year, says, that " our metropolis for these planetary pageants, was as famous and renowned in foreign nations, as for their faith, wealth, and valour." In the show of 1659, an European, an Egyp tian, and a Persian, were personated. On lord mayor's day, 1671, R 2 244 HISTORY OF LONDON. the king, queen, and duke of York, and most of the nobility being present, there were " sundry shows, shapes, scenes, speeches, and songs in parts;" and the like, in 1672, and 1673, when the king " graced the triuraphs." The king, queen, duke, and duchess of York, prince Rupert, the duke of Monraoulh, foreign arabassadors, the chief nobility, and secretary of state, were at the celebration of lord mayor's day, in 1674, when there were " embleraatical figures, artful pieces of architecture, and rural dancing, with pieces spoken on each pageant." The printed description of these processions are usually entitled " Triumphs," though they are raore comraonly called the " London Pageants ;" all of them are scarce, and some of such extreme rarity as to bear a price at the rale of two and three guineas a leaf. The description of sir Patience Ward's show, on the 29th of October, 1680, coraposed by Thomas Jordan, is an interesting specimen of the selling out and pageantry of this procession. The lord raayor being of the livery of the raerchant-tailors' corapany, al seven o'clock io the morning, liverymen of the first rank, appointed lo conduct the business of the day, assembled at merchant-lailor's-haU, to meet the raaslers, wardens, and assistants, in their gowns, faced with foyns (the skin of the martin.) In the second rank, others in gowns faced with budge (larabs'-skin, with the wool dressed out wards,) and livery-hoods. In the third rank, a nuraber of foyn- bachelors, and forty budge-bachelors, both attired in scarlet-hoods and gowns. Sixty gentlemen-ushers, in velvet coats and chains of gold, bearing white staves. Thirty more in plush and buff, bearing colours and banners. Thirty-six of the king's trumpeters, with silver trumpets, headed by the serjeant-trurapeter, he wearing two scarfs, one the lord raayor's, and the other the corapany's colours. The king's drura-major, followed by four of the king's drums and fifes. Seven other drums and two fifes, wearing vests of buff, with black breeches and waste scarfs. Two cily marshals on horseback, with attendants. The foot-marshal, with a rich broad shoulder-scarf, to put them in rank and file, attended by six others. The fence- master, with attendants, bearing bright broadswords drawn. Poor pensioners, with gowns and caps, bearing standards and banners. A troop of poor persons, in azure gowns and caps. One hundred more with javelins and targets, bearing the arms of their benefac tors. Being all asserabled, they are by the foot-marshal's judg ment, arranged into six divisions, ranked out by two and two. The first division contains the ensigns of the company, followed by the poor company of pensioners. Four drums and one fife. Pensioners in coats as before described. Persons of worth, each bearing a standard or banner. Four trumpets. Two merchant-taylors' en signs, bearing their supporters and crests. Six gentlemen-ushers. "rhe budge-bachelors, marching in measured order. Second divi sion. Six trumpets. Two gentlemen, bearing the coals of arms of the city, and the merchant-tailors' company. Eight gentlemen. HISTORY OF LONDON. 245 wearing gold chains. The foyns-bachelors. Third division. Two gentlemen in velvet coats with banners. Ten gentlemen-ushers in coats and chains of gold, as before described. A large body of the livery in their gowns and livery-hoods, followed by " all lord mayors in the potential mood." In their rear divers of the cily trumpets. Two gentlemen bearing the arms ofthe cily and the lord mayor. Gentlemen-ushers. The court of assistants. Fourdruras. Six trumpets. Three gallants bearing the banners of the diadem. The king's, queen's, and city's ensigns, attended by six gentlemen as pages. The master and wardens of the merchant-taylors' cora pany. Thus formed, they march frora merchant-tailors' hall to the lord mayor's house, where his lordship and the alderraen take horse, according to their degree, and the whole body proceed in slate to Guildhall. Being met at the gate by the old lord mayor, and there attired with the gown, fur hood, and scarf, and guarded by knights, esquires, and gentlemen, they all march through King-street down >to Three-Crane-wharf, where the lord mayor and aldermen, dis charging some of the attendants, take barge at the west end of the wharf; thecourt of assistants' livery, and the rest of the gentle men-ushers, taking barge at the east-end. The rest of the ushers, with the foyns and the budge-bachelors, remain ashore, with others, to await the return of his lordship, who proceeds with several city companies by water, and is rowed all along by the strand to West minster; a pleasure boat with^great guns on board saluting him all the way. At New Palace stairs they diserabark, and making a lane lo the hall, the lord mayor passes along to take the oath and go through the usual ceremonies. These being completed, he makes a liberal donation to the poor of Westminster, re-embarks with all his retinue, and being rowed back to Blackfriars stairs, he lands there under beat of drum and a salute of three volleys from the artUlery company, in their raartial ornaraents, sorae in buff, with head-pieces, raany being of raassy silver. From Blackfriars they march before the lord mayor and alderraen through Cheapside to Guildhall. The pensioners and banners who went not to 'West rainster, being set iu/order to march, the foot-marshal iri the rear of the artillery company, leads the way along by the channel up Lud gate-hill, through Ludgate, into St. Paul's churchyard, and so into Cheapside, where his lordship is entertained by the first pageant, consisting of a large stage, with the coat armour of the raerchant- tailors' company, eminently erected, consisting of a large tent royal, gules, fringed and richly garnished, or, lined, faced, and doubled, ermine. This stage is winged or flanked by two other stages, bearing two excellent figures of lively carved camels, the supporters to the company's coat. On the back of one camel, a black native Indian, in a golden robe, a purple mantle fringed with gold, pearl pendants in his ears, coronet of gold with feathers, and golden bus kins laced with scarlet ribbons, holds a golden bridle in his left, and a banner ofthe company, representing Treasure, in his right hand. 246 HISTORY OF LONDON On the other camel, a West Indian, in a robe of silver, scarlet man tle, diamonds pendant from his ears, buskins of silver, laced with purple ribbons, a golden crown feathered, holds a silver bridle in his left, and a banner of the lord raayor representing, ' Traffic,' in his right hand. On one of the camel stages four figures sit on pSestals, one at each corner, representing 'Diligence,' 'In dustry,' 'Ingenuity,' and 'Success;' on the other camel-stage, in like manner, ^ Mediocrity,' ' Amity,' ' Verity,' ' Variety,' all richly habited in silk or sarsenet, bear splendid emblems and banners. The royal tent, or imperial pavilion, between these two stages, is supported on one side by a minister of state, representing ' Royalty,' and on the other side by another represent ing ' Loyalty ;' each in rich robes of honour gules, wearing on their left arras shields asure, with this motto in gold, ' For the king and kingdom,' one bearing a banner of the king's, and the other one of the city's banners. On a high and eminent seat of throne-like ascension is seated ' Sovereignty,' in royal posture and alone, with black curled hair, wearing an imperial crown, a robe of purple velvet, lined, faced, and caped with ermine, a collar of SS, with a George pendant ; bearing in one hand a golden globe, in the other a royal sceptre. On a seat beneath, are ' Principality,' ' Nobility,' and 'Honour,' all richly habited. On the next seat, gradually descending beneath, are, 1. 'GentiHly,' shaped like a scholar and soldier, holding in one hand, clad wifh a golden gauntlet, a silver spear, in the other a book : 2. ' Integrity,' wearing an earl's coro net for the court, a loose robe of scarlet-coloured silk for the city, underneath a close coat of grass green plush for the county ; 3. *Coramonalty,' as a knight ofthe shire in parliamentary robes. On the lowest seat, an 'ancient English hero,' with brown curling hair, in ancient armour, as worn by chief commanders, the coat of mail richly gilt, crimson and velvet scarf fringed with gold, a quiver of arrows in a gold belt on one side, a sword at the other, buskins laced with sUver and gold, a sUver helmet with red and white plurae, in one hand a large long bow, and a spear in the other. This person age, representing ' sir John Hawkwood,' a merchant-tailor of raar tial renown under Edward III. when he conquered France, as soon as he perceives the lord mayor prepared, with attention riseth up, and with a martial bow exhibileth a speech in verse of thirty-seven lines, in compliment to the merchant-tailors and the lord mayor. His lordship testifying his approbation, ridelh with all his brethren through the throng of spectators, till al Milk-street end, he is inter cepted by the second pageant, which is a chariot of ovation, or peaceful triuraph, adorned with delightful pieces of curious painting, and drawn by a golden hon and a larab, On the lion is raounted a young negro prince, richly habited, according to the royal raode in India, holding a golden bridle, and in the other hand St. George's banner, representing ' Power.' On the lamb is raounted a white beautiful seraphira-like creature, with long bright flaxen HISTORY OF LONDON 247 curled hair, and on it a golden coronet of cherubims, heads and wings, a carnation sarsenet robe, with a silver mantle, and wings of gold, silver, purple, and scarlet, reining the lamb by a silver bri dle in his left hand, and with his right bearing an angelical staff, charged with a red cross representing ' Clemency.' In the chariot sitleth seven persons, 1. Concordia. 2. Unanimia. 3. Pacifica. 4. Consentania. 5. Melodea. 6. Benevolentia, (whose habits, and those of other characters already and hereafter mentioned, are not described here for want of room) and 7. Harmonia, a lady of great gravity, with masculine aspect, wearing a lovely dark brown peruke, curiously curled, on which is planted a crown iraperial ; she wears a robe of French green velvet, pleasantly erabroidered with gold, a crirason-coloured silk and silver raanlle, and sitting raajesti- cally alone in front, upon the approach and fixation of ray lord raayor, iraproves the opportunity, riseth up and deliverelh an ora tion. This consists of forty-four lines in verse, wherein she ac quaints his lordship that the other characters are her attributes, recoraraends unity, because division is the policy of the pope and the Jesuits, expresses her belief that if the lion and the lamb fall out she should run to ruin, descants upon magistrate-like virtues, and in the end tells his lordship. Yon have done all things fair, no action foul j Your sherevalty gave relish of good rule ; Nor need they doubt your mayoralty, therefore, Begging your pardon, I shall say no more. This speech being concluded, his lordship exhibiting a gracious aspect of favourable acceptation, advancelh further toward Guild hall, but is civUly obstructed by another scene, and in regard his lordship is a merchant, and his company merchant-tailors, the third triumphal scene, or pageant, is a ship called the ' Patience,' with masts and sails, fully rigged and manned, the captain whereof addresseth to my lord a speech beginning, — What cheer, my lord ! I am return'd from sea. To amplifie your day of Jubilee, In this tried vessel, &c. His lordship having surveyed the ship, and the trumpets sounding, he continueth his deterrained course toward Guildhall, but by the way is once more obstructed by another scene, caUed the ' Palace of Pleasure,' which is a triumphal ionic arch of excellent structure, where in distinct and perspicuous situations, sitleth nine beautiful and plea sant ladies, whose naraes, natures, and ornaments are consentaneous. 1. Jollity. 2. Delight. 3. Fancy. 4. Felicity. 5. Wit. 6. In vention. 7. Tumult. 8. Slaughter. 9. Gladness: all of them pro perly enrobed and adorned ; and to augment their delight, there are several persons properly habited, playing on sundry loud in- 248 HISTORY OF LONDON. struraenls of music, one of which, with a voice as loud and as tuneable as a treble hautboy, chantelh out a ditty in commendation of the merchant-tailors' traile, commencing thus. Of all the professions that ever were nam'd, The Taylers, though slighted, is much to be fam'd; For various invention and antiquity, No trade with the Taylers' compared may be; For warmth and distinction and fashion he doth Provide for both sexes with silk, stuff, and cloth : Then do not disdain him, or slight him, or flout him. Since, (if well consider'd,) you can't live without him. But let all due praises (that can be) be made To honour and dignifie the Taylers' trade. When Adam and Eve out nf Eden were hurl'd, They were at that time king and queen of the world - Yet this royal couple were forced to play The Taylers, and put themselves in green array ; For modesty and for necessity's sake They had figs for the belly, and leaves for the back ; And afterward clothing of sheep-skins they made. Then judge if a Tayler was not the first trade. The oldest profession ; and they are but railers, Who scofif and deride men that be Merchant-taylers. This song, containing five more verses, being ended, the foot- marshal places the assistants, livery, and the companies on both sides of King-street, and the pensioners with their targets hung on the tops of the javelins; in the rear of thera the ensign bearers; drums and fifes in front; he then hastens the foins and budge- batchelors, together with the gentlemen ushers, to Guildhall, where his lordship is again saluted by the artillerymen with three volleys more, which concludes their duty. His land attendants pass through the gallery or lane so raade into Guildhall ; after which, the com pany repairs to dinner in the hall, and the several silk-works and triumphs are likewise conveyed into Blackwell hall ; and the offi cers aforesaid, and the children that sit in the pageants, there refresh themselves until his lordship hath dined. At the dinner in Guild hall, his lordship and the guests being all sealed, the cily music begin to touch their instruments with very artful fingers. Their ears being as well feasted as their palates, and a concert lesson or two succeeding, ' a sober person with a good voice, grave humour, and audible utterance, proper to the condition ofthe tiraes,' sings a song caUed ' The Protestant's Exhortation,' the burden whereof is 'Love one another,' and the subject against the catholics. The song being ended, the musicians play divers new airs, which hav ing done, three or four ' habit themselves according lo the humour ofthe song,' and one of thera chaunteth forth 'The Plotting Pa pist's Litany,' in ten stanzas, the first of which ends with HISTORY OF LONDON. 249 Joyntly then wee '1 agree, To sing a Litany And let the burden be, Ora pro nobis.* The present arrangeraent of the civic pageant is as follows : On the morning of the 9lh of November, being the day on which the lord mayor elect enters upon his office, the aldermen and sheriffs repair to his residence, frora whence they attend him to Guildhall, in a procession formed by coaches, which, about noon, proceed lo Blackfriars-bridge, where the lord mayor, aldermen, re corder, and sheriffs, go on board the cily barge, attended by seve ral corporations of the citizens, in their forraalilies, and stately barges, elegantly adorned with a great number and variety of flags and pendants; and thence proceed lo Westminster. The lord mayor, sheriffs, alderraen, recorder, &c. go in proces sion to the court of exchequer, where the lord mayor is sworn in, and solemnly addressed by the chief baron. The procession after wards proceeds to all the other courts, the recorder inviting the judges, &c. lo dinner. On returning to their barges the whole of the splendid regatta return to Blackfriars-bridge ; here the lord mayor is received by the company to which his lordship be longs ; and the procession returns, preceded by several persons on horseback, dressed in polished armour. Next raarch the lord mayor' offlcers and servants, followed by his lordship in the city stale- coach ; and after him come the alderraen, recorder, sheriffs, cham berlain, comraon-serjeant, town clerk, &c. in their several car riages and splendid equipages; and in this raanner they proceed to Guildhall, where an elegant entertainraent is provided. The pro cession being over, the several corapanies repair to their respective halls, where they are sumptuously entertained. The exact time when the title of right honourable was flrst given to the chief magistrate of this city cannot be ascertained, though it IS extremely probable it was conferred by the great patron of London, Edward IIL inthe year 1354. At the return of Henry VL from his being crowned King of France al Paris, Anno 1442, the mayor was first apparelled in a gown of crimson velvet, a furred cap, with a girdle of gold and a golden chain about his neck ; and the aldermen in scarlet gowns and sanguine hoods. The wear of robes being established, and the various colours agreed upon, a regulation was published by the court of lord mayor and alderraen, in 1562, for fixing the days whereon their several coloured robes should be worn, and a sraall tract was published by John Day, containing the customs and orders for meeting on parti cular days, and for wearing the habits. On account of its extreme scarcity and curiosity, il is here introduced, t * Hone's Every Day Book, vol. i. t To sl^ow how far the customs of 182S, col. H45-62 the city have varied since the publica- 250 HISTORY OF LONDON. Upon Midsuraraer day, for the election of the sheriffs of London, &c. ray lord raayor and the aldermen, with the sheriffs, meet at the Guildhall, at eight o'clock in the morning, appareUed in their violet gowns lined, and their cloaks of scarlet hned, without their horses. And when they have been together in the council-chamber a certain time, concerning the nomination of certain persons to be elected, my lord and the aldermen corae out, and put on their cloaks in the orphans'-court, and then go down in order to the hustings-court ; and there being set, Mr. recorder standeth up and maketh his obedience, first to my lord, and then unto the commons, and declareth unto thera wherefore they are assembled together, showing unto thera that it is for the election of one of the sheriffs of London and the sheriff of Middlesex for the year next ensuing, and the confirraation of the other sheriff nominated by my lord mayor, according lo his prerogative, and also for Mr. chamberlain and other officers. Of late years, however, the election is for bolh sheriffs. But my lord and the alderman go up to my lord's court, and there remain until the sheriff be named and chosen, the door shut to thera. Then the sheriffs, Mr. chamberlain, Mr. common-sergeant, Mr. town-clerk, and the counsellors of the cily, and other officers remain still in the hustings-court to lake and receive the narae of him that shall seem by their judgments freely and with one consent to be nominated and elected, and justly tried out, not only by voice, but also by hands, lo be sheriff for the year foUowing. Then the comraons go to the election of Mr. charaberlain, the two bridgemasters, the auditors of the city and bridgehouse ac counts, and the surveyors of beer and ale, according to the accus tomed manner. That done, the sheriffs, master charaberlain, master common- serjeant, master town-clerk, the counsellors of the cily, the two secondaries, the wardens of the head companies, master common- crier going before them with his mace, carry up the report to my lord and the aldermen of their said election. Which report received, my lord and the alderraen corae down again to the hustings-court, and there being set in order and placed, raaster recorder standeth up as he did before, and raaketh rehearsal of the naraes of those whom they have nominated and chosen, ask ing them whether it be their free election, yea or no? And they tion of the above tract, we have ap- city of London, the dates of their ap pended the modern manner in which pointments, and an abstract of their the same ceremonies are observed, with respective duties; and also a state of others which have been created since the customs on elections, and other that period. Our authority is a public occasions, prepared by the pamphlet, entitled " The names and direction of the court of common address of the several officers of the council." 12mo, 1789. HISTORY OF LONDON. 251 grant yea, yea. Then master recorder giveth them thanks, and so they arise and depart home* On St. Bartholomew even,'^ for the fair in Smithfield. The al dermen meet my lord and the sheriffs, at the GuildhaU Chapel,J at two of the clock afler dinner, in their violet gowns lined, and their horses, without cloaks, and there hear evening prayer ; which being done, they take their horses and ride to Newgate, and so forth of the gate, entering into the Cloth Fair, and there make a proclaraation. The proclamation being raade, they ride through the Cloth Fair, and so return back again through the church-yard of Great St. Bartholomew lo Aldersgate, and so ride horae again to the lord raayor's house. On St. Bartholomew's day for wrestling. So many aldermen as do dine with my lord mayor and the sheriffs be apparelled in their scarlet gowns lined, and after dinner their horses be brought to them where they dine ; and those aldermen which dine with the * On Midsummer-day, the alder men are summoned to meet at Guild hall, in their violet gowns ; the lord mayor, attended by the sheriffs, comes in state from the Mansion-house to Guildhall, where he meets the alder men present. At one o'clock, the lord mayor goes from the council- chamber to the hustings, preceded by the two marshalls and the city officers, the juniors going first, the chaplain, the sword-bearer and common-crier, with the mace, and followed by all the al dermen, according to seniority. The recorder next the junior alderman who had passed the chair, and the proces sion closed by the sheritfs; being come on the hustings, the lord mayor, aldermen, &c. take their seats. The tOWD-clerk dictates to Ihe common- crier, who opens the common-hall with ' eyes,' three times, and a declaration for all that are not liverymen to depart the Hall, on pain of imprisonment. The recorder, or, in his absence, the common serjeant. comes forward and acquaints the livery with the nature of the duty they are called upon to dis charge, and afterwards reads over the names ofthe persons in nomination for sheriffs, chamberlain, bridge-masters, ale-conners, and auditors; the lord mayor, recorder, and aldermen, pre ceded by the sword-bearer, then retire into the common-council cham ber, and the sheriffs, assisted by the common-serjeant and city oliicera, proceed to the election, which is delermined by show of hands, unless a poll is demanded. The election being over, the sheriffs, attended by the officers, go to the common-council chamber; a, id, after making three bows, stand at the bar. The common- serjeant, in the name of the sheriffs, reports the election ; the lord mayor, aldermen, and recorder (if there is no poll) immediately go down n(jon the hustings again, and the recorder declares the persons elected to the common hall, and retires to his seat ; the common-crier, dictated to by the town-clerk as before, then dissolves the hall, and the lord mayor, aldermen, &c. depart ; but if there is a poll, the sheriffs report the same to the lord mayor and aldermen as before, and afterwards proceed on the poll, accor ding to the act cf 11 Geo. I. His lordship and the aldermen thereupon depart the hall. — Pamph., 191. + Now the Srd of September, in consequence of the adoption of the new style. If that day happens on a Sunday, then the fair is pro claimed on the Saturday previous. The lord mayor and aldermen formerly attended divine service, in their black gowns, at St. Paul's, on the 2nd of September, the anniversary of the fire of London. This custom has been discontinued ; but ihe chaplain preaches a sermon on the occasion I Guildhall chapel was used as a court of requests, when the corporation discontinued the service in the build ing, and it has since been pulled down. 252 HISTORY OF LONDON. sheriffs ride with thera to ray lord's house, to accorapany him to the wrestling. Then when the wrestling is done, they take their horses and ride back again through the fair, and so in at Aldersgate, and so horae again to the lord mayor's house.'* The next day, if il be not Sunday, for the shooting, as upon Bartholomew-day ; but if il be Sunday, the Monday following. For our Lady -day in Southwark.'^ My lord mayor and she riffs ride lo St. Magnus' church, in their scarlet gowns lined, without their cloaks, after dinner, at two of the clock, and there the alderraen meet my lord, and after the evening prayer they ride through the fair till they corae to St. George's church, and farther to Newing- ton-bridge, or to St. Thomas of Waterings, to the stones that point out the liberties of the city (if il be so their pleasures), and they return back again unto the bridge-house, and have a banquet there, and then over the bridge, and there the aldermen take their leave of my lord, and depart the next way every one to his house. And after all is done, and my lord brought horae, ray lord mayor's ofli cers have a supper made thera by the bridge-raasters.J For the swearing of the Sheriffs upon Michaelmas-even. What day soever it falleth, so raany' of the alderraen as be bidden to dinner to either of the sheriffs, corae thitherto breakfast, orelse to drink, at eight of the clock in the morning, in their violet gowns furred, with their violet cloaks furred, brought with thera without horses. And if the sheriff be an alderraan, then they must put on their cloak, and the sheriff likewise his cloak, and so go the Guild hall between two of the grey cloaks ; and if the sheriff be no alder man, then to come between two of the aldermen without cloaks, and the sheriff in his livery gown and his hood. And after, when he is sworn, then to put on his violet gown and cloak, and his chain thereon ; and the alderraen raust bring him horae to his place, with their cloaks to dinner, and so after dinner take their pleasui-e.§ * The wrestling and shootmg liave to the lord mayorand aldermen, which been discontinued many years. are afterwards re-delivered to them by t Embroidered cap, pearl, sword, order of his lordship collar of SS wiihout hood. Southwark § On the 28th of September, being fair, and the consequent ceremony, the day of swearing the sheriffs, the have been long discontinued. aldermen are summoned to meet at t. On the 21st of September, being Guildhall, in their violet gowns. The St. Matthew's day, the aldermen meet mayor and sheriffs come in state from the lord mayor in the great hall of the Mansion-house, the sheriffs elect Christ's Hospital, in their violet having previously invited the aldermen gowps, and proceed from thence to to breakfast and dine with them at the Christ-church, to hear divme service hall ot one of the companies they and a sermon. They afterwards return belong to, attended by the liveries of to the great hall, to hear orations in the companies of both sheriffs, come Latin and English by ihe two senior in their new chariots from the hall of scho ars and the lists ot the governors the company of the senior sheriff, jfith of all the hospitals are returned and such aldermen as please to att.^i,d delivered to the town-clerk, and the them to Guildhall ; where, being ar- several beadles deliver up their staves rived, the livery form a lane in (he HISTORY OF LONDON. 253 Upon Michaelmas day, for the election of my lord mayor. All the aldermen meet my lord mayor and the sheriffs at eight of the clock in the raorning at GmldhaU, in their scarlet gowns and their cloaks furred, and their horses : and after they have been a certain tirae together in the council-charaber, they corae forth into the orphans' court, and put on their cloaks, and so go in order to the chapel, there hearing service and sermon, and my lord with certain aldermen receive the coramunion. And then after the communion ended, and they have offered, return again into the council-chamber, and pausing awhile, return to the place where the hustings is kept, and being set in order, master recorder ariseth up, and maketh his obeisance first lo my lord, and afler to the coraraons, and declareth unto them, that they of old custom know, that the cause of their assembly and meeting together is for the election of the lord raayor of the year ensuing ; declaring unto them divers grants from the king's progenitors for this their election from time to tirae. That done, ray lord mayor and aldermen go up into ray lord's court, and there tarry (the door being shut to thera) tiU the election be brought to them. Then standeth up master coraraon serjeant, (the sheriffs standing on either side of him, and by the sheriffs, master chamberlain, master town-clerk, the two secondaries, and the counsellors of the city) in the said hustings-court before the comraons ; and he, the said com mon-serjeant, maketh a short rehearsal of that Mr. recorder had spoken to them before, saying, there resleth no more for hira lo say, but to put them in remembrance in what order and sort they should use themselves in their election; that is, how they raust norainale and choose two, of the which two ray lord and alderraen must confirm one. Which two being nominated, elected, and chosen, Mr. comraon-serjeant, the sheriffs, with the rest before- hall, and if either of the sheriffs be an county of Middlesex. The sheriffs alderman, he is conducted between then come to the table, when the town- two aldermen above the chair; and if clerk, in the presence of the lord a commoner, between two aldermen mayor, &e. administers the oath of below the chair, into the common- office, and the oaths prescribed by act conncil chamber; and the lord mayor, of parliament; and after subscribing near 2 o'clock, goes on the hustings, the same, the sheriffs put off their preceded and attended in the same livery gowns, and put on violet, a manner as on the election of the sheriff's officer attending, and putting sheriffs, the sheriffs elect following in on their chains. They then present their livery gowns, with their under- their under-sheriff, who, kneeling sheriffs and chaplains, the liveries down at the table, is in Uke manner of both companies preceding them, sworn by the town-clerk. The cere- , and when the lord mayor, &c. are mony being over, the lord mayor seated on the hustings, the common- departs, and the sheriffs, preceded by crier commands silence; and, being the liveries of their companies, return dictated to by the town-clerk, calls the again in procession to the hall of the sheriffs elect by their names to come senior sherifi^s company, attended by forward and take upon them the office the aldermen, city officers, &c. ia of sheriff of London and sheriff of the coaches. 254 HISTORY OF LONDON. named, and certain of the head wardens ofthe chief companies, go up to ray lord and the aldermen, and there present the naraes of those two which the commons have nominated in their election. The lord mayor and the aldermen proceed by scrutiny to ele t one of these two persons which the said comraons had before nomi nated. Then cometh down my lord again lo the hustings-court, and he whom they have chosen on his left hand, and so my lord and the alderraen sit down again in order ; but he who is chosen sitleth next unto my lord on his left hand. Then standeth Mr. Re corder up, and readeth unto them the naraes of the persons whom they have norainated and chosen, of which my lord and the alder men have admitted one, whose name is N. asking them, whether it be their free election, yea or no ? And the commons answer, ' Yea, yea.' Then the sword-bearer takelh off his tippet, and hath it for his labour, and puttelh on his chain, and the mayor new elected standeth upon the hustings-court, and giveth thanks, &c. That being done, the old raayor doth likewise give them thanks, &c. Then they arise up and put off their cloaks, and my lord mayor hath the lord elect riding with hira, to the eldest sheriff's to dinner.* * On the 29th of September, being the day appointed for the election of the lord mayor (unless it hap pens on a Sunday, then by act of common council it is directed to be on the day next following), the aldermen are summoned to meet at the Guildhall in their scarlet gowns, the lord mayor and the new sheriffs come in state from the Mansion-house, where they meet the aldermen, and about twelve o'clock go to Saint Law rence's church, attended by the city offi cers, to hear divine service, and the serraon preached by the chaplain, then return again to the council chamber, and immediately, being preceded by the officers in the same manner as on the election of sheriffs, the lord mayor, aldermen, recorder, &c. go npon the hustings, where being seated, the com mon crier, being dictated to by the town clerk, opens the common hall ¦with ' Oyesl' three times^ and a de. claration for them that are not of the livery to depart the hall; then the recorder, or common serjeant in his absence, acquaints the livery with the occasion of their being assembled, and reads, over the names of the aldermen in rotation, who have served the office of sheriff. The lord mayor, aldermen, and recorder then retire, preceded by the sword-bearer, into the common council room; the sheriffs attend,,as usual, proceed to the election of a lord mayor, which being ended (and no poll demanded) they go, precedfed by the city officers and common crier with the mace, into the common coun cil roora, and, making three bows, stand at the bar and report the elec tion, and the recorder, common ser geant, and town clerk then go to a table at the lower end of the room ; and the aldermen, beginning with the junior, go to the table and scratch for lord mayor ; that being over the three officers go up to the bar with three bows and report the scrutiny to the court, when the alderman, who has the majority, is declared mayor, the sword-bearer conducts the mayor elect to the seat at the left hand of the' lord raayor ; then the aldermen, according to the seniority, go up to the mayor elfect with compliments of congratula tions, and in return his lordship makes a short speech. Upon which the lord mayor elect, attended as before, goes down again upon the hustings, and the recorder declares him elected to the common hall. The new lord mayor, after the chain is put on him by one HISTORY OF LONDON. 255 For the presenting of my lord elect to the lord chancellor (or lord keeper.) Then after dinner my lord elect goeth lo my lord chancellor (or lord-keeper) if he be at horae at his place, or near unto it, with five or six of the alderraen and raaster recorder with him, in their vifllet gowns, either by foot or by water, as the dwelling-place of the chancellor (or lord keeper) requireth. The comraon hunt, with the extraordinary officers, and those that be at liberty, attend on him.* The morrow after Michaelmas-day for the sheriffs going to Westminster. All the aldermen must be at the two sheriffs houses in the morning at eight of the clock, in their violet gowns furred, and their horses, without cloaks : but my lord, master recorder, and the two sheriffs, must be in their scarlet gowns furred, and their cloaks borne to Westminster with thera, and so ride lo the Guild hall, and from thence to the Vinetree, and there taking barge, land at Westminster-bridge, and in the hall put on their cloaks, and so go up to the exchequer ; and there the two new sheriffs be presented and the old sworn to their account. Then they put off their cloaks, and take barge, landing again al the Vinetree, and there take horse, and my lord mayor rideth to the eldest sheriff's lo dinner, Mr. recorder and the sheriffs riding next my lord, the two sheriffs carrying two white rods in their hands, and their bench-men going afler thera. The order for Simon and Jude's-day. The old raayor shall have so many of the alderraen as dine with hira, come to his place at eight of the clock in the morning, in their violet gowns furred, and horses, and the sheriffs to fetch him to the hall, and there tarry in the council-charaber until the new raayor cometh, and the rest of the aldermen come, with the corapany of either of the lords be fore them : and afler they have been together a certain space, corae forth into the Orphans'-court, and put on their furred cloaks, and go to the hustings-court ; and there being set in order, the common crier maketh proclamation, coraraanding every man to keep silence. Then Mr. town-clerk giveth him his oath ; and when he hath taken his oath, the old lord ariseth and giveth the new lord his place, the old lord taking the new lord's place ; and then Mr. Chamberlain deliverelh first to him the sceptre, next the keys of the of the household, comes forward and aldermen at Guildhall in their violet address the livery in a speech, then the gowns, and proceed from thence to lord mayor elect accompanies the lord the residence of the lord chancellor mayor to the Mansion house, attended for the time being; when Mr. Re- by the aldermen and city officers in corder presents the new elected mayor coaches. for his majesty's approbation, which * On a day appointed by the lord being signified by his lordship, the chancellor previous to the 9th of No- procession returns in the same order, vember (usually the day after the first with respect to precedence, as is ob- seal before Michaelmas term) the lord served on the 9th of November, the mayor elect meets the recorder and senior going first. '>:i6 HISTORY OP LONDON. coramon seal, lastly, the seal of the office of the mayoralty ; afler Mr. Sword-bearsr giveth him the sword. Then Ihey arise and put off their cloaks, and the old lord ridelh home with the new lord to his place, and there leaveth hira, and as raany of the alderraen as dine with hira. And the old lord, with the rest of the alderraen, ride to his place, the sword borne before him ; and so afler dinner the aldermen depart home at their pleasure.* On the morrow after Simon and Jude's-day for my lord's going to take his oath at Westminster.'^ All the aldermen and the sheriffs corae to ray new lord al eight of the clock, in their .scar let gowns furred, and their cloaks borne with thera, and their horses, and so ride to Guildhall, and the bachelors and the livery of ray lord's corapany before hira. But the old lordj rideth from his own place to the hall alone, having no officers to wait upon him but the common hunt, as a gen tleman-usher, going, and those officers that be al liberty, and the comraon hunt his man (with his own men following him) and so tarrieth at the hall. * The lord mayor's company and the lord mayor elect's company meet their lordships and the aldermen at the Mansion-house, about twelve o'clock, where breakfast is provided ; at half- past one the lord mayor sets off from the Mansion-house in his private coach and six, attended by the sword-bearer, common crier, and chaplain ; when arrived at Guildhall, they go into the council chamber to meet the aldermen. The violet gown is worn on this occa sion ; sometimes a court of aldermen is held to return thanks to the lord mayor before his going outof office; then they go on the hustings preceded by the officers, the companies being on each side in waiting ; after the lord mayor, aldermen, &c. have taken their seats, the common crier, with the mace on his shoulder, makes three low reverences walking up to the table, where he stands with the mace placed before him on the fioor, then the town clerk on the left side of the hustings makes a low reverence, afterwards two others, and kneels down on a stool at the side of the table and administers the oaths to the lord mayor elect, who stands on the opposite side while taking them. When his lordship has signed his name, the old lord mayor surren ders his seat and sits on the left side of the lord mayor elect, and the town clerk retires, and the aldermen go from their seats to the lord mayor and shake hands with him ; then the chamberlain, or in his absence his principal clerk. making three reverences, kneels on the stool at the right side of the table, presents the late lord mayor with the diamond sceptre, who delivers it to the new lord raayor, then retires, and advancing again in like manner, pre sents the seal of the office of mayoralty and retires as before ; when advancing a third time, presents the purse, then retires, and immediately a junior clerk, who is the cushion-layer, advances with three reverences, and kneeling takes the sceptre, seal, and purse off the table and retires ; the sword-bearer next advancing in like manner, kneels on the stool and presents to the late lord mayor, by whom it is transferred to the new lord mayor, the sword- t)earer holding it in his hand; [The sword-bearer, at the present time de livers the sword to the lord-mayor, in the same way the other regalia is pre sented to him. This alteration took place since the office of sword-bearer was changed by the corporation from a purchased to a donative situation Edit.] he then retires making three reverences, which concludes the cere mony The two lord mayors then walk together out of the hall, pre ceded by the officers and followed by the aldermen present, and return together in the lord mayor's coach to the Mansion-house. Pamphlet,lOi , •*- A velvethood,cap of maintenance. J A velvet hood for both mayors HISTORY OF LONDON. 2.1/ And after they be corae all together, they take their horses and ride to the Vinetree, and there lake barge to Westrainster-bridge. And after they be landed, the lord mayor and aldermen put on their cloaks, within the palace, and go round about the hall, raak ing courtesy in the hall, and so go up to the exchequer to be sworn. Then after the oath taken in the exchequer, they come down and go first to the king's-bench, then to the common-pleas, and so put off their cloaks, and go about the king's tombs in Westminster- abbey, and then take barge again, and being landed, he rideth lo the Guildhall lo dinner, and all the corapanies of the city with him ; and al their coming into the hall, the new lord mayor, with two of the ancient alderraen, Mr. recorder, and the sheriffs, go up to ray lord's table to bid thera welcome, and likewise all the other guests there, and from thence to the lady mayoress' table, and so come out to the gentlewomen's table to the judges; and so from thence my said new lord raayor goeth into the chamberlain's office, where he dineth ; and the old lord raayor, al their first coming into the hall, goeth up lo the high table in the hustings, and there keepetli the slate for that feast ; and after the hall is alraost served of the second, then the new lord raayor goeth, with raaster recorder, and those aldermen that dine with hira, to bid the old lord and all the guests in the hall welcome. Then after dinner goeth to St. Paul's, with all the corapanies waiting before ray lord.* * On the 9th of November, being the day appointed for presenting the lord mayor to the barons of the court of exchequer, (unless it happens on Sun day, then the day next following) the aldermen are summoned to meet and breakfast at Guildhall, in their scarlet gowns; the lord mayor and sheriffs come in state from the Mansion-house, attended by the company of which the lord mayor is a member, to Guildhall, where they meet the aldermen, and about one o'clock go from thence to the Three Cranes, attended by the city officers in the city barge to West minster, where they land about half- past two o'clock, being preceded in the same manner as on the election of sheriffs, and walk once round West minster-hall, previous to goin^' into the court of exchequer, where they proceed to the bar in the following order : — The new lord mayor on the right hand of the recorder, and the old lord mayor on his left; the common crier on the left ofthe old lord mayor, bear ing the mace, and the sword bearer takes his seat on the right hand of the VOL. II. new lord mayor, with the point of his sword downwards, and wearing his cap; afler making their obeisances, the recorder addresses himself to their lordships', and solicits the approba tion ofthe sovereign ofthe choice ihe citizens of Ixindon have made. He then proceeds to stale that the late lord mayor also attends to render an account of the issues of his office. The lord chief baron then expre.«ses his majesty's approbation, and the new lord mayor takes an oath for the faith ful discharge of the duties of the of fice. A warrant is then read by Mr. re corder, appointing an attorney for the mayor, commonalty, and citizens, and moves that the same may be recorded, which is granted. The late lord mayor, as escheator, is then called, and a second warrant is read by the recorder, and he moves that his lordships' appearance may be recorded, which is granted, and the senior baron administers an oath lo the late lord mayor, that he will faith fully account. A third warrant is then read b; the 258 HISTORY OF LONDON. For going to St. Paul's on All Saint's-day, Christmas-day, Twelfth-day, and Candlemas-day.'' All the aldermen and the sheriffs come lo my lord's place in their scariet gowns furred, and their cloaks and horses, and frora thence ride to the Guildhall, ray lord's corapany and the bachelors before him, and there hear even ing prayer ; and when prayer is done, they ride to St. Paul's, and there both the new lord raayor and the old put on their cloaks, and go up to the quire, and .there hear the serraon ; which done, they go about the church, and there put off their cloaks where they put on. Then they take their horses again, and the aldermen bring my lord home ; and then they have spice-bread and hippocras, and so take their leave of my lord. Upon St. Thomas's-day.f The lord mayor and every alderraan is to sit in his ward, in his violet gown and cloak, furred. For the Christmas-holiday s.X For Christmas-holidays, until Twelfth day, if my lord and the alderraen go abroad to any public meeting they are to wear scarlet ; but on the working-days within the twelve-days, if my lord go to the Guildhall, markets, or streets, they wear black. Upon Innocents-day. % The aldermen dine at my lord's,|| and the sheriffs in scarlet ; but the ladies wear black. For Monday after Twelfth-day.% My lord and the aldermen meet at Guildhall, at eight of the clock in the raorning, in their scarlet gowns, furred, and their cloaks furred, without horses, lo re- recorder, appointing a deputy eschea- line, and wait to receive the lord tor, which he moves may be recorded, mayor, aldermen, &c. and when they and it is granted. have passed they follow according to A fourth warrant is read by tne re- seniority. The barge then proceeds to corder, stating that the lord mayor, as Blackfriars bridge, where the same ganger, came in his proper person, order is observed in landing as before, and moves that his appearance may he the seniors going first, and the proces- recorded, which is granted, and the sion proceeds from thence to Guildhall. next baron swears the old mayor as (Pamphtef, 109.) ganger. * A velvet hood for both. All A fifth warrant is then read by the Saints'-day is the last day that the old recorder, of the late lord mayor hav. lord rides with the new cap of mainte- ing deputed to be ganger, nance. This ceremony is disconti- which upon motion is also recorded, nued. and the junior baron administers the t If it be not on Sunday. oath to Mr. as deputy J No cloak. gauger. § No state. Mr. recorder then invites the ba- {| The lord mayors of London had rons to dine with ihe lord mayorand no fixed place of residence till the year sheriffs, and upon returning frora the 1753, when the Mansion-house was court of exchequer, the procession finished for that purpose. proceeds round the hall, where invita- "ll On Plow Sunday, (whieh is the tions are also given to the judges of first Sunday after the Epiphany) the the other courts, and similar warrants aldermen are summoned to meet at filed in the court ol king's bench and Guildhall in their scarlet gowns, the common pleas, and afterwards pro- lord mayor, attended by the sheriffs, ceeding in the sarae order till they ar- comes in state from the Mansion-house rive at the platform near the water to Guildhall, and with the aldermen side, where the several officers form a present, proceed first to St Laurence's HISTORY OF LONDON. 259 ceive of their wards their indentures of the wardraole inquest, and for the swearing of the constables and scavengers. For Good Friday.* My lord and the alderraen meet at St. Paul's-cross, al one of the clock, to hear the sermon, in their pewkf gowns, and without their chains and tippets.J For Monday and Tuesday in Easter-week.^ All the aldermen and sheriffs come unto ray lord's place|| before eight of the clock, to breakfast, in their scarlet gowns, furred, and their cloaks aud horses.T and to Spital,** and there put on their cloaks, and so sit down in order to hear the serraon ; which done, they ride homeward, in order, Ull they corae lo the pump within Bishopsgate, and there so many of the alderraen as do dine with the sheriffs, take their leave of my lord, and the rest go home with him. For Wednesday in Easter-week. Like as before, in the other two days, save that my lord and the alderraen raust be in their vio let gowns, and suitable cloaks ; but the ladies in black.-ft For Low Sunday. All the aldermen meet my lord and the sheriffs, al St. Paul's school, in their scariet gowns, furred, without their cloaks or horses, to hear the sermon. JJ For Whitsunday. All the aldermen meet my lord and the she riffs, al the new church-yard, in their scarlet gowns, lined, without cloaks; which being ended, they depart. §§ For Monday and Tuesday in Whitsun-week. All the alder- church to hear divine service and a sermon preached by the chaplain ; af terwards the lord mayor, sheriffs, al dermen, and others, receive the sacra ment and return in procession to the Mansion-house. (Pamphlet, 77.) * Black sword. •f Black. J The attendance at the cathedral is now discontinued ; tlie lord mayor's chaplain, however, preaches on the occasion. § A hood for my lord, cap of main tenance. II The Mansion house. "i It is almost unnecessary to notice •hat in the present day, the lord major and city dignitaries have adopt ed the more luxurious and less elegant accommodation of carriages for the cloaks and horses of former days. ** The Spital sermons are now preached at Christ church. That on the Monday by a bishop, and on the Tuesday by a dean or a doctor, who ave previously requested so to do by the court of aldermen tt The duty of this day is disconti nued. S On the 29th of May, being king Charles' restoration, the aldermen meet at St. Paul's vestry in their scar let gowns, the lord mayor going in state to meet them, hear divine service and a sermon ; but this custom has of late been discontinued. The chaplain, however, preaches on the occasion. Pamphlel, 88. On the SOth day of January, being king Charles' I. martyrdom, the al dermen are summoned to meet at St. Paul's vestry, in their black gowns, whei'e the lord mayor and sheriffs meet them and hear divine service and a sermon, but this custom has of late years been discontinued; the chaplain, however, preaches on the occasion. Ibid. 85. In the first week in March, tne al dermen are summoned to meet at Guildhall in their scarlet gowns, and the lord mayor, attended by the sheriffs, goes in state from the Mansion-house to Guildhall to license victuallers. Unci. 86. . JI The duty of this day is disconti nued. , ^§ Ditto. 2C0 HISTORY OF LONDON. men must meet my lord mayor* and sheriffs, at St. Paul's in their scarlet gowns, without cloaks, lo hear the sermon. t For the lord mayor's knighthood. All the aldermen meet my lord, either at the Three Cranes, if the king be at Westminster, or at St. Mary-hill, if the king be at Greenwich, by seven of the clock in the morning, in their scarlet gowns, and cloaks borne with them ; and, after morning prayer, they take a barge to the king's palace, where they attend till that ceremony be ended, and so go home with my lord mayor to dinner.^ For going io St. Paul's the first Sunday in every tertn.% All * If tils pleasure be to go. t The duly of this day is disconti nued. J This custom has become obso lete. § The first Sunday in Hilary, Easter, and Trirnty terms, the aldermen are summoned to meet in the vestry at St. Paul's in their scarlet gowns, the lord major, attended by the sheriffs -and city officers, comes in state from the Man sion-house tu St. Paul's, where he meets ihe aldermen, judges, and sergeants- at-law, and they foim a procession to the ch''ir to attend divine service and hear a sermon by his lo i dshi p's chaplain. The court of aldermen on the 8ih of April, 1788, recommended tn the lord mayor for the lime being, on the first day of Hilary term, to cause an invitation .to be given to the judges by the water-bailiff and common-hunt, in their gowns, and tbese officers after wards U) attend on ihn Sunday follow ing, the under-marshjl to precede and the water bailiff and common-hunt to follow their lordships and the sergeants to the cathedral, and after service to proceed to the Mansion house in the following order, viz. The upper marshal on horseback. The four upper marshalsinen on foot The officers ol the lord mayor's household, two and two. The lord mayor in the state coach, attended by six servants in livery. The lord chief justice of the King's Bench. Do. of the Common Pleas. Tne lord chief baron of the Exche quer. The other judges according to their seniority. 'I'he aldermen passed the chair iit tended I'V ilicir Ijeadks. The recorder. The king's sergeants. The other sergeants. The aldermen below the chair. The sheriffs. The chamberlain. Common sergeant. Town clerk. Judges of the sheriff's courts. Four common pleaders. Comptroller. Remembrancer. The solicitor. Water bailiff and common hunt in their gowns. Two marshalsmen on foot. The under marshal on horseback. The court of aldermen likewise re commended to the sheriffs for the time being, lo invite the judges upon the first Sunday in Easter and Trinity terms. On the first Sunday in Easter term a similar procession to take place from St. Paul's to the hall of the cum- piiny, of which the senior sheriff should be a member; and the first Sunday in Trinity term to the hall of the com pany, of which the junior should be a member. — Pamphlet, 84. The attendance at the cathe dral is now confined to the Sundays in Easter and Trinity terms; and the dinners at t-he Mansian house, &o. have been discontinued under the id?a that the sabbath is profaned by these acts of civic hospitality. The first day of every session of Oyer and Terminer, the lord mayor, attended by the sheriff's, goes in stale from the Mansion house to the Ses sions' house, in the Old B.iiley, and pro ceeds upon the bench with the judges, recorder, and aldermen, clothed in their violet gowns and ojiensthe session.s. Ibid 85 HISTORY OF LONDON. 261 the al.iermen meet ray lord and the sheriffs al St. Paul's, in their .sea. let gowns, furred or lined, without cloaks or horses, as llie time of the year requireth, when the term beginnelh. For election of knights and burgesses of the parliament. All the aldermen meet my lord and the sheriffs, at Guildhall, at nine of till clock, in their violet gowns, and their cloaks furred or lined, as the tirae of the year when they shall be chosen requireth, and sit in the hustings-court while the commons choose them. The o. der is, th:.t they must choose master recorder for one of their knights, and one grey cloak for the other, and two commoners for the bur gesses ; which done, they depart. For the lords ofthe council coming down for subsidies. For the lords and commissioners coming down to assess the subsi dies, my lord mayorand the aldermen wear their black gowns, as at other times ; and the commissioners are to be warned by master sheriff's officers.* For the election of master chamberlain, and bridge-maitcr.s- , if any of them depart within the year. My lord and tho alder men sit in the hustings-court while they be chosen, in their violet gowns, without their cloaks, and do not remove until the election be done. For the coronation of a king.i- All the aldermen meet ray lord and the sheriffs at the Three Cranes, or the Vinetree, at the hour of tlieir summons, in their scarlet gowns, and cloaks borne with them, lined, or furred, according to the time of the year, where, taking barge, they land al Westrainster, and there they attend in the Chequer-chamber (being served with wine and cakes), until they are called by the heralds : then they put on their cloaks. The use of my lord's cloak jX Frora Michaelmas to Whitsun tide, violet, furred ; and frora 'Whitsuntide till Michaelraas, scarlet, lined. The lord raayor, and those knights that have borne the office of mayoralty, ought lo have their cloaks furred with grey amis ; and those aldermen that have not been mayors, are to have their cloaks furred with calabre. And, likewise, such as have been mayors are to have their cloaks lined with changeable laffaty, and the rest are to have them with green taffaty. For the first day of every quarter sessions. The first day of every quarter sessions, in the forenoon only, my lord and the she riffs wear their violet gowns and cloaks furred ; but at Midsummer quarter se.ssions, the first day they wear violet gowns and scarlet cloaks, and on the other days black. For Ihe burial of aldermen. The alderraen must be in their violet gowns, except such as have their friends black gowns. When any alderman dieth, master sword-bearer is lo have a black gown, ¦• This custom has become obso- collar of S. S. and sceptre. No cloak. Icl,-. t Beginning upon Michaelmas even. ¦•• .M y lord in a crimson velvet gown, 262 HISTORY OF LONDON. or thirty-three shillings and four pence in money; and if he giveth my lord a black gown, master sword-bearer is to have another, or forty shillings in raoney, the price thereof, and so carry the sword in black before my lord. Master chamberlain is not lo wear his tippet, but when my lord mayor or aldermen wear their scarlet or violet. For the nomination of an alderman. My lord weareth his black gown and violet cloak, and bolh the sheriffs black gowns. For the Orphan's court.* My lord and the aldermen meet al the GuildhaU in their violet gowns, without cloaks; but ray lord mayor must have his cloak. This court the common-crier warneUi. For the election of governors of Christ's hospital, S;c. For the election of the governors of the several hospitals, the lord mayor and aldermen wear their black gowns. Though the office of lord mayor is only elective, yet il may m some measure be said lo be perpetual ; for his authority ceases, neither on the deraise, or abdication ofthe king, as that of all com mission officers do. When such circumstance happens, the lord mayor is the principal officer in the kingdom, and takes his place accordingly in the privy council, until the new king is proclaimed ; in proof of which, when James 1. was invited to come and take possession of the throne of England, Ruben Lee, the then lord mayor, signed the invitation before all the great officers of state and the nobility. His power is very considerable ; for he is not only the king's representative in the civil government of the city, but also first commissioner of the lieutenancy, perpetual coroner, and escheator, within the city and liberties of London, and the borough of Southwark, chief justice of Oyer and Terminer and gaol delivery of Newgate, judge ofthe court of wardmote at the election of an alderraan, conservator ofthe rivers Tharaes and Medway, perpetua coraraissioner in all affairs relating lo the river Lea, and chief butler of the kingdora at all coronations, his fee being for that service a golden cup and cover with a golden ewer. He also sits every morning at the Mansion-house, to determine any differences that may happen among the citizens, and lo do the other business in cident lo his office of chief magistrate. The person of the lord mayor is inviolable, and it is a high crime lo assault or resist hira. Thus, in the year 1339, in the raayoralty of Andrew Aubrey, he, with sorae of his servants, being assaulted in a popular tumult, headed by two persons of the naraes of Haun- sart and Brewere, these two ringleaders were apprehended and tried for that offence, al Guildhall, and, being convicted, were im mediately beheaded in Cheapside. As by the Norman conquest the appellation of sheriff was obliged to make way for the more modern appellation of bailiff; so was that of porlreve to that of provost ; this title being soon after converted into that of mayor. * This curium has becdme obsolete. HISTORY OF LONDON. 263 Il wiU be observed, m several instances, that two lord raayors are set down for one year ; this circurastance has occurred in conse quence of the death of the first elected. In such case, if the event happens in terra, the second lord raayor is sworn in as usual by the barons of the Exchequer ; but if a vacation, he is sworn in by the constable of the town as his deputy. A List of the Portreves and Mayors of London. Piirtreves. Kichard de Par I.,eofstanus Goldsmith Portreves. Robert Barquerel Andrew Buchevet Years. Mayors. 1189 to 1212, Henry Fitz-Alwyn 1213, Roger Fitz-Alwyn 1214, Serle Mercer 1215, William Hardel 1216 J Jacob Alderman and ' ( Salmon Basing 1217 to 1222, Serle Mercer 1223 to 1226, Richard Renger 1227 to 1231, Roger Duke lli32 to 1237, Andrew Buckerell 1238, Richard Renger 1^39, Wyllyam Joynour 1240, Gerarde Bate 1241 to 1242, Reginald Bongay 124S, Rauffe Ashway 1244, Michael Tony 1245 to 1246, Johan Gysors 1247, Pyers Aleyne 1 248, Mychael Tony 1249, Roger Fitz-Roger 1250, Johan Norman 1251, Adam Basing 1^52, Johan Tholozane 1253, Nycholas Batte 1254 to 1258, Richard Hardell 1259, Johan Gysours 1260 to 1261, William Fitz-Richard 1262 to 1265. Thomas Fitz Thomas 1266 William Fitz-Richard 1267 to 1268, Alein Souch 1269, Thomas Fltz-Thomas 1270 to 1271, Johan Adryan 1272 to 1273, Sir Walter Harvey 1274, Henry Waleis 1275 to 1281, Gregory Rokesne 1282 to 1284, Henry Waleys 1285, Gregory Rokeslie 1286, Rauf Sandwich 1287, Johan Breton 1288 to 1293, Rauf Sandwich 1294 to 1297, Sir Johan Brelon 1208. Henry Waleis 1209 to 1300, Elyas Russell Years. Mayors. 1301 to 1307, Johaii Blount 1308, Nycholas Faryngdone 1309, Thomas Romayne 1310, Richard Roffham 1311, Johan Gysours 1312, Johan Pounteney 1313, Nicholas Faryngdone 1314, Johan Gysours 1315, Stephen Abyngdone 1316 to 1318, Johan Wentgrave 1319, Hamond Chyckwell 1320, Nycholas Faryngdone 1221 to 1322, Hamond Chyckwell 1323, Nicholas Faryngdone 1324 to 1325, Hamond Chyckwell 1326, Richard Betayne 1327, Hamond Chyckwell 1328, Johan Grauntham 1329, Symon Swanland 1330 to 1331, Johan Pounteney 1332, Johan Preston 1333, Johan Pounteney 1334 to 1335, Reynold at Conduyte 1336, Johan Pounteney 1337 to 1338, Henry Darcey 1339 to 1340, Andrew Awbrey 1841, Johan Oxynforde 1342, Symond Frauncess 1343 to 1344, Johan Hamond 1345, Richard Lacere 1346, Geffrey Wychyngham 1347, Thomas Legge 1348, Johan Lewkyn 1349, Wyllyam Turke 1350, Richard Killingbury 1351, Andrew Awbrey 1352 to 1353, Adam Frauncess 1354, Thomas Legge 1355, Symond Fraunpess 1356, Henry Pycard 1357, Johan Stody 1368, Johan Lewkyn 1359, Symond Doffelde 264 HISTORY OF LONDOIV; Years. Mayors. 1360, Johan Wroth 1.161, Johan Peche 1362, Stephen Caundish 1363, Johan Notte 1364, Adam Bury 1365 to 1366, Johan Lewkyn 1367, James Andrew 1368, Symond Mordon 1369, Johan Chycheater 1370 to 1371, Johan Bernes 1372, Johan Pyell 1373, Adam of Bury 1374, Wyllyam Walworth 1375, Johan Warde 1376, Adam Staple 1377, Nicholas Brembyr 1378, Johan Phylpot 1379, Johan Hadley 1380, Wyllyam Walworthe 1381 to 1382, Johan Norlhampton 1383 lo 1385, Nicholas Brerabyr 1386 to 1387, Nychohis Exton 1388, Nicholas Swynford 1389, Wyllyam Venour 1390, Adam Bamme 1391, Johan Heende 1392, Wyllyam Stondon 1393, Johan Hadley 1394, Johan Frenche 1395, Wyllyam More 1396. Addm Bamme 1397, Richard Whittington 1398, DrewBarentyne 1399, Thomas Knolles 1400, Johan Fraunces 1401, Johan Shadworlh 1402, Johan Walcot 1403, William Askam 1404, John Hyende 1405, Johan Woodcock 1406, Richard Whittington 1407, William Stondon 1408, Drew Barentyne 1409, Richard Marlowe 1410, Thomas Knolles 1411, Robert Chycheley 1412, William Waldren 1413, William Crowmer 1414, Thomas Fawconer 1415, Nicholas Wotton 1416, Henry Barton 1417, Richard Marlowe 1418, William Sevenoke 1419, Richard Whittington 1420, William Cambrege 1421, Richard Chichelee 1422, William Waldern 1423, William Crowraer 1 124, Joh in Michel 1425, Johan Coventre Years. , Mayors. 1426, William Rynwell 1427, Johan Gedney 1428, Henry Barton 1429, William Estfeld 1430, Nicholas Wotton 1431, Johan Wellis 1432, Johan Parneys 1433, Johan Brokley 1434, Robert Otiey 1435, Henry Prowyk 1436, Johan Michell 1437, William Estfeld 1438, Stephen Brown 1439 Robert Large 1440, Johan Paddesley 1441, Robert Clopton 1442, Johan Atherley 1443, Thoraas Chatworth 1444, Henry Frowick 1445, Symken Eyer 1446, Johan OIney 1447, Johan Gedney 1448, Stephen Brown 1449, Thomas Chalton 1450, Niclas Wyfforde 1451, William Gregory 1452, Geffrey Feldyng 1453, Johan Norman 1454, Stephen Forster 1455, William Marowe 1456, Thomas Caning 1457, Geffrey Boleyn 1458, Thomas Scot 1459, William Hulyn 1460, Richard Lee 1461, Hugh Wyche 1462, Thomas Cooke 1463, Mathew Philip 1464, Rauf Josselyne 1465, Rauf Verney 1466, Johan Yonge 1467, Thomas Owlgrave 1468, William Taylour 1469, Richard Lee 1470, Johan Stockton 1471, William Edward 1472, William Hampton 1473, Johan Tate 1474, Robert Drope 1475, Robert Basset 1476, Rauf Josselyn 1477, Humphry Heyforde 1478, Richard Gardiner 1479, Bartilraew James 1480, Johan Brown 1481, William Haryot 1482, Edmond Shaa 1483, Robert Billesdon 1484, Thomas Hylle 1485, Hugh Bryce HISTORY OF LONDON. 205 Years. Mayors. 1-186, Henry Colet 1 187, William Horne 1488. Robert Tate 1489, William White 1490, Johan Mathew 1491. Hugh Clopton 1492, William Martyn 1493, Rauf Astry 1 494, Richard Chawry 1495, Henry Colet 1496, John Tate 1497, William Purchase 1498, Johan Percival 1499, Nicholas Alwyn 1500, Johan Reymington 1501, Sir John Shaa 1502, Bartholomew Reed 1503, Sir William Capell 1504, John Wyugar 1505, Thomas Knesworth 1506, Sir Richard Haddon 1507, William Brown 1508, Stephen Jenyns 1509, Thomas Bradbury 1510, Henry Keble 1511, Roger Aichiley 1512, Sir William Copinger 1513, William Brown and J. Tate 1514, George Mcnoux 1515, Sir William Buller 1516, John Rest 1517, Sir Thomas Exmew 1518, Thomas Mirfin 1519, Sir James Yarford l.)20. Sir John Bruge 1521, Sir John Milborne 1522, Sir John Munday 1523, Sir Thomas Baldry 1524, Sir William Bailey 1525, Sir John Allen 1526, Sir Tfiomas Seamer 1527, Sir James Spencer 1528, Sir John Rudstone 1529, Ralph Dodmer 1530, Sir Thomas Pargitor 1531, Sir Nicholas Lamhard 1532, Sir Stephen Pecocke 1533, Sir Christopher Askew 1534, Sir John Champneis 1535, Sir John Allen 1536, Sir Ralph Waren 1537, Sir Richard Gresham 1538, Williara Forman 1539, Sir William Holies 1540, Sir William Roch 1541, Sir Michael Dormer 1542, John Cootes 1543 Sir William Bowyer J Sir J Sir Ralph Waren Years. Mayors. 1544, Sir William Laxton 1545, Sir Martin Bowes 1546, Sir Henry Hubarthorne 1547, Sir John Gresham 1548, Sir Henry Amcotes 1549, Howland Hill 1550, Sir Andrew Jude 1551, Sir Richard Dobbes 1552, Sir George Barnes 1553, Sir Thomas White 1554, Sir John Lion 1355, Sir William Gerard 1556, Sir Thomas Offley 1557, Sir Thomas Curteis 1558, Sir Thomas Leigh 1559, Sir William Huet 1560, Sir William Chester 1561, Sir William Harper 1562, Sir Thomas Lodge 1563, Sir John White 1564, Sir Richard Malorie 1565, Sir Richard Champion 1566, Sir Christopher Draper 1567, Sir Roger Martin 1568, Sir Thomas Rowe 1569, Alexander Avenon 1570, Sir Rowland Heyward 1571, Sir WiUiam Allen 1572, Sir Leonel Ducket 1573, Sir John Rivers 1574, James Hawes 1575, Ambrose Nicholas 1576, Sir John Langley 1577, Sir Thomas Rambey 1578, Richard Pipe 1579, Sir Nicholas Woodrofe 1580, Sir John Branch 1581, Sir James Harvie 1582, Sir Thomas Blancke 1583, Edward Osborne 1584, Sir Edward Pullison 1585, Sir Wolstan-Dixie 1586, Sir George Barne 1587, Sir George Bond 1588, Martin Calthorp 1589, Sir John Hart 1590, John Allot 1591, Sir William Web 1592, Sir William Rowe 1593 5^''' Cuthbert Buckle J Sir Richard Martin 1594, Sir John Spencer 1595, Sir Stephen Slany , egg /Thomas Skinner 'l Sir Henry Ballingsly 1597, Sir Richard Sultenstall 1598, Sir Stephen Some 1599, Sir Nicholas Mosley 1600, Sir William Rjder 266 HISTORY OF LONDON. Years. Mayors. 1601, Sir John Gerrard 1602. Robert Lee 1603, Sir Thomas Bennet 1604, Sir Thomas Low 1605, Sir Henry Hoilyday 1606, Sir John Wats 1607, Sir Henry Rowe 1608, Sir Humphrey Weld 1609, Sir Thomas Cambell 1610, Sir Williara Craven 1611, Sir James Pemberton 1612, Sir John Swinnerton 1613, Sir Thomas Middleton 1614, Sir John Hayes 1615, Sir John Jolles l5l6. Sir John Leman 1617, George Bolles 1618, Sir Sebastian Harvey 1619, Sir William Cockain 1620, Sir Francis Jones 1621, Sir Edward Barkham 1622, Sir Peter Proby 1623, .Sir Martin Lumley 1624, Sir John Goare 1625, Sir Allen Cotton 1626, Sir Culhbert Aket 1627, Sir Hugh Hammersley 1628, Sir Richard Deane 1629, Sir James Cambell 1630, Sir Robert Ducy 1631, Sir George Whitmore 1632, Sir Nicholas Raynton 1633, Ralph Freeman 1634, Sir Thomas Moulson 16.J5, Sir Robert Packhurst 1636, Sir Christop. Clethero 1637, Sir Edward BromBeld 1638, Sir Richard Fenn 1639. Sir Maurice Abbot 1640, Sir Henry Garway 1641, Sir William Acton 1642, Sir Richard Gumey 1*H43 Sir Isaac Pennington 1644, Sir John Woollaston 1645, Sir Thomas Atkins 1646, Sir Thomas Adams 1647, Sir John Gayre 1648, Sir John Warner 1649, Sir Abraham Reynardson 1650, Thomas Toote 1651, Thomas Andrews 1652, John Kendrek 1653, JohnFowkes 1654, Thomas Vyner 1055, Christopher Pack 1G56, John Delhick 1:157, Robert Tichborne 1058. Richard Chiverton 1659, Sir John Ireton Years. Mayors. 1660. Sir Thomas Alleyne 1661, Sir Richard Brown 1662, Sir John Frederick 1663, Sir John Robinson 1664, Sir Anihony Bateman 1665, John Lawrence 1666, Sir Thomas Bludwortn 1667, Sir William Bolion 1668, Sir William Peake 1669, Sir William Turner 1670, Sir Samuel Sterling 1671, Sir Rii'hard Ford 1672, Sir George Waterman 1673, Sir Robert Hanson 1674, Sir William Hooker 1675, Sir Robert Vyner 1676, Sir Joseph Sheldon 1677, Sir Thomas Davies 1678, Sir Francis Chaplin 1679, Sir James Edwards 1680, Sir Robert Claylori 1681, Sir Patience Ward 1682, Sir John Moore 1683, Sir William Pilchard 1684, Sir Henry Tulse 1685, Sir James Smith 1686, Sir Robert Jeffery 1687, Sir John Peake 1688, Sir John Shorter 1689 5 ^" John Chapman I Sir Thomas Pilkington 1690 to 1691, Sir Thomas Pilkington 1692, Sir Thomas Stamp 1693, Sir John Fleet 1694, Sir William Ashurst 1695, Sir Thomas Lane 1696, Sir John Houblon 1697. Sir Edward Clarke 1698, Sir Humphry Edwin 1699, Sir Francis Child 1700, Sir Richard Levet 1701, Sir Thomas Abney 1702, Sir William Gore 1703, Sir William Dashwood 1704, Sir John Parsons 1705, Sir Owen Buckingham 1706, Sir Thomas Rawlinson 1707, Sir Robert Bedingfield 1708, Sir William Withers 1709, Sir Charles Duncombe 1710, Sir Samuel Gerard 1711, Sir Gilbert Heathcote 1712, Sir Robert Beachcroft 1713, Sir Richard Hoare 1714, Sir Samuel Stainer 1715, Sir William Humphreys 17:6, Sir Cliarles Peers 1717, Sir .liinies Bateman 171b, Sir William l.ewen HISTORY OF LONDON. .ft? Years. Mayors. 1719, Sir John Ward 1720, Sir George Thorold 1721, Sir John Fryer 1722, Sir William Stewart 1723, Sir Gerard Conyers 1724, Sir Peter Delme 1725, Sir George Merlins 1726, Sir Francis Forbes 1727, Sir John Eyles 1728, Sir Edward BeecUer 1729, Sir Robert Bailis 1730, Sir Richard Brocas 1731, Humphrey Parsers, esq. 1732, Sir Francis Child 1733, John Barber, esq. 1734, Sir William Billers 1735, Sir Edward Belamy 1736, Sir John Williams 1737, Sir John Thompson 1738, Sir John Barnard 1739, Micajah Perry, esq. 1740, Sir John Sailer 1741 ¦/ Hum. Parsons, esq. \ Daniel Lambert, esq. ,«.„ f Sir Rob. Godschall (Sir Gilbert Heathcote, knt. 1743, Robert Willmot. esq. 1744, Sir Robert Westley 1745, Sir Henry Marshall 1746, Sir Richard Hoare 1747, William Benn, esq. 1748, Sir Robert Ladbroke 1749, Sir William Calvert 1750 J Sir Samuel Pennant \ John Blachford, esq. 1751, Francis Cockayne, esq. ,-,„ fThos. Winterbottora, esq "^ \ Robert Alsop, Esq. 1753, Sir Crispe Gascoyne jy.. (Edward Ironside, Esq. "[Thomas Rawlinson, esq. 1755, Ste. Theo. Janssen, esq. 1756, Slingsby Bethell, esq. 1757, Marshe Dickinson, esq. 1758, Sir Charles Asgill 1759, Sir Richard Glyn 1760, Sir Thomas Chitty 1761, Sir Matt. Blakiston 1762, Sir Samuel Fludyer 1763, Will. Beckford, esq. 1764, Will. Bridgen, esq. 1765, Sir Will. Stephenson 1766, George Nelson, esq. 1767, Sir Robert Kite 1768, Right Hon. Thos. Harley 1769, Samuel Turner, esq. ,„„i Will. Beckford, esq ' i Barlow Trecothick, esq Years. Mayors. 1771, Brass Crosby, esq. 1772, William Nash, esq. 1773, Jno. Townsend, esq 1774, Fred. Bull, esq. 1775, John Wilkes, esq. 1776, John Sawbridge, esq. 1777, Sir Thos. Halifax, knt. 1778, Sir James Esdaile, knt. 1779, Samuel Plumbe, esq. 1780, Brackley Kennet, esq. 1781, Sir Watkin Lewes, knt. 1782, Sir Will. Ploraer, knt. 1783, Nathaniel Newnham, esq. 1784, Robert Peckhara, esq. 1785, Richard Clark, esq. 1786, Thomas Wright, esq. 1787, Tho. Sainsbury, esq. 1788, John Burnell, esq. 1789, William Gill, esq. 1790, William Pickett, esq. 1T91, John Boydell,esq. 1792, John Hopkins, esq. 1793, Sir Jaraes Sanderson, knt. 1794, Paul Le Mesurier, esq. 1795, Thomas Skinner, esq. 1796, Sir William Curtis, bart. 1797, Sir Brook Watson, bart. 1798, Sir John Will. Anderson, bart. 1799, Sir Richard Carr Glyn, bart. 1800, Harvey Chris. Coombe, esq. 1801, Sir Will. Staines, knt. 1802, Sir John Eamer, knt. 1803, Sir Charles Price, bart. 1804, John Perring, esq. 1805, Peter Perchard, esq. 1806, James Shaw, esq. 1807, Sir William Leighton 1808, James Ansley, esq. 1809, Sir Charles Flower, bart. 1810, Thomas Smith, esq. 1811, Joshua Jonathan Smith, esq. 1812, Sir Claudius Stephen Hunter 1813, George Scholey, e.'sq. 1814, Sir William Domville, bart, 1815, Samuel Birch, esq. JgJM Matthew Wood, esq. 1818, Christ. Smith, esq. 1819, John Atkins, esq. 1820, George Bridges, esq. 1821, Jno. Thos. Thorpe, esq. 1822, Chris. Magnay, esq. 1823, William Heygate, esq. 1824, Robert Waithman, esq. 1825, John Garratt, esq. 1826, William Venables, esq. 1827, Anthony Brown, esq. 1828, Matthias Prime Lucas, eiq. 268 HISTORY OF LONDON. When or on what occasion a sword was at first carried before this magistrate, we cannot ascertain. Mr. Maitland considers it was not before the reign of Henry VIH. for Pope Leo the tenth, anno 1513, presented that prince with a consecrated sword, and a cap of main tenance, the former being an offensive weapon lo destroy the ene mies of the church, and the latter armour to defend the head. This being the first cap of maintenance we read of in England, it was re garded by Henry as the greatest favour Leo could confer upon him ; therefore the king, as an additional honour to the metropolis of his kingdom, might grant the citizens a privilege to use both the sword and cap of maintenance. CHAPTER IX. An account of the Aldermen and Sheriffs, with a list of the latter. The aldermen of this cily are of far more reraote antiquity than the mayors ; and their office was unquestionably of Saxon institution. The title of ealdermen, or aldermen, among the ancient Saxons, appears to have been one of the greatest dignity (though it is now no where to be found but in chartered societies ;) and was syno- nimous with the title of ' earl.' This probably gave rise to the honorable title of barons, whereby the aldermen and commonalty of London were for a long period denominated. Whether the cily of London at first was divided into wards by king Alfred, (after his rebuilding the same, as already mentioned,) or by arbitrary lords, whose demesnes in the city were held in vas salage by the citizens, or by others, is unknown. However, the latter seeins the raore probable, from the known fact, that, during the Saxon governraent, raost of the cities and towns in this kingdom were held in deraesne or vassalage ; which is strongly corroborated by the wards of this city being anciently hereditary, and alienable at the will of the alderman. And it is observable, that the wards or aldermanries of this city were denominated from the aldermen, and anciently changed their names as often as their masters; and that the division of the city into wards or aldermanries, appears to be of great antiquity; for il is manifest, that London had both wards and aldermen in the reign cf king Richard the First.* The abuses which necessarily arose t'rom this proprietary system, Fitz-Stephen's Description of London. HISTORY OF LONDON. 269 led to repeated efforts on the part of the citizens lo change the tenure of the office ; and at length, from one of those coalitions between the crown and the people, which are not uncoraraon in the history of revolutions, the right of property was, in the reign of Edward II. wrested frora the alderraen, and the citizens of each ward were declared to have the power of electing annually the alderman who was to preside over it. So frequent an exercise, however, of the elective privilege, had also its peculiar inconveni ences ; and in 1394, il was ordered by parliament that in future the alderraen should • continue in office during life or good beha viour.' Al present it is regulated by an act of parliament passed in the 12th Geo. I. and the person so elected is to be returned by the lord mayor (or other returning officer in his stead, duly qualified to hold a court of wardraole) to the lord raayor and aldermen, by whom the person sb returned must be adraitted and sworn into the office of alderraan before he can act. Il is not necessary that the person elected should be a resident of the ward. Citizens of eminence often become candidates for the alderraanship of wards, with which they have previously had no particular connexion. Should a person decline the office of alder man, (which is, however, rarely the case,) he may be fined ; there is even a precedent for imprisonraent. In elections for aldermen, the right of voting is confined to free men who are resident householders ofthe ward paying scot and lot, and an annual rent of not less than 101. a year. Each alderraan has the active direction or wardenship of the affairs of his ward, under the general superintendance of the lord mayor ; and is assisted by one or more deputies, appointed by him self frora araong the comraon-councilraen ot the ward. Every ward, too, has its court of wardmote, or coramon-haU, with which the alderraan may advise on all matters touching the comraon welfare. The privilege of acting as magistrates in the city was formerly confined to the lord mayor, the recorder, the aldermen who had passed the chair, and the nine senior aldermen below il; but in the year 1741, George II., by letters patent, empowered all the alder men of London, without distinction, to act in future as justices of the peace within the city and its liberties. It was anciently the custom for the magistrates of the city of London, to have posts painted and ornamented, set up at their doors, on which the royal proclamations were fixed. Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and several others of our old dramatists, notice this practice. These posts were usually newly-painted on entering into office, a custom which is alluded lo by the satirical bishop of Salis bury, when in his ' Microcosmographia,' he says of an alderman, ' his discourse is commonly the annals of his mayoralty, and what good government there was in the days of his gold chain. 270 HISTORY OF LONDON. though the door posts were the only things that suffered refor mation.' Prior to the reformation the city, in imitation of the national parliament, had its spiritual alderman ; the prior ofthe Holy Tri nity, without Aldgate, for the time being, having always been the alderman of Porlsoken ward. The dignity of alderman, like that of the lord mayor, had once more than ordinary protection; and in those turbulent times, when personal feelings and resentment usurped the place of law and jus tice, it is recorded that a citizen was imprisoned, and his right hand cut off for assaulting an alderman. Resistance to the authority of an alderman was commonly punishable with the loss of freedom, and imprisonment for a year and a day. The costume of the aldermen is a cloth gown of violet or scarlet, lined with silk, or iurred according to the season. On one occasion, an alderman who neglected to line his cloak according to the esta blished mode, was condemned by his brethren to a summary punish ment, amusingly characteristic of the claims of this respectable bodj' to the character which Shakespeare has given of them, as being ' with fat capon lined.' They decreed that the whole court should go and breakfast with him. The office of sheriff, (^shire-reve, or governor of the shire, or county), is an office of great antiquity, trust, and authority. The lord mayor and citizens of London have the shrievalty of London and Middlesex in fee by charter ; and the two sheriffs are by the livery annually elected. Any person being a freeeman of London is eligible to the office ; and whoever is elected is bound to serve, unless he can swear that he is not worth 20,0001. The penalties for refusal are 4001. lo be paid into the city charaber, and 20 raarks, or 131. 6s. 8d. to the ministers of the city prisons. A citizen, after payment of these fines, is exempted for three years, but an alderman only for one: no person, however, after being once drank to by the lord mayor, can be drank to again by any subsequent mayor, unless he becomes an alderman. Whoever serves is obhged lo give a bond lo the corporation of 10001. Although raany pay the forfeit rather than serve the office, yet it is sometimes contested for ; in which case, the poll is held at Guildhall, and adjourned from day lo day, in the sarae manner as in elections for members of parliaraent. The election of sheriffs takes place annually on Midsuramer-day, and they come into office al Michaelmas When chosen, they are sworn into office at GuUdhall, and two days afterwards in the court of exchequer at Westminster-hall. The order of the procession upon this occasion is similar to that on presenting the lord mayor, with the exception of not walking round Westminster-hall, but going immediately to the court of exchequer, and being pre ceded by sixteen of the court of assistants of each ofthe corapanies HISTORY OF LONDON. 2/1 of which the sheriffs are merabers, who attend in their barges and are landed first ; upon entering the court of exchequer, the recorder, sheriffs, and alderraen raake three obeisances to the cursilor baron, which he returns, the lord raayor keeping his hat on ; Mr. recorder then presents the new .sheriffs for his raa jesty's approbation, the lord raayor and junior sheriff standing at his right hand, and the senior at his lefl; his majesty's approba tion is usually expressed in the following words : ' I approve of the two sheriffs on the part of the crown.' The recorder then states to the court, that the sheriffs attend to account, and a warrant to this effect is read, and Mr. recorder moves that it may be recorded, which is granted. A second warrant is in like manner read, to record the appearance of the late sheriffs to render their accounts, which upon motion is also recorded ; the late sheriffs are then sworn by the cursitor baron to account, and a warrant of attorney is then read of the appointment of the under-sheriffs, who are sworn by the cursitor baron, lo account, &c. which upon motion is also recorded ; the tenants or occupiers of certain lands are then called, when the junior alderraan present cuts a stick with a hat chet at two strokes, which is held by one of the officers of the court; the tenants and occupiers of a house called the forge, are then called, when the officer counts the horse-shoes and nirils ; being asked how many shoes, answers six ; another officer then proclairas, a good nuraber -. he is then asked how many nails, and answers sixty-one ; the other officer in like manner proclairas, a good number. , The business being over, Mr. recorder invites the cursilor baron, in the name of the sheriffs, to dine with them ; this ceremony being finished, the procession returns in the same manner as upon presenting the lord mayor.* The duties of the sheriffs are multifarious; they have to serve the king's writs of process; and, in this, are armed with such autho rity, that where the king is party, they may break open doors, or untile houses, in order to obtain admittance, if il be denied. It is also the sheriffs' duty to irapannel or sumraon juries coraposed of raen of ' honest repute and of good ability, to consider of, and deli ver their verdicts according to justice and the merits of the cause ;' lo attend the judge's on all commissions of oyer and terminer, and gaol delivery; to levy and pay into the exchequer all fines to the crown ; to raise the posse comitatus, or power of the county, in cases of riot, when every person called upon by the sheriff, above the age of fifteen, is subject to fine and imprisonraent, if he refuses lo coraply with the summons; to attend on the lord mayor, on all stale occasions, and to discharge the orders of the court of comraon council in all cases of petition to parliament, and of address, or even remonstrance to his majesly. The most painful part of the office of sheriff is that of seeing criminals executed ; and in a raetropolis so * Pamphlet before quoted, p 1 10. 272 HISTORY OF LONDON. large as London, il is a duty they are frequently called on to perform. In the execution of writs and processes, summoning juries, &c. the sheriffs delegate their trust. In the city, this duty is performed by secondaries, who purchase their appointments frora the corpora tion, and are permanent under-sheriffs. In the county, in which department alone between twenty and thirty thousand writs are annually issued, the sheriffs appoint their own deputy, or under- sheriff, and have besides a considerable number of bailiffs, or offi cers, who give security to a large amount for the faithful discharge of their office. If either of the sheriffs die, while in office, the survivor cannot act tUl another is chosen. In all elections of members of parliament, either for the city of London or the county of Middlesex, the sheriffs, to whora the writs are directed, are the returning officers; they convene the voters, preside at the poll, and adjourn it from day to day as they deem expedient. Their power in this respect, however, does not extend to the eity of Westminster. Formerly, sheriffs were disqualified from being members of par liament; but this gave the crown a power which has soraetimes been rendered subversive of liberty. The resistance made by sir Edward Coke, sir Robert Phillips, and sir Thomas Wentworth, to the arbitrary raeasures of Charles I., induced that monarch, previous to the new parliament of 1623, to make thera sheriffs of Bucking hamshire, Somersetshire, and Yorkshire, which al that time pre vented them from sitting in parliament. Sir Edward Coke, how ever, still thwarted the crown ; for, on being called upon to be sworn into office, he objected to the foUowing part ofthe oath that was tendered to him : ' you shall do all your pain and diUgence to destroy, and make to cease, all manner of heresies and errors, com monly called 'Lollardies,' within your bailiwick from tirae to time, and assist all ordinaries and commissioners of the holy church, and favour and maintain them as you shall be rewarded.' In conse quence of the refusal of sir Edward lo take this oath, it was not only dispensed with at the time, but ever afterwards oraitted in the swearing-in of sheriffs. On the revolution of 1688, the law which prevented sheriffs from sitting in parliament was modified, and by an act passed in the Sth of WiUiam and Mary, it was declared, that sheriffs, mayors, and bailiffs of boroughs are only disqualified in their respective juris dictions, as being returning officers. Thus, though a sheriff of London cannot represent London or Middlesex during the time he is in office, yet he may be elected for any other place. ' The list of the sheriffs of London being carried no higher,' says Mr. Maitland, ' by any author hitherto published, than the first of Richard I. in the year 1 189, I shall supply that defect frora a ma nuscript in the king's library, wherein the names ofthe said officers HISTORY OF LONDON. 273 are earned up to the time of king Edward the Confessor ; but the years of their respective governments not being ascertained, the dates of such offices of this cily are only recorded from the year 1188, as will appear by the following account of the said officers, taken from the most ancient record in the archives of GuildhaU, intilled, De Antiquit Legibus Liber; by which I am not only enabled lo rectify the mistakes and raisnoraers in Fabian, Arnold, and Stow, tiU the year 1266, but likewise the dates of the several governments, and speUing the names of the said officers, which the said authors have unwarrantably modernized.'* A List of the Sheriff's of London. Years. Sheriffs. 00 Wolgarius 00 Geffrey de Magnum 00 Hugh Bock 00 Abericus de Vere 00 Gilbert Beck, Peter Fitz Walter 00 John Fitz Negelly, Ernulph Bu- chell 1188 Hen. de Cornhell, Rich Reyner 1189 John Herlisum, Ilogerle Duk 1190 Will, de Havylle, J. Bokoynte 1191 Nichole Duket, Peres Nevlum 1 192 Roger le Due, Roger fil. Alani 1193 Will. fil. Isabel, Will. fil. Aluf 1194 Robert Besaul, Jukel Alderraan 1195 Godard de Antioche, Robert fil. Durant 1196 Robert Blundul, Nichole Duket 1197 Constantine fil. Aluf Rob. de Bel 1198 Arnaud fil. Aluf Richard fil. Barthelmi 1 199 Roger de Desert Jacob Alder man 1200 Simon de Aldermanbir, Will. fil. Aliz 1201 Normant le Blunt, John de Kai 1202 Walt, le Brun. Will. Chaumber- leyn 1203 Tho. deHavilIe,HamuDd Brand. 1204 John Waleran, Rich, de Win- cestrie 1205 John Elylond, Edmund de la Halle 1206 Serle Mercier, Henrv de Sent Auban 1 207 Robt. de Wincestre, Will. Harde. 1208 Thomas fil. Neel, Peres le Due "209 Peres le Juneen, William Wite 210 Stephen Crassul, Adam Wileby IS It Goce fil. Peres, John Gerlande Years. Sheriffs. 1212 Const. Unienis, Randulph Ely- land 1213 Martin fil. Aliz, Peter Bae 1214 Salmon de Basing, Hugo de Ba sing 1215 Andrew Nevelun, John Traver* 1216 Benet le Seynter, Will. Blundus 1217 Randulph Elyland, Th. Bokerel 1218 Goce le Pesur, John Viel 1219 John Viel, Richard de Wimble don 1220 Richard Renger, Goce Juniens 1221 Richard Renger, Thos. Lambert 1222 Thomas Lambert Wm. Joyner 1223 John Travers, Andrew Bokerel 1224 Andrew Bokerel, John Travers 1225 Roger le Due, Martyn fil. Wil liam 1226 Martyn fil. William, Roger Is Due 1227 Henry de Cochin, Step. BoKerel 1228 Step. Bokerel, Henry de Cochin 1229 Rob. fil. John, Walter de Wen- cestre 12S0 John de Woburne, Richard fil. Waller 1231 Waller deBufle, Michel de Seynt Heleyne 1232 Henry Edlmonton, Gerard Bat 1233 Roger Blundus, Simon fil. Maiis 1234 Radulph Aswy, John Norman 1235 Gerard Bat, Robert Hardel 1236 Henry de Cochin, Jurdan de Coventre 1237 J. de VValbroc, Gervase Chaum berleyne 1238 John de Wilehale John de. Coudres 12S9 Remer de Bungeye KadulpU Aswy V©L II • Maitland's London, vol. ii. p. 1J02 T ,274 HISTORY OP LONDON. Years. Sheriffs. 1240 Michel Tony, John- de Gysors 1241 John Viel, Thomas Dureme 1242 Radulph Aswy, Thos. fil. John 1243 Adam de Gyseburne, Hugo Blun. dul 1244 Nichole Bat, Radulph ae Ar cubus 1245 Nichole Bat, Rob. de Cornhull 1346 Simon fil. Marie, Laurence de Frowick 1247, William Viel, Nichole Bat 1248 Nichole fil. Jocei, Gall'red de Wincestre 1249 John Tolesan. Radulph Hardel 12o0 Humf de Faber, William fil. Richard 1251 Nichole Bat. Laurence deFrowik 1252 William de Dureme, Thomas de Winburne 1253 Rd.Picaid, John de Norharalon 1254 Wra. Aswy, Henry Walemund 1255 Mathias Bokerel, John le Minur 1256 William Aswy, Richard Ewelle 1257 Thomas fil. Thoraas, Robert de Catelene 1258 John Adrian, Rob. de Cornhull 1259 Adam Browning', Henry de Co ventre 1260 Rd Picard, John de Norhamton 1261 Philip ie Tailur, Rd. de Wale- broc 1262, Osbert de Suffolchia, Robert de Munpeylers 1623 Gregori de Rokesle, Thomas de Forda 1264 Edward Blund, Peter Aunger 1265 Gregori de Rokesle, Simon Ha- destok 1266 John Adryan, Luke Badecot 1267 Tho. Basynge, Rob.de Cornehyll 1268 Willyara de Durhara, Walter Henry 1269 Willyam Haddystoke, Anketyll de Aiverne 1270 Walter Porter, John Taylour 1271 Gregory Rokysle,Hy. Waleys 1272 Rychard Parys, John Bedyll 1273 Jnhan Horne, Walter Potter 1274 Nich. Wynchester, H. Coventre 1275 Lucas, Patincourt, H Frowyke 1276 Jnban Horne, Rauffe Blount 1277 Robert Bracey. Rauffe Fenour 1278 Johan Adrjan, Walter Langley J 279 Rob. Basyng, W.\lljara Mazaier 1280 Thomas Box, Ka'uffe More 1281 Wjll, Faryngdon, Nic. Wyn chester 1282 Wyll.Mazarer, Nic. Wynchester 1283 Rauffe Blunt, Hawkyn Betnell Years. Stieriffs. 1284 Jordan Goodchepe, Martyn Box 1285 Steph. Cornehyll, Rob. Rokesby 1286 Walter Blount, Johan Wade 1287 Thos. Crosse, Willyara Hawteyn 1288 Wyllyam Hereford, Th. Stanys 1289 Wyll. Betayn, Johan of Canter-- bury 1290 Fulke of St. Edmunde, Salamon Langl'orde 1291 Thos. Romayn, Wyll. de Lyre 1292 Rauffe Blount, Hamonde Boxe 1293 Henry Bale, Elys Russell 1294 Robert Rokesley, Martin Awbry 1295 Henry Boxe, Richarde Glouceter 1296 Johan Dunslable, Ad. Halyng- bery 1297 Thomas Suff, Adpm de Fulham 1298 John de Stortforde, Willyam da Stortforde 1299 Rich. Reffham, Thos. Seley 1300 John Armenler, Henry de Fryn- geryth 13^1 Luke Haverynge, Rd. Champeis 1302 Robert Caller, Peter Bosham. 1303 Hugh Pourt, Simon Parys 1304 Wyllyam Combmartyn, Johan de Burfforde 1305 Roger Parys, John Lyncolln 1306 Rdynold Doderell, Wm. Cansyn 1307 Symon Bolet, Godfrey de la Conduyt 1308 Nicholas Pygotte,Myghell Drury 1309 Wyllyam Basynge, John Butler 1310 James of St. Edmunde, Roger Palmer ISU Symon Scroppe, Peter Blacnay 1312 Symon Merwode,Rych.Wylf rde 1313 John Lambyn, Adam Lutekyn 1314 Adam Burden, Hugh Gaylon 1315 Slephan of Abyngdone, Hamonde Chykwell 1316 Hamonde Goodchepe, Wyllyam Redynge 1317 Wyllyam Caston, Rauffe Palmer 1318 Johan Pryoure, Wm.Furneure 1319 Johan Ponlenay, John Dallynge 1320 Symon Abyngdon, Johan Preston 1321 Reynolde at Conduyt, Wyllyam Prod ham 1322 Rych. Constantyne, Rich. Hake- ney 1323 Johan Grantham, Rych. of Ely 1324 Adam Salisbury, Johan of Oxyn- tbrde 1325 Benet of Fulhara, Johan Causton 1326 Gylhert Moordon, Johan Cotton 1327 Henry Darcy,Johan Hawtiyne 1328 Sym. Fraunces, Hen. Comb- martyne HISTORY OF LONDON. 275 Years. Sherifis. 1329 Rychard Lazar, Henry Gysors 1330 Robert of Ely, Thos. Harworde 1331 JohanMockynge, Andrew Awbry 1332 Nicholas Pyke, Johan Husband 1333 Johan Hamonde, Wyll. Hansarde 1334 Johan Kyngston, Walter Turke 1335 Walter Mordon, Richard Upton 1336 Wyllyam Brykelsworlhe, Johan Norlhall 1337 Walter Neale, Nycholas Crane 1338 Wjll. Pountlreyt, Hugh Marbre 1339 Wyll. Thorney, Roger Forsham 1340 Adam Lucas, liarlho. Marres 1341 Rd. Berkyng, Johan Rockysleo 1342 Johan Luskyn, Rd. Kysljngbury 1343 Johan St?warde, Johan Aleysham 1344 Geffrey Wychyngham, Thomas Legge 1345 Edm. Hempnall, Joh. Glouceter 1346 Johan Croydon, Wyll. Clopton 1347 Adam Bramson, Rd. Besyngstoke 1348 Henry Pycarde, Symond Dolsely 1349 Adam Bury, Rauffe Lynne 1350 Johan Notte, Wyll. Worccstre 1351 Johan Wrolhe, Gylbert Steyn- drope 1352 Johan Peche, Johan Stodeney 1353 Johan WeJde, Johan Lytcll 1354 WiUiam Totyngham, Rd. Sraert 1355 Thos. Forster, Thos. Brandon 1356 Richard Notyngham, Thomas Dosell 1357 Stephen Caundyahe, Bartylmewe Frestelyng 1S58 Johan Bernes, Johan Buryn 1359 Symond de Benyngton, Johan Chychester 1360 Johan Denys, Walter Borney 1361 Wyllyam Holbech, James Tame 1362 John of St. Albones, James An drew 1363 Richard Croydon, John Hyltoste 1364 Johan of Mertforde, Svmond de Mordon 1365 Johan Bykylsworlh, Johan Yre- lande 1366 Johan Warde, Wyllyam Dykman 1367 Johan Tergolde^ Wyll. Dykman 1368 Ad. Wymbyngham, Rob. Gyr- deler 1369 Johan Pyell, Hugh Holdyche 1370 Wyllyam Walworth. Rob.Gayton 1371 Robert Hatl'elde, Robert Gayton 1872 Johan Phylpott, Nycholas Brem- ber 1373 Johan Awb'-y, Johan Fysshyde 1S74 Ryoharde Lyons, Wyll. Wod- house 13»6! Johan Hadley, Wyll. ?i.8Wperte Years. Sheriffs. 1376 Johan Northaraton, Rob. Launde 1377 And. Pykman, Nich. Twyforde 1378 Johan Boseman, Tho. Cornwaleys 1379 Johan Hpylesson, Wyllyam Baret 1380 Walter Docet,Wyll.Knyghthode 1381 Johan Rote, Johan Hynde 1382 Johan Sely, Adam Bamme tS83 Symond Winchcombe, John More 1384 Nicholas Ereton, Johan Frensba 1385 John Organ, Johan Chyrcheman 1386 Wyllyam Stondon, Wyll. More 1387 Wyllyam Venour, Hughe For- stalfe 1388 Thomas Austeyne, Adam Cathyll 1389 Johan Walcot, Johan Loveney 1390 Tho. Vyvent, Johan Fraunces 1391 Johan Chadworth, Hen. Vamere 1392 Gilb. Manfelde, Tho. Newyngtyn 1393 Rich. Why ttington. Drew Baren tyne 1394 Wyll. Brampton, Tho. Knolles 1395 Roger Elvs, Johan Sheryngham 1396 Thomas Wylforde, Wyfi. Parker 1397 Wyll. Askeham, Johan Wode- coke 1398 Johan Wade, Johan Warner 1399 Wyllyam Waldern, Wyll. Hyde 1400 Wyll, Wakele, Wyllyam Eliot 1401 Wyll. Venour, Will. Fremyng- liam 1402 Rich. Marlowe, Rob. Chicheley 1403 Thomas Fawkoner, Thos. Poll 1404 Will. Lowste, Steph. Spylman 1405 Henry Barton, Wyll. Crowner 1406 Nych. Wotton, Godfrey Brooke 1407 Hy. Pomfret, Hy. Hatton 1408 Thomas Duke, Wyll. Norton 1409- Johan Lawe, Wyll. Chycheley 1410 Johan Penne, Thomas Pyke 1411 Johan Raynewell, Wyll. Cotton 1412 Rauf Levenhem, Wyll. Sevynok 1413 Johan Sutton, Johan Micoll 1414 Johan Mychell, Thomas Aleyn 1415 Aleyn Everard, Th. Cambrydgo 1416 Rob. Wodtyngdon, Johan Co ventre 1417 Henry Rede, Johan Gedney 1418 Johan Bryan, Rauffe Barton, Johan Parnasse 1419 Rob. Whytingham,Johan Batier 1420 Johan Boteler, Wyll. Weston 1421 Rich. Gosselyn, Wyll. Weston 1422 Wm. Estfelde, Rob. Tatersale 1423 Nych. James, Tho. Wadeforde 1424 Symon Seman, John Bywater 1495 Wyll. Mylred, Johan Brokle 1426 Johan Arnold, Johan Hyghana 1427 Henry Frowick, Robert Otley T 2 J76 HISTORY OF LONDON. Years. Sheriffs. 1.428 Tho. Duffho'use, Rauffe Holand 1429 Johan Ruffe, Rauffe Holand 1430 Waaler Chertsey, Robt. Large 1431 Johan Addyrlee, Step. Browne 1432 Johan Olney, Johan Paddysley 1433 Thomas Chalton, Johan Lynge 1434 Thos. Bernwell, Simorid Eyer 1435 Thos. Catworth, Robt Clopton 1436 Thos. Morsted, WvU. Gregory 1437 Wyll. Chapman, 'Wyll. Halys 1438 Hugh Dyke, Nicholas Yoo 1439 Rob. Marchall, Phylyp Malpas 1440 Johan Sutton, Wyll. Whetyn- hale 1441 Williara Cumbys, Rich. Ryche 1442 Thos. Beaumont, Rich. Nordon 5443 Nych. Wyfforde, Johan Norman 1444 Stephen Forster, Hugh Wyche 1445 Johan Derby, Geffrey Feldyng 1446 Robert Horne, Godfrey Boloyne 1447 Wyll. Abraham, Thomas Scot , 1448 Wyll. Cantlow, Wyll. Marowe 1449 Wyllyam Hulyn, Tho Canynges 1450 Johan Mydylton, Wylliam Dere 1451 Math. Phylyp, Chrystofer War- ton 1452 Richard Lee, Richarde Alley 1453 Johan Walden . Thomas Cooke 1454 Johan Felde, Wyll. Taylour 1455 Johan Vonge, Thos. Oulgrave 1456 Johan Stewaid, Raufe Verney 1457 Wyll. Edward, Thomas Reyner 1458 Raufe Joselyn, Rich. Nedehara 1459 Johan Plummer, Wyll. Stocker 1460 Rych. Hemynge, Johan Lam- barde 1461 .lohan Looke, George Irelande 1462 Will. Hampton, Bartylmew Je- mjs 1463 Robert Basset, Thomas Mus- champ 1464 John Tate, Johan Stone 1465 Sir Henry Wavyr, James Con stantyne 1466 Johan Brown, Hy. Bryce, Johan Stockton 1467 Humffry Heyforde, Thos. Stal- broke 1468 Wyll. Hacyot, Symond de Smyth 1469 Robert Drope, Rich. Gardyner 1470 Johan Crosby, Johan Warde 1471 Johan Alleyn, Johan Shelley 1472 Johan Browne, Thus. Bledlow 1473 Johan Stocker, Robt. Bvllysdon 1474 Edmond Shaa, Thomas'Hylle 1475 Hugh Bryce, Robert Col wych 1476 Richard Rawson, Wyll. Horne 14,77 Johan Stocker, Henry Colet J478 Robert Hardy ge, Robert By- felda Years. Sheriffs. 1479 Thomas Ham, Johan Warde 1480 William Danyell, Wm. Bakon 1481 Robert Tale, Wyllyam Wyking Richarde Chawry 1482 Wyll Whyte, Johan Mathewe 1483 Thomas Norlond, Wyll. Mariyn 1484 Richard Chestir, Thus. Bretayn 1485 Johan Tate, Johan Tate I486 Hugh Clopton, Johan PerCyvall 1487 Johan Feukyll, Johan Reming ton 1488 Wyllyam Isaak, Rauf Tilny 1489 Wyllyam Capell, Johan Brooke 1490 Henry Coole, Robert Revell, Hugh Pemberton 1491 Thomas Wood, Wyll. Browne 1492 William Purchase, Wjll. Wal- bek 1493 Robert Fabyan, Johan Wyngar 1494 Nycholas Alwyn, Johan Warner 1495 Thos. Knesworth, Henry Somyr 1496 Johan Shaa, Richarde Haddon 1497 Bartholomew Reed, Thos. Wyn- dowght 1498 Thos Bradbery, Steven Jenyns 1499 James Wilforde, Rychard Brond 1500 Johan Hawys, William Stede 1501 Syr Laurence Aylemer, Henry Hede 1502 Henry Keble, Nycholas Nynes 1503 Chrystoffer Hawyss, Kobert Wattes, Thomas Granger 1504 Roger Achylly, Wra. Browne 1505 Richard Shore, Roger Grove 1506 Wyllyam Copynger, Tho. John son, Wm. Fitz-Wyllyaras 1507 William Butler, Johan Kirkby 1508 Thomas Exraew, Rychard Smyth 1509 George Monox, John Doget 1510 John Milborne, John Rest 1511 Nicholas Skelton, Tho. Mirfine 1512 Robt. Aldarnes, Robt. Fenrothet 1513 John Dawes, John Bridges 1514 James Yarford, John Monday 1515 Henry Warley, Richard Grey, William Bailey 1516 Thoraas Seiraer, John Thurston 1517 Thos. Baldrie Raph Simondes 15 18 John Allen, James Spencer 1519 John Wiljcinson, Nicholas Pa- trich 1520 Sir John Skevington, John Kym 1521 John Breton, Thomas Pargetor 1 522 John Rudstone, John Champneis 1523 Michael English, Nich. Jenines 1524 Raph Dodmer, 'William Roch 1525 John Caunton, Christopher As kew 1526 Stephen Peacocke, Nich. Lam bert HISTORY OF LONDON. 277 Years Shtriffi. J 527 John Hardy, William Holies .528 aph Warren, .John Long 529 Michael Dormer, Walter Cham pion 1530 Will. Daunlsey, Richard Cham pion 1531 Richard Gresham, Edw. Altliam 1532 Richard Reynoldes, Nicholas Pinchon, John Martin, John Priest 1533 William Forman, Sir Thomas Kitson 1534 Nicholas Levison, Will. Denham 1535 Humfrey Munmoth, John Cootes 1536 Robert Paget, William Boyer 1537 Sir John Gresham, Thos. Lewen 1538 Wyll. Welkenson, Nich. Gibson 1539 John Feiry, Thomas Hunilow 1540 Sir William Laxton, Martin Bowes 1,541 Rowland Hill, Henry Suckley 1542 Henry Habberthorne, Hy. Am cotes 1543 John Toleus, Richard Dobbes 1544 John Wilford, Andrew Jude 1545 George Barnes, Ralph Alley 1546 Richard Jarveis, Thos. Curteis 1547 Thomas White, Robert Charsey 1548 Will. Locke, Sir John Ailife 1 549 Richard Turke, John Yorke 1550 Augustine Hind, John Lyon 1551 John Lamberd, John Cowper 1552 William Gerard, John Maynard 1553 Thomas Oflley, William Huet 1654 David Woodrofe, Will. Chester 1555 Thomas Leigh, John Machil 1556 William Harper, John White 1557 Richard Malone, James Ailham 1558 John Halse, Richard Champion 1559 Thomas Lodge, Roger Martin 1560 Christopher Draper, Thos. Row 1561 Alexander Avenon, Humphrey Baskerville 1562 William Alin, Richard Cham- berlaine 1563 Edward Bankes, Rowland Hey ward 1 564 Edward Jakeman, Leonel Ducket 1565 John Rivers, James Hawes 1566 Richard Lambert, Ambrose Ni cholas 1567 Thomas Ramsey, Will. Bond 1568 John Oleph, Robert Harding, James Bacon 1569 Henry Becher, William Dane 1S70 Francis Bernam, Wm. Box 1571 Henry Miles, John Branch 1572 Richard Pipe, Nicholas Wood rofe Years. Sheriffs. 1573 James Harvie, Thomas Pullison 1574 Thomas Blancke, Anihony Ca rnage 1575 Edw. Osborne, Wolstane Dixie 1576 'Wm. Kimpton, George Barne 1577 Nicholas Backhouse Francii Bowyer 15-78 George Bond, Thomas Starkie 1579 MartinCalthorp, John Hart 1580 Ralph Woodcock, John Alate 1581 Richard Martin, William Webbe 1582 William Rowe, .lohn Hayden 1583 Wm. Masham, John Spencer 1584 Stephen Slany, Henry Billingsley 1585 Anthony Radclife, Hen. Parnell 1586 Robert House, William E kin . 587 Thomas Skinner, John Ketehcr 1588 HughOfley, Richard Salienstall 1589 Richard Gurney, Stephen Some 1590 Nicholas Mosley, Robert Brok» 1591 William Itider. Benet Barriliam 1592 John Gerard, Robert Taylor 1593 Paul Banning. Peter Hanlon 1594 Robert Lee, Thomas Benet 1595 Thomas Low, Leonard Holiday 1696 John Wattes, Richard Godard 1597 Henry Rowe, John More 1598 Edw. Holmeden, Rob. Hampson 1599 Humphrey Weld, Roger Clarke 1600 Robert Cambell, Thomas Smith 1601 Henry Anderson, Wm. Glover 1602 James Pemberton, John Swin nerton 1603 Sir Wm. Rumney, sir Thomas Middleton 1604 Sir Thomas Hayes, sir Roger Jones 1605 Clement Scudamor air John Jollea 1606 William Walthall, John Lemon 1607 Geffrey Elwes, Nicholas Style 1608 George Bolles, Rich. Farrington 1609 Sebastion Harvey, William Coc kaine 1610 Richard Pyat, Francis Jones 1611 Edw. Barkham, George Sraithe» 1612 Edward Rotherham, Alexander Fresco t 1613 Thoraas Bennet, Henry Jaye 1614 Peter Proby, Martin Lumley 1615 William Goare, John Goare 1616 Allen Gotten, Cuthbert Hacket 1617 Wm Holyday, Robert Johnson 1618 Richard Hearne, Hugh Hamer sley 1619 Richard Deane, James Cambell 1620 Edward Allen, Robert Ducie 1621 George Whitmore, Nich. Rainton 1622 John Hodges, Humfrey Hanford HISTORY OF LONDON. Years. Sheriffs. 1623 Ralph Freeman, Thos. Moulson 1624 Rowland Heilin, Robert Pack hurst 1625 Thomas Westway, Ellis Crispe, John Poole, Christopher Cle- theroe 1626 Edw. Bromfield, Richard Fenne 1627 Maurice Abbot, Henry Garway 1628 Rowland Backhouse, William Acton 1629 Humfrey Smith, Edm. Wright 1630 Arthur Abdy, Robert Cambell 1631 Samuel Cranmer, Henry Prat 1632 Hugh Perry, Henry Andrews 1633 Gilbert Harrison, Rich. Gumey 1634 John Highlord, John Cordall 1635 Thomas Soame, John Gayer 1636 Wm. Abell, Jacob Geirard 1637 Thomas Alkyn, Edward Rudge 1638 Isaac Pennington, John Wool laston 1639 Thomas Adams, John Warner 1640 John Towse, Abrah. Reynardson 1641 George Garret, George Clarke 1642 John Langham, Thos. Andrews 1643 John Fowke, James Bunce 1644 Wm. Gibbs, Richard Chambers 1645 John Kendrick, Thomas Foote 1646 Thos. Cullum, Simon Edmonds 1647 Samuel Avery, John Bide 1648 Thomas Vyner, Rich. Browne 1649 Chr. Pack, Rowld. Wilson, John Delhick 1650 Robert Tichborne, Richard Chi verton 1651 John Ireton, Andrew Ryccard 1652 Stephen Eastwick, William Un derwood 1653 James Philips, Walter Big 1654 Edmund Sleigh, Thos. Alleyn 1655 Wm. Thompson, John Frederick 1656 Tempest Milner, Nath. Temse 1657 John Robinson, Thos. Chandler, Richard King 1658 Anthony Bateman, John Law rence 1659 Francis Warner, William Love 1660 William Bolton, William Peake 1661 Francis Menhil, Samuel Starling 1662 Sir Thomas Bludworth, sir Wm. Turner 1663 Sir Rich, Ford, sir Rich. Rives 1664 George Waterman, Charles Doe 1665 Robert Hanson, Wm. Hooker 1666 Sir Robert Vyner, sir Joseph Sheldon 1667 Sir Dennis Gawden, Thomas Davies 1668 John Froth, Francis Chaplin Years. Sheriffs. 1669 John Smith, James Edwards 1670 Dannet Forth, Wm. Gomeldon, Patience 'Ward 1671 Jouat. Dawes, Robert Clayton, John Moore 1672 Sir Wm. Pritchard, airJamea Smith 1673 Heury Tulse, Robert Jefferey 1674 ,6ir Nathaniel Hern*, John Le. thieulier 1675 Thomas Gold, John Shorter 1676 John Peake, Thomas Stampe 1677 Wm. Eawatone, Thomas Beck ford 1678 Richard How, John Chapman 1679 Jonathan Raymond, Siraon Lewis 16«0 Slingsby Bethell, Henry Cornish 1681 T.hos. Pilkington, Samuel Shute 1682 Dudley North, Peter Rich 1683 Peter Daniel, Samuel Dashwood 1684 Wm. Gosling, Peter Vandepute 1685 Benjamin Thorowgood, Thos. Kensey 1686 Thos. Rawlinson, Thos. Fowles 1687 Bazil Firebrace, John Parsons 1688 Sir Humphry Edwin, John Fleet 1689 Christ. Lethieulier, John Hou blon 1690 Edward Clarke, Francis Child 1691 Wm. Ashhurst, Richard Levett 1692 Thomas Lane, Thomas Cook 1693 Thomas Abney, Wm. Hedges 1694 John Sweetapple, Wm. Cole 1695 Edw. Mills, Owen Buckingham 1696 John Wolfe, Samuel Blewit 1697 Bartholomew Gracedieu, James Collet 1698 Wm. Gore, Joseph Smart 1699 Charles Duncombe, Jeffry .ef feries 1700 Robert Beachcroft, Hen. Furnece 1701 Wm. Withers, Peter Floyer, James Bateman 1702 Rob. Beddingfield, Sam. Garrard 1703 Sir Gilbert Heathcote, Sir Joseph Wolfe 1704 Sir John Buckworth, Sir Wil liam Humfries 1705 Sir Charles Thorold, Sir Samuel Slanier 1706 Sir William Benson, Sir Amorose Crowley 1707 Benjamin Green, Sir Charles Peers 1708 Charles Hopton, Richard Guy 1709 Sir Richard Hoare, Thomas Dunk 1710 Sir George Thorold, Franeu Eyles HISTORY OF LONDON, Years. Sheriff's. 1711 John Cass, William Stewart 1712 William Lewen, Sir Sam. Clarke 1713 Francis Forbes, Joshua Sharpe i714 Robert Breedon, Sir Randolph Knipe 1715 Sir John Ward, Sir John Fryer 1716 Sir Gerard Conyers, Charles Cooke 1717 Sir Peter Delme, Sir Harcourt Master 1718 Sir John Bull, Sir Thomas Am brose 1719 Sir John Eyles, Sir John Tash 1720 Sir George Caswell, Sir William Billers. 1721 Sir Gfeorge Merlins, Edward Becher 1722 Humphrey Parsons, Fran. Child, esqrs. 1723 Sir Richard Hopkins, Felix Feast, Edward Bellamy. esqrs. ¦ 1724 Robert Baylis, Joshua Eyles, esqrs. 1725 Francis Porten, Jeremiah Mor- den, John Thompson, esqrs 1729 SirJohnLock.WilliamOgborne, esq. 1727 Sir John Grosvenor, Thomas Lom be, esq. 1728 Richard Brocas, Richard Levett, esqrs 1729 Sir John Williams, John Barber, esq. 1730 John Fuller, esq. Sir Isaac Shard 1731 Samuel Russel, Thomas Pindar, esqrs 1732 Robert Alsop, Henry HanKey, esqrs 1733 Robert Wesley, Daniel Lambert, esqrs 1734 Micajah Perry, John Slater, esqrs. 1735 Sir John Barnard, Sir Robert Goodschall 1736 Sir Will. Rous, Benj. Hawling, esq. 1737 Sir George Champion, Thomas Russel, esq. Sir Rob. Kendall Carter 1738 James Brooke, 'W. 'Westbrooke, esqrs. 1739 George Heathcote, esq. Sir Jno. Lequesne 1740 Henry Marshall, Rich. Hoare, esqrs. 1741 Robert Willmot, Will. Smith, esqrs. 1742 William Benn, Charles Egglelon, esqrs. 27» Years. .Sheriffs. 1743 Sir Robert Ladbroke, Sir WilL Calvert 1744 Walt. Bernard, esa. Sir Samuel Pennant 1745 Jno. Blanchford, Fra. Cockayne, esqrs. 1-746 Thomas 'Winterbottom, Robert Alsop, esqrs. 1747 Sir Crisp Gascoyne, Ed. Davies, esqrs. 1748 Edw. Ironside, Tho, Rawlinson, esqrs. 1749 William Whilaker, Step. Theo dore Janssen, esqrs. 1750 Wra. Alexander, Robert Scott, esqrs. 1751 Slingsby Bethell, Marshe Dick inson, esqrs. 1752 Sir Charles Asgill, Sir Richard Glyn 1753 Sir Thomas Chitty, Sir Mat, Blakiston 1754 Sir Samuel Fludyer, Sir John Torriano 1755 Wm. Beckford, Ive Whitbread, esqrs. 1756 Wm. Bridgen, Wm. Stephenson, esqrs. 1757 Geo. Nelson, Fr. Gosling, esqrs. 1758 Alex. Masters, J. Dandridge, esqrs. 1759 George Errington, P. Vaillant, esqrs. 1760 Sir Rob. Kite, Sir W. Hart 1761 Sir Nath. Nash, Sir John Cart wright 1762 Sir Thomas Challonor, Sir Hen. Banks 1763 Hon. Thomas Harley, Richard Blunt, Samuel Turner, esqrs. 1764 Sir Thos. Harris, Brass Crosby, esq. 1765 Brackley Kennet, B. Charlwood, Barlow Trecothick, esqrs. 1766 Sir R. Darling, Sir Jas. Esdaile 1767 Rich. Peers, Will. Nash, escjrs. 1768 Sir Thos. Halifax, John Shake- Spear, esq. 1769 Jaraes Townsend, John Saw bridge, esqrs. 1770 William Paker, Joseph Martin, esqrs. 1771 John Wilkes, Fred. Bull, esqrs 1772 Richard Oliver, esq. Sir Watkin levies 1773 .Stephen Sayre. Wm. f^ee, esqrs. 1774 Wm. PInmer, John Hart, esqrs. 1775 George Hayley, Nath. Newnham, esqrs. 2S0 HISTORY OF LONDON. Yiars. Sheriffs. 1776 Samuel Plumbe, Nath. Thomas esqrs. 1777 Rob. Peckham, Richard Clarke, esqrs. 1778 John Burnell, Henry Kitchen esqrs. 1779 Tho. Wright, Evan Pugh,esqrs. 17S0 Thomas Sainsbury, Wm. Crich ton, esqrs. 1781 Williara Gill, Wm. Nicholson, esqrs. 1782 Sir Rob. Taylor, knt. Benj. Cole, esq. 1783 Wra. Pickitt, Thomas Skinner, esqrs. SirBarnard Turner, knt 1784 John Hopkins, John Bates, John Boydell, esqrs. 1785 Sir Jas. Sanderson, knt. Brook Watson, esq. 1786 Paul Le Mesurier, Chas. Hig gins, esqrs, 1787 Jaraes Fenn, Matt. Bloxham, esqrs. 1788 William Curtis, esq. Sir Benj. Hamraatt, knt. 1789 William Newman, Thos. Baker, esqrs. 1790 Geo. Mackenzie Macauley, Ric. Carr Glyn, esqrs. 1791 John Will. Anderson, Harvey Christian Combe, esqrs. 1792 Alex. Brander, esq. sir Benjamin Tebbs, knt. 1793 Peter Perchard, Chas. Hammer- Ion, esqrs. 1794 Sir John Eamer, Sir Robert Burnett, knts. 1 795 Sir Ric. Glode, knt. John Liptrap, esq. 1796 Sir Steph. Langston, Sir Will, Staines, knts. 1797 Sir William Heme, knt. Robert Williams, jun. esq. 1798 Will. Champion, Peter Mellish, Chas. Price, esqrs. 1799 Chas. Flower, John Blackwall,. esqrs. 1800 John Perring, Thomas CadeB, esqrs. )80l Sir Will. Rawlins, knt. Robert Albion Cox, esq. Years. Sheriffs. 1802 Sir Rich. Welsh, Sir John Alex ander, harts. 1803 Jas. Shaw, esq. Sir Wm. Leigh ton, knt. 1804 Geo, Scholey, Will. Domville esqrs. 1805 Jno. Ansley, Thos. Smith, esqr». 1806 Sir Jonathan Miles, Sir Jamei Branscomb, knts. 1807 Christ. Smith, esq. Sir Richara Phillips, knt. 1808 Joshua Jonathan Sraith, Claudius Stephen Hunter, esqrs. 1809 Matthew Wood, John Atkins esqrs 1810 Sir Will. Plomer, knt. Samuel Goodbehere, esq. 1811 Samuel Birch, Wm. Heygate, esqrs. 1812 John Blades, Mich. Hoy, esqrs. 1813 Christopher Magnay, Thomas Coxhead Marsh, esqrs. 1814 Joseph Leigh. John Reay, esqrs. 1815 Sir Thos. Bell, knt. John Thos. Thorpe, esq, 1816 George Bridges, Robert Kirby, esqrs. 1817 Sir Francis Desanges, Sir Geo. Alderson, knts. 1818 Thomas Roberts, Lawrence Gwynne, LL.D. esqrs. 1819 Richard Rothwell, Joseph Wil fred Parkins, esqrs. 1820 Robert Waithman, James Wil liams, esqrs. 1821 John Garratt, Wm. Venables esqrs. 1822 Matthias Prime Lucas, William Thompson, esqrs. 1823 Sir Peter Laurie, knt. George Byrom Whittaker, esq. 1824 Anth. Brown, John Key, esqrs. 1825 John Crowder, Thomas Kelly : esqrs. 1826 Chas. Farebrother, Henry Win chester, esqrs. 1827 Andrew Spottiswoode, Chir!e» Stable, esqrs. «^-^^^^i#^\AA^^.4SAA#.«^ HISTORY OF LONDON. 281 CHAPTER X. Lists and brief Accounts of the various Officers and Courts withili the City. Besides the mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen, there are several other eminent officers belonging to the city.* The Recorder. It is requisite that he should be a grave and learned law yer, skilful in the customs of the city ; he sits with and advises the lord mayor and alderraen, and is a judge of their court, and attends the court of common council, and when especially re quired, the several committees by them appointed, likewise the sessions of the peace and gaol delivery. He takes place in coun cils and in courts before any man that hath not been mayor, and learnedly delivers the sentences of the whole court. The qualifications of the recorder of the cily are thus set down in one of the books of the chamber: that " he shall be, and is wont to be, one of the most skilful and virtuous apprentices of the law of the whole kingdora ; whose office is always to sit on the right band of the mayor, in recording pleas, and passing judg ments ; and by whom records and processes, had before the lord mayor and aldermen at Great St. Martin's, ought to be recorded by word of mouth before the judges assigned there lo correct errors. The mayor and aldermen have therefore used commonly to set forth all other businesses, touching the city, before the king and his council, as also in certain of the king's courts, by Mr. re corder, as a chief man endued with wisdom, and eminent for elo quence." The fee of the recorder was sometimes more, and sometimes less, according to lime and merit, as appears in the fourth book of Liber Albus. In the reign of Edward I. it was only " ten pounds sterling by the year, and twenty pence for each charter 'written, and each testament enrolled." It was afterwards raised to an hundred marks. And he was to have of the chamber such vesture (^Lineatam vel penulatam) lined or faced, and as often as the mayor and aldermen take every year. And bis clerk, such as the Serjeants of the chamber. The recorder, and his clerk, are wont to sit at the mayor's tablet His present allowance is 2,500i. a year. What the recorder's ofBce was long ago demanded to be, to wit, inthe year 1304, may be worthy to be read out of a record, ? For the several natures and duties order ofthe court of common council of the following officers, the author is 1789. ¦indebted to a pamphlet printed by f Maitland, vol. ii. p. 1205. 282 HISTORY OF LONDON. VIZ. Die luntB, &c. " On Monday after the feast of the Conver sion of St. Paul, in the 32nd of king Edward, before the lords, John Le Blund, mayor, John de Burresorch, sheriff, William de Beton, Walter de Fynchingfield, Williara de Leyre, Thomas Ro meyn, Adam de Folham, John of Canterbury, Simon de Pans, John de Dunstable, Richard de Gloucestre, Henry de Loucestre, Adam de Rokesle, &c. aldermen, meeting together, John de Wengrave, alderraan and recorder, was sworn, well and faith fully to render all the judgments of the hustings, after the mayor and alderraen should meet concerning their pleas, and eigreed to gether; and also all other judgments touching the city of Lon don, &c. And that he shall do justice as well to poor as rich. And that all the pleas ofthe hustings, presently after the hustings is finished, he shall oversee, order, and cause to be enrolled, ac cording to the things pleaded, &c. And that he shall corae pre pared lo dispatch the business of the city, &c. when he shall be lawfully warned by the mayor and bailiffs. For which labour the abovesaid mayor and aldermen have yielded to give the aforesaid John \0l. sterling by the year out of their chamber, and twenty pence of each charter written, and each testament enrolled in the said hustings, &c." The present recorder is Newman Knowlys, esq. The following is a Catalogue of the Recorders of London, as far back as could be retrieved. Aldermen. Aldermen. 26 Edw. I. A.D. 1298, John de 3 Hen. V. 1415, John Barton, sen N'"''*"'- afterwards made a serjeant, 1416. 32 Edw. L 1303, John de Wen- 1 Hen. VI. 1422, John Fray, after s'*''^- wards lord chief baron, 1436. 13 Edw. n. 1321, Jeffrey de Hert- 5 Hen. VI 1426, J.hn Simonds '^h^:, ,T ,o , „ 14 Hen. Vf. 1435, Alexander Anne. 14 Edw. II. 1321, Robert de Swal- 18 Hen. VI. 1440, Thomas Cockayn. «fiyne. 18 Hen. VI. 1440, William (alias 3 Edw. III. 1329, Gregory de Norton John) Bowis. 13 Edw. III. 1339, Roger de Depham. 20 Hen. VL 14-42, Robert Danvers, 37 Edw. HI. 1363, Thomas Lodelow common serjeant. 39 Edw. HI. 1.365. Wm. de Halden. 29 Hen. VI. 1451, Thomas Billing, 51 Edw. 1377, Wilham Cheyne.* afterwards, 1453, made a serjeant in 13 Rich. H. 1389, John Tieraayne, 14.58, made Ihe king's serjeant— in «>"'"°n f jeant- 1465, made a justice of King's bench— 16 Rich. II. 1392, Wilham Make- in 1469, made chief justice ""^BD- rr i^Q. . V. r. , - 33 Hen. VI. 1455, Thoraas Urswyck; 18 Kic. 11. Id94, John Cokain coramon serjeant, in the room of Bil- 22 Rich. n. 1398, Matthew de Suth- ling in 1472, made chief baron ¦""."h „, ,.n, -n. ,.u " ^'*"'- I^- '471' Humphrey Star. 5 Hen. TV. 140.^ Thos Thn,.nh„..n-h 1 ;„ .u_ .. .-T -^ . c TT ,,, ,.„„ ,„,. „, ' i^u.r. 1,. i-jd i:iump.nrey oiar- 5Hen.IV.1403,rhos.Thornburgli. key, in the room of Urswyck-in 7 Hen. IV. 1405, John Preston 1484. made chief baron. , n . ,. 1 Edw. V, 1483, Thomas Fitz-Wil- • One ot this name was maoe a liam; in 1489, made speaker of the justice of the King's-bench, in the- house of commons. year 1416, and anoo 1424. lord chief This list hitherto is imperfect, and i. juatie« there. fou„d „, i„ ,he records. HISTORY OF LONDON. 383 The names of the Recorders successively. 2S Hen. VII, 1508, Sir Robert Shef field, knt. 23 Hen. VII. 1508, John Cfialyner, in the roora of Sheffield. 2 Hen. VIII, 1518, Richard Brook, in the roora of Chalyner — in 1521, made a justice of Common Pleas, and 1526, raade chief baron. 11 Hen. VIII, 1530, William Shel- ley, — made a justice of Coraraon Pleas, 1527, in the room of Brook. 18 Hen. vm. 1527, John Baker (one of the ju%es ofthe sheriffs' courts) in the room of Shelley. 27 Hen. VIH. 1536, Sir Roger Cholmley, serjeant at law, in the room of Baker — in 1545, made king's ser jeant, and 1546, made chief baron. 37 Hen. VIII. 1546, Robert Brook, coramon serjeant, in the room of Cholmley — in 1552, made a serjeant, and 1554, made justice of the Com mon Pleas. 1 and 2 Phil, and Mary 1553, Ra nulph Cholmley, one of the judges of the sheriffs' court, in the roora of Brook — made chief justice ofthe Com mon Pleas. 5 Eliz. 1563, Richard Onslow, in the room of Cholmley — in 1556, made queen's solicitor. 8 Elhz. 1566, Thomas Bromley, m the room of Onslow — in 1569, made queen's solicitor. 11 Eliz. 1569, Thomas Wilbraham, one of the common pleaders, in the room of Bromley — he was, in 1571, advanced into the court of wards and liveries. 13 Eliz. 1571, William Fleetwood, in the room of Wilbraham — made a Serjeant in 1580, and 1592, made queen's serjeant. 34 Eliz. 1591, Edward Coke, ofthe Inner Temple, in the room of Fleet wood, who surrendered — in 1606, made chief justice of the Common Pleas, and 1613, made chief justice of the King's-bench 35 Eliz. 1592. Edward Drew, ser jeant at law, in the room of Coke — in 1519, raade a serjeant, and 1596, made queen's serjeant. 36 EUiz. 1594, Thomas Flemynge, in the room of Drew — made a serjeant in 1594, and degraded in 1595. 37 Eliz. 1595, John Croke of tne Inner Temple, in the room of Fle mynge. 1 Jac. I. 1603— Henry Montagu, cf the Middle Temple, in the room of sir John Croke, employed in the king's service — in 1610, made king's serjeant, and six years after chief juaiice of the King's-bench. 14 Jac. 1. 1616— Thomas Coventry, one of thejudges of the sherifls' courts, in the room of Montagu — in the same year made kind's, solicitor. 14 Jac. I. 1616— Anthony Benn, of the Middle Temple, in the roora of Coventry. 16 Jac. I. 1618— Richard Martin, of the Middle Temple, in the room of Benn. 16 Jac. I. 1618— Robert Heath, of Gray's-lnn, in the room of Martin — iu 1620, made king's solicitor. 18 Jac. I. 1620— Robert Shute, of Gray's-lnn, in the room of Heath. 18 Jac. I. 1620 — Heneagp Finch, of the Inner Temple, in the roora of Shute — in 1623, made a serjeant. 7 Car. I. 1631— Edward Littleton, of the Inner Temple, in the room of Finch — in 1634, made king's solicitor. 10 Car. 1. 1634— Robert Mason, of Lincoln's-Inn, in the room of Littleton. 11 Car. 1. 1635— Henry Calthrop.of the Middle Temple, queen's solicitor, in the room ef Mason, afierwards made attorney of ihe court of wards.* 11 Car. I. 1635- Thomas Gardiner. of the Inner Temple, in the room of Cal thro p. 19 Car. I. 1643— Peter Pheastint. serjeant at law, and one of the city's common pleaders, in the room of Gar diner, discharged for long absence. 19 Car. 1 1643— John Glyn, recorder of Westminster, in ihe room of Phea sant, who resigned — in 1649, made a * Sir Henry Callhrop published a useful book, being Reports of Spf-- cial cases, collected by himself, touch ing the several customs and liberties of the city of London. 2S4 HISTORY OF LONDON. serjeant— lb 1660, again made a ser jeant — and afterwards in the same year, made king's serjeant. 25 Aug. 1649— William Steele, of Gray's-lnn, in the roora of Glyn — in 1655. made lord chief baron. 1 Junii, 1655 — Lisleborn Long, of Lincoln's-Inn, in the room of Steele. 18 Martii, 1658 — John Green, one of the judges ofthe sheriffs' court, in the room of Long, deceased. 3 Novemb. 1659— William Wylde, of the Inner Temple, in the room of Green, deceased — in 1661, made a king's serjeant — in 1688, made a jus tice of the Common Pleas — and in 1672, made a justice of the King's- bench. 20 Car. II. 1668— John Howell, de puty recorder, in the room of Wylde. 29 Car. II- 1676— William Dolben, cf the Inner-Temple, in the room of Howell, who su'rendered — in 1677, made king's serjeant — in 1678, made justice of the king's-bench. 30 Car. II. 1680. Sir George Jeff reys, common-serjeant in the room of Dolben — in 1680, made a serjeant — . next year raade king's serjeant, and in 1683, made chief justice of the king's- bench. 32 Car. II. 1680— George Treby, of the Middle Temple, in the room of Jeffreys — 1692, raade chief justice of the Coramon Pleas. 35 Car. 1683— Sir Thomas Jenner (by commission) in the roora of Treby — 1685, raade one ofthe barons of the Exchequer. 2 Jac. II. 1685— Sir John Holt (by commission) in the room of Jenner. 3. Jac II. Mail 12, 1687 Tate, serjeant at law (by commission) in the room of Holt. 4 Jac. II. Feb. 20, 1688— sir Bar tholomew Shower (by commission) in the room of Tate. 4Wil. and Mar. Junii 10, 1692 — sir Salathiel Lovell, serjeant at law, in the room of Treby, who had been re stored upon king James's regranting the city's liberties, and was now made justice ofthe Common Pleas — in 1708 made baron of the Exchequer 7 Annffi, 1708— sir Peter K^ng, at the Inner Temple, in the room of Li- vell —in 1714, made chief justice of the Common Pleas. 1 Georgii, 1714 — sir Wm. Thomp son, of the Middle Temple, in the room of King — in 1716, raade king's solicitor general, and after one of the barons of the Exchequer. 13 Georgii If. 1739— John Strange, esq. his majesty's solicitor-general, in the room of Thompson, deceased. 16 Georgii II. 14 Dec. 1742, Simon Urlin, esq. serjeant at law, in the room of sir John Strange, who resigned. 19 Georgi II. 14 Mali, 174o, John Stracey, esq senior judge of the she riffs' court, on the death of sir Simon Urlin 21 Georgii U. 17 Jan. 1749— Rich Adams, esq. senior of the four com mon pleaders, on the death of Stracey, and, being made a baron of the Ex chequer, resigned. 26 Georgii II. 15 Feb. 1753, WiU liam Moreton, esq. (afterwards sir William) senior judge of the sheriffs' court, in the room of sir Richard Adams. 3 Georgii III. 7 April, 1763— James Eyre, esq. on the death of Moreton afterwards sir James Eyre, knt. suc cessively chief baron of the Exche quer, and chief justice of the Common Pleas. 13 Georgii HI. 17 Nov. 1772-John Glynn, esq. serjeant at law, on the re signation of Eyre. 19 Georgii HI. 12 Oct. 1779— James Adair, esq. serjeant at law, on the death of Glynn. 29 Georgii III. 30 June, 1789— Sir John William Rose, knt. senior of the four comraon pleaders, serjeant at law, on the resignation of Adair. 43 Georgii HI. 20 Oct. 1803— John Silvester, esq. coramon serjeant, on the death of Rose, afterwards sir John Silvester, bart. F. R.S., F.S.A., and D.C.L. 2 Georgii IV. April 10, 1822— Newman Knowlys, esq. common ser- jeant, on the death of Silvester. HISTORY OF LONDON, 2*4 The Chamberlain of London. Is an officer of great repute and trust ; and though annually chosen on Midsummer-day, yet continues in office dtiring life, if no serious crimes are madeout against him. He had the keeping pf the monies, lands, and goods of the city orphans, or took good secu rity for the payment thereof when the parties came to age. And to that end he was deemed in the law a sole corporation, to him and his successors, for orphans ; and therefore a bond or a recog nizance made to bim and his successors, was recoverable by his successors.* This officer is the treasurer to the corporation, has l;he receipt of all their rents and other revenues, and the payment of all salaries, charges, and expenses; he has also the judicial power of admission to the freedom of the city and the enrolment and correction of apprentices. He attends all courts of aldermen and courts of common council, and the several coraraittees, when desired, and has the care and custody of all the accounts of the corporation, and the records concerning freeraen, apprentices, &c. The present charaberlain is Richard Clarke, esq. List of Chamberlains. Years. Chamherlaint. Yinrs. Chamberlains. 1688 Sir Peter Rich 1734 Sir John Bosworth 1689 Sir Leonard Robinson 1751 Sir Thomas Harrison 1696 Sir Thomas Cuddon 1765 Sir Step. Theo. Janssen, b ;rt. 1702 Sir William Fazakerley 1776 Benjamin Hopkins, esq. 1718 Sir George Ludlam 1779 John Wilkes, esq. '727 Samuel Robinson, esq. 1798 Richard Clarke, esq. The Common Sei-jeant. His duty is to attend the lord raayor and court of aldermen on court days, and to be in council with them on all occasions, within and without the precincts or liberties ofthe city. He was lotake care of the orphan's estates, either by taking accounts of them, or to sign their indentures, before their passing the lord raayor and court of aldermen. And likewise to let, set, and manage the or phans' estates, according to his judgment, to their best advantage.f It is also a part of bis duty to attend the meetings of the livery at large when assembled in the coramon hall, where he dictates the names of the persons in nomination to the common cryer, except in cases of election of members of parliament. He is also to at tend the courts of aldermen and common council. The present common-serjeant is Thomas Denman, esq. * This branch of the chamberlain's 1- This portion of hia duty hai now duly haa become obsolete. Come obsolete. 2S6 HISTORY OF LONDON. List of Common Serjeants. Years. Common Serjeants. Years. Common Serjeants 1678 Henry Crispe, esq. 1758 Thomas Nugent, esq. 1700 Duncan Dee, esq. 1790 John Silvester, esq. 1720 John Lingard, esq. 1803 Newman Knowlys, esq. 1729 Thomas Garrard, esq. 1823 Thomas Denman, esq. TAe Town Clerk, or Common Clerk. Keeps the original charters of the city, the books, rolls, and other records, wherein are registered the acts and proceedings of the city; so that he may not be improperly termed the city re gister ; he is to attend the lord mayor and aldermen at their courts. The present town-clerk is Henry Woodthorpe, esq. The town clerk and common serjeant take place according to their seniority. The fees of the chamberlain, common serjeant, and common clerk, or town clerk, were anciently lOZ. per an* num. List of Town-Clerks. Years. Town.Clerks. Years. Town-Cleris. 1672 William Wagstaff, esq. 1737 Miles Man, esq. 1691 John Goodlellow, esq. 1757 Sir James Hodges, knt., 1700 Henry Ashurst, esq. 1774 William Rix, esq. 1705 James Gibson, esq. 1801 Henry Woodthorpe, esq. 1717 Randolph Stracey, esq. 1825 Henry Woodthorpe, L.L. O; 1724 Thomas Jackson, esq. esq. The Coroner of London. Called so from Corona, i. e. a crown, because he deals princi pally with the crown, or in matters appertaining to the imperial crown of England. As to the antiquity of this office, it appears there were coroners in the time of king Alfred, by the book, intituled The Miroir. The lord mayor for the time being is coroner, but hath his deputy for the management of the office. In ancient tirae this office was of such great esteera, that none could execute it under the degree of a knight. As the sheriff raay inquire of all felonies, so the coroner is to inquire of all sudden deaths ; and to that end he impannels a jury, takes evidence upon oath, and gives the charge to the jury. In former times this offlcer was nominated and appointed by the king. In 51 Edward III. the citizens prayed, that they might place and displace a coroner among themselves, answering unto the king what belongs thereunto. It was answered, the king will not depart with his ancient right. The present coroner is Thomas Shelton, esq. IHSaX»R¥ OF LONDCHM . 28; The Gontptreller. Has the care of the city's estates, under the direction of the committee for letting the city lands, the custody of the title deeds, and the preparation of all conveyances, leases, deeds, contracts, agreements, rentals, journals and proceedings relating thereto. He is also the under chamberlain, and has equal power with the charaberlain in the admission of freemen and the enrolment and correction of apprentices, &c. The present comptroller is Joseph Bushnan, esq, The City Remembrancer. Is employed in the business of the corporation in parliament. He attends with the sheriffs at the bar of the house of comraons with all petitions from the corporation, and in the king's closet with the sheriffs, to know his majesty's pleasure when the corpo ration shall wait on hira with their addresses, &c. ; and from time to time waits upon different officers of the state in matters de pending between government and the corporation. He attends the house of commons during their session, and the courts of common council and all coraraittees. The present reraembrancer is T raothy Tyrrell, esq. Besides the offlcers enumerated above, there are two judges of the sheriffs' court, four comraon pleaders, secondary of Giltspur- street Compter, secondary of the Poultry Compter, a solicitor, eight attornies in the sheriffs' court, two bridge-masters, and a hall-keeper. There are also offlcers peculiarly belonging to the lord mayor's house. The first are, the four esquires of the lord mayor's house.* The Sword-bearer. This officer is to attend the lord mayor and execute his orders for suraraoning courts of aldermen and comraon council, and to carry the sword before him, being the emblem of justice. He is also to see that all ancient customs are preserved. He is the prin- * The writer of an ingenious Essay should they not be observed ?" A suf- in the first volurae of the ' Every Day ficient reason for not allowing such Book,' p. 1331, who appears to be in customs as these to be destroyed is the possession of great information upon the evidence they afford of the high esti- aflairs ofthe lord mayor's household, mation in which the person of the judiciously observes : '¦' To some it chief magistrale was held in ancient may appear very unimportant whether times. The citizens are above all in the lord mayor has on a violet or a terested in their preservation, for the scarlet gown, or whether the mace is same revolution which would deprive always carried before him or not, and the lord mayor of his insignia would strictly speaking it is so; but while inevitably involve the corporation itself old customs are harmless, and tend to in the same ruin. preserve dignity and good order, why 288 HISTORY OF LONDON. cipal officer of the lord mayor's household ; he has his table at the lord mayor's mansion-house ; for the support of which, there was formerly l,500i. a year allowed The dinners at this table are now reduced to about fourteen. His dwelling, allowed him by the city, is at Justice-hall, in the Old Bailey. The gentleman that bears this offlce is Thomas Smith, esq. The sword-bearer's place is honourable; inasmuch as the sword is needful to be borne before head officers of boroughs, or other corporate towns, to represent the state and princely office of the king's most excellent majesty, the chief governor. To the rii?ht of bearing which sword, in the chamber of London, this observation is to be made, according to an ancient writer of armoury • ' That the bearer must carry it upright, the hilts being holden under his bulk, and the blade directly up the midst of his breast, and so forth between the sword-bearer's brows. This, in distinction from bearing the sword in any town for a duke, or an earl, or a baron. If a duke, the blade thereof must lean from the head between the neck and the right shoulder, nearer to the head than the shoulder. And for an earl, the bearer must carry the sarae between the point of the shoulder and elbow : and so there is another different bearing of the sword for a baron.'* The Common-hunt. The chief business of this offlce was to take care of the pack of hounds forraerly belonging to the mayor and citizens, and lo at tend them in hunting, when they pleased. This officer's house, allowed hira, was in Finsbury-fields.t He had a yearly allow ance, besides perquisites. He was to attend the lord mayor on set days, and was also master of the cereraonies. This office was abolished on the death of Mr. Charles Cotterell in 1807. The Common-crier. It belongs to the common-crier as serjeant at arms, (which offlce is united to the other,) to summon all executors and admi nistrators of freeraen to appear, and to bring in inven'ories of the personal estates of freeraen, within two months after their de cease ; and he is to have notice of the appraisements. J He is also to attend the lord mayor with the mace on those days on which his lordship wears scarlet robes, and also at the courts of aldermen. He had his dwelling allowed him in Aldersgate. This officfe is executed by Samuel Beddome, esq. • Maitland ii. p. 1207. J As freemen's wills are now proved T At present the Finsbury charity in the Consistory or Prerogative courts, ichool in Tabernacle-row. City road, this part of the duty has become ob- at a place formerly called Dog-house- solste. bar. HISTORY OF LONDON. 280 The Water bailiff. This offlcer is erapowered by the lord mayor to act as sub- conservator of the Thames and Medway. In such capacity he is lo look afler the preservation of the tiver Thames, against all encroachments ; and to look after the fishermen, for the preserva tion of the young fry, to prevent the destroying them by unlaw ful nets. For that end there are juries for each county that hath any part of il lying on the sides or shores of the said river. Which juries, summoned by the water-bailiff at certain limes, make in quiry of all offences relating to the river and the fish ; and make their presentments accordingly. He is also bound to attend the lord mayor on certain days in the week : and had his house in Cripplegate The present water-bailiff is Nathaniel Saunders, jun esq. The four esquires of the household wear damask gowns on state days ; and the sword-bearer, in addition, a cap of mainte nance of fur. There are also three serjeant-carvers ; three Serjeants of the chamber ; a serjeant of the channel ; a yeoman of the charaber ; four yeomen of the water-side ; a yeoman of the channel ; an underwater-bailiff; two meal-weighers; two yeomen ofthe wood-wharfs; a foreign taker ; and city marshals. There are be sides these, seven young men, as The sword-bearer's young man, the common-hunt's two young men, the common-crier's young man, the water-bailiff's two young men, and the carver's young man. Nine of the foregoing officers have liveries of the lord mayor, viz. the sword-bearer and his man ; the three carvers ; and the four yeomen of the water-side. All the rest have liveries from the chamber of London.* The following- officers are likewise belonging to the city ; auditors, clerk ofthe chamber, clerk to the commissioners of the sewers, clerk of the city works, printer to the city, justice of the Bridge-yard, clerk comptroller of the Bridge-house, steward of the Borough, bailiff of the Boiough, clerk to the lord mayor and his assistant, clerk to the sitting justices and assistant, clerk to the sitting magistrate for the borough of Southwark, four dis trict surveyors, keeper of Newgate, governor of the House of Correction, keeper of the debtors' prison, keeper ofthe Borough Compter, ordinary of Newgate, surgeon of Newgale and House of Correction, barge master, four clerks to the Courts of Re quest, four beadles of the Court of Requests, assistant clerk at the bridge-house, keeper of the Green-yard, three assistants to the keeper of Guildhall. * Maitland, ii. p. 1207 VOL. If. U 290 HISTORY OF LONDON. The Lord Mayor'' s officers, and their days of waiting, ac cording to the Pamphlet before referred to. Mr. sword-bearer lo wait daily. Mr. water-bailiff, to wait Friday and Saturday, and every third Sunday. Mr. common-hunt was in waiting at the Mansion-house every third month during the mayoralty. Mr. comraon-crier, to wait Tuesdays and Fridays. The three serjeant-carvers, in waiting every third week. The three Serjeants of the chamber, in waiting every third week. The serjeant of the channel, in waiting every Thursday. The yeomen of the chamber, to wait upon the lord mayor on all public occasions. The four yeomen of the water-side, two of them to wait weekly. The yeomen ofthe channel, to wait daily. The under water-bailiff, to wait on holidays and court days, if he goes not up the river. The six young men, to wait daily in turns. The two meal-weighers, to wait on holidays and court days. The two yeomen of the wood-wharf, to wait on general days. The foreign-taker, to wait likewise on general days. The Sheriffs' Officers. The sheriffs also of London, as the mayor, for the state of the city, had their officers. In the year 1471, they were appointed eacb of them to have sixteen Serjeants, every serjeant to have his yeoman. And six clerks, viz. a secondary, a clerk of the papers, and four other clerks ; besides the under-sheriffs' clerks, their stewards, butlers, porters, and others in the household. An Account of the several Courts within the City and Liberties of London. The various opinions concerning the antiquity of the commo nalty of this city having a share in the government thereof, have occasioned warm disputes between the advocates for the aldermen and commons, but seemingly to very little purpose ; for instead of determining on either side, matters are as much embarrassed as ever. That the government of London by aldermen is of Saxon ori gin, is almost demonstrable, by the charter of He'^nry I. granted to the city about thirty-five years after the conquest ; wherein all strangers are expressly commanded to pay no custom to any per son, save to the owner of the soke, or his deputy : that the HISTORY OF LONDON. 291 owner of the soke or ward, was the alderman, vve think, is be- ,\ond dispute. But that the government of the city was not vested in the aldermeu exclusive of the commons, does in some measure appear hy the said charter ; for as the latter were thereby empowered to chuse their own sheriff and justiciary, it Is not to be questioned, but they were a part of the city legisla ture. The common-councilmen at first returned being only two for each ward, the city commons thought it a nuraber very insuffi cient to represent their numerous body ; wherefore, in the year 1347, it was agreed that each ward of the city should choose a nuraber of common councilraen according to its dimensions, but none lo exceed twelve, nor any to have less than six ; which has been since increased to the present number. The city of London being- divided into twenty-five wards, and they into two hundred and thirty-six precincts, each thereof send a representative to the common council, who is elected after the same manner as an alderraan, only with this difference, that as the lord mayor presides in the wardmote, and is judge of the poll at the election of an alderman, so are the aldermen of the several wards in all respects the same at the choice of common council- men. The several parts which compose the city legislature, very much resemble those which constitute that of the kingdom ; for as the king is the chief estate of parliament, so is the lord mayor of the common council ; and as the house of lords and commons are subordinate to the former, so are the aldermen and common councilraen to the latter; but the three estates of the national re presentative enjoying separately the rights of the negative, that belonging to the common council of the city is only vested in two, viz. the aldermen and common councilraen. The Court of Lord Mayor and Aldermen. The court of lord mayor and aldermen is a court of record, wherein is lodged a great part of the executive power, whereby all leases and other instruments that pass the city seal are executed, contests relating to water-courses, rights, and party-walls, ad justed, and the cily offlcers suspended and punished according to the notoriety of their several offences. The said court has not only a power of electing annually eleven overseers, or rulers of the fraternity of watermen, but likewise a right of fixing their several taxes, with the approbation of the privy council : and also a right of disposing of raost of the follow ing places belonging to the city, viz. the recorder, steward of Southwark, justice of the bridge-yard, clerk to the lord raayor, and assistant, clerk to the sitting justices, and assistant clerk to the sitting magistrate for the borough of Southwark, the district u 2 292 HISTORY OF LONDON. surveyors, keeper and ordinary of Newgate, keeper of the debtors prison and of the Boi-ough Compter, surgeon of Newgate and house of correction, and of the debtors' prison, barge-master, and the beadles of the court of requests. The Court of Common Council. This court, as already observed, consists of the lord mayor, al derraen, and representatives of the several wards ; and being the city legislature, make bye-laws for the good government thereof; they assemble in Guildhall, as often as the lord mayor by his summons thinks proper to convene thera ; they annually select from among themselves a committee of twelve alderraen and thirty commoners, for letting the city lands. They likewise ap point the following committees, viz. ten aldermen and thirty comraoners, for letting the bridge-house estates ; four aldermen and eight commoners, for transacting the affairs belonging to the benefactions of sir Thoraas Gresham, the lord mayor being al ways one ofthe number ; sixteen aldermen and thirty comraoners for improving the navigation of the river Thames ; sixteen alder men and thirty commoners as a coraraittee of control over the coal and corn meters ; sixteen aldermen and thirty commoners as a committee for general purposes ; the lord mayor and certain of the aldermen, together 'with thirty commoners, as a committee for improvements within the city, and the same for improving the port of London. They also, by virtue of a royal grant, yearly ap point a governor, deputy, and assistants, for managing the city lands in Ireland. They have also a right of disposing of the of fices of town-clerk, common-serjeant, judges of the sheriffs' court, common pleader, comraon crier, coroner, bailiff of the borough of Southwark, coraptroller, reraembrancer, solicitor, clerk of the peace, registrar of the mayor's court, clerks of the court of re quests, comptroller of the bridge-house, water-bailiff, clerk of the works, coal meters, keeper of Guildhall and assistants, clerk al the bridge-house, collector of the cily dues, three clerks of the coal market, and keeper of the Green-yard. The Court of Husting. This court is of Saxon origin,, and is the most ancient in the kingdom ; its name is a Saxon compound of Hus and Ding, the forraer iraplying a house, and the latter a thing, cause, suit, or plea ; whereby it is raanifest that husding imports a house or hall, wherein causes are heard and determined; which is far ther evinced by the Saxon dingere or thingere, an advocate or lawyer. This, which is a court of record, and the supreme judicature of the city of London, and weekly held on Tuesdays, was originally HISTORY OF LONDON. 293 established for the preservation of the laws, franchises, and cus toms of the city, and wherein presided as judges the principal magistrates, as at present do the lord mayor and sheriffs, who are assisted by the recorder upon all causes of consequence. In this court two sorts of causes are pleadable, viz. pleas of land, and common pleas, which are held distinctly ; for one week pleas raerely real are held, and the next, mixed actions are decided. Here deeds are enrolled, recoveries passed, writs of right, waste, partition, dower, and replevins, determined.* The Lord Mayor's Court. This is a court of record held before the lord raayor and alder men, but substantially the recorder is the judge, wherein actions of debt, trespass, attachments, &c. arising within the city and li berties of any value may be tried, and actions from the sheriffs' court removed hither, before the jury be sworn. This is also a court of chancery or equity, respecting affairs transacted in the city and liberties; and gives relief when judg ment is obtained in the sheriffs' court, for more than the just debt. This court has an offlce peculiar to itself, held al present in the west wing of the Royal Exchange, consisting of four at torneys, by whom all actions cognizable therein are entered, for the execution whereof there are six Serjeants at mace, who daily attend in the said office. To this court and that of the sheriffs is confined the peculiar privilege attached to the city of London (in coramon only with a few ancient trading cities in England) of foreign attachment, a process anomalous to the coramon law of the land, but of great benefit to the citizens of London and the community at large, inasmuch as large sums are daily received by such means, which in consequence of the absence of the debtors from the kingdom, would be otherwise lost. The custom is this, if a creditor finds within the city of London, goods or money belonging to his debtor, in the hands of a factor or banker, or that any person is indebted to such debtor, he can attach such goods, money, or debts, and if the debtor does not give bail for his appearance be fore judgment is obtained in the attachment, the plaintiff recovers the thing attached. But as this might work an injustice lo the debtor, in consequence of his absence from the country at the time judgment is given against his property, the plaintiff in the attachment gives security to rcslore the money, if the debtor comes into court within a year and a day after the judgment, and shews that the debt of the party attaching, is not a just one. The costs of proceedings in the cause are so low. when compared * This court is regularly adjourned, but no cause has been tried in it for several years past. 294 HISTORY OF LONDON. with the courls at Westminster, as to render proceedings here, when they can be adopted, very desirable to the party sueing. In addition to the peculiar practices of the court, all actions which are maintainable in the superior courts, can be maintained and tried in the lord mayor's court; and as the stat. of 7th and Sth Geo. IV. c. 17, s. 6, confines debts under 201. to this court, great advantages are derived to the parties sueing, inasmuch as a just debt must be recovered in a space of little more than six weeks, which is in general the utmost tirae a defendant can gain, at a comparatively trifling expense. The advantages attending the commencement of actions in this court are so great, as to account for the quantity of business and the large sums which are con stantly recovered there. The juries for trying causes in this, and the sheriffs' courts, are by the several courts of wardmote annually returned at Christ mas, when each ward, according to custom, appoint a sufficient number of persons to serve on the said juries for every month of the year, as follows : January. — Aldg-ate, Porlsoken, and Cornhill. February. — Cheap Ward. March. — Bassishaw and Cripple^aie within and without. April. — Vintry and Bread-street. May. — Tower and Billingsgate. June. — Farringdon without. July. — Bridge. August. — Aldersgate, Colenian-street, and Broad-street. Septeraber. — Farringdon within and Castle Baynard. October. — Queenhithe, Dowgate, and Walbrook. Noveraber. — Langbourn and Lirae-street. December. — Candle-Afick, Cordwainer, and Bishopsgate. The Sheriffs' Courts. These are courts of record, held in Guildhall, of which the sheriffs being- judges, each has his assistant or deputy, who are commonly called judges of these courts, before whom are tried actions of debt, trespass, covenant, &c. To each of these courts belong four attornies, who upon their being admitted by the court of aldermen, have the following oath administered to them : — The Oath. " Ye shall swear, that ye shall well and lawfully do your office of attorney, and well and lawfully examine your clients, and their quarrels, without champarty, and wiihout procuring of any juries, or any inquest embracing. And that ye shall change no quarrel out of his nature, after your understanding. Also ye shall plead. IliS'lORY OF LONDON. 295 ne ley, nor suffer to be pleaded or leyed by your assent, no foreign release, acquittance, payment, arbitration, plain account, what soever it be, lo put the court out of his jurisdiction, nor none other matter ; but it be such as ye may find rightful and true by the inforraation of your client, whose inforratition and saying upon your oath and conscience ye shall think to be true. " And ye shall not inform ne inforce any man to sue falsely against any person by false or forged action. Ready ye shall be at all times to come and attend at the warning of the said maior, and ofthe sheriffs ofthe said cily, unless ye be letted about the business of this city, or for some other reasonable cause. The franchises, laws, and ordinances of this city, you shall keep, and due to be kept to your power. And that well and lawfully ye shall do all things that to the office of attorney pertaineth to do. As God help you." To each of these courts likewise belong a secondary, a clerk of the papers, a prothonotary, and four clerks sitters. The secon dary's offlce is to allow and return all writs brought to remove causes out of the said courts; the clerk of the papers files and co pies all declarations upon actions : the prothonotary draws and engrosses all declarations ; the clerks sitters enter aclions and at tachments, and take bail and verdicts. To each of the compters or prisons belonging to these courts, appertain sixteen Serjeants at mace, with a yeoman to each, besides inferior officers, and the prison keeper. The Court of Orphans. This court was formerly held by the lord mayor and alderraen, who were guardians to children that were under the age of twenty- one years, al the decease of their fathers ; and who took upon them not only the care and management oftheir goods and cbat- tels, but likewise that of their persons, by committing them to careful and faithful tutors, to prevent disposing of themselves during their minority, without their approbation. The comraon serjeant was authorized by the said court to take exact accounts and inventories of all deceased freeraen's estates ; and the youngest attorney of the mayor's court, being clerk to that ofthe orphans, was appointed to take securities for their se veral portions, in the name ofthe charaberlain of London, who is a sole corporation of himself, for the service of the said orphans ; and to whom a recognizance or bond, made upon the account of an orphan, shall, by the custom of London, descend lo his suc cessor ; which is hardly known elsewhere. When a freeman of London dies, and leaves children in their minority, the clerks of the several parishes were to give in their naraes to the common crier, who was thereupon immediately to 296 HISTORY OF LONDON. summon the widow, or executor, to appear before the court of lord mayor and aldermen, to bring in an inventory ofj and give security for the testator's estate ; for which, two months time was commonly allowed ; and in case of non-appearance, or refusal of security, the lord mayor might commit the contumacious executor to Newgate.* Justice-Hall Court. This court is held by the king's commission of oijer and termi ner, al justice-hall in the Old Bailey, eight times a year, for try ing of criminals, for crimes committed within the city of London and county of Middlesex ; thejudges of the court are, the lord mayor, aldermen that are past the chair, and the recorder, who on all such occasions are attended by both the sheriffs, and gene rally by one or more of the twelve judges. All offences com mitted in the city are tried by a jury of citizens; and those com mitted in the county, by one of that. The crimes and misdsraea- nours tried in this court, are high and petty treason, murder, fe lony, perjury, forgery, petty larceny, cheating, libelling, false weights and measures, &c. the penalties incurred by which, are the loss of life, corporal punishment, transportation, amercia ments, &c. The Coroner's Court. The lord mayor being perpetual coroner of the city, this uour is held before him, or his deputy, who is to inquire into the cause ofthe death of any person, who, upon sight of the body, is sup posed to have come to an untimely end, as he is likewise into the escape ofthe murderer; and also concerning found treasure, deo- dands, and wrecks at sea. The Court of Escheator. The lord mayor of London being perpetual escheator within the city, this court is also held before him or his deputy, to whom all original writs of Diem clausit exlremum. Mandamus, De- venerunt. Melius inquirend, 8fc. are directed to find an office for the king, afler the death of his tenant who held by knight's ser vice. The escheator may also find an office for treason, felony, &c. The Court of Conservacy. Tlii.-^ court IS yearly held eight times before the lord mayor, at * This court has become obsolete. HISTORY OF LONDON. 297 such places and times as his lordship shall think fit to appoint within the respective counties of Middlesex, Essex, Kent, and Surrey ; in which several counties he has a power of summoning juries, who for the better preservation of the fishery of the river Thames, and regulation of the fishermen that fish therein, are upon oath to make inquisition of all offences committed in and upon the said river from Staines-bridge in the west, to Yenfleet in the east ; and to present all persons that are found guilty of a breach of the articles. And for the more effectual preservation of the navigation and fish in the river Thames, the lord raayor, as conservator thereof, has his assistant or deputy, the water-bailiff; who, together with his substitutes, detect and bring to justice all such persons as shall presume to destroy either the current or fish of the said river. The Court of Requests. This excellent court, from its reasonable and equitable proceed ings, is coramonly called the court of conscience, and which had its beginning in the ninth of Henry VIII. anno 1518, by act of common council, whereby it was ordained, that the court of lord mayor and aldermen should monthly appoint two aldermen and four commoners to be commissioners thereof, who were to sit weeklj' in Guildhall on Wednesdays and Saturdays, to hear and decide all causes brought before them for the recovery of debts not exceeding forty shillings. This being an experimental act, was only made for two years ; but upon its being found to be of great use and benefit to the poor, it was renewed and continued by divers acts of comraon council, and the number of commissioners increased to fourteen ; in which state it continued till the 3rd of king James 1. 1606, at which time divers cruel and inexorable creditors, despising the authority ofthe same, commenced suits in superior courts against several citizens for trifling debts, to the ruin of them and their poor families ; wherefore the city in the year aforesaid, applied to parliament for redress of this grievance, by which it was enacted, that all the citizens, and others inhabiting within the city of London, and liberties thereof, who then had, or thereafter shall have any debt or debts due, or becoming due to him or them, by any citizens, &c. as aforesaid, not amounting to the sum of forty shillings, that he or they should, or might cause such debtor or debtors, to be summoned to appear before the commissioners of the court of requests at GuildhaU, by the officer thereunto be longing; where they, or any three thereof, are empowered to hear and determine all matters between citizen and citizen, &c. touching debts not amounting to forty shillings ; and in a judicial manner to administer oaths to jilaintiffs, defendants, and witnesses. And for the more effectual preventing all litigious and merciless creditors from ruining their poor debtors, it was ordained, 298 HISTORY OF LONDON. by any action of debt, brought against a citizen of London, in any of the courts of Westminster, or elsewhere (out of the said court of requests) it shall appear to the judge or judges where such action shall be prosecuted, that the debt sued foi does not amount to forty shillings, in such case, the said judge or judges, instead of allowing the plaintiff or plaintiffs any costs of suit, they shall adjudge the said plaintiff to pay to the defendant all such costs as he shall make appear to have been by him dis bursed in defending the said suit. It was also ordained, by the authority aforesaid, that if either plaintiff or defendant, after having been duly sumraoned, shall refuse to appear before the said coraraissioners in the court of re quests, or shall refuse to obey the orders or decisions of the said court ; in both such cases, the commissioners are empowered to corarait such person or persons to either of the corapters, till he, she, or they shall submit to the rules and determinations of the said court. Perhaps never a court of justice was better adapted than this, for the ease and relief both of debtor and creditor ; for here the first is not exposed lo the payment of exorbitant charges, and the latter may recover his debt with the greatest expedition, at a trifling expense.'* The amount has been since extended by the slat. 39 and 40 Geo. 3, c. 104, to debts araounting to 6L If the defendant do not appear the second court day, after being regu larly suraraoned, an attachment is awarded against him ; which corapelling hira to appear, the charge is thereby enhanced. The Court of Wardmote. This court is so denominated frora the words ward and mote, that is, the ward court ; for in London parishes are as towns, and wards as hundreds ; wherefore this court resembles that of the leet in the county : for, as the latter derives its authority from the county court, so does the forraer frora that ofthe lord mayor: as is manifest by the annual precept issued by the lord mayor to the several aldermen, for holding their respective leets, for the election of proper officers in each ward ; the tenor whereof is as follows : To the alderman of the ward of ' We charge and command you, that upon St. Thomas's day, the apostle, next coming, you do hold your wardmote ; and that you have afore us, at our general court of aldermen, to he holden the Monday next after the feast of the Epiphany next coming, all the defaults that shall be presented afore you by inquest in the said wardmote ; and the said inquest shall have full power and authority, by one whole year, to inquire and present all such de- * Maitland, ii. p. 1211. HISTORY OF LONDON. 299 faults as shall be found within your said ward, as oftentimes as shall be thought to you expedient and needful ; which we will shall be once every month at least. 2. And if it happen any of your said inquest do die, or depart out of the said ward within the said year, that then in place of hira or them so dying, or departing out of your said ward, you cause to be chosen one able person in his stead, to inquire and present with the other, in manner and form abovesaid. 3. And that al the said general court, you give afore us the names and sirnames of all of them of your said ward that come not to your said wardmote, if they be duly warned, so that due re dress and punishment of them may be had, as the case shall re quire, according to the law. 4. And that you do provide, that at all times convenient a sufficient watch be kept : and that lanterns with light by nightertail, in old manner accustomed, be hanged forth ; and that no man go by nightertail without light, nor with vizard, on the peril thai belongeth thereto. 5. And also, that you do cause to be chosen men, ofthe raost sufficient, honest, and discreet men, of your said ward, to be for your said ward of the common council of this city for the year ensuing, according to the custom in that behalf yearly used. And also, that you do cause the said raen, so to be chosen to be of the coramon council, to be sworn before you, and in your presence, according to the oath by them used, and of old lime accustomed. 6. And that also in the said wardmote you cause to be chosen certain other honest persons, to be constables and scavengers, and a common beadle, and a raker to make clean the streets and lanes of all your said ward, according to the custom yearly used in that behalf; which constables have, and shall have full power and authority to distrain for the salary and quarterage of the said beadle and raker, as oftentimes as it shall be behind or unpaid. 7. Also, that you keep a roll of the names, sirnames, dwelling- places, professions and trades of all persons dwelling within your ward, and within what constable's precinct they dwell ; wherein the place is to be specially noted by street, lane, alley or sign. 8. Also, that you cause every constable, from time to lime to certify unto you the name, sirname, dwelling-place, profession and trade of every person who shall newly come to dwell within his precinct, whereby you may make and keep your roll perfect , and that you cause every constable for his precinct, lo that pur pose, to make and keep a perfect roll in like manner. ;9. Also, that you give special charge to every innholder, and other persons within your ward, who shall receive any person to sojourn in his house above two days, shall, before the third day after his coming thither, give knowledge to the constable ofthe precinct where he shall be so received, of the name, sirname. 300 HISTORY OF LONDON. dwelling-place, profession and trade of life, or place of service ol such person, and for what cause he shall come to reside there And that the said innholder lodge no suspected person, or men or women of evil name. 10. Also, that you cause every constable within his precinct, once every month at the farthest, and oftener if need require, to make diligent search and inquiry what persons be newly come into his precinct to dwell, sojourn or lodge; and that you give special charge, that no innholder or person shall resist, or deny any constable in raaking such search or inquiry, but shall do his best endeavour to aid and assist him therein. 11. And for that of late there is more resort to the city, of per sons evil-affected in religion and otherwise, than in former times hath been ; you shall diligently inquire if any raan be received to dwell or abide within your ward, that is not put under frank pledge, as he ought to be by the custom of the city : and whe ther any person hath continued in the said ward by the space of one year, being above the age of twelve years, and not sworn to be faithful and loyal to the king's majesty, in such sort as by the law and custom of this city he ought to be. 12. To all these purposes, the beadle of every ward shall era ploy his diligence, and give his best furtherance. 13. Also you are to take order, that there be provided and se* up a pair of stocks, and a whipping-post, in sorae convenien' place in every parish within your ward, for the punishing of va grants and other offenders. 14 Also, that you have special regard that from time to time there be convenient provision for hooks, ladders, buckets, spouts and engines in raeet places, within the several parishes of you- ward, for avoiding the peril of fire. 15. Also, that the streeets and lanes of this city be from time to tirae kept clean before every church, house, shop, warehouse- door, deadwall, and in all other coramon passages and streets of the said ward. 16. And whereas by divers acts of common council aforetime made and established for the common-weal of this cily, among other things it is ordained and enacted, as hereafter ensueth. That from henceforth no huckster of ale or beer be within any ward of the city of London, but honest persons of good name and farae, and so taken and admitted by the alderman of the ward for the tirae being ; and that the sarae hucksters do find sufficient surety afore the mayor and aldermen for the lime being, to be of good guid ing and rule ; and that the same hucksters shall keep no bawdry, nor suffer no letchery, dice-playing, carding, or any other unlaw ful games to be done, exercised or used within their houses ; and to shut in their doors at nine of the clock in the night from Michaelmas to Easter, and from Easter lo Michaelraas at ten of the clock in the night, and after that hour sell no ale or beer. HISTORY OF LONDON. 301 And if any huckster of beer or ale, after this fact published and proclairaed, sell any aie or beer, within any ward of the city of London, and be not admitted by the alderman of the same ward so to do, or find not sufficient surely, as it is above rehearsed, the sarae huckster to have iraprisonment, and make fine and ransom for his contempt, after the discretion of the lord mayor and alder men. And also that the said hucksters suffer no manner of com mon eating or drinking within their cellars or vaults, contrary to the ordinance thereof ordained and provided, as in the said act more plainly appeareth at large. We charge you, that you put the same in due execution accordingly. 17. And also, that you see all tipplers, and other sellers of ale and beer, as well privy osteries, as brewers and innholders within your ward, not selling by lawful measures sealed and marked with the city arms, or dagger, be presented, and their names in your said indentures be expressed, with their defaults, so that the chamberlain may be lawfully answered of their amerciaraents. 18. And also, that you suffer no alien, or son of any born an alien, to be of the coraraon council ; nor to exercise or use any other office within this city, nor receive or accept any person into your watch, privy or open, but Englishmen born ; and if any stranger born out of this realm, made denizen by letters patents, or any other, afler his course and lot be appointed to any watch, that then ye command and corapel him, or them, to find in his stead and place an Englishman to supply the same, 19. And also, that you cause an abstract of the assize ap pointed by act of parliament for billets and other fire-wood, to be fair written in parchment, and to be fixed or hanged up in a table, in sorae fit and convenient place in the parish within your ward, where the common people may best see the same. 20. And furthermore, we charge and command you, that you cause such provision to be had in your said ward, that all the streets and lanes within the same ward be from tirae to tirae cleansed, and clearly voided of ordure, dung, mire, rubbish, and other filthy things, whatsoever be to the annoyance of the king's majesty's subjects. 21. And also, that at all times, as you shall think necessary, you do cause search to be made within your said ward for all va grant beggars, suspicious and idle people, and such as cannot shew how to live ; and such as shall be found within your said ward, that you cause to be punished, and dealt with according to the laws and statutes in such case ordained and provided. 22. And also, we will and charge you the said alderraan, that yourself certify and present before us at the said general court, to be holden the aforesaid Monday next after the feast of the Epi phany, all the names and sirnames truly written of such persons being and dwelling within your said ward, as to be able to pass 302 HISTORY OF LONDON. in a petty jury by themselves, that is to say, every grand juryman to be worth in goods an hundred marks, and every petty juryman forty marks, according to an act in that case ordained and pro vided, the same you shall indorse on the back side of your inden ture. 23. Item. For divers reasonable and urgent considerations espe cially moving, we straightly charge and command you, on the king our sovereign lord's behalf, that you diligently provide and foresee, that no manner of person or persons, within your said ward, what condition or degree soever he or they be of, keeping any tavern or ale-house, ale-cellar, or any other victualling-house, or place of common resort to eat or drink in, within the same ward, permit or suffer at any time hereafter, any common women of their bodies, or harlots, to resort and come into their said house, or other the places aforesaid, to eat or drink, or otherwise to be conversant, or abide, or thither to haunt, or frequent, upon pain of iraprisonment, as well of the tenant ano keeper of every such house or houses, anil all other the places afore-remembered, as of the common women and harlots. 24. Also, that you do give in charge to the wardmote inquest of your ward, all the articles delivered to you herewith; and that you may have a special care of keeping the peace and good order dur ing your wardmote ; and if any offend herein, you may fine or puni.sh him or them according to law. 2.5. And whereas the monies received for the fines of persons re fusing to hold ward offices within your ward, ought to be eraploy ed in the service and for the public benefit of the whole ward, and not of any particular precinct or parish within the ward ; these are therefore to require you to take care that all such fines be from time to tirae disposed of accordingly, for the benefit of the whole ward, as you, with the deputy, and coramon councilraen of your ward shall think most fitting and convenient; and that no such fines be received or employed in any particular precinct or pa rish. Not failing hereof, as ye tender the coramon weal of this city, and advancement of good justice, and as ye will answer for the contrary at your uttermost peril. ' Dated al under the seal office of raayoralty of the said city, the day of December, in the year of the reign of our sovereign lord George the fourth, &c." By this precept it appears, that the court of wardmote con sists ofthe alderman and the respective householders of his ward, by whom are annually elected the several officers peculiar to the same ; among whom being those of the inquesj, they receive the :iforesaid instructions for their better regulation. HISTORY OF LONDON. .-^03 The Chamberlain's Court. This IS an office kept in the Guildhall of London, by the chara berlain of the city, who is thereunto annually chosen by the livery raen of the respective companies on Midsummer day. But this practice is rather a custom than otherwise ; for there are no in stances on record of any of the said officers being turned out, with out being found guilty of raal-practices. This being a place of great trust, the chamberlain at his first being chosen, is obliged to give security for his fidelity. He re ceives and pays all the city cash, and wilA him are deposited all public securities, for which he annually accounts lo the proper au ditors. This officer attends every morning for enrolling and turning over apprentices, admits all persons duly qualified into the freedom of the city, and decides all differences that arise between masters and apprentices ; of the latter about fifteen hundred* are yearly admit ted into the freedom of the city. The Court of Hallmote. This court is denorainated frora the place wherein it is kept, and belongs to the several corapanies of citizens, by whora it is occa sionally held in their respective halls, and wherein the affairs be longing to each of the said corporations are respectively trans acted, Pie-Powder Court. This court of record, denominated pep udres (vulgarly pie powder) is incident to every fair, as a court baron is to a manor ; it is derived from pedes pulverisati, and is so called from its ex peditious proceedings in the decision of all controversies that hap pen in fairs, in which, for the encouragement of traders who frequent the sarae, justice is as quickly administered as dust can fall from the foot. This court is held in Cloth Fair (during the time of Bartholomew fair) by the cily of London and Mr. Stent, for hearing and deciding all differences committed against the tenor of the following procla mation, which is annually made before the lord mayor, on the eve of St. Bartholomew, for the better regulation ofthe said fair:t " The right honourable sir A. B. knt. lord mayor of the city of London, and his right worshipful brethren the alderraen of the said * Maitland, ii. p. 1213. clamation used at the last fair, a. d. T This proclamation has been care- 1827. fully examined with the original pro- 304 HISTORY OF LONDON. city, straightly charge and coraraand, on the behalf of our sove reign lord the king, that aU manner of persons, of whatsoever estate, degree, or condition they be, having recourse to this fair keep the peace of our sovereign lord the king. That no raanner of persons make any congregation, conventi cles or affrays, by the which the same peace may be broken or dis turbed, upon pain of imprisonment and fine, to be made after the discretion of the lord mayor and alderraen. Also, that all manner of sellers of wine, ale, or beer, sell hy raeasures en.sealed, as by gallon, pottle, quart, and pint, upon pain that wUl fall thereof. And that no person sell any bread, except il keep the assize ;* and that it be good and wholesorae lo man's body, upon pain that will follow thereof. And that no manner of cook, pie-baker, nor huckster, sell, or put to sale any manner of victual, except it be good and whole some for man's body, upon pain that will fall thereof. And that no manner of person buy, nor sell, but with true weights and measures, sealed according to the statute in that behalf made, upon pain thai wiU fall thereof. And that no raanner of person or persons take upon him or them, within this fair, to make any manner of arrest, attachment, summons, or execution ; except it be done by the officers of this city thereunto assigned, upon pain that will befal thereof. And that no person or persons whatsoever, within the liraits and bounds of this fair, presurae lo break the Lord's day, in selling, shewing, or offering to sale, or in buying or offering to buy, any coraraodities whatsoever ; or in sitting, tippling, or drinking, in any tavern, inn, alehouse, tippling-house, or cook's-house, or in doing any other thing that may tend to the breach thereof, upon the pains and penalties contained in several acts of parharaent, which will severely be inflicted upon the breakers thereof. And finally, that what persons soever find themselves grieved, in jured, or wronged by any manner of person in this fair, that they come with their plaints before the stewards in this fair, assigned to hear and determine pleas ; and they wUl minister to all parties justice, according to the laws of this land, and the customs of this city." St. Martin' s-le-G rand Court. This court, though within the city, is yet without its jurisdiction, as being in, and belonging to the liberty of that narae, which is subject to the dean and chapter of Westrainster; it is a court of record, held Weekly on Wednesdays, for the trial of all personal * These words ought not to have the assize of bread was abolished by been retained in the proclamation after act of parliament. HISTORY OF LONDON. 30.', actions whatsoever; the principal whereof is a cpias against the body, or an attachment against the goods, so that a man's goods may be.^eized upon in his own house, upon the first process, if his person is not secured before ; which is according to the practice of all ancient liberties or franchises.* The Court ofthe Tower of London. This is a court of record held by prescription, within the verge of the city, on Great Tower-hill, by a steward appointed by the constable of the Tower of London, by whom are tried aclions of debt (for any sum) damage, and trespass. ^****.*^.*.* CHAPTER XI. Some account of the Ecclesiastical Government of the city of London, with a List and Biographical Notices of the Bishops of the see. It 's certain that not long after the first introduction of Chris tianity into Britain, London was erected into a bishop's see ; but at what particular period, or by whom, is involved in obscuMty • This court has not been held for lapse may be considered aa having be many years, and in consequence of this come inoperative. VOL. II. X 306 HISTORY OF LONDON. In the list of ecclesiastics, who formed the second general council held at Aries, in France, in 3-i6, we have the presence of a bishop of London recorded in these terras : " Ex Provincia Britannite Civitate Londinensi Restitutus Episcopus." Joceline of Furnes, in his book of British bishops, says, that this Reslilutus was the twelfth bishop of London ; but no dependence can be placed on the accuracy of his list. It was not till the tirae of Pope Gregory the Great, that Augus tine, who had been called the apostle of the English, restored the light of the gospel. Araong the first converts was Ethelbert, king of Kent, who, about 610, erected London of new into a bishop's see, and founded St. Paul's cathedral. This diocese, which has never experienced any alteration, being forraed of the ancient kingdom of the East Saxons, is in the pro vince of Canterbury, and is composed of the counties of Middle sex, Essex, and part of Hertfordshire, and latterly the British plantations in America. The following parishes in the city are, however, exempt from the bishop's jurisdiction, being peculiars, under the immediate government of the archbishop of Canter bury : viz. Allhallows, Bread-street ; Allhallows, Lombard-street ; St. Dionis, Back-church; St. Dunstan in the East; St. John the Baptist ; St. Leonard, Eastcheap ; St. Mary Aldermary ; St. Mary Bothaw; St. Mary-le-bow ; St. Michael Royal; St. Pancras, Soper-lane ; and St. Vedast, Foster-lane. It is governed by a bishop, who is assisted by a dean, precentor, chancellor, trea surer, five archdeacons, thirty canons or prebendaries, twelve petty or minor canons, six vicars choral, a sub-dean, and other inferior officers. In comraon with aU the bishops ofthe realra, the bishop of Lon don has the power of holding a court in his own diocese, for the trial and punishraent of spiritual offences, in which he may either sit as judge himself, or depute his power to a chancellor, suffragan, or other officer. The bishops' courts, therefore, though held by the king's authority, are not properly to be accounted the king's courts, since none of the judges possess this privilege, neither are writs frora thera issued in the narae of the king, but ofthe bishop. In precedence, the bishop of London ranks next after the two archbishops, and is stiled, in some of the old statutes. Primus Baro Regni, the ecclesiastical barons taking precedence of all the tera- poral barons. It is also the privilege of this diocese, not to be sub ject to the visitation of the archbishop of Canterbury. The dean is lo assisi the bishop in ordinations, deprivations, and other affairs of the church ; and on the king's writ of Con^i^ d'elire, the dean and prebendaries elect the bishop ; but this election is now a mere matter of forra, since the person recoraraended by the king is always chosen. The dean is also elected by the chapter, on let ters missive from the king, whose assent must be obtained before the bishop can confirm and give power to instal him. HISTORY OF LONDON. 307 The sum at which the see is entered in the king's books, is l.OOOi., but it is estimated lo be worth at least 12,000i. per an num. The precentor, or chanter, is to superintend the church music ; under bim is a sub-chanter, who officiates in his absence. The se cond stall, on the north side of the choir, belongs to this officer, whose corps is in the church of Storlford, of which he is proprietor and perpetual rector, and patron of the vicarage. The chanceUor was anciently called Magister scholarum, from having had the charge of literature within the city of London, whereby he was erapowered lo license all the schoolmasters in the city, except those of St. Mary-le-Bow, and St. Martin-le-Grand ; but at present, he is only secretary to the chapter. He has the third stall on the north side of the choir, and his corps is in the church of Borehara and YeUing. The treasurer has the custody of the valuables belonging to the cathedral church of St. Paul ; for the faithful keeping of which he is sworn before the dean and chapter. He has the third stall on the south side of the choir, and his corps is in the church of Pelham and Aldebri. Under hira is the sacrist, who is also sworn to the faithful discharge of his office, three vergers, and the inferior ser vants of the church. The five archdeaconries are those of London, Essex, Middlesex, Colchester, and St. Alban's. Their office is to visit the several cures within their respective archdeaconries, and to inquire into the reparations and moveables belonging to them ; to reform slight abuses in ecclesiastical raatters, and to bring affairs of moraent be fore the bishop. It is also the office of the archdeacon to induct clerks into their benefices upon the bishop's mandate. The thirty canons, or prebendaries, with the bishop, compose the chapter, by which the affairs of the church are managed. All the prebends are in the collation of the bishop, and out of thera there are three residentiaries, besides the dean: so called frora their cent' nual residence in the church. The prebends belonging to this cathedral are as follows ; viz. Broraesbury, or Brandesbury, whose corps lie in the parish o Willesdon, in Middlesex ; whose stall is the fourteenth on the lef side of the choir, Brownswood, or Brownsword, in the parish of Willesdon, Mi dlesex, has the sixteenth stall on the lefl side of the choir. Cadington major, in the manor of Cadinglon, in the county o Bedford, now called the manor of Aston-bury, with a further reve nue from certain houses in St. Paul's church-yard ; has the seven teenth stall On the left side of the choir. Cadington iminor, in the parish of Cadinglon, Bedfordshire ; has the fifth stall on the left side of the choir. Chamberlain-wood, in the parish of Willesdon^ Middlesex ; ha 'he fifth stall on the right side of the choir. X 2 308 HISTORY OF LONDON. Chiswick, in the parish of Chiswick, Middlesex ; has the eigh teenth stall on the lefl side of the choir. Consurapt. per Mare (or in Woltone), in the parish of Walton in le Soker, Essex, about three railes north of the Gunfleet upon the sea-coast. This corps is so called frora having been swallowed up by the sea before the conquest. Il holds the thirteenth stall on the lefl side of the choir. Ealand, or Eldelond, in Tillinghara, near Dengy, in the deanery and hundred of Dengy, and county of Essex ; has the tenth stall on the left side of the choir. Ealdstreet, in the parish of St. Leonard, Shoreditch, Middlesex; has the eighteenth stall on the right side of the choir. Harleston, in the parish of Willesdon, Middlesex, has an addi tional revenue frora sorae houses in St. Paul's church-yard, and the seventh stall on the right side of the choir. Holbourne, in the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, in the su burbs of London ; has the sixth stall on the right side of the choir. Holywell, alias Finsbury, in the raanor of Finsbury, situate in the several parishes of St. Giles, Cripplegate, and St. Leonard, Shoreditch ; has the fourth stall on the right side of the choir. In the year 1315, May 22, an agreeraenl was entered into be tween Robert de Baldock, prebendary of Holywell and Finsbury, and John Gizors, the raayor, and coraraons of London ; whereby the said Robert, for hiraself and successors (with the consent ofthe dean and chapter), did grant all his right and claira in Mora de Holywell and Finsbury, to the sarae mayor and coraraonalty ; for which they were to pay him and his successors twenty shiUings rent per annum. Hoxton, of old named Shoreditch, in the parish of St. Leonard, Shoreditch, or within the limits thereof; has the ninth stall on the left side of the choir. Isledon, or Islington, in the parish of Islington, Middlesex ; has the eleventh stall on the left side of the choir. Kentish-town, in the parish of St. Pancras, Middlesex ; has the tenth stall on the right side of the choir. Mapesbury, or Maplebury, in the parish of Willesdon, Middle sex ; has the twelfth stall on the right side of the choir. Mora, or More extra London, in the parish of St. Giles, with out Cripplegate; has the ninth stall on the right side of the choir. Nelsdon, or Neasdon, in the parish of Willesdon, Middlesex ; has the fifteenth stall on the left side ofthe choir. Newington, or Newton Canonicorum, in the parish of Stoke Newington, Middlesex ; has the sixteenth stall on the left side of the choir. Oxgate, in the parish of WUlesdon, Middlesex ; has the thir teenth stall on the right side of the choir. HISTORY OF LONDON. 309 St. Pancras, in Middlesex, near London ; has the sixth stall on the left side of^ the choir. N. B. The prebendary of Pancras was originally the bishop of London's confessor ; and to this day, whoever is prebendary of St. Pancras, is admitted with the office of confessor and penitentiary thereunto annexed. Portpoole, or Pourtepol, extra London, in and about Portpool- lane and Gray's-inn-lane, in the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn; has the eighth stall on the right side of the choir. Reculverland, in the parish of Tillinghara, in Essex ; has the seventh stall on the left side of the choir. Rugraore, in the parish of St. Pancras, Middlesex, has the seven teenth stall on the right side of the choir. Snealing, in the parish of Kirkeby, in Essex ; has the fourteenth stall on the right side of the choir. Tottenhall, or Tottenham -court, in the parish of St. Pancras, Middlesex ; bas the fourth stall on the left side of the choir Twyford, called East Twyford, in the parish of Willesdon, Mid dlesex ; has the eleventh stall on the right side of the choir. Wenlake's-barn, or Wellakesbury, in the parish of St. Giles ; has the fifteenth stall on the right side of the choir. Wildland, in the parish of Tillinghara, Essex ; has the eighth stall on the left side of the choir. WUlesdon, or Willesdon-green, in the parish of Willesdon, Mid dlesex; has the twelfth stall on the left side of the choir. The twelve petty canons are usually chosen out of the ministers and offlcers belonging to the church. They were constituted a body politic and corporate, by letters patent of Richard II. dated in 1399, under the denomination of " The college of the twelve petty ca nons of St. Paul's." They are governed by a warden chosen from araong themselves, and have the privilege of a comraon seal. One of the petty canons is appointed sub-dean, by the dean with the consent of the chapter and minor canons. His office is to sup ply the dean's place in the choir. Two others are denominated cardinals of the choir, lo which office they are elected by the dean and chapter, and are to superintend the duly of the choir. With respect lo the ancient stale of the parish priests of London, il is to be observed that their revenues did not arise from a glebe, or from tylhe of lands, but from custoraary payraents issuing out of the houses of their parishioners according to the value of the rents, which were called oblations, because they were sraall pieces of money offered by each parishioner to God and the church, on certain holidays. This custom had been used for many ages, but the earliest do cument on record for regulating the araount of the payraents, is the constitution of Roger Niger, bishop of London, from 1229 to 1241, whereby the citizens were enjoined to pay lo their respec tive parish priests on all Sundays and festivals, the vigils of which 310 HISTORY OF LONDON. were to be observed as feasts, one farthing for every house at ten shillings a year rent ; a halfpenny for one of twenty, and for those of forty shillings one penny each: all which amounted to about two shiUings and sixpence in the pound ; for there were but eight apostle's days on which these payraents were to be made, and if any of these chanced lo fall on a Sunday, there was only one pay ment made for that day. This mode of payment continued, until the 13lh Richard II. when Thoraas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, published ' An Ex planation' of the constitution made by Niger, in which he added twenty-two other saint's days, by which the payments were in creased to three shillings and five pence in the pound ; but this having occasioned contests between the inhabitants and their pas tors, a buU of confirmation was issued by Pope Innocent, in the 5lh year of Henry IV. Still the citizens were dissatisfied, and notwithstanding a second bull of confirmation by pope Nicholas, in the 31st of Henry VI. they caused a record or protest to be made, in which they asserted, that ihe order of explanation by the archbishop of Canterbury, was surreptitiously obtained, wiihout the knowledge and consent of the citizens of London, and was to be considered rather as a destructive, than a declaratory law. Notwithstanding this opposition of the citizens, they were con strained to pay on the additional saint's days, until the 17lh of Henry VIII. when the matter in dispute being referred to the lord chancellor and privy council, an act of parliament, founded upon their report, was passed, by which the rate was reduced to two shil lings and nine pence in the pound. But although the citizens obtained this diminution of the rate, they reraained equally unwilling to pay it, and sought to reduce it by various stralageras, particularly by taking their houses al low nominal rents, and making up the difference to the landlord by yearly or quarterly fines, annuities, new year's gifts, &c. whereby ihe clergy were defrauded of their just demands, which occasioned repealed applications lo parliaraent, and to the king and council, out no effectual redress was obtained, until afler the fire of London. By this event, eighty four of the ninety seven parish churches within the walls were destroyed, and their nuraber being greatly reduced by the uniting of several parishes into one, in pursuance of the act for rebuilding the cily, il was found necessary lo make a raore certain provision for the incurabents of the several livings ; in consequence of which an act was passed in 1671, for providing a fixed annual revenue for the raainlenance of the parsons, vicars, and curates, of the respective single or united parishes, to be raised by an equal assessment. This act remained in force untU the year 1804, when in consequence of a petition of the London clergy, for an increase oftheir annual stipends, a new act was passed by which they were settled as follows : HISTORY OF LONDON. 311 £ 8. d. Allhallows, Lombard-street - - 200 0 0 St. Bartholomew, Exchange - - 200 0 0 St. Bridget, or St. Bride's - - 200 0 0 St. Bennet Finck ... 200 0 0 St. Michael's, Crooked-lane - - 200 0 0 St. Dionis, Back-church - - 200 0 0 St. Dunstan in the East - - 333 6 8 St. James, Garlick-hithe - - 200 0 0 St. Michael, CornhiU - - 233 6 8 St. Margaret, Lothbury, and St. Christopher 366 13 4 St, Michael, Bassishaw - - 220 18 4 St. Mary, Aldermanbury - - 250 0 0 St. Martin, Ludgate ... 266 13 4 St. Peter's, Cornhill - - 200 0 0 St, Stephen, Coleraan-streel - - 200 0 0 St. Sepulchre's - - - 333 6 8 AllhaUows, Bread-street, and St. John Evangelist 233 6 8 Allhallows the Great, and Allhallows the Less 333 6 8 St. Alban's, Wood-st. and St. Olave's, Silver-st. 283 6 8 St. Anne, St. Agnes, and St. John Zachary'.s 233 6 8 St. Augustine and St. Faith - - 286 13 4 St. Andrew, Wardrobe, and St. Anne, Blackfriars 233 6 8 St. Antholine, and St. John Baptist - 200 0 0 St. Benet's, Grace-church, and St. Leonard, East- cheap - - - - 233 6 8 St. Benet, Paul's-wharf, and St. Peter, Paul's- wharf - - - 200 0 0 Christ's church, and St, Leonard, Foster-lane 233 6 8 St. Edmund the King, and St. Nicholas Aeons 300 0 0 St. George, Botolph-lane, and St. Botolph, Bil lingsgate - - - 300 0 0 St. Lawrence, Jewry, and St. Mary Magdalen, Milk-street - - - 200 0 0 St. Magnus, and St. Margaret, New Fish-street 283 6 8 St. Michael Royal, and St. Martin Vintry 233 6 8 St. Matthew, Friday-street, and St. Peter, Cheap 250 0 0 St Margaret Pattens, and St. Gabriel, Fenchurch 200 0 0 St. Mary at Hill, and St. Andrew Hubbard 333 6 8 St. Mary Woolnorth, and St. Mary, Woolchurch 266 13 4 St. Clement, Eastcheap, and St. Martin's, Ogars 233 6 8 St. Mary Abchurch, and St. Lawrence Poulteney 200 0 0 St. Mary Aldermary, and St. Thoraas Apostle's 250 0 0 St. Mary-le-Bow, St. Pancras, Soper-lane, and Allhallows, Honey-lane - 333 6 8 St. Mildred, Poultry, and St. Mary, Colechurch 283 6 8 St. Michael, Wood-street, and St. Mary, Staining 200 0 0 St. Mildred, Bread-street, and St. Margaret Moses 216 13 4 St. Michael, Queenhithe and Trinity - 266 13 4 0 0 0 0 13 4 0 0 0 0 6 8 13 4 312 H ISTORY OF LONDON. £ 8. d. St. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish-street, and St. Gregory - - - 200 St. Mary Somerset, and St. Mary Mounlhaw 200 St. Nicholas Cole-abbey, and St. Nicholas Olave's 216 St. Olave Jewry, and St. Martin, Ironmonger-lane 200 St. Stephen, Walbrook, and St. Bennet, Sherehog 200 St. Swithin, and St. Mary Bothaw - 233 St- Vedast, alias Foster's, and St. Michael-le-Quern 266 The annual stipends are over and above glebes, gifts, bequests, and surplice fees; and the vicar of St. Sepulchre's is entitled to one-third part of the impropriate tythes, in respect of that part of the parish which is within the county of Middlesex. We learn from Fabian's Chronicle, that in his time, the nuraber of parish churches in London, araounted to one hundred and thir teen, and that there were also twenty-seven houses of religion, mo nasteries, colleges, and chapels, which were not parochial. Of the bishops, who filled this see till the arrival of the Normans, little is known. The following list has been compiled from the most authentic sources. List of the Bishops of London. Mellitus, consecrated by Augustine jEthelnolh, bishop 816 604 ; died April 24, 624 Ceolbryht, consecrated before 830 Cedda, succeeded 654, died at the ab- Deorwif, or Cerolf, 841 bey of Lestingham in Yorkshire, Swithulf, or Swytholf, 851 Oct. 26, 664 Eadslanus I. succeeded about 898 Wine, bishop of Winchester, 666, died Wulfsius, about 900 671 Ethelwardust Erkenwald, son of Offa, king of the Elstan, or Eadstanus II. 926 East Angles, 675, died about 685, Theodoricus, or Theodore, about 938 buried in St. Paul's Wulfslanus I. bishop in 922 Waldhere, or Walther, succeeded him, Brithelraus 941, died 958 but in what year is uncertain. Dunstan, bishop of Worcester, trans- Ingwald sate as bishop about 704, died lated to this see 958, removed to about 744 Canterbury, and died 988 Ecgwlf, or Egwolfe, 747 Eadstanus HI. succeeded ; during his Wighed, or Sighah, about 754 episcopate St. Paul's church was Eadbright, or Edbartus, 761 burnt, 961 Eadgar, or Edgar, 789* Wulfstane II. consecrated 996 Kenewalchus, or Cenwalk, cccuri as VElfhunus, or Alphunus, 1012 bishop, 773 iElfwius, or Alwy, 1015, died before Eadbaldus, 784 1035 Heathobright, or Eadbert, 795, died iElfwordus, or Ailward, before 1035. 802 died 1044 Osmund, or Oswyn, succeeded in 802, Robert, a Norman, made bishop py died 816 Edward the Confessor in 1044- • Stow says 768. t Placed by Stow in 878. HISTORY OF LONDON, 313 translated to Canterbury 1051, died in Normandy 1070 William, another Norman, and chap lain to the same king, consecrated bishop of London 1051 Hughde Orivalle succeeded 1075, died of leprosy 1084 Maurice, chaplain and chancellor to the conqueror, consecrated 1085, died Sept. 26, 1107 Richard de Behneis I. elected bishop 1 108, died Jan. 16, 1127, buried in the church of St. Osyth, Essex Gilbert Universalis, a canon of Lyons, consecrated January 22, 1128, died 1134 Robert de Sigillo in 1141, died about 1151 Richard de Belmeis II. succeeded, died 1162 Gilbert Foliol translated from Here- ford March 24, 1 183, died February 18, 1187 Richard de Ely, consecrated December 13, 1189, died September 10, 1198 Williara de Sancta Maria was chosen bishop September 16, 1 198, resigned January 26, 1221 Eustace de Fauconberge, one of the king's justices, bishop in 1221, died October 21, 1228 Roger Niger, consecrated June !0, 1229, died at Stepney, 3rd ofthe ca lends of October, 1241 Fulk Basset, 1241, died of the plague 1259 Henry de Wengham chosen 1259, consecrated in the church of Saint Mary Overy, February 15, 1260, died 1262 Henry de Sandwich consecrated May 27, 1263, died 1273 John de Chishul, dean of Saint Paul's, and treasurer of England, elected December 7, 1273, died Feb. 1280 Richard de Gravesend* consecrated August 1 1, 1280, died December 9, 1303 Ralph de Baldock elected 1304, but not consecrated till January 30, 1306; he had been lord chancellor, and died July 24, 1313 Gilbert de Segrave, elected August 17, 1313, died November 25, 1317 Richard de Newport, elected January 17, 1317, died August 24, 1318 Stephen de Gravesend, nephew of the former bishop of that name, elected September 11, 1318, died April 8 1338 Richard de Bentworth, elected May 4, 1338, made chancellor of England July 6, 1338, and died December 8, 1339 Ralph de Stratford,t a canon of Lon don, elected January 26, 1340, con secrated March 12 following, died at Stepney, April 7, 1354 Michael de Northburg J LL.D. elected bishop on the decease of the above ; He died at Copford in Essex, Sep tember 9, 1361 Simon deSudbury,of Sudbury II in Suf folk, consecrated 1362, translated to Canterbury 1375, murdered by the rebels under Wat Tyler, 1381 Williara de Courteney, son of Hugh, earl of Devon, bishop of Hereford, translated to London September 12, 1375, afterwards made lord chan cellor and metropolitan Robert de Braybroke, consecrated Jan- 5, 1382, made lord cViancellor in the Septeraber following, and died Au gust 27, 1404 Roger de Walden, installed June 30, 1405; he was first rector of Ford- ham in Essex and treasurer of Ca. lais, afterwards lord treasurer o: England. On the deposition of arch bishop Arundel in 1398, he was ad vanced to the see of Canterbury , and on Arundel's restoration, retired into private life until called to the see of London ; he died in 1406 Nicholas Bubbewich, he was a canon of Litchfield in 1392, and in 1399 a canon of Ripon ; afterwards master of the rolls and keeper of the privy seal; he was consecrated bishop of London in 1406, and was translated in 1407 to the sees of Salisbury and Bath and Wells, in the latter of which he died 1424 • This bishop first instituted the office of sub-dean in St. Paul's, and founded a priory at Maldon, Essex. t Built a chapel to the lionour of St Thomas in Stratford on Avon, the place of his birth. J He gave £2000 towards the en dowment of the Charter-house. II Where he founded a college to the honour of St. Gregory. 314 HISTORY OF LONDON. Richard Clifford translated from Wor cester October 13, 1407, died August 20, 1421 John Kemp from the see of Chichester May 20, 1422; he was lord chan cellor in 1426, about which period he was removed to the archiepisco pal see of York ; and thence, after he had sate 28 years, to Canterbury, where he died March 22, 1450 iVilliam Gray consecrated May 6, 1426, translated to Lincoln 1431 Robert Fitz-hugh, rector of St Leo nard Eastcheap, canon of Lismore in Ireland in 1406, master of King's Hall in Cambridge 1425, and in 1428 chancellor of that university; he was consecrated bishop of London September 16, 1431, died January 15 1436 Robert Gilbert consecrated October 28, 1436, died July 27, 1728 Thomas Kemp succeeded and died March 28, 1489 Richard Hill, B. D. elected August 19, 1489, consecrated 15 November fol lowing Thomas Savage translated from Ro chester August 3. 1496; installed 27 October following. In 1501 he was preferred to York, and died at Cawood 1508; his body was buried at 'York, but his heart in a chapel which he had erected at Maccles field William Warham, installed October 5, 1502, made lord chancellor in Jan uary 1503 ; and towards the end ofthe same year promoted to the see of Canterbury. He died at Saint Ste phen's nea Canterbury, August 22, 1532 William Baron succeeded; he was enthroned November 28, 1504, and died October 1505 Richard Fitz-Jaraes, after many prefer ments in the church, was, August 2, 1506, translated frora the see of Chi chester to this of London, where he disbursed considerable sums in adorn ing his cathedral ; and having be stowed large sums in charitable uses, died January 15, 1521 Culhbert Tunstal, who was celebrated for his learning and knowledge of the sciences, was preferred to the see of London; to which he was consecrated October 9, 1522, where, after having sate about seven years, was translated hence to Dur ham, 1530. At the reformation he was ejected his bishoprlck by Ed ward VI. restored by queen Mary, and dispossessed again by queen Eli zabeth, and committed to the cus tody of the archbishop of Canter bury. He died at Lambeth, Nov 18, 1559. John Stokesley, D.D. prebendary of St. Stephen's chapel, at Westmin ster, being sent ambassador to Rome about the king's divorce, was at his return promoted to the bishoprlck of London, in 1530, and consecrated thereto on the 27th November, he died September 8, 1539. Edmund Bonner favoured the refor mation, and the king's divorce from Catherine of Spain ; which proba- bIy procured him the see of Here ford, and soon after that of London, to which he was translated October the 20th, 1539. In the year 1549, an information was preferred against Bonner, by William Latimer, B. D. and John Hooper, afterwards bishop of Gloucester, for omitting tn his sermon at Paul's-Cross, the article touching the king's power during his minority, though expressly rhefe- unto enjoined by his majesty's spe. cial command. He was also charg ed with an omission of duty, in not searching after polygamists, and such persons who either officiated, or were present at any forms of di vine worship, not tolerated by the government ; and that, instead of going to the sermons at Paul's- Cross, and countenancing the same with his presence, pursuant to the king's order, he not only left the congregation at the beginning of the discourse, but likewise writ to the lord mayor and aldermen of the city to persuade them to do the like; wherefore a commission was directed to Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, Nicholas Ridley, bishop of Rochester, sir William Petre, and sir Thomas Smith, secretaries ot state, and Dr. Williams, dean of St. Paul's, before whom Bonner ap peared at Lambeth, and, being con victed of the several charges brought against him, was, on the 1st of Oc tober, 1549, deprived of his bishop- rick. HISTORY OF LONDON. 315 Nicholas Ridley, bishop of Rochester, was preferred to this see in place of Bonner, where he was enthroned April the 12th, 1550. But upon the accession of queen Mary to the crown, Ridley was not only deprived of his bishoprlck, but likewise com mitted to prison, and tried and con demned at Oxford, for the sincere and constant profession of his faith, for which he was burnt October the 16th, 1555. Bonber was restored to his bishoprlck, September 5, 1553, when, after hav ing glutted himself about five years with human gore, by a grievous per secution of the Protestants, was, on the SOth May, 1559, displaced by authority of parliament, and com mitted prisoner to the Marshalsea, where he ended his wretched life September 5, 1569. Edmund Grindal, some time master of Pembroke Hall, in Cambridge, chaplain to the late bishop Ridley, and the precentor of St. Paul's, after a voluntary exile in Germany on the account of religion, during the reign of queen Mary, was, at his return, elected bishop of this see, July 26, 1559, where, after he had sate above ten years, he was trans lated to York, in the raonth of May, 1570. And having been re-trans lated from the see of York to that of Canterbury, February 15, 1575,died at Croydon inSurtey, July 6, 1583* Edwin Sandys, D.D, master of Ca^ therine-hall, in Cambridge, and vice chancellor of that university, inter esting himself in the proclamation of the lady Jane Grey, was commit ted lo prison, where, after a long .confinement, he was, at the interces sion of fiiends, released, and with drawing into Germany, resided there during the life of queen Mary; and returning to England upon queen Elizabeth's accession to the crown, had the see of Worcester conferred upon hira, to which he was conse crated Deceraber 21, 1559, whence he was translated to this of London, June 2, 1570, where after he had sate six years was preferred to that * He founded and endowed a free school at St. Bee's in Cumberland, the place of his nativity. of York, wherein he died, August 8, 1588, and was buried at South well. John Aylmer, chaplain to Henry duke of Norfolk, was, in the year 1553, made archdeacon of Stow; but not conforming himself according to the times, was deprived ot his archdea conry, and retiring into Germany, continued there till the death of queen Mary, and accession of queen Elizabeth, by whom he was appoint ed one of the Protestant disputants against seven Popish bishops in a religious controversy. He was made archdeacon of Lincoln, 1562, and March 12, 1576, elected bishop of London, and on the 24th of the same month, consecrated at Lambeth. He died at Fulham, June 3, 1594. Richard Fletcher, D. D. prebendary of Islington, and dean of Peterbo rough, elected bishop of London, December 30, 1594, but having the misfortune to fall under the queen's displeasure for taking the lady Baker, a beautiful young widow, to his se cond wife, died soon after suddenly, (as it is said, by discontent, and the immoderate use of tobacco,) June 15, 1596.* Richard Bancroft, D. D. rector of St. Andrew's, Holborn, treasurer of St Paul's, prebendary of Bloomsbury and Westminster, was elected to the sec of London, April 21, 1597, and consecrated the Sth May following ; and in 1604, was translated to Can terbury, he died November 2, 1610, and was buried in the chancel of Lam beth church. • He was sent down to Fothering- hay in Northamptonshire, in order to assist Mary queen of Scotland, in her devotions, and likewise to prevail upon her to renounce the errors of popery before she suffered. Upon Fletcher's arrival at Fotner- inghay, the unfortunate princess was deprived of her almoner, confessor, and all spiritual assistance of her own communion ; and in lieu thereof, bad Fletcher forced upon her, to her great displeasure and disturbance in her de votion, by the company of a minister whose religion she abhorred ; yet ne vertheless she was cruelly and ungene rously denied the assistance of her con fessor in her last moments. 316 HISTORY OF LONDON. Richard Vaughan, D. D. prebendary of Holborn, archdeacon of Middlesex, then bishop of Chester, was trans lated to the see of London, in De cember, 1604, and died March 10, 1607. Thomas Ravis, D. D. vicar of Allhal lows Barking, canon of Westminster, dean of Christ church, then bishop of Gloucester, was, from that see, translated to this of London, May 18, 1607. He died December 14, 1609, and was buried in St. Paul's. George Abbot, D. D. master of Uni versity college in Oxford, and dean of Winton, being chosen bishop of Litchfield and Coventry, was trans lated to the bishoprlck of London, January 20, 1609, and about a year after removed to the see of Canter bury. He died at Guildford, August 4, 1633, and was buried in Trinity church in the same town. John King, D. D. archdeacon of Not tingham, rector of St. Andrew's Holborn, prebendary of Snealing in the church of St. Paul, London, dean of Christ church in Oxford, and vice chancellor of that univer sity, was preferred to the see of London by king James I. (who, by way of distinction, gave him the appellation of king of preachers) in the year 1611, and died March 30, 1621. George Monteine, D. D. at first lec turer al Gresham college, then mas ter of the Savoy, and dean of West. minster, from which he was promot ed to the bishoprlck of Lincoln, to which he was consecrated December 14, 1617, and thence translated to London, July 20, 1621, and after wards to Durham and 'York, where he died in the year 1628, and was buried at Cawood. William Laud, D. D. president of St. John's college, in 1611, dean of Gloucester, 1616, bishop of St. Da vids in 1621, and bishop of Bath and Wells in 1626, elected bishop of London, July 15, 1628, and thence translated to Canterbury in 1633. He was impeached by the house of commons and found guilty of high treason, for which he was condemn ed and beheaded on Tower-hill, January 10, 1645. His body was at first buried in the church of Allhal lows, Barking, but afterwards re moved to a vault near the altar in the chapel of St. John's college, Oxford. William Juxon, LL.D., president of St. John's college in Oxford, dean of Worcester, chaplain and dean of the closet to the king, and bisfiop of Hereford, was promoted to the see of London, October 23, 1633. Soon after he was appointed one of his majesty's privy council, and in the year 1635, lord high treasurer of the kingdom, which be enjoyed till he was by the parliament divested of all his places both in church and state, 1641.— He attended king Charles I. at his execution, 1648, after which he retired to his estate in Glouces tershire, where he continued till the restoration, when he was restored to his bishoprlck, and soon after, viz. Septeraber 20, 1660, translated thence to Canterbury He died at Lam beth, June 4, 1663, aged 81. Gilbert Sheldon, D. D. vicar of Hack ney, prebendary of Gloucester, and chaplain and dean of the closet to the king, succeeded Juxon in the see of I^ondon, to which he was elected October 23, 1660, and translated thence to Canterbury, August 30, 1663; and being elected chancellor of the university of Oxford, 1667, died on the 9th of November in the same year.* Humphry Henchman, D. D. translated from the see of Salisbury to London, September 15, 1663. He was in great favour with king Charles II. whose escape he greatly contributed to after the battle of Worcester t He died in October, 1675. Henry Compton, D. D. youngest son of S|iencer earl of Northampton, was translated from Oxford to'Xondon, December 18, 1675. This prelate, soon after the prince of Orange's landing, seems to have changed his crosier for a sword ; for, mounted on horseback, completely armed, he at tended the princess Anne (afterwards queen Anne) of Denmark in her es cape from court to Nottingham, and * The charitable benefactions given by this prelate are said to have amount ed to about sixty-six thousand pounds. t He built the chapel in London- house, in Aldergate-street. HISTORY OF LONDON, 317 afterward exerted nimself in accom plishing the revolution, 1668. He died at Fulhara, July 7, 1713. John Robinson, D. D. at first domestic chaplain to the English ambassador at the court of Sweden, upon the re turn of his master to England, was appointed resident, and soon alter envoy extraordinary, by king Wil liam, wherein he was continued by queen Anne ; by whom, upon his arrival in England, he was made dean of Windsor, register of the garter, and prebendary of Canter bury; and in the year 1710, pre ferred to the see of Bristol, and the office of lord privy seal, one of her majesty's plenipotentiaries at the congress of Utrecht, privy counsellor, and one of the coraraissioners for building fifty new churches within the bills of mortality; and upon the de cease of Dr. Henry Compton, March 13, 1713, was preferred to the see of London. He died at Hampstead, April 11, 1728. Edraund Gibson, D.D. was, on May 4, in the same year translated from the see of Lincoln to this of London. He was chaplain to archbishop Te- nison and rector of Lambeth, and by the recomraendation of the arch bishop to George I. consecrated bishop of Lincoln and thence trans lated, as he says in his first pastoral letter to the clergy of London, with out his own seeking to the see of London. In his younger days, he distinguished himself among the clergy, by several pieces wrote in the controversy between the archbishop and the convocation : and afterwards by his collection of the ecclesiastical laws in that voluminous work, called by him the ' Codex.' He published several pastoral letters to the people of his diocess of London, occasioned by the impiety of Woolston's writ ings, and the enthusiasm of the Me thodists ; besides some pieces of de votion. He died Septeraber 6, 1748. Thomas Sherlock, D.D., translated The ARMS OP THE BISHOPRICK are, gu. two swords in saltier, ar, hilts and pomels, or, the dexter surmounting the sinister. from the see of Salisbury. He had been dean of Chichester and after wards bishop of Bangor. He was buried at Fulham July 25, 1761. Thomas Hayter, D. D. translated from the see of Norwich to London, Sep tember 19, 1761. He died January 9 1762. Richard Osbaldeston, D. D. translated from the see of Carlisle in the month of January 1762. Richard Terrick, D. D. translated from the see of Peterborough to London, in June 1764. He died March 31, 1777. Robert Lowth, D. D. was translated from Oxford in 1777. He was born in 1711, and received his early edu cation at Winchester school, from thence he was removed to New Col. lege Oxford. In 1742 he was chosen professor of poetry in the same uni versity, and became bishop of St. David's in 1766 ; whence four raonths afterwards, he was translated to the see of Oxford. He died November 3, 1787. Beilby Porteus, D. D. was translated from the see of Chester to that of London in 1787. He was born at York 1731, and in 1769 became master of the hospital of St. Cross near Winchester ; and in 1776 was promoted to the bishoprlck of Ches ter. He died May 14, 1808. John Randolph, D. D. was translated to the bishoprlck of London in 1808. He was born July 6, 1749, and re ceived his university education at Corpus Christi college, Oxford. In 1783, he became canon of Christ church, and regius professor of di vinity, in 1799; he was promoted to the see of Oxford, and thence trans lated to Bangor in 1807. He died suddenly, July 28, 1813. William Howley, D.D. canon of Christ church, and regius professor of di vinity, in Oxford, was elected bishop of London, October 1, and conse crated October 3, 1813. 318 HISTORY OF LONDON. CHAPTER XIL Some Account of the Military Government of London, and the Artillery Company Though the origin ofthe military government of London cannot be ascertained, it nevertheless raust be of great antiquity; for in the year 896, the London auxiliaries, having joined Alfred, raarched to dislodge the Danes frora a place in Hertfordshire, supposed to have been the town of Hertford. Therefore il is highly probable, that if a raUitary government was not at first settled in this city by that great prince, yet that the sarae was established by him after the reduction thereof frora the Danes, in the year 883, we think, may reasonably be presumed ; since which time, by the many gallant actions performed by the citizens, in the most dangerous enter prizes, we may reasonably conclude, that they have always had the greatest regard to the support of the military art, seeing their lives and fortunes so often depended thereon. In the reign of Ethelred, the Londoners bravely resisted three attacks by the Danes ; and thrice also was Canute repulsed when he laid siege to the city, nor did he ultimately gain possession of it, until, by a compromise with his rival, a division of territory was agreed upon. 'With equal spirit did the citizens refuse to admit William the Conqueror, when his arras had been victorious over Harold's array, until the clergy and the raen of rank set the exam ple of submission. It is true that Domesday-book, the oldest record of military service extant, does not mention the Londoners, but the reason of this is to be found in the peculiar nature of their civic privileges. The citizens did not, like other persons under the feudal system, hold their possessions by the tenure of mUitary ser vice ; London was the ' king's own chamber,' where all were free, and all service was spontaneous. But'lhough not bound to furnish any particular quota of fighting men, the Londoners always mus tered in great force, when an enemy was in the field ; indeed it would seem frora their nuraerous arrays, and the indiscriminate manner in which they turned out at every call to arms, that in early tiraes every citizen was a soldier. 1 1 appears that playing at bucklers, and practising feats of arras, was one of the most ancient and favorite amuseraents of the London apprentices. ' Every Sunday in Lent,' says Filzslephen, ' iramediately afler dinner, it was customary for great crowds of young Londoners mounted on war horses, well trained, to perform the requisite turn ings and evolutions, to ride into the fields in distinct bands, armed with shields and headless lances, where they exhibited the repre sentation of battles, and went through a variety of warlike exer cises.' He adds, that young nobleraen from the king's court, and from the houses of the barons, often joined the citizens in the trial HISTORY OF LONDON. 310 of their skill in arras. Nuraerous exploits are recorded, which at test the spirit and proraptness with which the skill thus acquired, was, in maturer life, exerted in the defence of the city and king dom. During what are called the barons' wars, in the reigns of Stephen, John, and Henry III., Filzslephen says, that there went out of the cily to a general rausler no less than 20,000 horsemen and 60,000 foot : and though unquestionably there must have been included in these nurabers raany vassals ofthe nobleraen, who had then castles and inns within the cily, and of others who had sought the protection of its walls, yet il is clear, frora the preponderance which the Londoners invariably gave to the parly, whose cause they espoused at this period, that they raust have constituted a very considerable portion of the force. Often did the citizens contend in arms against the power that sought to oppress them in the reign of Henry IIL, and on one oc casion, Stowe relates, they ' fortified the city with iron chains. drawne overlhwarle their streets, muniled the citie, and did mar vellous things.' The manufacture of armour raust, at this period, have been very considerable, for when Louis the Dauphin contended fofthe crown of England against Henry III. in the year 1216, the cily of London sent him six hundred knights and 60,000 coats of mail. In the tirae of Edward II. the queen having heen refused admit tance into Leeds castle, in Kent, the king called lo him ' the cora mons of Essex and London,' by whose assistance il was speedily reduced ; but that this demand on the Londoners for railitary ser vice might not be construed into an admission of their ordinary liability to such requisitions, the king, by his letters patent, de clared ' that the circumstance should not be prejudicial to thera, nor drawn into precedent for tirae to corae.' In 1326, when the queen had taken part with the barons, the king demanded from the citizens a supply of men and money. The answer they made was; that ' they would not go out of their city to fight, except they might, according to their liberties, return horae again the same day before the sunset.' During the French wars in the reign of Edward III., the quota of troops contributed by London was coraparatively sraall. In 1346, they furnished only 100 men at arms, and 500 foot soldiers, and in 1365, 25 men al arms and 500 archers. Probably raore were not required, for these wars were popular ; and on the triumphal entry of the Black Prince into London with the king of France, we are told that the citizens displayed with peculiar exultation from their windows and balconies, the implements and ornaments of ¦war. During the contest between the rival houses of York and Lan caster, the military defence of the capital became an object of great importance, and appears to have been duly appreciated. When the leaders of each party met in London in 1458, attended by a 320 HISTORY" OF LONDON. great number of their followers, in order to attempt a reconcilia tion, sir Godfrey Boleyn, the lord raayor, kept watch daily with a guard of 5,000 citizens corapletely arraed ; while three alderraen, with another body of 2,000, continued the watch during the night. Henry Vll . having been very partial to archery in his youth, gave it every encourageraent when he ascended the throne, in pre ference to the cross bow, although he sometimes amused himself with il, as we find by the following raeraoranda, in an account of his expenditure preserved in the remembrancer's office. " Lost lo my lord Merging, al the bultes, six shillings and eightpence," and " paid to sir Edward Boroughe, thirteen shillings and fourpence, which the kynge lost at bultes with his cross bow." From these entries it would appear that the king was not so skilful a bowman as his sons, particularly the eldest, prince Arthur, who frequently exercised with the society of London bowmen at Mile End, and was so expert, that the captain, and every expert shooter, was called by his name. The military art stiU continued to be cultivated. At a general muster of " the raost able raen between the ages of sixteen and sixty," which took place twice by order of Henry VIII. in 1532, and again on the 8th of May, 1539, when there appeared no less than 15,000, " all in bright harness;" "Most of the citizens of any quality or office," Strype says, " were clad in white satin or white silk coats, with chains of gold, and sorae had rich jewels." The king expressed hiraself highly pleased with their martial ap pearance. Frora this period, archery fell into disuse, principally, no doubt, frora the introduction of muskets. HoUinshed bewails, that in his tirae, we had " given over that kind of artillery," the long bow, in which in tiraes past, the chief force of England consisted ; and bishop Latimer equaUy laments the change that had taken place. In his sixth sermon, he says, " The art of shutynge hath been in times past rauch esleeraed in Ihisrealrae, il is a gyfi of God, and he hath given us lo excell aU other nations wythall. It hath bene Godde's inslruraenle whereby he hath gyven us manye victories agaynste our enerayes." He then points out the necessity of caUing upon the justices, and charging them "upon their allegiance, that thys singular benefit of God may be practised." That it had been prac tised, and that Successfully, we learn by a fact recorded in Ihe jour nal of Edward VI. , which shows the force with which arrows were discharged. A hundred archers belonging to the guard of this king shot at an inch board, singly, two arrows each, when some ofthe arrows pierced through the board, and entered another placed be hind il, although the wood was extremely hard. At what distance the arrows were discharged, does not appear, but Pere Daniel says, an ancient bow could carry four hundred yards, or nearly a quarter of a mile. HISTORY OF LONDON. 321 A strong instance of the military character of the British in this reign is furnished by Etienne de Perlin, who, in a narrative of his tour through England in the year 1558, speaking of the quarter sessions, says, " The servants carry pointed bucklers, even those of bishops and prelates, and the men comraonly exercise them with the bow. The husbandmen, when they till the ground, leave their bucklers and swords, or sometiraes their bow, in the corner of the field, so that in this land every body bears arras." In the second year of Elizabeth's reign, there was a rausler of the citizens before her raajesty, and the French and imperial ambassa dors in Greenwich park ; but it seems from the comparatively small number assembled, lo have consisted of sorae select corapa nies only. There were 1,400 men, whereof 800 were pikemen, all in fine corselets, 400 harquebuts in .shirts of mail with raerins, and 200 halberdiers in almayne rivets ; they had to every hundred, two whifllers richly apparelled, and twelve wardens of the best rorapanies, riding in coats of black velvet, to conduct thera, with drums and fifes, and six ensigns, all in jerkins of white Bruges satin, cut and lined with black sarsnet, with caps, hozen, and scarfs according. The ' six ensigns' here mentioned, seem to denote that the city had thus early made that sextuple division of its forces into the regiments of the blue, green, yellow, orange, white, and red, which subsisted lUl the recent introduction of the militia sys tem.* When in the year 1 572, Elizabeth began lo be disturbed in her government by machinations, foreign and domestic, she sent an order lo the lord raayor, sheriffs, and alderraen, recoramending to thera renewed diligence in training up the young citizens to the use of arms for the defence of the capital ; and particularly to the use of musketry, which was now beginning to supersede the bow and arrow. The order was obeyed with so much alacrity, that, within two months afler, a choice body of 3,000 pikeraen and gunners, completely armed and disciplined, mustered before the queen in Greenwich park; and these were independently ofthe cily archers who were estimated to amount to 4,000 raore. The preparation in the ports of Spain of the boasted Armada, which was to effect the conquest of England and the re-establish ment of the catholic religion called for still greater exertions on the part of the loyal citizens of London. From a report of the arrange raents made for the defence of the kingdora on that occasion, re cently corapiled from the records in the Tower, it appears, that London then contained 20,696 able householders within the wards, besides 933 strangers fit for service ; and that of this number, no less than 10,000 were actually erabodied. In the year 1585, the storm which had so long threatened the entire destruction of this kingdom assumed a formidable aspect; • Percy Histories — London, vol. ii. p. 189. II. Y 322 HISTORY OF LONDON. divers citizens of London, of great experience in railitary affairs, were by order of the governraent taken out of the artillery cora pany, and, to their great honour, were appointed officers in several parts of the kingdora ; by whose care and indefatigable application, the railitia in raost parts were put into a good slate of defence. The citizens of London the more effectually to prevent all s-ud- den attempts that might be made by the enemies of government in favour of the Spaniards, in the year 1586, drew up the foUowing regulations, intituled, " The Manner of ordering the Citisens of London, to the Safe keeping and defence of ker Majesty's City, against the trai- terous and sudden Attempts of all Conspirators and Traitors whatsoever. 1 . That every alderraan of his warde, assisted with the gravest inhabitants there, do gather and register the naraes of all such house holders, their chUdren, and servants, as dwell in the sarae warde, who openlye professe and shewe themselves to love the gospel, and hate poperie, being of sufficient wealthe lo raaynteyne their own state, and able lo beare armes. 2. That of the most aple of those ciltizens, there be chosen out for special leaders (every of them to lead five and twenty of his neighbours dweUing next him), and that there be so raanyeof those leaders, as after that rate shall be sufficient to lead four or five thou sand raen, or more, or less, as shall be thought raeele ; and that the said noraber of raen be chosen out of those, lo be registred as afore- sayd. 3. That of the most valiant, grave, and wise amonge the sayd re gistred ciltizens, there be chosen captaynes of bandes, every of them under severall ensignes, to receive terms of the said speciall lead ers, with every of thera, his five and twenty raen, so shall there be two hundred and fifty men under an ensign, and that they have these severall ensignes accordingly. 4. That of the sayd ciltizens then be chosen to serve tmder everie such of their captaynes, their severall ly vetenantes, ensignteanens, and sergeants, with a fil druraster. And that there be a place certain to every captayne, whereunto he shall resorte upon any sudden alarrae. And thai he know all the officers and those fitting especialie appointed to bring his raen thither ts hira, and likewise that these officers and leaders know the sarae place and their cap taynes. 5 That after such election and appointraent as aforesayd, everie one apply himself to learn and know how to exercise their several offices and roomes as appertaineth, and that everie householder have readie in house, all weapons and furniture for himself and those of house, to be appointed for his service. 6. That the watches for the nighte be kept according lo the HISTORY OF LONDON. 323 former order, but the same lo be of more sufficient reasons, and that especialie there be at every gate a walche, from nine of ths clock at nighte, till six in the morning, for the wynter, and from ten to flve in the suraraer, and that the portcuUisis al everie gale be sur veyed and raade ready to use at any suddeyn, yf any nede be. 7. That inasrauch as that syde of the cytie next the river lyeth open ; that therefore from the Tower lo Brydewell, they do ap point all alongest a sufficient number of watche-howses ; and therein nightlie to be good watches, to corae and continue as at the gale. And that ail pry vate kayes, alleys, and wharfes, during the bowers aforesayd, be close shut upp. 8. That at thendes of streets be -prepared chaynes, as shall be thought needfuU, for interrupting Ihentrie and passage of any ad- versarie. 9. For quenching of sudden fiers, yl will be neces-sarie to have a thowsand Irustie persons lo carry leather bucketts and ladders; and that to thera ofthe graver cittyzens, there be appoynted leaders, lo lead thera as nede may be, by hundred and fifties, for to be ready to releve anye fiered place. And that likewise under like leading, there be appointed five hundred pyoners, with mattockes and shovels, ready to make trenches and rarapyers at all occasions. 10. That the whole ordering and disposing of the premises be at the direction of the lord maior, sheriffs, and aldermen, and such grave persons as they shall take and chuse of the sayd cylte to as- siste thera ; and so frora tyme to tyrae, and not otherwise. 11. That upon any alarme to be geven, every e captayne forthwith lo repayre to his appointed place, and all his officers and the seve ral leaders, with them five and twenty raen apeece forthwith to resort lo that place, to their special appointed captayne. And two of those captaynes being placed next lo the lord maior's howse for the tyme being, with both their bandes, to repayre ymraediately to his lordship. And to either of the sheriffs in like sorte, to repayre one several captayne, with his several bande ; and all other cap taynes and their companies to remain at their appointed places, till they receave order frora the maior. And that in such case one ge neral watch-word be geven lo every soldyer ; and that they have some special token, whereby everye of them may be known one to another. 12. That upon any shewe, or suspicion of any dangerous at terapt descry'd or perceyved by any of the watches; that then forthwith they shall geve knowledge thereof lo the lord maior and sheriffs, and to everye alderman, or his deputie, in the several wardes, that they may call so raany to arraes, as in case by them shall be thought convenient and sufficient. 13. That upon any alarme, or warning geven, everie inhabitant prepare and have readie in his howse a lanlhorne with lighte ready to hang oute, when by authority it shaU be so commanded. 14. That straighte order be taken, that yf any alarme be pro- y2 324 HISTORY OF LONDON. claymed, that no masters of bowses goe noe further than the streete dores of their bowses; and that no servante, or other (upon grevous payne) do then issue into the streetes, except the lord maior, alder men, sheriffs, captaynes, leaders, officers, and soldiers aforesayd, and their buketiers and pyoners, and their leaders ; and suche others as shall be especiallie called or comanded by the lord mayor or sheriffes. 1 5. That one of the walche howses at the water syde be nere the engine there that serveth the cytlie with water ; for that above all other is most present, and aboundant to that purpose, and most ready for quenching fyer, and therefore is specially to be guarded. 16. That such recusants as have greate houses and lodgings within the liberties of the ciltie; and likewise all dangerous and suspicious persons to the state, may by her majestie's authority be reraoved frora lodging within the walles of the ciltie (or suburbs yf that raay be), for those houses are like to harbour and cover dan gerous persons, to be nearer and readyer to make suddeyn invasion upon the ciltie. 17. That some special consideration may be had of all stran gers, having howses in the cily. and which are not of the French or Dulche churche ; and that some order may be set down, especiallie concerning thera, as in this tyme and state shall be found requisite." The lords of the council ordered Edmund York, a brave officer •who had served in the Low Countries, to point out the best means of putting the city in a good stale of defence ; he recommended that it should be divided into sections, containing 1 500 men, ' all inhabitants, which shall be either the householder, his sonne, or continued servant.' Every night, at six o'clock, five companies of different regiments were to assemble in the Exchange, ' and there stand in batlell a quarter of an hour.' After the countersign was given to every officer, says York, ' a prayer for her majesty's estate and kingdome, and the Lord's prayer, shall be said,' Five billets were next to be put into a hat, which the captains were to draw, to determine their respective stations for the night. The queen placed so much reliance on the courage and attach ment of the citizens, that she selected 9000 of them to be her body guard. The remaining 1000 were sent to the grand camp at Til bury Fort. The usual place of training the city bands at this period, was the old Artillery garden or ground, the site of which is commemo rated by the names of several streets and lanes on the east side of Bishopsgate-street, as Artillery-street, Artillery-lane, Fort-street, &c. Five hundred of the raost expert, who had ' experience bolh abroad and at home,' were selected to drUl the rest, and we are told, that ' very sufficient and skilful they were to train and leach common soldiers the managing of their muskets, pikes, and hal berds, march, counter-march, and ring.' These masters ofthe art HISTORY OF LONDON. 325 military formed a company by themselves, of which ' every man by turn bore orderly office, from the corporal to the captain.' Sorae of these were sent to the camp at Tilbury, to assist in drill ing the new levies, and were then known by the name of the cap tains of the Artillery garden. The military ardour which the Spanish Armada caUed forth, was succeeded by a long period of inglorious ease. The whole ofthe city corps were disembodied, and the exercises in the Artillery gar den entirely discontinued ; so that, when the queen wanted an aid of men from the city, to send to the relief of Calais in 1596, she was obliged to resort to the mode of irapressraent, and that in a way not atterapted perhaps either before or since. On the fore noon of Easter Monday, the lord raayor and aldermen received or ders lo provide instantly, for the queen's service, a thousand able bodied men. The day and hour were conveniently chosen ; the ' churches, as is usual on this festival, were filled ; and thither the raagistrates iraraediately repaired with their proper officers, made fast all the doors, and in a few minutes executed the required levy on the assembled congregations. ' The raen were forthwith fur nished with armour, weapons, and all things necessary,' and marched off to Dover before night. This system of pressing, though not in the same indecorous manner, was afierwards re peatedly resorted lo during the reign of Elizabeth. A material change in the military exercises of the London citi zens look place at the close of Elizabeth's reign, with which the use of the sword and buckler seeras to have ended. Stowe relates that in his time, ' the art of defence and use of weapons was taught by professed masters,' and that the young Londoners, afler the evening prayer on holidays, were permitted to exercise themselves with their wafters and bucklers before their masters' doors. The wafters here raenlioned, were swords with the flat part placed in the direction of the edge. Shakspeare and all the writers of his time mention .schools for teaching the use of weapons as comraon in London; but when the alarm of outward danger had been dis sipated, and the pusillanimous reign of James had coramenced, mi litary exercises were naturally discountenanced by a king, who had an instinctive horror at the sight of a naked sword ; and who praised armour, rather because, as he said, it prevented the wearer from hurting others, than for the protection it gave him. The danger which might arise from such an habitual neglect of military exercises, at length roused some patriotic individuals to exert theraselves, to revive the ancient trainings in the Artillery gar den. In 1610, Philip Hudson, Ueutenanl ofthe artUlery corapany, and divers other gentlemen and citizens of London, considering the inconveniences which had been suffered by many ' late populous and flourishing neighbour cities, principally by reason of their neglect of that most noble exercise of arms and marliall discipline 326 HISTORY OF LONDON. in times of wealth and peace ; they, like loving sons to so gloriojs a city,' undertook, ' at their own private or particular charge, a weekly exercise of arras and railitary discipline after the modem and best fashion, and construction then in use ;' and for their better ease .and more convenience, ' they erected a strong and well fur nished armory in the said ground, in which are arms of several sorts ; and of such extraordinary fashion and goodness for service, as are hard to be matched elsewhere.' Four years after, James I. commanded a general muster of all the horse and foot soldiers throughout England ; and such was the progress which the citizens of London had by that lime raade in their railitary re-organization, that no less than 6000 of them as sembled on the occasion. They were coraraanded by twenty cap tains selected of the raost active and forward citizens, and unto every one of them were allotted 300 shot and pikes, being, for the most part, all householders bravely furnished ; and such of them as were not forraerly of the Martial society, and practice of the Ar tillery garden, becarae then adraitted of that warlike company. During the disputes between the king and the parliament, in the time of Charles I. the regular forces of the cily, which were, at that period, distinguished by the appeUation ofthe Trained Bands, were first erabodied, or, as the phrase was, ' drawn forth in arms' on the side of the monarch ; yet in the subsequent war, the citizens supported the popular cause, and it was principally by their aid that the house of commons obtained its decided preponderancy. So early as November, 1642, within three months after Charles had erected his standard al Nottingham, the trained bands were marched out to join the earl of Essex, on ' the heath near Brentford,' ' where,' says Clarendon, ' they had indeed a full army of horse and foot, fit to have decided the title of a crown with an equal ad versary.'* In the further progress of the war, several auxiliary regiments, bolh of foot and horse, were raised by the city ; and, to a part of these forces, joined to two regiments of the trained bands, ' of whose inexperience of danger,' remarks the historian just quoted, ' or any kind of service beyond the easy practice of their postures in the Artillery garden, men had till then too cheap an estiraalion;' the parliaraent army was indebted for its preservation in the first battle of Newbury, ' for they stood as a bulwark and rarapire to defend the rest ; and when their wings of horse were scattered and dispersed, kept their ground so steadily,' that prince Rupert hiraself, who charged them at the head of the choice royal horse, ' could make no irapression upon their stand of pikes, but was forced to wheel about.'f The same noble historian designates London, as ' the devoted city' of the commons, and their ' inex haustible magazine of men. 'J * Hist of the Reb. Vol. ii. p, 75. t Ibid. p. 347. J Ibid. p. ,348 HISTORY OF LONDON. 327 In the subsequent affair at Cherilon Downs, the citizens acquired fresh laurels. Two of their strongest auxiliary regiments fought under sir William WaUer, on that occasion, and, as Whitelock tells us, ' did very brave service ; they drove the enemy from the hedges, which they had lined with musketeers, and gained the passage to a wood, which stood the parliamentary forces in great stead, and shortly afler put the enemy to a rout ; which was so total, that scarcely ten of them were left together.' Tbe city shortly after increased the nuraber of troops they had in the field against the king to 8,400 ; four regiments were under the earl of Essex, and three under sir Williara Waller. The Londoners continued foremost in the struggle between the crown and the people, till the success of the latter was complete ; but when the parliament and the army quarrelled, and Cromwell rose on the bucklers of the latter to suprerae power, they fell into the back ground, and suffered but too raany affronts and hardships at the hands of those, whom they had been the principal raeans of placing in the seat of royally. The works about the city were ordered to be demolished ; the trained bands were discharged ; the treasuries of different cily companies were robbed, in order to pay arrears due to Cromwell's soldiers; particularly that of the Weaver's company, from which 20,000/1. were carried off; and when these were found insufficient for the purpose, bands of these satellites were quartered on the cily, not only in the inns, but in private houses, till the deficiency was raade up. During the quarrel between the army and the parliament, the services of the London trained bands were frequently called on to suppress those tumults which are comraon to a slate of anarchy ; nor were those of a political nature the raost dangerous to the ex isting government. In April, 1648, a riot was begun in Moor fields, on account of the infraction of the parliamentary ordinance against tippling and gaming on the Sabbath, which required all the energy of Fairfax lo suppress. The first parly of the trained bands sent to quell the turault were overpowered by the rioters, who seized their arras, drums, and colours, and daringly beat up for recruits. The prisons of Newgale and Ludgate were surprised during the night; and next day they attempted lo seize Whitehall, but were repelled by the soldiers. They, however, ^yere more successful in the city, where they attacked the Mansion-house, and carried off a piece of artillery, called a drake. Ammunition was obtained from the magazine, in Leadenhall-street, where they made a stand against the only two regiments then in London, nor did Ihey give way until several of them were wounded, and others taken prisoners.* * Percy Histories — London, ii. p. 199. 328 HISTORY OF LONDON, In April, 1660, about six weeks before the restoration of Charles the Second, and when the artful management of general Monk had disposed the citizens to countenance the measures he was pm-suing in favour of royalty, a muster of the city forces was held in Hyde Park, and the number of men then assembled amounted to about 18,600; viz. six regiments of trained bands, six auxiliary regiments, and one regiment of horse: the foot re giments were composed of eighty corapanies of two hundred and fifty men each, and the regiments of cavalry of six troops, each of one hundred men. The assembling of this force was judged to have been highly instrumental to the success of the plan for restoring the monarchy. Within a few months afterwards, the king granted a commis sion of lieutenancy for the city of London, which invested the coraraissioners with similar powers to those possessed by the lords lieutenants of counties ; and by them the trained bands were new-modelled, and increased to 20,000 men; the cavalry was also increased to 800, and divrded into two regiments of five troops, with eighty men in each. The whole of this force was, in the same year, reviewed by the king in Hyde Park.* After the state of public affairs had become more composed, and the better stability of the government ensured, the six auxi liary reg'iments, and the regiments of horse, were reduced, and the permanent military force of the city was settled in the six trained bands. These regiments consisted of citizens and free men, and each was composed of eight companies : their entire effective strength, in 1728, as given by Maitland from the muster rolls, was as follows : — Number of men in the Blue Regiment 1411 in the Green . 1566 in the Yellow - 1526 in the Orange - 1740 in the White . 2088 in the Red _ 1630 Offlcers and Drums - 337 Total - - 10,298 By adding this number to the trained bands of the Tower Hamlets, of Westminster, and of Middlesex within the bills of mortality, as^they stood in 1729, together with the artillery com pany, &c. we shall find that the entire force of the metropolis, about that time, was as follows : — * Strype's Stow, ii. p. 572. HISTORY OF LONDON. 329 Trained Bands of the City - - 10,-298 Ditto of the Tower Hamlets { f:S>Jt: TZ Ditto of Westminster - - 4182 Ditto of Middlesex - - 2597 Westminster Cavalry, about - 300 Middlesex ditto - - 300 Artillery Company - - 400 Total - 22,275 The trained bands of Southwark, including officers and drums, in 1712, when the last return, prior to 1729, was made, amounted to 2291. The rebellion of 1746 again roused the military spirit of the metropolis : the trained bands were kept in readiness, and the militia embodied ; two regiments were raised at the expence ol the merchants, and corps of volunteers incorporated. The lawyers exchanged their briefs for muskets, and the judges their wigs for helmets ; the weavers of Spitalfields laid aside their shuttle and distaff for the pike and the bayonet; and even the managers ofthe theatres offered to form a corps of ' his majesty's servants,' ready to quit the mimic combats of the stage for the tented fleld. Large subscriptions were raised for supplying the troops with the necessary clothing and the munitions of war, towards which the corporation ofthe city gave 1,000?. and several of the city com panies contributed liberally. Even the Quakers so far overcame their religious scruples, as to raise a considerable sum for the purchase of woollen waistcoats for the soldiers ; and had the danger been more iraminent, it is probable they might have been induced to go farther, and, like the Quakers of America at the commencement of the revolution, have subscribed for gunpowder, under the equivocal denomination of grain, or for muskets, under the name of fire irons.* The approach of the rebels to Derby increased preparations in the metropolis : the city gates were guarded ; and a large train of artillery was sent from fhe Tower to a camp formed on Finch- ley-common. t The continued tranquillity of the capital in the times subse quent to the above period, having rendered any call on the mili tary power of the city unnecessary, excepting for mere holiday • Percy Histories — London, vol. ii. king, who saw nothing in the picture p. 202. but that his soldiers were ridiculed, t This circumstance gave rise to expressed great displeasure; and the Hogarth's admirable picture, ' The print was dedicated to the king of March to Finchley,' for which he Prussia. sought the royal patronage; but the 330 HISTORY OF LONDON. purposes, the trained bands were gradually disorganized, though they were still nominally kept up, and the commissions filled by the chief citizens; each regiment having an alderman for its colonel, who also was usually a knight. After the breaking out of the revolution in France, however, and the strong de monstrations made by that country to invade England, the ex- trerae insufficiency of such a force for any adequate resistance became so apparent, that a new system was resorted to, and in the year 1794, an act of parliament was passed for raising two regi ments of militia for the defence of the city, to be trained and ex ercised under the superintendance of the commissioners of lieute nancy. By that act the men were proposed to be raised by ballot, in the following manner: thai every person or corporation 'within the city, possessed of a tenement of the annual value of 151. and less than lOOl. and under 200Z. to find two men as sub stitutes ; and if it exceeded the latter sum to supply three sub stitutes. This mode of raising the men by ballot having been found on trial to be attended with many inconveniences, another act was passed in May, 1796, by which it vvas enacted that 1200 men (exclusive of officers) should be raised within the city and its liberties, to be formed into two regiments, each consisting of eight companies, besides a grenadier and a light infantry com pany ; the exn'jnces to be defrayed by an equal assessment upon the different wards. Under the above act, the numbers raised and maintained by the respective wards are as follow: for the East regiment, Al- gate ward, 60; Bassishaw, 12; Billingsgate, 41; Bishopsgate- within, 44 ; Bishopsgate-without, 50 ; Bridge, 26 ; Broad-street, 60 ; Candlewick, 20 ; Coleraan-streel, 36 ; Cornhill, 36 ; Dow gate, 27; Langbourn, 67; Lime-street, 20 ; Porlsoken, 45; Tower, 66; total 600. For the West regiment, Aldersgate- within, and St. Martin's-le-grand, 18; Aldersgate-without, 21 ; Bread-street, 24 ; Castle Baynard, 44 ; Cheap, 44; Cordwainer, 22; Cripplegate-within, 44; Cripplegate-without, 36 Farring- don-within, 84; Farringdon-without, 192; Queenhithe, 21; Vintry, 23; Walbrook, 27; total 600. Each regiment is com manded by a colonel, a lieutenant-colonel, a major, ten captains, ten lieutenants, ten ensigns, &c. all of whom are appointed by the commissioners of lieutenancy, who are, the lord mayor, al dermen, and their deputies, the recorder, chamberlain, and com mon serjeant for the time being, and one hundred and fifty- five of the principal citizens appointed by his majesty. Two courts of lieutenancy are required to be held every year ; namely, on the third Wednesdays in January and June ; but the corarais sioners are also empowered to hold a court as often as may be requisite : their usual place of meeting is at Barber's hall. All HISTORY OF LONDON. 331 the officers above the rank of lieutenants must be freemen ; but the sons of freemen are eligible to the offices of lieutenant and ensign. When erabodied for service, his majesty is autho rized to put one regiment under the coraraand of such general officer as he may appoint, and to direct it to march to any place not exceeding twelve miles from the city, or to the nearest en campment beyond that distance; but the other is lo remain within the city or its liberties, to defend the same. By an ex press enactment it is also declared, ' the said militia shall possess and enjoy all and singular the rights and privileges which were possessed and enjoyed by the ancient trained bands of the cily of London '" The volunteer regiments had their origin during the late destructive war ; and were chiefly formed in the year 1798 and 1803, when the repeated threats of invasion from France, conjoined with other circumstances, rendered it expedient to in crease the mililary force in every part of the kingdom. The pri mary associations consisted of inhabitant householders of each ward, acting under the general superintendence of local com mittees, and eventually liable to be united into one body, and placed under the direction of the lord mayor and court of alder men. In the subsequent arrangements made in 1803, other per sons, not citizens, nor inhabitants, but residing contiguous to the cily, were permitted to associate ; and the whole of the infantry was then distributed into eleven regiments, having authority to elect their own offlcers, and generally speaking, defraying all the expences of arms, accoutrements, &c. out of their own subscrip tions, aided by some inconsiderable funds collected in the differ ent wards. The city volunteer cavalry, which never exceeded one hundred and sixty, was formed into one regiment. Whilst the alarm of invasion continued to exist, the volunteers exhibited a most commendable activity in assembling at their re spective quarters, and they very quickly attained an advanced de gree of discipline ; but when the course of continental affairs had assumed another direction, the attendance of individuals was gradually lessened, and, with little exception, the city volunteers are at present in a dormant state, so far as regards military con cerns. The returns of late, have not been regular ; yet should the presumed necessity again arrive, there cannot be a doubt but that these regiments will attain as great a degree of effective strength as at any former period. In the returns laid before the house of commons in March, 1806, after the general inspection of the volunteer force of Great Britain made in the preceding month, the numbers of each regiment are stated thus : * Brayley's Hist, of London, ii. 178. 332 HISTORY OF LONDON. Present un der arms. Absent. Establish ment First reg. of royal London volunteers 84 448 762 Second ditto - 300 500 800 Third ditto - 84 516 600 Fourth ditto - 381 430 811 Fifth ditto - 253 291 544 Sixth ditto . 104 454 715 Seventh ditto - 243 231 474 Eighth ditto - 415 3S5 800 Ninth ditto - 161 296 592 Tenth ditto - 124 312 557 Eleventh ditto - 100 185 3.52 Loyal London volunteer cavalry 122 34 200 Total - 2371 4082 7207 Honourable artillery company 184 494 678 . Grand Total 2555 4576 7885 In addition to the above forces, there were several other volun teer regiments of infantry, raised for the purpose of protecting the iramense properly of different corporate bodies within the cily, as well under circumstances of internal commotion, as in case of invasion. The Honourable Artillery Company. The artillery company of London had its origin in the reign of Henry Vlll. This raonarch, who was fond of archery, and saw with rauch pleasure that it was a favourite exercise with the citi zens, thought that if the archers were organized into a regular company, they might be rendered much more effective. With this view, and in order to encourage archery, he issued his royal letters patent for the forraationof the honourable artillery company. This royal ordinance, which is dated the 25th of August, 1537, grants to ' Sir Crystofer Morres, knt. master of the ordnance, Anihony Knevett and Peter Mewles, gentlemen of the privy chamber, and overseers of the fraternity or guild of St. George, that they shall be overseers of the science of artillery, namely, of long-bows, cross-bows, and hand-guns; and that the said Sir Crystofer Morres, Cornelys Johnson, Anlbony Knevett, and Henry Johnson, shall be masters and rulers of the said science of artil lery, during their lives.' The patent grants authority to them and their successors, being Englishmen or denizens, ' to begyn, founde, edefye, make, ordeygn, gadre, knytte, and establyshe a certeyn perpetuall fraternytye of Saint George.' Power was given HISTORY OF LONDON. 333 them to admit all manner of honest persons, strangers as well as others, into a body corporate, having perpertual succession, by the name of the ' maysters, and rulers, and commynaltye, of the fraternytye or guylde of artyllary, of long bowes, cross bowes, and hand gonnes.' The society might elect four under masters or rulers, either English or strangers, of good character, to oversee and govern the company, and to have the custody of their pro perty, real and personal, and had the usual power granted to cor porations, that of purchasing lands and using a common seal, with some peculiar privileges. The fraternity was empowered to form their own laws for their governance, and change them at their pleasure. They were au thorized to exercise themselves with shooting at all manner of marks and butts, and at the game of the popynjaye, an artificial parrot, frequently set up as a mark to be shot at ; nor did their privileges terminate here. The fraternity of St. George had a full letter of licence to shoot at the fowl or fowls in the cily of London and its suburbs, and in all other places in England, Ire land, Calais, and the marches of Wales, with the exception of the royal forests, chases, and parks. "They were also precluded from shooting at herons and pheasants, within a circuit of two miles of the royal residence for the time being. The privileges of this fraternity afforded a great protection for bad marksmen, for if any of thera, shooting ata known and accustomed butt, should kill any passenger, he should not be impeached, or troubled for it, if he had, previous to his shooting, spoken the usual word ' Fast.' The fraternity were exempted from the usual laws for regulat ing costume, and might use any sort of embroidery, or any cog nizance of silver they should think proper on their gowns and jackets, coats, or doublets, and to use them in any kind of silk or velvet, satin or damask, of any colour except scarlet and purple ; all sorts of furs, not above that of martyns, were also free for their use. The mastersand wardens were exempted from serving on any inquest within the city of London, or any where else within the realm, their servants were allowed to carry their weapons, but were derived of the privilege of their masters, that of shoot ing at the fowl. The old Artillery-ground J which, in the time of the Romans, was their Campus Martius, and had long been used by the London archers to exercise their skill in arms, had become a part of the land attached to the convent of St. Mary Spital, and on the sup pression ofthe monasteries, William Major, the last prior, on Jan. 3, 1530, leased it to the 'fraternity of artUlery in great and small ordnance,' (or gunners of the Tower,) who erected a mound of earth for a butt, and every Thursday practised in firing brass cannon. One of the most important advantages derived from the esta- 334 HISTORY OF LONDON. blishment of the artillery company, was, that it formed a sort of school where mililary exercises were taught. Stow says, " About three years before, (1586) certaine gallant, active, and forward citizens, having- had experience both abroad and at home, voluntarily exercised themselves, and trayned uppe others, for the ready use ofwarre,so as within two years there was alraost three hundreth marchants, and others of like quality, very sufflcient and skilfull to traine and teach common souldiers the managing oftheir peeces, pikes, and holbards, to march, counter march, and ring; which said marchants, for their owne perfec tion in military affayres and discipline, met every Tuesday in the year, practicing all usuall poynts of -warre, and every man by turn bare orderly offlce, from the corporal to the captain ; some of them this yeare had charge of men in the great Campe [at Til bury] and were generally called ' captaines of the Artillery Garden." The whole number of soldiers funished by the city to repel the invasion in 1588 was 10,000 ; and it is somewhat remark able, that nine-tenths of that body, together with 1000 men that had been supplied by the county, were all included in the army appointed to guard her majesty's person ; the other 1000 of the city troops were sent to the camp at Tilbury. In the subsequent reign, the Artillery-ground became still more a military academy, where an armoury was erected,* in which five hundred stand of arms of beautiful workmanship were deposited, which were all lost, during the civil wars. Their captain, during a part of those affrighted times, was a Mr. Manby, who irrecoverably detained, for his own purposes, the arms, plate, money, books, and other goods of the company. The protector was in vain solicited to enforce their being restored.f Citizens unconnected with the artillery company, repaired to this place, to learn how to defend themselves and their country : aud several country gentlemen, as already stated, here learnt the first rudi ments of the military art, in order to qualify themselves to train the levies in the country. The artillery company, though acting under a patent of Henry the Eighth, had now become more regularly incorporated by a charter of James the First, dated the 1st of February, 1606, in which he states, that the artillery company ' had not only bred and increased a great force and strength, towards the mainte nance, defence and safety of the realm,' but also ' a fear and terror to all other realms and foreign enemies, in times of war and hostility.' The principal object of the charter of king James, was to protect to the corapany the free exercise of arms, in the grounds appointed for that purpose, which had been invaded, and even the shooting * Towards this, the chamber of London gave them £300. + Ellis's History of Shoreditch, p. 349. HISTORY' OF LONDON. 333 marks removed. A commission was therefore appointed to inquire into the subject, and lo give to the company the privileges they had formerly enjoyed. The charter of Jaraes was long enforced, even so late as the year 1746 it was in operation, when a cow- keeper of the narae of Pilfield, who had removed one of the shoot ing raarks, was corapelled to replace il; and the corapany, in order to perpetuate the circurastance, had ' Pitfield's Repentance' in scribed on the stone. When the Artillery Garden was found too small for exercising the nuraerous bands of citizens who resorted there, a plot of ground was selected near Moorfields, which Mr Leate, one of the officers of the corapany, prepared for the purpose ; and towards the close of the reign of James I. it was deterrained that the artillery cora pany, which now amounted to 6,000 men, should remove to the New Artillery-garden, as it was called, and now known by the name of the Artillery-ground, where the corapany have for two centuries mustered. Charles I. who in his youth had frequently honoured the artil lery-company with joining in its exercises, appointed a coraraission, in 1633, sirailar to that of his father, which was to prevent the fields from being so inclosed as to interrupt the ' necessary and profitable exercise of shooting.' The corporation of the city of London seconded the patronage of his majesty; and in 1638, after the artillery company had per- forraed their exercises in Merchant-taylors' hall, before the lord mayor and aldermen, presented them with the ArtiUery-ground, as a fleld for their exercise ; lo which, two years afterwards, was added, on a long lease, for the rent of six and eightpence, eleven acres of BunhiU Field. Charles, whose early attachment to the company never forsook him, caused his sons to become members ; and, in 1641, the prince ¦)f 'Wales and duke of York, together with the count Palatine, en listed into the honourable artillery corapany, wiihout assuming any share of its government. During the civil wars, the artillery company was much disorgan ized; but on a petition to CromweU, in 1655, it was revived, and for several years a festival was held at one of the cily halls, to ce lebrate its restoration. On these occasions the company had a field day, and then marched in procession to St. Paul's cathedral, where divine service was perforraed, and a serraon preached. These fleld days and festivals were kept up after the restoration, and fre quently attended by the duke of York, who, in 1644, was ap pointed captain-general of the company. The Artillery Company was frequently augmented, and some tiraes large numbers of the trained bands, the cily auxiliaries, and the Tower-hamlets mUilia, were admitted without paying any fine; the society of archers was incorporated with the archers' division of the artillery company. 336 HISTORY OF LONDON. In the political dissensions which took place during the latter part ofthe reign of Charles I. and the reign of James II. the ar tillery company could not entirely keep aloof, but they refused to abet the arbitrary designs of the monarch, and maintained the honour of the corps. During the reign of William III. this company declined con siderably, although the king honoured them with filling the of fice of captain-general himself ; but the clamour at that time raised against standing armies, made the parly even jealous of the artillery company. From this period they have always enjoyed the favour of the sovereign, from their unshaken loyalty, and alacrity in lending their services on all occasions. His late majesty manifested a strong partiality to the company, and in 1786 ordered the com missioned officers of the trained bands to be incorporated with it, appointing at the same time the young prince of Wales captain- general, a rank which his majesly still continues to hold. In all the momentary ebullitions of popular feeling during the late reign, the hon. artillery company were always found at their post, ready to maintain the peace of the metropolis ; and although some misunderstanding at one time occurred with the London militia, relative to the right of the latter to exercise in the Artil lery-ground, yet it was soon settled by an honourable arrange ment. In all the military preparations which have been noticed in a preceding article, the hon. artillery company took the lead; and in all reviews of volunteers by his majesty or his staff officers, the company takes the flrst place on the right of the line. The honourable artillery company is governed by a court of assistants, consisting of a president, vice-president, treasurer, colonel, iieutenant-colonel, and major ; the lord mayor, alder men, and sheriffs, for the time being-, with twenty-four elective assistants. The company possesses the power of censuring, fining, or ex pelling members for gaming, swearing, being refractory, or for any offence which may be deemed derogatory to their character as citizens and soldiers. A register is kept of the acts and pro ceedings of the company ; and the first entry on record of a member being expelled is tbat of one James Coney, for the sin gular and ' unmanly action of biting off his wife's nose.' The costume of the artillery company has frequently varied, as well as their armour ; but until the last forty years the pioneers carried a singular weapon, which it is probable was used by them from their first establishment, and much resembled the ' morning star,' which was much in use in Italy and in Wales in the ele venth century. This company, at present, forras a regular battalion of in fantry, consisting of a grenadier, light infantry, and hat divisions ; HISTORY OF LONDON. 337 together with the matross division for the use of two field pieces, presented in the year 1780, by the city. The Arms ofthe Artillery Company are Ar. on a cross gu. alien passant, guardant or; on a chief az, a portcullis of the third, between two ostrich fea thers ofthe first. Crest. A dexter arm in armour, embowed, proper, garnished or, holding in a gauntlet a trailing pike, or leading staff proper, tasselled or,- all between two dragons wings expanded ar each charged with a cross gu. Sup porters. The dexter, a man proper, his nead and body in armour, his arms ha bited in huff, breeches gu. stockings, ar. shoes proper, holding in his dexter hand a pike ; the sinister, a man proper, habited as the dexter, except the armour on the body ; this having acoat of 4m^; over his lefl shoulder, and under his right arm, a belt strung with cartouches gu. in his sinister hand a musket erect' a resling-staff and match-rope, and at his side a scimitar, all proper. Motto. Anna pads fulcra.' ***f*^**.*^*.r.^*,*,f,*^ CHAPTER XIII. An Account of the twelve principal Companies of the Cily of London. The city of London, like many other corporate towns at the pre sent day, had originally but one collective trading company or fra ternity, called the guilda mercatoria ; but when the population increased, and trades became more numerous, the citizens began to associate in distinct corapanies, according to their respective occu pations, and to seek charters of incorporation and protection for the purpose of excluding non-freemen frora exercising the sarae trade within the precincts of the city. Merchant guilds do not appear to have been known lo the An glo Saxons, nor does it appear very certain that they were in troduced into this country on the arrival of the Normans, although it is extremely probable that this was the case. The first mention we find of a guild or fraternity of tradesraen occurs in a re cord in the Exchequer, during the reign of Henry I. in which a sura of sixteen pounds is entered as having been paid by Robert the son of Leuestan, as the rent or ferrae for the guild of weavers of London.* Il is probable that the various fraternities were now rapidly augmenting by royal privilege. The oldest patents or charters of incorporation, however, that have been preserved, are those of the skinners and goldsmiths, which were granted by Edward III. in the year 13-27. Several fictitious or self-constituted guilds had, however, been set up a century and a half before this tirae, but being without the royal licence they were fined. Indeed, so early * Madox. Fir Bur. p. 191. VOL. II. 2 338 HISTORY OF LONDON as the year 1 180, we find sixteen of these adulterine guilds as they were called, fined by Henry II. in various suras of from one mark to forty-five marks each.* The city companies, though branches of the general corporation, have each a distinct government and peculiar liberties and immu nities granted to them by their respective charters. Most of the companies have separate halls for their place of meeting, either to transact business or for their banquets. Each company has a raaster, or prirae warden, wardens, assistants, clerks, and other subordinate officers, for the general management and government of its affairs. The following are the names of all the corapanies arranged in their order of precedency. 1. Mercers. 2. Grocers. 3. Drapers. 4. Fishmongers _ 5. Goldsmiths. 6. Skinners. 7. Merchant Taylors. 8. Haberdashers. 9. Salters. 10. Ironmongers. 11. Vintners 12. Cloth-workers. 13. Dyers. 14. Brewers. 15. Leather-sellers. 16. Pewterers. 17. Barbers. 18. Cutlers. 19. Bakers. 20. Wax-chandlers. 21. Tallow-chandlers. ¦22. Arraourers and braziers. •23. Girdlers. 24. Butchers 25. Sadlers. 26. Carpenters. 27- Cordwainers. 28. Painter-stainers. 29. Curriers. 30. Masons. 31. Plumbers. 32. Innholders. 33 Founders. 34. Poulterers. 35. Cooks. 36. Coopers. 37. Tylers and Bricklayers. 38. Bowyers. 39. Fletchers. 40. Blacksraiths Joiners. Weavers. Wool men. Scriveners. Fruiterers. Plasterers. Stationers. Erabroiderers. Upholders. Musicians. Turners. Basket-makers. Glaziers. Homers. Farriers.Paviors.Loriners. Apothecaries. Shipwrights.Spectacle-makers. 61. Clock-makers. 62. Glovers. Corab-raakers. Felt-raakers. Fraraework-knilters SUk-throwsters. 67. Silk-men. 68. Pin-makers. 41. 42,43.44.45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.51.52. 53.54.55.56.67. 58. 59.60. 63. 64. 65. 66. * See vol. i. p. 61. HISTORY OF LONDON. 339 Needle-makers. Gardeners. Soap-makers. Tin- plate- workers. Wheel-wrights. Distillers. Hatband-makers. 76. Patten-makers. 77. Glass-sellers.Tobacco-pipe makers. Coach, and Coach-harness- makers. 80. Gun-makers. 69.70.71. 72.73. 74.75. 78. 79. 81 Gold and Silver Wire- drawers. 82. Long bow-string raakers. 83, Card-raakers. Fan-makers. Wood-mongers. Starch-makers. Fishermen. 88. Parish-clerks. 89. Carmen. 90. Porters. 91. Watermen. 84.85.86. 87. mercers. The Arms* of the Company of Mercers, are gu. a demi-virgin couped be- ow the shoulders, issuing from clouds, all proper, vested or. crowned with an eastern crown of the last, her hair dishevelled, and wreathed round the temples with rosesof the second, all within an orle of clouds proper. Motto. ' Honor Deo,' Patroness. The Virgin Mary The Mercers' Company existed by prescription long pre vious to its regular incorporation, which did not take place till the year 1393 (17th of Richard II.) when the merabers received their charter under the title of ' the wardens and coramonalty of the mystery of the mercers of the city of London,' and were empowered lo purchase lands in mortraain lo the value of twenty pounds an nually. The corapany was affluent al that period, and its properly has continued to accuraulale lo the present time, through the va rious grants, donations, trusts, &c. that have been progressively made to il, or otherwise corarailled lo the guidance of its merabers. This increase, however, has not taken place without some interven tion, particularly during a considerable part of the last century, when the company's affairs were much involved, through the mera bers having engaged about the end ofthe year 1698, in a scherae * Confirm.'d 1634. z 2 340 HISTORY OF LONDON. of granting annuities, for the benefit of widows, which had been at first suggested by the rev. Williara Asheton, D. D. rector of Beck- enham in Kent. For every WOl. subscribed, the annuitants were lo receive 30/. during life; yet that sum having been found loo large, it was lowered at different times to 25l. 201. and 15^. per an num, but the payments were still so numerous, that the company was at last obliged to make a coraplete stop in November, 1745; its bond and other debts, then araounting to about 87,000/. besides the annual charge of 510/. 1,9. on account of legacies for charitable purposes. Parliaraentary aid was afterwards obtained for the re lief of the annuitants, and the rents and profits of the corapany's estates having much increased, a new act was passed in 1764, em powering the company to consolidate their debts (which raade to gether 146,687/. ^s. 3d.) into one sura, subject to 31. per cent, in terest per annum; to issue new bonds of 100/. or under; and to draw a lottery in their own hall, for the progressive payraent of the said bonds, whenever there was a surplus of 1,000/. or up wards. Since that period, the company's affairs have become so flourishing, partly through the great increase in the value of estates, and partly in consequence of the deaths of all the annuitants, that for many years they have gone on drawing their lottery about a week before Chritsmas — and since the year 1796, have annually paid off bonds amounting to the sum of 7,000/. or more.'* The present clear income of the company is stated to exceed 8,000/. annually ; and independent of this sum, it is said to distribute up wards of 3,000/. every year, for purposes of benevolence and cha rily. The mercers are recorded to have been seated near the spot where their present haU and chapel stand, in Cheapside, as early as the period of the first introduction of their trade into this kingdom, and their congregated dwellings were, in former ages, distinguished by the general appellation of The Mercery. About the centre of this cluster stood the house of Gilbert Becket, a citizen of London, and most probably a mercer, who was father to the celebrated Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, and whose wife Matilda, the mother of Thoraas, was, according to traditionary lore, a fair iSara- cen, the daughter of a Pagan prince, lo whose custody Gilbert had been assigned, after having been made prisoner when traveUing in the Holy Land. The legend states, that after a confinement of a year and a half, he effected an escape by the assistance of Matilda, who had faUen in love with him, and been converted to Christianity by his persuasions. She next, urged on by unconquerable affection, deserted her friends, and followed him home to England, where finding him in London, she was married to him, and had issue Thomas, the archbishop, (afterwards called Thomas of Aeons, or A<:res,-tbe ancient Ptolemais, from the presuraed biith-place of his * Mai. Lond. Red. vol. iv. p. 543. HISTORY OF LONDON. 311 iiother,) and a daughter named Agnes The latter was married (o Thomas Fitz-Theobald de Heili, or Ilelles, who, within a few years after the assassination of Becket, founded, in conjunction with his wife, a chapel and hospital, upon the very spot where the dwelling of Becket's father had stood, and where the archbishop himself was born. In the times of Catholic superstition, it was customary for the new lord raayor, on the afternoon of the day when sworn in at the Exchequer, to meet the aldermen, and go from this ho.spital in solemn procession to St. Paul's Cathedral, whence, having prayed for the soul ofthe Norman bishop, William, they proceeded to the grave and chapel of Becket's parents in the church-yard, and there prayed for ' all faithful souls departed ;' after which they returned to the hospital of St. Thomas of Aeons, where the mayor and alder men each offered ' one penny.' On the suppression of the hospital, in the 13th of Henry VIII. its annual expenditure was stated at 277/. 3*. 4d. About three years afterwards, it was granted, under the appellation of the ' College of Aeon,' to the Mercers' company, together with sundry premises in the neighbourhood, and was again ' set open,' says Stow, (who also states, that the mercers purchased it through the means of sir Richard Gresham) ' the eve of St. Michael, 1541. It is now called the Mercers' chappel, and therein is kept a free grammar school as ofoldo time had been accustomed, and had been com manded by parliament : there is also a preaching in the Italian tongue, to the Italians and others, on the Sundaies.'* In the hall, not only the ordinary business of the company is transacted, but the meetings also of the Gresham committee are re gularly held. This committee, to whom the important trusts attendant on the magnificent bounties of sir Thomas Gresham are delegated, consists of four aldermen (of whom the lord mayor for the tirae being is constantly one) and eight other members of the corporation of London, with whom, for this purpose, are associated a select number of the court of assistants of the mercers' company. In the long list of members whose names have been enrolled in this fraternity, are included various sovereigns and other princes, a great number of nobility and gentry, and upwards of eighty lord * It was in the Mercers' chapel that lo Italy, where, notwiihstanding his re~ Marc Antonio, de Dominis, archbishop lapse to the church of Rome, he was ofSpalatro, vvho came to England in imprisoned by the inquisition, and died the reign of James I. preached his first in confinement in 1625, in ihe 64th sermon in 1617, in Italian, before the year of his ai;e. Granger says, weare archbishop of (^lanterbury, and a indebted lo him for father Paul's ex- splendid audience, after his conversion cellent ' History of the Council of to the Protestant religion; andhealso Trent,' the manuscript of which he continued his discourses in the same procured for archbishop Abbott; and place. The king gave him the deanery that he ivas the tirst that accounted for of Windsor, the mastership of Savoy, the phaenomena of the rainbow, in his and the rich living of West Ildesley in book ' de Radiis J'isus et Lucis.' Berkshire; but he afterwards returned 342 HISTORY OF LONDON. mayors lu regard to the latter, it was formerly the custrim, when ever any member of this company was elected to the civic chair, says Stow, that ' a raost beautiful virgin is carried through the streets in a chariot in all the maje.sty and glory possible, with her hair all dishevelled about her shoulders ; to represent the maiden head which the company give for their arms. And this lady is plen tifully gratified for her pains, besides the gift of all the rich attire she wears.' Such a pageant formed part of the procession in the year 1701, when sir William Gore came into the important office of lord mayor, and is said to have been of remote origin ; but whether displayed in allusion to the ' Ble.ssed Virgin,' the chosen patroness of the company, or to the ' maiden's head,' which constitutes the cora pany's arms, is not exactly known. Among many eminent men that have been masters of this com pany, occur sir Richard Whittington, mayor in 1397, 1406, and 1419 ; he founded the college that bears his name. Sir Godfrey Boleyn, ancestor of queen Anne Boleyn, the mother of queen Elizabeth. Sir Henry Colet, the father of Dr. Colet, dean of St. Paul's, and founder of St. Paul's school. Sir John Allen, one of the privy council, and mayor in 1525 and 1535; and sir Richard Gresham, the father of the founder of the Royal Exchange and Gresham college. This company consists of a principal,"* and three other wardens, a court of assistants, and a livery, altogether forming a body of about 110 members ; yet it is a singular fact, that there is not a single person of the profes.sion which gives name to the corapany, at present belonging to it. Besides having the general manage ment of St. Paul's school, this company supports another seminary, called the mercers' school, which originated in the petition lo par liament of four benevolent clergymen, in the 25th of Henry the Sixth, one of whom, John Neel, or Neil, was raaster of the hospital of St. Thomas of Acres, and the same who petitioned for the incor poration of the brethren, as mentioned above.t This was the gram mar school noticed by Stow, il having been continued by the mercers' company after purchase of the suppressed hospital. For many years it was kept in the Old Jewry, but it has recently been removed to College-hill, Upper Thames-street. Twenty-five boys are here instructed in grammatical learning, &c. and the master is allowed a dwelling, in addition to his annual salary. Among the learned men who have been masters of this school, was Mr. WU liam Baxter, a native of Shropshire, nephew to the famous Richard Baxter, and author of the Dictionary of British Antiquities, pub lished under the title of ' Glossarium Antiquitatum Britannica- rum. He resigned but a short time previous to his death, which oc- * The list of the masters of this Slow, vol. ii. ed. 1720 p 175 company IS printed at length in Strype's t See p. 159, vol. i'. HISTORY OF LONDON. 343 ciirrjd in May, 1723. Two other schools, several alms-houses, and various lectures, &c. in different parts of England, are also sup ported by this corapany. Respecting the state of this and several other corapanies a cu rious record has been kindly coraraunicated by J. Caley, esq. F. R. S. F. S. A., &c. It is a list of the freemen of the various com panies resident in London and Westrainster ; frora Thomas Lewyn being mentioned as sheriff, it appears it was made in the year 1537 The original is in the Chapter House, Westrainster. Touchinge the Pliament The Companeys of all the Craftes or Mysteries of London. The seuerall corapanyes of all the inysteryes, craftes, and occupa clones wiMn the citie of London, w' the names of eury free man beyng householder w'in the same (first) Mir cers. George Medlej Thoraas Burnell Robert Palraer Edmond Kemp Willm. Locke Willm. Gressham Willra. Fferneley John Porter WiUra.ColsellRobert Chersey Richard Jervis Water Marshe Robert Cod nam Rowland Hyll Humfrey Pakyngton John Ffaire Edward Burlacye John Garway Bartholome Baron Thomas FfuUer John Coke, the elder Andrewe Ffuller Willm. Coke, the yonger George Robynsoa Edward Waters John Curies Willm. Wodleffe Richard Wilson John Colett Edward Grene George Elyott John Gowdge Willm. Series Willm. Broke Rogier Starky Willm. Castelyn Rowland Shakerley John Boys John Harte Vyncent Randall Willm. Lamberd John Maynard John Aleyn Rogier Chaloner Robert Merydeth Willm. Harding Thomas Legh Willm. Rede Willm. Mounslowe Cristofer Meryng Cristofer Aleyn Richard Etton John Skynner John Browne 344 HISTORY OF LONDON. GROCERS. The Arms of the Company of Grocers are Ar. a chevron gu. between nine cloves .sa. three, three and three. Crest. A camel passantproper,bridled gu. on his back a bale ar. corded gu. Supporters. Two griffins per fesse gu. and or. Motto. ' God grant grace.' Patron. St. Anthony.* This company was incorporated by Edward the Third, in the year 1345, under the title of ' The Wardens and Coraraonalty of the Mvstery of the Grocery of the City of London.' The grocers, however, under their priraitive name of Pepperers, existed as a conipany long previous to that period, perhaps for centuries ; and so early as the 17th of Henry the Third, (ann 1232) ; a pepperer, named Andrew Buckerell, was chosen lo fill the civic chair, and he retained his seat during six years. Several other pepperers were afterwards advanced to the same dignity, previous to the year 1328, when John Grauntham, another raeraber of this company, vvas elected to the prsetorian office, under the then modern appellation of grocer. A pepperer was still, however, not unfrequently a distinct busi ness ; and continued so till as late a period as 1559. In that year a quantity of pepper, having been taken in a Spanish carrack, was purchased from the queen at a good price by certain exclusive dealers in that article. The grocers, however, endeavoured to un dersell the pepperers by making other importations of their own, which caused the latter to petition her majesty, that no pepper might be iraported for three years, which would enable thera to keep their engageraent with her majesty ; and to induce her to do so, they promised not to raise the price of pepper above three shillings in the pound. * Granted 23 Hen. viii HISTORY OF LONDON. 345 Starch was first sold by this company, which Slow says carae into fashion about the latter end of the reign of Elizabeth. The charier granted by Edward has been several times confirmed, with additional privileges ; particularly by Henry VI. and Charies I. Among their other privileges was the management of the king's beam, an offlce which appears to have been vested in the company tirae imraeraorially ; they ' having had all along,' says Ravenhill, the historian of the company,* ' the naming of the weight-master, and the naming, placing, removing, and governing, of the four porters attending that offlce, all lo be elected out of their own cora pany, and to be sworn at their own hall, a privilege allowed lo thera, as their undoubted and inseparable right, as ancient as that office itself used in the city. Araongst other privUeges and ancient usages of this company, I flnd recorded also, that even as high as Edward the fourth's days, they had the power of inspection and correction of abuses and irregularities of all persons in the city or suburbs, any way using or exercising any kind of grocery, and also to assay the weights they bought or sold by ; and to take no- lice of all defaults, and to return such lo be fined al the discretion of this fellowship; and to take 4d. of every person for their labour herein: which usage was always continued; and, in the charter re newed to the corapany, the 15th of Charles I. this privilege is con firmed and expressed lo extend to the distance of three railes frora the city, as well within the liberties as without.' This corapany has had the honour lo enrol in its fraternity no fewer than five monarchs, besides many princes, dukes, earls, vis counts, and barons ; and so highly was it once regarded in the esti mation of the citizens, that in the reign of Henry IV. twelve alder raen were raerabers at the same tirae. It consists of a master, three wardens, fifty-two assistants, and an extensive livery ; formerly the master was always an alderman. Stow .says, that about the year 1429, this company had licence to purchase lands to the value of 500 marks. Though the coraraittee of parliaraent fixed upon Grocers' Hall for their place of silting al the coraraenceraent ofthe unhappy disputes with Charles I. the corapany itself was distinguished for its steady attachment lo that unfortunate sovereign ; and it was probably on this account that Charles II. his profligate successor, becarae a meraber of it, when he accepted the freedora of the city in the year 1675, afler having been suraptuously banquetted in Guildhall at the inauguration feast of sir Robert "Vyner, goldsraith. In the two preceding years also, the civic dinner was honoured by the presence of the king; in 1673, when sir Robert Hanson,, grocer, and in 1674, when sir William Hooker, grocer, took possession of the * Who published an account of this the origin of Ihe society of grocers to company iu 1689, in which he refers the Romans! 346 HISTORY OF LONDON. raayoralty. On all these occasions, the general splendour of the processional show was increased by rauch pageantry, &c. at the charge of the respective corapanies in which the lord mayors had taken up their freedoms. Various free schools, alras-houses, exhibitions, &c. are supported by this corapany in different parts of England, and their expendi ture for charitable purposes is upwards of 1,000/. yeariy. The hall of this company is situated on the north side of the Poultry, within an inclosed court. The site of this edifice with the ' building thereupon,' was originally purchased by the company in the year 1411, for the sum of 3:i0 marks, of the baron Robert Fitz walter, hereditary castellan banneret, or standard bearer to the city of London.* Tlie Names of the Company of ' Grocers' from the Record in the Chapter-house. Mr Laxton Mr. Aleyn Mr. Prest - - Mr. Gyb,son Mr. Ffermor Mr. Crull Mr. Bodley Mr. Gimson Mr. Lane Mr. Luraner Mr. Osborne Mr. Posyer Mr. Pynchester Mr. Rlery Mr. Bodnam Mr. Myller Mr. Bowyer Mr. Wodcok Mr. Wheler -Mr. WoUey Mr. Wendon Mr. Deane Mr. Morys Mr. Chertsey Willm. Huxley Ambrose Barker Willm. Toker Henry Horne Rob'. Wolworth Phillip Yorke 300 Willm. Butler John Lyon Richard Cull John Dunstall Edward Reste Harry Barneys Willm. Mathew James A pott Nichus Tycheborne Rob'. Fabyane George Betynson Thoraas Alsopp Edward Moreton Willm. Pratt Willm. Wyoti Thomas Onslowe .'ohn Core John Saunders Edmond Cokerell Robert Colte Willm. Lyvers Willm. Rawlyns Harry Chamley John Malyn Willm. Rest George Lytilcote Arthur Devonshire Thomas Constable Willm. Pegham * Braylej's London, ii. p. 359. HISTORY OF LONDON. 317 DRAl'EKS. Their Arms* are Arg. three clouds proper, radiated in base or. each sur mounted witha triple crown or. caps gu. Crest. A mount vert, thereon a ram couchant or. attired sa. Supporters. Two lions ar. pellett^. Motto. ' Vnto God ordy, be honour and glory.' Patroness. The Virgin Mary. The Drapers' Company, which was an ancient society or guild, was first incorporated in 1439, by Henry VI. under the style of ' the master, wardens, brethren and sisters of the guild or fra ternity of the blessed Mary the Virgin, of the mystery of drapers,' and is governed by a master, four wardens, and a court of as sistants. About one hundred lord mayors are recorded to have been members of this respectable eomraunity ; and the naraes of many other eminent persons are enrolled among its freemen. Drapers'-haU is situated in Throgmorton street, near its junction with Broad-street ; it was erected on the site of a large mansion, that had been built in the time of Henry VIII. Henry Fitz-Alwyn, the first mayor of London (from 1189 lo 1212) is claimed by the drapers as having belonged lo their fra- ernity, though Stow and other authors describe him as a meraber of the pepperers or grocers. Sir Joseph Sheldon and sir Robert Clayton, the first mayor in 1676, and the other in 1680, were mera bers of this company. t The Names of the Company of ' Drapers,' from the Record inthe Chapter-house. Peter Starkie Thomas Perpoynt Willra. Brothers Robert White * The arms granted 1439 ; crest and + Portraits of them are in the hall supporters. 1590; the whole con- of the company. firmed 1634. .348 HISTORY OF LONDON. Willm. Dolphin Robert Warner John Clerk John Kedermyster Willm. Charaberlayn Thomas Spencer Willra. Prudde Thoraas Wattes Robert Lawrance John Bruanche Richard Warner Robert Alford - 100 Willra. Page Thomas Dudley Willra. Burnynghill Thoraas Pikraer Thoraas Blower Culhbert Becher John Blakesley Thoraas Grafton Thoraas Beste John Chaundeler John Swan Cristofer Ranwike Thoraas Bower Lawrence SoUie John Broke Willm. Mason Thomas Skrevyn Anthony Cave Thomas Bough Richard Ffeld John Kidraan Giles Bruges Edmond Pirre Thoraas Lyncoln John Lowen Peter Honybourne John Eliot Richard TuU Willm. Kent John Astue Anthony Ffabian George Bruges John Dudley Robert Jenyns Alisander Perpoynt Edward Dee Willm. Chester Nicholas Chester Willm. Barrye Thomas Petite John Lydeol Willm. Prat Henr. Dolphyn Edward Hedynglon Anthony Eliot John Lamberd Launselot Alford Willra. Chevall Robt. Knyght Roger Whaplod Willm. Watson Richard Poynte. Thoraas Fyshe Robert Sounyng Henr. Richard George Richardson Robert Harrys Thomas Warner Edmond Astue John Trott Robert Hardye This corapany has numerous free-schools, alms-houses, and lec tures ; they have also several exhibitions (one of which is in the Arabic language at Cambridge); the whole are supported from tho funds of this company. Their expenditure for charitable uses, is stated by Maitland lo araount to aboul 4,000/. annually. HISTORY OF LONDON. 349 FISHMONGERS Their Arms* are Az. three dolphins naiant in pale ar. finined and ducally crowned or. between two pair of lucies in saltier (the sinister surmounting the dexter) proper, over the nose ofeachlucy,. a ducal crown of the third; on a cYiieS gu. three pair of keys, indorsed in saltier, or. Crest. Two cubit arms erect, the dexter vested or. the sinister az. both cufted ar, holding in the hands proper, a regal crown of the last. Supporters. The dexter a merman pro per; on his head a helmet, the body only covered in armour, in his dexter hand a sabre, all of the flrst. The sinister, a mermaid proper, crined or. in her sinister hand a mirror of the last. Motto. ' All worship be io God only.' Pa tron. SL Peter. This Company, as it now exists, was formed by the junction of the two guilds or brotherhoods of salt-fishmongers and stock-fish mongers, and was incorporated by Henry VIII. by the name of ' the wardens and commonalty ofthe mystery of Fishmongers,' &c. in the year 1536. The salt-fishmongers had been first incorporated so early as 1433, the stock-fishmongers not till 1509; yet long before either of those dates, the fishmongers were united as a bro therhood, and from the great extent of their trade during the pre valence of the catholic religion, they had obtained great sway and affluence. In the reign of Edward I. (anno 1290,) they were fined 500 marks for being guilty of forestalling, contrary to the laws and constitutions of the city; and during the following century, so strong a prejudice had been excited against thera from charges of fraudulent dealing, that in 1382, the pariiament enacted, ' that no fishmonger should for the future be admitted raayor of this city ;' this prohibition, however, was removed in the following year. About that tirae, there seeras lo have been a very strong prejudice existing against these traders, and in the parliaraent then held, Nicholas Exton, speaker for the fishraongers, particulariy ' prayed the king to receive him and the company under the iraraediate * Granted 1536— confirmed 1575. 350 HISTORY OF LONDON. royal protection, lest they might receive corporeal hurt.' This request originated frora the various street luraults, wherein the fishraongers were the objects of popular indignation and insult ; for a considerable period also, there were continual disputes between this corapany and the goldsmiths in regard lo precedence. The ancient statutes of this company are lo be found in the Liber Horn, stiU kept in Guildhall ; according to which, no fish- raonger was to buy fish beyond the bounds appointed ; which were the chapel on London-bridge, Baynard's castle, and Jordan's Key. No fish were to be bought in any boat, unless first brought to land. No fishmonger was to buy a fre.sh fish before mass was ended at the chapel upon the bridge ; and was to sell fresh fish only after mass, and salt fish after prime. About the same time, viz. A. D. 1320, the fishraongers, who kept shops upon Fish-wharf, used to sell herrings and other fish brought by land and by water, to the inhabitants, and to hawkers who carried thera through the streets ; but the other fishraongers having entered into a corabination to prevent the sale of fish by retail at that wharf, those belonging to the wharf obtained the king's order lo the raayor and sheriffs, to perrait them lo continue to sell herrings and other fish, either in wholesale or retail, to all who chose lo buy. Before tbe union of the two companies we learn from Stow, that the fishmongers had ' six several haUs,' ' in Thames-street twain, New Fish-street twain, and in Old Fish-street twain ;' but after their joint incorporation they agreed to have but one, namely, ' in the house given unto them by lord Fanhope (sir John Cornewell) in the parish of St. Michael, Crooked-lane.' The. fabric here raen lioned was destroyed by the great fire in 1666, after which the hal! (recently pulled down by the side of the Thames,) was erected from the designs of Sir Christopher Wren. The Names of the Company of ' Ffyshemongers' from the Record in the Chapter-house. Rauff Symond Hugh Brarapston Mr. Hunnyng John Crowche John Pyrrie John Browman WiUra. Turke John Bays Willra. Berde Rob«. Wydraerpole Thoraas Reynold Rob'. Long Humfrey Knyght Peter Pore Leonard Johnson John Swyngfeld Water Myllett Rychard Turke Hamond Amcottes John Stone Rob' Harding Edmond Nott Thomas Doughlie Thomas Trumbull Olyver Leder Richard Warner Thoraas Brown Perryvall Skerne HISTORY OF LONDON. 351 Edward Colly ng John Nycols Christofer Ffowler Rogier Hunyng Nicholas Wodeward Richard Baseden Willra. Storye Eustace Wodeford Jaraes Raser Thoraas Pauley Willra. Saunderson Richard Horton Roland Good raan Robert Harrey John Cowper John Gardyner Thoraas Mai by Thoraas Taylour Lawrence Jackson Mighell Hayward Willra. Harvy Bryan Strevyn WUlra. Cooke John Sykelmore John Buckeney Rogier Welles John Wyndis Christofer Bussher Thomas Jenyns Edmond Warner Willm. Shirivie WiUra. Broke Rob'. Lyvers Herry Gardyner George Turk Thomas Anderson James Goldesmyth Rauff Davy Ambrose Warrop John Smythe Anthony Horne Rob'. Glossopp Richard Williams Thomas Harrys John Hawkes Rob'. Heron Nicholas Byrche Thoraas Lucas John Tylcock John Turpyn Alexander Beele Nichus Bucke Thomas Broraesgrove Richard Ffoyster Richard Byffyn Richard Long Thoraas Broune Henry Long John Austen John Tailor Nicholas Harker John Wilson Rafe Martyn Willra. Dary Edmond Gifford Culhbert Manors Willm. Howie John Stubbard Robt. Wodd John Myland John Bullock Willm. Sampson Thoraas Longhara Richard Williarason Thoraas Ffranck Cuthbert Pratt Robert Hawley Willm. Dent Thomas Dynes Thomas Sampson Piers Barsey This company consists of a prime, and five other wardens, a court of assistants, and a livery. About fifty lord raayors have been merabers of il, and many persons of eminent distinction are enrolled among its freemen. Among the lord mayors of this com pany were sir William Walworth, who arrested Wat Tyler; and Isaac Pennington, a republican, who was iraprisoned on the reslo- 352 HISTORY OF LONDON. ration of Charles 11. and di-.d in the Tower. Their expenditure for benevolent purposes, as the support of alms-houses, hospitals, ^c. is stated to amount to about 800/. yearly. The fishmongers were an ciently accustomed to make a considerable display ot pageantry, whenever a member of their company was advanced to the mayor- dty.» GOLDSMlTilS. Their Arms are quarterly, i/u, and az, in the first and fourth, a leopard's he i') or, in the second and third, a covered cup, and in chief two rmnd hurklfs, the tongues lessewise, [.nint3 to the dexter, all ofthe third. Crest.! Adenii.lady. her arms extended, proper, issuing out of clouds of the last, vested r/u. garuislied ur, cuffed nr, round her neck a ruff ofthe last, in her dexter land a pair of scal-s of the third ; in her sinister hand a touchstone ,««. Supporters. Two tin'cnrns or. horned, crined, and hoofed, ar. Motto. ' Justilia viriuium rcgina,'X P,\TKO\, St. Dunstan. The Golds-miths' Company is of very remote institution, as already no'iced, it having been fined as adulterine so early as the year 1 180 ; yet it was not incorporated till 13-27, when Edward the Third, in considfration of the sum of ten marks, o:ranted the mem bers his letters patent, under the title of ' The Wardens and Com monalty ofthe Mystery of Goldsmiths,' &c. with power to puichase estates to the value of 20/. annually, for the support of their indi gent and superannuated brethren. This grant was confirmed by Richard the Second, in 131)4, on the further payment of twenty marks. These grants were tifterwards confirmed by Edward IV. in t.he year I (62, who also constituted this society a body politic and * Brayley's London, ii. p. STi'J. ¦l- Crest and supporters granted 1571 ; whole confirmed 16 \i. X Anollier nmlti-) commonly used by the cniiipany 'tas ¦ To God only he all HISTORY OF LONDON. 853 corporate, to have a perpetual succession, and a common seal. By the said grant they had likewise the privilege of inspecting, trying, and regulating all gold and silver wares, not only in this cily, but in other parts of this kingdom ; and this privUege has been since so materially enlargeil, that they have the power of inspecting all gold and silver wareS, in the following particular places, viz. Birming ham, ¦ Sheffield', Chester, Newcastle, Norwich, and Exeter ; with the power of punishing all offenders ctoncerned in working adul terated gold and silver; and of raaking bye-laws for their better governraent. This was evidently an extension of a statute raade in the twenty- third of Edward the First, which empowered the warden lo ' assay gold and silver manufactures;' which ' shall be of good and true alloy, and be marked.' The pi-ivUeges of the goldsmiths have since been confirraed under various acts of parliaraent, and many judicious enactments raade to support their authority. In Fabian's Chronicle, under the fifty-third of Henry the Third, 1239, is the following relation of a violent affi-ay between the gold smiths' and taylors', corapanies. ' In this liii. yere in ye raoneth of Noveraber fyll a varyaunce atwene the fely.sshyppes of goldsray thes and taylloures of London, whiche grewe to ma kynge ofparties, so that with the goldsmythes lake partie (he felysshep or craft of — — '-, and with the taylloures held ye craft of stayners ;* by meane of this moche people nyghlly gaderyd in the stretes in barneys, and at length, as it were proiiyded, the thirde nyght ofthe sayd parlies raette vpon the nombre of V. C. raen on both sydes, and ran logyder, with such vyolence that some were slayne, and many wonded. Then outcry was made, so that ye shyreffes, with strenglhe of otherxoraors, carae to the ryddynge of theym, and of theym toke cerlayne persones, and sent theym vnto dyvers pry- sons: and upon the morrowe, such serche was made, yt lliernoste of the chief causers of that fray were taken and put in warde. — Then vpon the Fryday folowynge saynt Kalleryns daye, sessyons were kepte al , Newgate by the Mayre and Lawrence de Broke iuslice and other : where xxx. of the sayd persons were arregned of felony, and xiii. of theym caste and hanged : and for one Godfrey deBeuerley hqlpe to arme one of the sayde persones, he was also caste amonge the others.'t Out ofthe company of goldsraiths once a year a jury is taken, consisting of twenty-four persons who go up to the court ; and there in the presence of the lords of the council, some pieces of every sort of raoney coined the foregoing year, and that had been taken out ofthe inint, is exactly assayed and weighed. J Goldsmith's-hall, is, an extensive and handsome pile, standing in Foster-lane, on the site of a more ancient hall, which had been * ' Cordewayners' M.S. of Fab. t Fabian p. 364. Ellis's ed. 181 1. Chron. Brit. Mus. % Strype's Stow, ii. p. 184. VOL. II, 2 A 354 HISTORY OF LONDON. founded for the use of the Company in 1407, by sir Drew Baren- inte, lord raayor in 1398. Of this company was Nicholas Faringdon, raayor, 1309 ; from whom Farringdon ward took its name. This wealthy community is governed by a prime, and three other wardens, and a numerous court of assistants. Its revenues are very considerable ; and its disbursements for charitable pur poses, are stated to amount to more than 1000/. annually - this sum is principally expended in the support of alms-houses and free- schools. Before the business of banking became a regular trade, about the raiddle of the seventeenth century, and also for many years afterwards, the goldsmiths were the chief bankers, their ge neral opulence occasioning them to be regarded as the most trust worthy of the various classes of tradesraen, that inhabited the city. The Names of the Company of ' Goldesmythes' from the Record in the Chapter House Harry Averell Rogier Horton Rob . Spendeley John Ffrende Mr. Bowes, alderraan Rafe Rowlett Thomas Caiton Robt. Trappis Rob'. Draper Thomas 'Wastell Rogier Mundye Nicholas Bull Rafe Lathura Water Laraberl Thoraas Hays Thomas Sponer Nicholas Aldewyn Edraond Hatcombe Edmond Lee Wyncent Mundye Robert Lawerd John Lewes John Ffreman William Sowlhwod John Chaundeler Rob'. Horlopp Morgan Wolff Thomas Baven Thomas Trappis Thomas Stevyns Thomas Rede Silvester Todd Ffabiant Wydder Symond Palmer 'William Charaber Rob'. Alleyn Nicholas Molde John Bolter John Bardolph Rogier Taylour Cornelys Hayes Willra. Tylsworth Rasel Cornyshe Willra. Symson Nicholas Johnson William Keylway John Dale Herry Goldeville George Webbe Anihony Neale Thoraas Browne John Barons. HISTORY OF LONDON. .155 SKINNERS. Their Arms* are Ermine, on a chief ju. three princes' crowns composed of crosses pattee and fleurs de lis or, with caps of the flrst tasselled of the third Crest. A lizard proper, wretithed about the neck with laurel leaves vert, purfled or. Supporters. The dexter, a lizard, or short tailed wild cat of Norway, rampant guardant proper. The sinister, a martin sa. each gorged with a wreath of laurel leaves vert, purfled or. Motto. ' To God only be all glory.' Patro ness. The Virgin Mary. The Skinners' Company was incorporated by Edward the Third, in the year 1327, by the appellation of ' the master and wardens of the Guild or Fraternity of Brothers and Sisters of the skinners of London, to the honour of God and the precious body of our Lord Jesus Christ.' At that period, the skinners, who had long formed a very affluent and respectable class of citizens, were divided into two brotherhoods, one at St. Mary Spital, the other at St. Mary Bethlehem, but Richard the Second, in his eighteenth year, consolidated the two bodies, and Henry the Sixth, in 1438, confirmed their former grants, and directed that every person when adraitted to the freedora of the corapany, should in future be pre sented to the lord mayor ; this custom is still observed, t * Arms granted Sth Oct. -4 Edw. VI. 1551; crest and supporters in 1561. t In the times of Catholic supersti tion, it was custoraary for the company of Skinners, to make a grand proces sion through the principal streets of the city on Corpus Christi day In the afternoon, in which, says Stow's conti- nuator, Munday, ' were borne more than one hundred torches of wax 2 A (costly garnished, burning light,) and above two hundred clerks and priests in surplices aud copes, singing : after which came the sheriffs' servants, the clerks of the compters, chaplain for the sheriffs, the mayor's Serjeants, the counceU of the city, the mayor and al dermen in scarlet, and then the skin ners in their best liveries.' — Stow's Sur. p. 248. Edit. 1633. 2 356 HISTORY OF LONDON. The Skinner's company particularly flourished when sables, lu- cerns, and other rich furs were accustomed to be worn for tippets by the monarchs and nobility of England ; but as commerce ex tended in the reign of queen Elizabeth, other garments came into use, and the trade declined. Henry Lane, a correspondent of Hackluit, the collector of voyages, in a letter written in 1567, re marks, that it was " a great pity but it (the wearing of furs) should be renewed ; especially in courts and among magistrates, not only for the restoring of an old worshipful art and company, but also be cause they are for our climate, wholesorae, delicate, grave, and coraely, expressing dignity, coraforting age, and of long continu ance ; and belter with sraall cost to be preserved than those new silks, shags, and rags, wherein a great part of the wealth of the land is hastily consuraed.' The fur trade continuing to decline, particularly after the incor poration of the Eastland merchants in 157^, who purchased skins from pedlars and others for the purpose of exportation, a contro versy arose between those merchants and the Skinners' company, and the latter in consequence petitioned queen Elizabeth, that " no pedlars or petty chapraen raight gather or engross any.skins or furs of the breed of England, but under licence of the justices of the peace; that those who were thus licensed should not make sale of any such skins or furs so gathered by them, except to some persons known lo be of the trade of skinners, and that all others might be restrained to buy and transport them." The petition was opposed by the Eastland company, who, on the other hand, required ' to have free licence to buy provide, and engross, in any place whatsoever, all manner of coney-skins, raw, or tawed [that is, prepared as while leather, by artizans hence called tawers] and al their pleasure to transport them in any bottom whatsoever, unto any place, yielding the ordinary custom.' The claims of the Skinners' company were also powerfully re sisted by the corporation, who in the height of the dispute wrote a letter to the lord treasurer, urging, ' that this practice of the skin ners, that all the skins of the breed of England must first pass through the hands and property of sorae freeraan of that company, before they should be transported, would be to the exceeding great prejudice, not only of the cily, but of all other traders into foreign ports within the whole realm,' they therefore prayed, that the intended new patent to the skinners, which was then nearly ready to be signed by the queen, ' might be stayed, tUl such time as he should be better inforraed, touching the great inconvenience which would grow therebj', and for which purpose they had ap pointed a deputation of alderraen and others to attend upon him.' Through this application, the petition of the Skinners' company was rendered ineffectual, and the fur trade got into fresh channels, as commercial rights were extended, and became better understood. These results lowered the influence of the company, as a tradins HISTORY* OF LONDON. 357 society, though in all other respects it still one of the most respect able and afSuent belonging lo the cily. The original Skinners'-hall, which Slow describes as ' a very fayre house, soraetimes called Copped-hall,' was purchased by the company, together with several, small tenements adjacent, as early as the reign of Henry III. and the skinners afierwards held il un^ der a licence of mortmain granted by that king. It was afierwards alienated, though by what raeans is uncertain ; and in the 19lh of Edward II. was possessed by Ralph de Cobhara, the brave Kentish warrior, who having made Edward III. his heir, was thus the cause of the skinners being reinstated in their ancient purchase, which the monarch restored about the tirae of the legal incorporation of the company. The present Skinners'-hall, is a very handsome and convenient structure, standing on Dowgate-hill, on the site ofthe ancient budd ing. T%e Names of the Company of ' Skynners' from the Record in the Chapter-house. Willm. Beale ndrew Judd Thomas Addyngton Richard Stanffeld Rychard Dobbes Thomas Mydellon Thomas Percye Thomas Davye Thomas Wanles John Goldewell Barnard Jenyns John Wiseman Willm. Jeffeson Vincent Coxston John Bromeles Symond Englyshe WiUm. Naysby Edmond 'Wheler John Wolf Rogier Banks Henry Sushe Nicholas Pavye Henry Baily Richard Bewe George Aleyn Thomas Heymond Rob'. Colyns WUlm. Gybbelelt Willm. Clerk John Warner George Crowche John Howe Miles Parkyns Philip Gonter . Willm. Landesdale Willm. Hynton Thomas Herytage Rafe Preston Thomas Coper John Burwell Edmond Backton Raynborne Banks Henry Hardson George Forman Thomas Orwell Willm. Johnson John Cannon John Smythe, sen. Willm. Howe Richard Hackelelt Willm. Chamberlayi Richard Braunche Jaraes Parman Ambrose Beck with James Stevyns Richard Clyston 358 HISTORY OF LONDON. Robert Hodges Williara Landeslay Nicholas Bardeney Richard Sushe John Nycolson John Gray wytte John Knell Willra. Henlon, sen. Nicholas Marslyn Edraond Etton Richard Ratclyff Thoraas Balthropp John Jeskyn Willra. HoUyngworthe Jaraes Brakenock Thoraas Royse WUlm. Stoddard John Bawdwyn Robt. Long Henry Bathe Robert Harryson Benet Lethe Arthur Graveley John Harte John Payne Humfrey Cotton John Colraan John Penson John Col yere Thomas Sewell Robert Plant Richard Castell Richard Ragdale Nicholas Dalton John Yong John Adeane Rogier Med calf Thomas Sraylhson Richard Busse Thomas Rede Henry Cutler Leonard Mannyng Leonard Gardener Henry Medlam Thomas Baxter Thomas Pierson John Gaer Thoraas Manghen John Latwytte Mathew Ponye John Smythe, jurj, John Ffyner John Holywell John Danyell Willm. Derby Hugh Grene Willm. Ffletcher Marten Denam Thomas Wadde Jaraes Banks John Pursell Nicholas Emerson WUlra. Whitley Willm. Easter Richard Lacy John Shorten Nicholas Marche Thoraas Davy Ihoraas HUton WiUra. Humfrey Henry Baily Richard Sludeley Thomas Starkye Cristofer W. "d Richard Staffoi ^ Thoraas Peyke Thoraas Yett Robert Baily Robert Huntley Willra. Ffissher Richard Mathewe John Borne Rogier Eyton John Bayle John Broraesgrove Robert Talbot Richard Crarap John Warde John Graunger Henry Bulshe Christofer Button Robert Robynson Robert Ffranke WiUm. Playne Ellys Wayte HISTORY OF LONDON 359 The skinners' company is governed by a master, four wardens and a court of about sixty assistants, whose disbursements forThe support of schools alms-houses, exhibitions, lectures, &c amount to between one and two thousand pounds annually. MERCHANT TAYLORS'. The Arms* of this company are, Ar. a royal tent between two parliament robes gu. lined ermine, the tent garnished or, tent staff and pennon of the last; on a chief az. a lion passant guardant or. Crest. On a mount vert, a lamb passant ar. holding the banner of the last, staS proper, on the banner a cross pattSefjiu. all within a glory of the third. SiiPporters. Two camels ar. Motto. ' Con cordia parviE res crescunt.' This company arose from an ancient guild or fraternity, dedi cated to St. John Baptist, and called ' tirae out of raind,' says Stow, ' of taylors and linen armourers of London.' This guild re ceived a confirmation frora Edward I. in his 28th year, with power to ' hold a feast, at Midsuraraer, lo choose a raaster,' &c. Al that period, and during a long succession of years, the master was de nominated • the pilgrira — as one that travelled for the whole com- panie, and the foure wardens were then called purveyors of alras.'t In the year 1466, a raore regular incorporation of this corapany took place, under the authority of the letters patent of Edward IV. who was himself a freeraan, as all his predecessors in the sovereignty had also been, frora the tirae of Edward III. Henry VII. who was likewise a member, re-incorporated the company in the year 1503, by the new description of ' the master and wardens of the mer chant taylors, ofthe fraternity of St. John Baptist, in the city of London.' This was done, according to the above historian, ' for • Arms granted 21 Edward IV. 29lh Eliz. 1584. 1481 ; confirmed 22 Hen. VIII. 1530 ; Stow's Sur. p. 142. crest and supporters granted Dec. 23, 360 HISTORY OF LONDON that divers of that fraternitie had beene great raarchanls, and had frequented all sorts of raarchandizes into raost partes of the world, to the honour of the king's reailrae, and to the great profit of his subjectes, and of his progenitors ; and the raen of the said raistirie, had, during the tirae aforesaid, exercised the buying and selling of all wares and marchandises, especially of woolen clothe, as well in grosse, as by retayle, throughout all the realme of England, and chiefly within the said city.' The members of this company consist principally of merchants, mercers, drapers, taylors, &c. to the araount of upwards of 500 in nuraber. They are governed by a master, four wardens, and about forty assistants. In the long list of distinguished characters, who have been enrolled among the freemen of this most respectable community, are included eleven sovereigns, about as many princes of the blood royal, thirteen dukes, two duchesses, nearly thirty archbishops and bishops, fifty earls, five countesses, between seventy and eighty lords and barons, upwards of twenty lord mayors, fifteen abbots and priors, many knights, &c. One of the most eminent taylors (professionally so) on record was sir John Hawkwood, a native of Essex.* He was usually styled, ' Johannes Acutes,' and is staled, in the jocular language of Fuller, to have ' turned his needle into a sword, and his thimble into a shield.' During his apprenticeship to a taylor in the city, he was pressed, and sent into France, where, through' his valour and talents, he was promoted from the station of a private soldier to the rank of captain, and was also honoured with knighthood. After the peace made in 1360, he became a leader araong the mili tary adventurers, or companies, called the ' late-coramers,' and hav ing greatly signalized himself as comraandant of -the white bands, his aid was solicited by Barnabas, (brother to the duke of Milan,) who was then at war with the state of Mantua. In this new ser vice, his prowess and gallantry gave so rauch satisfaction, that Bar nabas bestowed on him his daughter in marriage, together with an estate of considerable value. He afterwards assisted pope Gregory the twelfth, in recovering the revolted cities of Provence, and was rewarded with dorainion over five lowns. He next entered into the pay of the Florentines, and served them with such great' suc cess and fidelity, that on his decease, ' after infinite victories ob tained, and an incomparable renown amongst all raen for the same,' he was most honourably buried in the Great Church at Florefice, where a noble monument was raised to his memory, agreeably to a vote of the senate. He died full of years and glory, in 1394. Sir Ralph Blackwell, who is stated to have been his fellow apprentice, and was also knighted for his valour by Edward III. was a meraber * He w.ns the son of Gilbert de was erected in the church there to his Hawkwood. a tanner of Sible Heding- memory, by his executors. ham; alter his decease a monumen HISTORY OF LONDON. 361 of this company. Pennant says, ' he founded the haU which bears his name,' but this assertion appears to have been made wiihout sufficient authority.* Among the other eminent persons enrolled as merchant taylors, were the celebrated historians. Speed, and Stow ; bolh of whom, likewise, were taylors by profession. In Stow's Annals, under the date 1607, is an account of a splen did entertainraent given to Jaines I. his son Henry, and ' very many of the nobility, and other honourable personages,' by the raerchant taylors, on the day oftheir annual feast, (July the leth) and election of raaster and wardens. ' Against their coraing,' says our author, ' the lord mayor gave his attendance there, and at the hall gale presented his majestie with the sword, who presently gave it hira againe, who bare il before the king into the upper large dining roome, anciently called the king's chamber,' &c. Here the king was feasted, ' very royally and joyfully,' and afierwards presented with a ' purse of golde,' by the master; the ' clerk ofthe hall,' shewing him, at the same time, a roll of all the dignified raera bers that had ever belonged lo this corapany. The purse was ' gra ciously received' by the moiiarch, who in return stated, that ' he was himself free of another corapany, but that the prince, his eldest son, should become a merchant taylor,' and that ' he would see',-and be a witness, when the garland should be put on his head.' "Then all ' descended into the great hall, where the prince dined,' and he also, having first been presented with a ' purse of golde,' and shew ed the roll, declared that he would becorae a freeraan, ' and there withal coraraanded one of his gentleraen, and the clerk, to go lo all the lords there present, and to require all of them that loved hira, and were not free of other corapanies, to be free of his com pany ; this was of course acceded lo, and James, during the whole ceremony, ' stood in a new window, made for the purpose,' and be held all ' with gracious kingly aspect.'t The hall of this company is situated in Threadneedle-street, on an extensive site, originally, occupied by the ' principal messuage of a ' worshipful gentleman,'' named Edraund Crepin, who in the year 1331 (sixth of Edward III.) ' for a certain sura of raoney,' made il over in trust for the company, to John de Yakesley, the king's pavillion-maker.J This messuage was afierwards called the New Hall, or Taylors' Inn, to distinguish il frora the ancient hall * In the year 1668 Winstanley pub- and glorious successes in honour of the Iished a small octavo, now vipry iscarce, English nation ; together with their with the following tide, ! The Honopr pious acts and large benevolences,' &c. of the Merchant Taylors; wherein is The head of sir Ralph Blackwell, with set forth the noble acts, valiant deeds, city arms on the right, and those of the and heroic performances of merchant merchant taylors ob the left, was pre- taylors in former ages; their honour- fixed. . , able loves, and knightly adventures, ••• Howe's Slow, p. 890, 891. their combatting with foreign enemies, J Stow's Sur. p. 143, edit. 1797. 362 HISTORY OF LONDON. which stood in Basing-lane.J The present structure was erected soon after the fire of London, and is a large but irregular struc ture of brick. From an early period this hall has been chosen as the place of entertainment for large and honourable parlies, as public corpora tions, &c. ; and the anniversary raeeting of the great characters, bolh of church and state, who corapose the ' Corporation for the Bene fit of the Sons of the Clergy,' is always held here. The Merchant Taylors' is a very affluent company, and its an nual income for benevolent purposes, is said to exceed 3000/., a considerable portion of which is expended in the support of Mer chant Taylors' school. The Names of the Company of ' Marchaunt Taylours,' from the Record in the Chapter House. John Skutt Hen. Brayne Thomas White, - 100 Thoraas Broke Robert Dawbeney - 100 Richard Sowthewerk John Nynes Thomas Hairdford Robert MeUishe - 100 John Ffarthyng Willm. Wilford Richard Buttill Geffrey Vaughan John Remes Paule Withipoll John Marchaunt John Benet John Ffissher James Mighell John Sampler Richard Holt Patrike Powse Henry Beauford John Cachemayd Richard Bukland Nycholas Marten John Jenkyns Thomas Campion John Wilford Cristofer Lordyng Willra. Kirkby - 111 Nicholas Wilford John Malt Rauff Ffoxley Robert Dacres Thomas Emerye Henr. Sukley John Shaa John Jerard WiUm. Barlowe John God Thomas Offley Willra. Wilford, the yonger John Sraythe WiUra. Barnes John Bothe Richard Travers Willra. Churcheman Henr. Foisted Richard Pawlyn Robert WUford Emanuell Lucar WUlra. Huetson John Canon Nicholas Cousyn Henr. Spede Richard Wadyngton Robert Herd Slephyn Kirton Cristofer Nicholson t stow's Sur. p. 198, edit. 1633, Slephyn Vaughan Willm. Harper John Jakes George Bruges Waller Yong Willm. Wilde Rauff Daueunt Robert Waren John Miller Henr. Douncest Willm. Grene Thomas Ridley Henr. Cooke John Bland Roger Nues Rauff Coo James DanyeU Richard Hopper WiUm. Wolberd HISTORY OF LONDON. Richard Tong Richard Maye Thomas White, jun. Nicholas Wolberd Thoraas Howe Willm. Rigeley Eustas Ripley Richard Tournour Willm. Bodie John Withers John Ffulwode Willm. James Rogier Basyng Robert Goodwyn Henr. Wyncol John Charaber Robert Kirk Kobert Pyraond 363 HABERDASHERS. Their Arms* are Barry nebulee of six ar. and as. on a bend gu. a lion passant gardant or. Crest. Two arms embowed proper, issuing from clouds of the last, holding a chaplet of laurel vert. Supporters. Two Indian goats ar. at tired and ungulled or.t Motto. ' Serve and obey.' Patroness. St. Katherine. This Company was first incorporated as a brotherhood, or guUd, by Henry the Sixth, in the year 1447, under the appeUation of ' the Fraternity of St. Katherine the Virgin, of the Haberdashers ofthe Cily of London.' There was likewise a fraternity of haber- * Arms granted 1571. 364 HISTORY OF LONDON. dashers, which had made choice of St. Nicholas as its patron ; and it seems probable that both brotherhoods were united previoiisly to the 17th of Henry the Seventh, when this corapany received a con- firraation by the title of ' the master and four wardens of the fra ternity ofthe art or mystery of Haberdashers,' &c. and its members were styled merchant haberdashers. The more ancient name of these traders was hurriers and milainers, the first from dealing in hats and caps, the latter from their dealing in merchandize chiefly imported from the cily of Milan in Italy. The business of the haberdashers made but little progress in London, tUl after the extension of coraraerce in the reign of queen Elizabeth. In the time of her iraraediate predecessor, there were scarcely raoie than a dozen of their shops in the whole cily ; yet within forty years after (about 1580) they had greatly increased; and we are told, though doubtless with sorae considerable exaggera tion, that ' the whole street from Westminster, was crowded with thera.' The haberdashers of that age appear to have been dealers in most of the minor articles of foreign manufacture, and their shops made such a • gay appearance,' that raany persons were thence induced to coraraence an extravagant expenditure. ' I marvel no raan laketh heed to it,' said a writer in Elizabeth's days, in reference lo the circumstance just stated, ' what number of trifles coraeth hither frora beyond the seas, that we might either clean spare, or else raake them within our own realra ; for which we either pay inestiraable treasure every year, or else exchange substantial wares and necessaries for thera, for the which we might receive great treasure.' Araong the wares which constituted a part of the haberdashery of that period, were, ' daggers, swords, owches, broaches, aiglets, Spanish girdles, French cloths, Milan caps, glasses, painted cruises, dials, tables, cards, balls, puppets, ink-horns, tooth-picks, fine earthern pots, pins and points, hawk's bells, salt-cellars, spoons, knives, and tin dishes.' A yet raore curious enuraeralion of goods vended by the ' railloners, or haberdashers,' who dwell at the Royal Exchange, within two or three years afler il had been built by sir Thomas Gresham, occurs in Howe, who says, they ' sould mouse-lrappes, bird-cages, shooing-hornes, lanlhorns, and Jew's trurapes.'* The article pins, before the introduction of which, the English ladies are slated to have used points or skewers made of thorns, &c. to fasten their garments with, formed a very lucrative branch of trade ; and 60,000/. annually, is said lo have been' paid for them to foreigners in the early years of queen Elizabeth ; yet long before the decease ofthat princess, they were manufactured in great quantities in this country, and in the tirae of Jaraes the First, the English ariizan ' exceeded every foreign competitor in the production of this diminutive, though useful article of dress.' t • Howe's Scow's Ann. p. 869. t Brayley's London, ii. p. 385. HISTORY OF LONDON. 365 The hall of this corapany is a respectable brick building, stand ing in Maiden-lane, Wood-street ; the arms ofthe company (but without the supporters) are exhibited on a sraall shield over the entrance. The Names of the Company of ' Haberdashers'' , from the Record in the Chapter-house. John Hardy John Sympso- Thomas Marbury Thomas Lawe David Woderuff John Hasilfoote Willm. Blanke Thoraas Gale Robert Baxter Robert Raven Thoraas Huntloo Edmond Shaa Thomas Blank Edward Dorhtier Raff Weslwode Thoraas Cherell John Stourgeon John Claraperd Thomas Osbourne Nicholas Spakman Mathew Dale Richard Aleyn Thoraas Atwell WUlra. Colyngham Thomas Alkenson Garret Hynke George Tadlowe John Loun Jaraes Page Edward Bovere WUlm. Buknour John Beslon George Barnes Willra. Taylour Willm. Ostriche Richard Crymes Robert Clerk Thoraas Holland John Yeldarae Willm. Baylby Raff Johnson Richard Harrys Richard Dun Anthony Marler Slephyn Cobbe Martyn Calley Willm. Hobson Thomas Lewice Willm. Roo Herry Holland Alyssaunder Best Bartilmewe Averell Charles Horseley Cristofer Cootes Cristofer Harebotell Edraond Love Edraond Kirkhara Edward Butler Edward Hall Edward Morley Edward Thornton Gregory Conyas Herry Austen Herry Beket John Awoode John Bynkys John Danyell John Ed warde John Geylward John Griffithe John David John Herd John Larae John Peke John Richardson John Rowlys John Silvester John Smythe John Trice John Yerdely 366 HISTORY OF LONDON. John Spakman Laurence Eliott Laurence Wilson Nicholas Bowman Nicholas Crispyn Nicholas Gower Nicholas Russell Peter Thorpe Kichard Aberfurthe Rauff Hart Richard Bukland Richard Cade Richard Cawar Richard Costrop Richard Fflower Richard Holland Richard Larabard Richard Medilton Robert Bulle Robert Carapion Robert Danyell Robert Graunt Robert Newport Roger Wolthouse Thoraas Bracy Thomas Hargrave Thomas Laurence Thoraas Porter Thomas Riplon Thomas Waldyng WiUm. Bower Willm. Bland Willra. Bulle Willra. Garret Willra. Johnson Willm. KeUett WiUm. Pashemer Willra. Prest WUlm. Smythe WUlm. Vivyan Various free-schools, alms-houses, lectures, and exhibitions, are supported from the funds of this affluent eomraunity, whose chari table disburseraents are stated to araount to about 3,500/. per an num. The corapany is governed by a master, four wardens, and a court of about twenty assistants ; the livery amounts to between three and four hundred persons. SALTERS. The Arms* of this company are per chevron, as. and gu, three covered salts, * The arms were granted in the porters by Robert Cooke, Clarencieux, 20th year of Henry VIII. by Thomas in 1587. The whole confirmed 1634. Benolt, Clarencieux. the crest and sup- HISTORY OF LONDON. 367 or. sprinkling, ar. Crest. A cubi arm erect, issuing from clouds, all proper ; holding a covered salt, or, sprinkling salt, ar. Supporters. Two otters sa. bezantee, ducally collared and chained or. Motto. ' Sal sapit Omnia.' This company, though of considerable antiquity, as appears from a grant of a livery made to it by Richard II. in the year 1394, was first regularly incorporated by queen Elizabeth, in the year 1558, under the appellation of ' the master, wardens, and commonalty, of the art, or mystery, of salters, of London.' The members are, ' usually termed dry-salters, and deal in logwood, cochineal, pot-ashes, and in short, in almost every chemical pre paration.'* They are governed by a master, two wardens, and a court of assistants. The ancient hall of this company, which stood in Bread-street, was destroyed by fire in the year 1539, as was also the re-edified building, in the conflagration of 1666. The present Salter's-hall, an elegant structure, stands in St. Swithin's-lane. The names of the Company of ' Salters' from the Record in the Chapter House. Thomas Cheney Thoraas Bacon Willm. Spencer Richard Doe Nicholas Waryng John Browne John Donyngton Richard Walles Willm. Cocks John Scott Willm. Litton Nicholas Clerk John Sampson Willm. Gurd Richard Rede Willm. Parker Robert Colwell Humfrey Beche John Cocks Richard Denbold Richard Brock Rob'. Pecock Thomas Kyrry Thomas Lytton Thomas Dechefeld John Howland Thomas Beckwith Richard Wyther John Gosse . Rob'. Wyer Willm. Melson Rob'. Cocks John Garrett Thoraas, Horner Anthony Hamcher John Fflecher Lawrence Wither Willm. Stevyns George Pergeto"- Willm. Webster The benevolent distributions made by this company, are stated to amount to between seven and eight hundred pounds annually. This sum is partly appropriated to the support of six alms-houses, for as many decayed freemen, in Salters'-rents, Bow-lane ; and twelve alms-houses in Monkwell-street, for widows and daughters * Mai. Lond. Red. vol. iv. p. 623. 368 HISTORY OF LONDON. of salters; the latter were originally founded by sir Ambrose Nicholas, an alderman of London, in the year 1578. In the court room, framed and glazed, is the following cunous ' bill of fare,' for ' fifty people' of tbe company of Salters, A. D. 1506. £. s. d. Thirty-six chickens 9 ,"* ^ One swan and four geese ^ "^ 0 Nine rabbits 0 1 4 Two rumps of beef-tails 0 0 2 Six quails 0 16 2 oz. pepper 0^0 2 2 oz. cloves and mace . . . .' 0 0 4 1^ ounce saffron 0 0 6 3lbs sugar O'O 8 21bs. raisins 0 0 4 lib. dates 0 0 4 l|lb. comflts 0 0 2 Half hund. eggs 0 0 2| Four gallons of curds 0 0 4 One do. gooseberries 0 0 2 Bread 0 1 1 One kilderkin of ale 0 2 3 Herbs 0 1 0 Two dishes of butter 0 0 4 Four breasts of veal 0 1 5 Bacon ., 0 0 6 Quar. load of coals 0 0 4 Faggots 0 0 2 3| gallons of Gascoigne wine 0 2 4 One bottle Muscovadine 0 0 8 Cherries and tarts 0 0 8 Verjuice and vinegar 0 0 2 Paid the cook 0 3 4 Perfume 0 0 2 One bushel and a half of meal 0 0 8 Water 0 0 3 Garnishing the vessels 0 0 3 1 13 2^ HISTORY OF LONDON IRONMONGERS. 309: Their Arms* are Ar. on a chevron gu. three swivels or, (Ihe middle one pale- wise, the other two with the line of the chevron) between three steel gads aj. Crest. Two scaly lizards, erect on their hind feet, combatant proper (i. e. rerl) each gorged with a plain collar or, the collars chained together; a chain, wiih a ring at the end, pendant between the two lizards, ot the last. Supporters. The sarae as the crest. Motto. Anciently, ' Assher dure,' at present, ' God is our strength.' Patron. St. Lawrence. This company appears to have been a very ancient fraternity, althoug-b not regularly incorporated till 1464, when Edward IV. granted the merabers his letters patent, under the style of • the master, and keepers, or wardens, and commonalty, of the art, or mystery, of the ironmongers of London ;' and confirmations were subsequently granted by Philip and Mary, in 1568, by queen Eli zabeth in 1560, and by James II. in 1685. As early as tbe year 1300, a complaint was made of the ferones, as they were then called, or dealers in iron, to Elias Russel, mayor, and the aldermen, ' for that the smiths of the wealds, antl other merchants, bringing down iron of wheels for carts, to the cily of London, they were much shorter than anciently was ac customed, to the great loss and scandal of the trade of ironmon gers ;' and on an inquisition being taken, and three rods presented of the just and anciently-used length of the strytes (strytorum) ; and also of the length and breadth of the gropes, (^groporum), belonging to the wheel of carts, sealed with the city seal ; one of them was deposited in the chamber of London, and the two others delivered to John Dode and Robert de Paddington, iron mongers of the market, and to John de Wymondeham, ironmonger Granted, 1435- VOL. II. -Supporters, 1560 — whole confirmed, 1634- 2 B 370 HISTORY OF LONDON. of the bridge, who were appointed overseers for the benefit of the trade generally, and empowered to seize those of an undue length. During the middle ages, they seem to have united the professions, both of merchant and factor, ' for while they had large ware houses and yards, whence they exported and sold bar iron, and iron rods, they had also shops, wherein they displayed abundance of manufactured articles, which they purchased of the workmen in town and country, ' and of which they afterwards became the general retailers.' Their hall is a stately, modern edifice, standing on the north side of Fenchurch-streel ; and is either the third or fourth that has been raised on the same site. The affairs of this company are conducted by a master and two wardens, assisted by a court of the whole livery, who are about 100 in number. Numerous benefactions have been made in trust by various donors, for purposes of beneficence and public good ; the entire revenue of the company, amounts to about 4,000/. annually. In the court books of this company, which have been preserved from the time of queen Mary, are many curious entries respecting supplies for the exigencies ofthe state; as well as various particu lars regarding the providing of men, arras, and ammunition ; the purchase of corn for the city ; the ceremonies and expences attend ant on processional pageants, &c. Among the former, is the fol lowing singular precept, directed to the company ' by the maior.' ' Theis are to will, and comaund youe, that forthw'h youe pre pare in a redynes, the sume of LX£. of the stocke of youre halle (and if youe have not so moche in store, then youe shall borrow ihe same at yriterest, at th' only costs and lossis of yo'' hall ;) to be lent to the queen's ma''^ for I wholl yeare; not in any wise cawsyng any brother of yOr companye to bear any pticular charge or losse, towardes the same, but onlye of the rents and stocke of yo'' said hall; w'^'' surae of hX£. you shall pay uppon Twys- daye next comyng in the mornyng, at Mr. Stonley's howse in Aldarsgate Strete ; and thear you shall receive an aquyttaunce for the same in forme appoynted. Fayle youe not herof as youe will answer for the contrarye at your pyll. Yeoven at the Gwyld- hall of London, the xxvn of August, 1575.' In 1577, another precept was received from the mayor, requir ing the company to provide ' 100 able men, apprentices, journey men, or others free ofthe cily, of agilitie and honest behavi-, be tween the ages of nineteen and forty,' to be trained for ' harque- bussets,' every one of them ' havyng a murryan, a sworde, and a dagger, and a caliver, with sufficient furniture for the same ; and' one halfe pound of powder, besides toche powder: 25 of the nuraber, householders, and free of the corapany, lo rausler in their. doublets, hose, and jerkins, in 13 days.' In November, 1678, the company were required to purchase HISTORY OF LONDON. .^71 416 quarters of wheat, to be deposited as their quota for the en suing year, in the bridge-bouse, where the city collectively was to store up 20,000 quarters at 20s. per quarter. In the following June, the company were directed to can-y into the Southwark market, ' 15 quarters of meal per week,' till all their old corn was sold at the market price ; their slock to be renewed with wheat of the growth of that year. In the autumn of 1580, when wheat was dear, the company was commanded to take on three days, weekly ' 8 quarters of corn, well ground' to the market of Queenhithe, and ' to retail it at 3s. per bushel, and not more, at their peril.' In the year 1598, the queen in council ordered, that the city should furnish twenty last of gunpowder, to be ready for emer gencies ; in consequence of which this company were enjoined to keep 19201b. Tbe accounts of the pageantry are too long for extract ; in 1628 a precept from the mayor, informed the company, that they were assessed 77/. as their proportion of the sum of 4,300/. which had been expended in pageants, when the king passed through the city.* The Names ofthe Company of ' Vrenmongers,' from the Record in the Chapter-House. Willm. Denham, alderman Clement Cornewell Thomas Lewyn, shiref of Lon- Willm. Slanes don Richard Horsted Robert Lyng James Kettyll Robert Mannyng Richard Slough Humfrey Baron Thomas Bartilmewe Thomas Parker Robert Wenham Richard Neele Richard Barne Rob'. Downe Harry Warweke Willm. Whitryche Richard Benett John Ffene George Giles Thomas Eyre John Styll Richard Hall Robert Fferrant John Stocker Jekell Thomas Jaggard John Lawden John Palmer Thomas Lawden Jasper Save John Berman Alexander Avenon John Nevill John Yeoman Robert Ffermer John Steward John Stanys George Thorneton John Haskey Robert Cowche Richard Westmore John Felde Harry Moptyd * Malcolm's Lond. vol. ii. pp. 41 — 49. 2 B 2 372 HISTORY OF LONDON. Thomas Parker Robert Dykynson Richard Chamblayn Humfrey Jenor Thomas Barne Christofer Draper John Skennef Willm. Baft Robert Corwyii Willm. Parker Raufe Stage Rob'. Chamblayn Ffolke Lynggen John Haywood Thomas Bolt VINTNERS. Their Arms* are sa. a chevron between three tuns ar. This company was originally composed of two bodies denomi- nated Vintinarij, and Tabernarij, the former being the import ers and wholesale dealers in wine, and the latter the retailers, who kept taverns and cellars in different parts of the city, for sel ling- it in small quantities. ' These vintners,' says Stow, ' as well Englishraen as strangers borne, were of old tiraes great Bour deaux merchants of Gascoyne and French wines ;'t and they were hence denominated the ' merchant wine-tunners of Gas coyne.' We learn from the same authority, that in the reign of Edward III. ' Gascoigne' wines were sold in London ' not above iiij pence,' and Rhenish wines ' not above six pence the gallon. ''j; The above sovereign empowered the ' merchant vintners' to carry on an exclusive importation trade for wine, from Gascony, in the year 1365; yet it was not till the fifteenth of Henry VL anno 1437, that 'the successors of those vintners, and wine-drawers, that retailed by the gallons, pottell, quart, and pynte,'§ were in corporated by the appellation of 'The master, wardens, and free men, and commonalty, of the mystery of vintners of the city of • These arms were granted 1427. t Sur. of Lond. p. 187. I Sur. of Lond. p. 187. ^ ibid. HISTORY OF LONDON. 373 London.' All the freemen of the company have the privilege of retailing wine without a licence. In the seventh of Edward IV. there was an act made concern ing the price of wines; and for stinting the nuraber of taverns in each great town in the kingdom. By which forty taverns or wine cellars only were allowed in London, and three in West minster. Gascoigne, Guienne, and French wines, to be sold not above 8d. the gallon, within any of the king's dominions ; Ro chelle wine at 4d. the gallon; any other wines of no higher valu ation than I2d. the gallon.* In the year 1637, a presentment was made by the attorney-ge neral, in the star-chamber, against ' divers vintners,' for selling wines ' both in gross and retail, above the set prices ;' and this, as it would seem, was done with the connivance of the king, for the purpose of extorting money from the company, who to prevent more grievous exactions, offered ' to pay his majesty 40s. upon every tun of wine, retailed and vended ;' this offer, ' after many hearings and several long debates,' was accepted, and the vintners had in return some further privileges granted to them, among which, were • to sell a penny in a quart above the rates set; to dress meat; and to sell beer and sugar.'t The hall of the vintner's corapany is a respectable brick edifice, stuccoed, situated on the south side of Upper Tharaes-street, upon the site of a mansion called Stody-place, or ' the manor of the vintry,' which was given to the company, ' with the teneraents round about,' by sir John Stody, or Slodie, vintner, lord mayor in f3.57. This company is governed by a master, three wardens, and twenty-eight assistants. ' They have considerable possessions,' says Maitland, ' out of which they pay large suras annually, for the relief of the poor.' The Names of the Company of ' Vynteners,' from the Record in ihe Chapter-house. S^ James Spencer, knight Alane King Mr. Garter, king at arms Stephen Mason Robert Barker Richard Eddis John Twyford George Syraonde David Gythins Thoraas Gittyns John Hussey Willm. Hancocke Richard Hilton Jaines Staveley * Strype's Slow, ii. p. 19.>. on the authority of a MS. in the Bri- t Mai. LonJ. Red. vol, iv. p. 518; tish Museum 374 HISTORY OF LONDON. Peers Partynton John Charabur Robert Parcar Robert Wynke Robert Chaffont John Osbourne Willm. Morgan George Plesans John Gilmyn John Chaunlrell Richard Grene John Gibbis Randall Barbour Robert Benbowe Willm. Hurrye Rauf Willot Robert Smytton Thomas Walcar Willm. Hethe CLOTHWORKERS Their Arms* are sa. a chevron ermine, between two habicks in chief ar. and a tezel in base slipped or. Crest. A mount vert, thereon a ram statant or. Supporters. Two griffins or, pellettee. Motto. ' My trust is in God alone.' Patroness. The Virgin Mary. The Clothworkers' Company, though a very ancient Guild, was not incorporated till the year 1482, -when Edward the Fourth granted the members his letters patent, by the style of ' The Fraternity of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, of the Shearmen of London :' but this appellation was changed on their re-incorporation by queen Elizabeth, to that of ' the master, war dens, and commonalty, of freemen of the art and mystery of cloth workers of the city of London.' Elizabeth's charter was con firmed by Charies the First, in the year 1634. The different workers of cloth, afterwards incorporated by the general name of • clothworkers,' anciently consisted of several fraternities, long since decayed or re-incorporated under new titles. The names of Arms granted 1530; crest and supporters 1587; whole confirmed 1645. HISTORY OF LONDON. 376 some of these are quoted by Strype, from the liber albus, and afford an idea of the flourishing state of the trade formerly. The first were the Webbers, or weavers of cloth, then called tellars, or telars : these were very ancient, being confirmed as a guild, or fraternity, by king John and Henry the Third ; the latter granted them a second charier, which refers even to an inspeximus of a forraer charter, granted to them by his grandfather Henry the Second. Connected with these, in the making of cloth.vvere the fullers, of whom, and the dyers, a complaint was made by some of the company to Edward the First, that certain of them, viz. John de Oxon, Henry at Watergate, and Elias le Shoreman, sent cloths, which ought to be fulled in the city, to the mill at Stratford, &c. to the great damage of the owners, as well as of those who practised the fulling trade within the city; which was, in consequence, remedied. The mystery of the burilers, another branch of this trade, flourished at the same time: these appear to have been a sort of overseers, or inspectors of cloths. This company is governed by a master, four wardens, and a court of about forty assistants. Its members possess considerable estates, both in their own right, and in trust for charitable pur poses, their annual expenditure for which, is stated at about 1400/. The Names of the Company of' Clothe Workers' from the Record in the Chapter House. Mr. Toles, alderman James Metcalf John Davy Willm. Page Augustyne Hynde John Petynger John Macheli Thomas Hanson Humfrey Wagstaff John Dale Mr. Alcam Edmond Briggis Mr. More Thomas Stooks Mr. Claymond James Halley Mr. Rogiers Thomas Reynold Mr. Smythe John Phillipps Mr. Cleborne George Tomsom Mr. Maynard Willm. Twylle Mr. Grenway Willm- Benet Rauf Borne Thomas Hill Thomas Spencer John Grey Andrewe Ffrauncis Robert Williams John Crymes Reynold Ravynsbye Willm. Huett Hugh Appowell Rauf Amersley Thomas Wollet John Page " Edmond Taylfer Nicholas Borne John Hannett John Halse John Dawson ,376 HISTORY OF LONDON Willm. Arraerer John Pyke Thomas Hunt Adam Wynthropp : — — - Richard Downes Mathew Philipson John Bruyn Roland Slaper Edmonde Spratt Rob'. Philipson Henry Pygnett John Gates Nicholas Small John Lute John Watson John Bloundell WUlm. Machyn Richard Burgen Walter Hickman Thomas Ffarmer John Stowe Richard Plomms Brian Chafer George Wymarke Richard Mariott llie Clothworkers' hall, is a sraall building principally of red brick, on the east side of Mincing-lane, Fencburch-street: the front is ornamented with four fluted columns, crowned with Co rinthian capitals, of stone, and supporting a frieze and cornice. ^^^^^.^ ^.^^^ CHAPTER XIV. An account of the Companies of the City of London, alpha betically arranged. apothecaries. 58. Arms* an. Apollo with his head radiant, holding in his left hand a bow, in his right an arrow, all or ; supplanting a serpent ar. Crest. A rhinoceros statantpro;)er. Supporters. Two unicorns or, armed, crined, and hoofed ar. MoTTo. ' Opiferque per orbem dicor.' This company was incorporated at first with the grocers in the year 1606 ; but such a connection not answering tbe purposes of their incorporation, they were separated by another charter granted by king James I. in the year 1617, and incorporated by the name of ' the master, -wardens, and society of the art and mystery of apothecaries of the city of London :' at which time there were no more than one hundred and four apothecaries' shops within the city and suburbs of London. Their hall is in Water-lane, Blackfriars. The freehold of a physic garden at Chelsea was given to the apothecaries by sir ? Confirmed 1617. HISTORY OF LONDON S77 Hans Sloane, upon condition that they should present annually to the royal society, fifty new plants, till the number should araount to -2000. This condition was punctually fulfilled, and the speciraens are yet preserved in the society's collection. The raembers of this company, who by divers acts of parlia ment are exempt from ward and parish offices, are governed by a master, two wardens, and twenty-one assistants. It is a livery company. ARMOURERS A.\D BRAZIERS 22. Arms. Ar. on a chevron sa. a gauntlet of the first, between two pair of swords in saltier of the last, hills and pomels or; on a chief of the second, an oval shield of the field, charged with a cross gu. encircled with a carved shield of the third, between two peers' helmets proper, garnished or. impaling az. on a chevron or, between two ewers (i. e. beakers) in chief, and a three legged pot with two handles, in base, of the second, three roses gu. seeded or, barbed r*er/. Crest. A derai-raan in armour, cctuped at the middle ofthe thighs, all proper, garnished or ; the beaver up; on his head, a plume of three feathers, two ar. and onegu. round his waist, a sash of the last, fringed of the second ; holding in his dexter hand a sword erect ofthe first, hilt and pomel or. Supporters. Two men proper, in complete armour; the dexter of the first, garnished or ; the sini.i- ter, all of the last ; on their heads, plumes of feathers; round their waists, a sash, and each holding in his exterior hand a sword, as in the Cre.st. Motto. ' We are one.' The company of armourers was an ancient brotherhood pre vious to being incorporated by king Henry VI. which was about the year 1423, by the title of The master and wardens, brothers, and sisters of the fraternity or guild of St. George, of the men of the mysteries of the armourers of the city of London.' The same prince also honoured the company by becoming one of their merabers. The arraourers were formerly employed in making coats of mail, helmets, and the rest of the defensive furniture of ancient warfare; but, afler the use of fire arms becarae generally preva lent, their business fell into complete disuse. So little, indeed, is the manufacture of plate armour now understood, that the making of two suits, the one of brass, the other of steel, for a place of public amusement, was regarded as a matter of much interest and ability. In the reign ofHenry VIII. the armourers of London derived so much useful instruction from some German artificers, who had been sent to England at the request of the king himself, that they soon undersold the foreigners. In queen Elizabeth's time, there were thirty-five armourers resident in the metropolis, who kept servants and shops ; yet so rapidly did their trade decay, that in the reign of James I. that number -vyas re duced to five only, with one servant each. The company is now chiefly composed of braziers, founders, and coppersmiths. The ball of this company is a plain brick edifice, standing at the north end of Coleiiian-stieet. 378 HISTORY OF LONDON. To this company is united that of the braziers, who are jointly governed by a master, two wardens, and twenty-one assistants. It is a livery company. The Names of the Company of ' Armorers' from the Record in the Chapter House. Willm. Chamber Thomas Weller John Lymsey John Richemond John Aleyn John Downyng Willm. Cooke Nicholas Barker Symond Cowper 'Willm. Newman Richard Hount John Hilton Willm. Smythe George Brods Robt'. Stanfeld Willm. Lucreant Robert Buckerd John Frowlope Edmond Jerham Robert Slayler Robert Paycock Willra. Goun Edmond Pkyns Edward Sisson Thomas Mylner Willm. Parr James Jenyng Willm. Barker Thomas Ffen Richard Laycrofte Thomas Goun Hugh Saunder John Wolf John Edwyn Willm. Kyngston Thomas Baker Mile's Jerham Willm. Brown John Porter Robert Inner Alex. Maperley Rogier Tyndall Richard Cocke Richard Ward Robert James Richard Empson — Peter Crowche Willm. Horsnayle bakers. 19. Arms. Gu, a balance between three garbs or, on a chief barry wavy of four or. and as. an arm embowed proper, vested gu, cuffed or, issuing from clouds affixed to the upper part of the centre of the chief, ofthe fifth, radiated of the last, between two anchors of the second, the hand supporting the balance. Crest. On a wreath two arms embowed /jroper, issuing out of clouds of the last vested gu, cuffed or, holding in their hands a chaplet of wheat of the last. Supporters, two aiags proper, attired or, each gorged with a chaplet of wheat of the last. Motto. ' Praise God for all.' The company of bakers appears to be of great antiquity ; for in the year 1155, it was charged in the great roll of the exche quer with a debt of one mark of gold for their guild ; by which it seeras as if the ancient guilds had held their privileges in fee- farra of the crown. The bakers were, originally, distinguished into two classes, viz., the white bakers and the brown bakers, the first were incorporated by Edward II., about 1307, the brown HISTORY OF LONDON. 379 bakers by James I., 1621. The charter granted to the former was renewed by Henry VIL, and confirmed by Henry VIIL, Edw. VI., Queen Mary, Queen EUzabeth, and James I. It is incorpo rated by the name of ' The master and wardens of the mystery, or art of bakers of the city of London.' Their hall is in Harp- lane. The Names of the Company of ' Bakers' from the Record in the Chapter-house, John Colyns John Robynson Richard Stagg Richard Morecock David Johnes Thomas Cleyton William Squyrte John Morys Clement "Towne Robert Myreham Richard Brown John Ottringham Maurice Danydd Robert Clerke John Tayler John Jackson Richard Barley Owen Williams Agnes Best, widowe William Ingram John Bewyke Sampson Cleyton Robert Ffytche Richard Grey Thomas Spencer Lewis Heyforde Willm. Taylor Richard Hart John Hethe Willm. Brayfeld John Lloyd Reynold Johnson Thomas Jacson, Sen John Holbeck Willm. Alleyn Thomas Lewys Lewis Davy Matheiwe Water Thomas Killingworth Morrys ap David John Brasier John Challenger John Marten Thomas Jacson, Jun. John Bykerton Richard Morys Willm. Benett Cristofer Rayncock Richard Silvester John Lounnesdale Andrew Scartoke John Jonson Richard Grey John Berness Richard Parow John Richards Richard Burneham James Blakwell Giles Gose Richard Hodge Griffith Johns Rogier Hale John Rondell Thomas Walker David Vaughan barbers. 17 Arms. Quarterly first and fourth, sa, a chevron between three fieams ar, se cond and ihird, per pale ar, and vert, a soatula in pale ar, surmounted of a 380 HISTORY OF LONDON. rose gu, charged with another of the first; the first rose regally crowned proper. Between the four quarters a cross of St. George gu, charged with a lion passant guardant or. Crest. An opinicus, with wings indorsed, or. Supporters two lynxes proper, spotted of vaiious colours, both ducally collared and chained, or. Motto. ' De pr(B.scienlia Dei.' The art of surgery was anciently practised in this city only by the barbers, who were incorporated by letters patent, granted by King Edward IV. in the year 1461; and, in 1512, an act was passed to prevent any persons besides the barbers from practising surgery within the city of London, and seven miles round, except such as were duly examined and admitted by the bishop of Lon don, or the dean of St. Paul's, and such persons expert in surgery, as they shall think proper to call to their assistance. At length se veral persons, who were not barbers, being examined and adraitted j-s practitioners in the art of surgery, the parliament united them in the thirty-second year of the reign of king Henry VIII. by tbe appellation of ' The master or governors of the mystery or com monalty of barbers and surgeons of the city of London ;' and by this act, all persons practising tbe art of shaving, were strictly en joined not to intermeddle with that of suigery, except what belonged to drawing of teeth. Thus this company obtained the name of barber-surgeons, which they continued to enjoy till the eighteenth year of the reign of George the Second, when the surgeons applying to parliaraent to have, this union dis solved, were forraed into a separate company ; though the barbers were left in possession of the hall and theatre, and were consti tuted a body politic, under the name of ' The master, governors, and commonalty of the mystery of barbers of London.' Barbers hall is situated in Monkwell-street, Cripplegate- This is a livery company, under the government of a master, three wardens, and twenty-six assistants. The Names ofthe Company of Barber Surgeons,' from the Re cord in the Chapter-house. Nicholas Symson Harry Carrier Willm. Kirckby Rauf Gariand Thomas Vycars John Enderbye John Banks Peter Devisraand John Potter Robert Postell Thomas Twyn John Bird John Johnson Jaraes Tomson John Holland Willm. Kydd Willm. Rewe John Yong John Aylyff Thomas Sutton Edraond Harman Charles Wight John Pen Jobn Newman Richard Tayler Thomas Grome HISTORY OF LONDON. 381 Willm. Higgs John Dene Thomas Surbutt Willra. Billing Willra. Lyghthed John Raven Robert Hutton Henry Pemberton Willm. Shirborne George Genne Thomas Johnson Robert Spegnall Richard Boll Nacholas Alcocke Wilton Tylley John Northcote Willra. Wetynglon Henry Yong Cristofer Samond Robert Waterford Henry Atkyn Christofer Boiling Robert Stordale Mathiewe Johnson Davy Sambroke John Atkynson Thomas Waryn Robert Grove Robert Brownhill Willm. Spencer Thomas Butfilane Robert Fforster Edraond Tyrell John Phillpott John Thoalraod Edward Ingalby Richard Elyolt Thoraas Wilson John Smythe Willm. Hiller Richard Tholmod John Awcetter Richard Sermond Hugh Lyncocke John Bordman Rauf Stek Henry Hogekvnson John Tomson 'Hugh Dier Edward Ffreeman Thomas Mone Willra. Yenson •John Banesler Willm. Trewise Christofer Hungate John Hutton John Browne John G^e.^e John Tyraber John Shrene Thoraas Staynton Thomas Pays Thomas Mede John Anger Thomas Worstley John Gilberd Cristofer Haynes Willm. Smythe John Mosseley Willm. Hill George Wenyard John Barker Willm Barker James Wod John Store Willra. Hetherley Olyver Wilson Willm. Grene Henry Rawshold- Bartilraewe Dobynson Henry Patterson Philip Pegott Robert Downys Antony Barowes James Hogeson Robert Wever John Surbut Willm. Sewell John Denys John Page Robert Dodwell John Cutbert John Gray Willm. Dauntese Thomas Appilton John Cragell 38-2 Thoraas Arundell Willra. Johnson Henr. Adara Willm. Downham Rogier Skynner John Gerard Richard Rogiers Thomas Dicson Thomas Gilman Thomas Defton Edward Hewell John Dormot George Balraan Thomas Vivian George Brightwelton John Waren John Grenway John Bell Daurence Mollyners John Godbold Willm. Draper Richard Smythe Robert Lodo John Gambyn Thomas Cutbert Robert Chamber Lewis Bromefeld Richard Worseley Jobn Oskyn John Robynson Richard Coley John West HISTORY OF LONDON. Willm. Welfed Jon. Smerthwarte John Smerthwarte John Lybbe George More Thomas Burnett John Hanlyn Richard Child Thomas Baily George Vaughan Thomas Wetynghm John Bonair Richard Cokerel Willm. Walton Geferey Ffranceis Thomas Ffayles John Edlyn John Samond Henry Bodeley Thomas Stanbrige Willm. Borrel Richard Nicols Edward Hughbank John Charterane Henry Wotton Robert Hastyngs Alex. Mason Thomas Darker Thomas Ffyshe Edward Rollesley John Brasswell Willm. Symsyn basket-makers. 52. Arms. Az. Three cross baskets in pale, ar, between a prime and an iron on the dexter, and a cutting knife and an outsticker on the sinister, of the second. Crest a cradle, therein a child, rocked at the head by a girl, and at the feet by a boy, both vested, all proper. Motto. ' Let us love one another.' The basket-makers are a fraternity by prescription, and not by charter ; but when, or by whom erected into a fellowship, is un known. They are, however, included in the list of the city cora panies, by the title of, ' The wardens, assistants, and freemen of the corapany of basket-makers of the city of London.' It is a livery company, and is governed by two wardens and forty-eight assistants. HISTORY OF LONDON. 383 BLACKSMITHS. 40. ARMS.* Sa. a chevron or, between three hammers ar, handled ofthe second. ducally crowned of the last. Crest. A mount t-er(, thereon a phcenix with wings indorsed prober, firing herself with the sun-beams of the last. Motto. ' By hammer and hand all arts do stand.' The company of blacksmiths was anciently a guild, or fra ternity, by prescription, in which state it continued till the reign of queen Elizabeth, in the year 1571, when they ob tained a charter of incorporation, by the name of " The keepers or wardens and society ofthe art and mystery de les blacksmiths, of London;' which was confirmed by king James I., in the se cond year of his reign. This company has a livery, and is governed by a master, three wardens, and twenty-one assistants. Since the company has abandoned the hall on Lambeth-hill, the business of it is trans acted at Cutler's-hall. The Names of the Company of ' Blacke Smythes' from the Re cord in the Chapter House. Henry Romyns Morys Casyn Richard Bordes Richard Proffall Thomas Weyman James Sandell Rogier Heycokes Willm. Rogiers Symond Goldsmythe Henry Legate John A. Manton Cuthbert Store Jobn Brown Willm. Gaulford Willm. Sraythe John Dawe John Smythe John Aleyn Oswald Dokwray Willm. Hampton Edward Preston Willm. Hart Thomas Butller Robert Baker Willm. Ward BOWVERS. 38. Arms. Sa. on a chevron between three floats or, as many mullets of the first Crest. Three long-bows interlaced, one erect, and two in saltier gu. The bowyers were a fraternity by prescription, till the twenty- first of James I., when they were incorporated by the name of ' The master, wardens, and society of the mystery of bowyers of the city of London.' It is somewhat singular, that this company should not have ? Confirmed June 24, 1610. 384 HISTORY OF LONDON. been incorporated until the above period ; and that it should have been incorporated then, when the use of the bow, as a mi litary engine, was superseded by the introduction of fire-arms. This is a livery company, and is under the government of a master, two wardens, and twelve assistants. brewers. 14. Arms. Gu. on a chevron ar. between three pair of barley garbs in sallier or, three tuns sa. hooped ofthe third. Crest. A demi-moorish woraan, couped at the knees, proper ; her hair dishevelled or. habited sa. frettee ar. her arras ex tended, holding in each hand three ears of barley of the second. Motto. ' In God is all our truil.' The brewers' company, which is the fourteenth among the city companies, was incorporated by king Henry VI., in the year 1438, by the name of ' The master, and keepers or wardens, and commonalty of the mystery or art of brewers of the city of Lon don.' This charter was re-confirmed by queen Elizabeth, July 13, second year of ber reign. This corporation anciently bore the arms of St. Thomas Becket, impaled with their own ; but that saint's bones being taken up and burnt, and unsainted, by the powers in being, Clarencieux, king at arms, in the year 1544, separated them, and gave the brewers a crest in lieu thereof. Mr. Brayley says, " It seems probable, from various circumstances, that the use of beer was not generally introduced till about tbe reign of Henry VIL, in whose lime the breweries, which then stood on the banks of the Thames, at St. Catherine's (Wapping), and are distinguished by the name Bere-house, in the map given in the Civilates Orbis, were twice ' spoiled by the king's officers, either for sending too much abroad unlicensed, or for brewing it too weak for home consumption.' In Rymer's Foedera, under the date 1492, is a license granted to John le Merchant a Fleming, to export fifty tuns, or butts of beer, (quinquaginta dolia servitce vocatce Bere) and we find that one of the king's attendants into France, in the same year, was ' Petrus Vanek, a beer-brewer, of Greenwich, in Kent.'* Twelve years afterwards the price of ale had advanced to about three-pence the gallon, and that of beer was about one half-penny cheaper.''t • Rym. Feed. vol. xii. p. 471, and than 2Jd. for the same quantity. In 485. In 1504, the ale of London vvas the work generally called ' Arnold's sold at 11. 10s. per dolium, and the Chronicle,' printed by Pynson, about beer, per dolium, at 11. 3s, 4d. Do- 1521, is the following ' Receipt' for Hum, says Fleetwood, (Chron. Pres.) making beer, " x quarters malte, ii " does here, I believe, signifie a pipe, quarters wheete, ii quarters ootes, x or butt, which contains 126 gallons; pound weight of hoppys, to make xi so that the ale comes to near 3d. the barrels of sengyll beer gallon ;— and the beer to rather more t Brayley's Hist, of Lond. 11. p. 401. HISTORY OF LONDON. 385 In tne 23rd year of Henry VIH. the brewers were restrained by a statute frora making ' any more sorts, or kinds of beer, ' than two, the strong and the double,' and it was ordered ' that the same should be sold after the rate and price of 6s. 8d. the barrel, of the best, and 3s. 4d. the barrel of double beer, and ale, or not above.' Notwithstanding this, the prices of both liquors were gradually and considerably increased, till at length, in 1590, the lord raayor, sir John Allot, issued a proclamation requiring the brewers to re turn to the rates prescribed by the statutes. There was an estimate made aboul this tiiipe as to what quantity of beer was exported yearly to the Low Countries and other places; from which il appeared that there were twenty great brewhouses, or more, situated on the Thames ?ide, from Milford stairs to below St. Katherines, which brewed yearly the quantity of seven or eight brewings of sweet beer or strong beer, that passed to Erabden, the Low Countries, Calais, Dieppe, and thereabouts. And account but 600 brewings at 44 barrels the brewing, il makes 26,400 barrels, which at 7 to a tun, makes 3,771 tuns.* The demand for beer from foreign countries increased greatly during the whole of the reign of Elizabeth, and the liberty of ex porting it was only checked, by proclamation, during the occasional occurrence of dearth and scarcity. One record states, that 500 tuns were exported at once ' for the queen's use ;' or, as il has been ex plained, for the .service of her array in the Low Countries ; consi derable quantities, also, were sent lo Erabden and Amsterdam. During the succeeding reigns, to the present time, the prices of ale and beer have been highly augraented through the operation of the successive iraposts that have been laid on malt and hops, the du ties on which now forra an important branch of the public revenue. So great, indeed, has the consumption become, that in the year end ing on January 5lh, 1812, the duties on malt alone, produced the vast sura of 3,315,389/. The most rapid increase in price took place in the course of the last reign, at the commencement of which, in 1760, ale was sold at 5d. the quart, and strong beer, or porter (which had first come into general use in the time of George I.) at 3d. the quart. Since then the prices have been progressively advanced, and ale is now retailed at eightpence the quart; and porter at five pence the quart ; the former price at a first view ap pears to be equal to the sum for which eight gallons of ale could have been obtained in the reign of Henry III. yet, when the in crease in the value of money is properly estiraated, it will be found that the augraentation has not been greater than in the proportion of one and a half to one.t * Strype's Stow,ii. p. 204. Barrels. t The quantity of porter brewed in Barclay, Perkins, and Co. 341,339 London, bythe ten principal houses Truman, Hanbury, and Co. 203,532 from the 5th of .Inly 1826, to the 5th Whitbread, and Co. 191.326 of July 1827, was as follows : Reid, and Co. 1 74,476 VOL. Tl. 2 C 386 HISTORY OF LONDON. The hall of this corapany, which is a neat edifice of brick and stone, stands on the north side of Addle-street. The Names of the Company of ' Bruers' from the Record m the Chapter-house. John Brycksaa Rogier Thaycher James Wylkinson Willra. Archer Water Barley John Aleyn George FfothergUl JohnElcock John Ranwike John Bargaine Willra. Pirry WiUm. Kelsey Edward Clerk John Barton Robert Bilby Stephen Cock Christofer Payne Rowland Shakelady John Margelson John Kennyhm Thomas Perryvall John Nevill Thomas Tyrry WUlra. Shawe Alan Ffynleyson John Awlhorne Robert NycoUes Thomas Stafford John Bowghm Robert Langley Robert Nycolson Willra. Chard Christofer Whilelocke Nicholas Shepard John Mool Nicholas Custard Henry Pott Robert Wodde Willra. Jenyns Myghell Quadles Robert Molson John Bawden James Harward John Medrynghm Rowland Atkynson George Slay ter WiUra. Holland WUlra. Hynderwill Thoraas Hogeson Henry Roberts Richard Pykeryng John Ellys Cristofer Robynson Alexander Hudson John Seefowle Thomas Stepheson Hugh Ffox Robert Long John Daldron John Ferrar John Rowslye John Mylner Antony Antony Christofer Ward Nicholas Brierley WUlm. Moryce Richard Poller Rogier Belts Thoraas Butt James Bay con John Cocks Adam Ranwyke Barrels. Combe, Delafield, and Co. 125,534 EUiott and Co. Calvert, Felix, and Co. 100,339 Menx Henry, and Co. 95,159 Total Taylor and Co. 64,688 Hoare and Co. - 64,003 Barrels, . 52,204 1,412,603 HISTORY OF LONDON. 38? Jobn Bell Willra. Thoraas JohnVnderhiU WUlra Coraaunder Jaraes Paynter Willra. Brou<>-h Rogier Turner Hugh Mynore John Robynson Evan Lloyd Thoraas Rodes Willra. Mody Thoraas Coke Laurence Brunt Richard Adams Robert Moldvno WiUm. Fforster "^ It IS a livery corapany, and is governed by a master, three war dens, and twenty-eight assistants. BUTCHERS. 24. Arms. Ae. two slaughter axes indorsed in saltier ar. handled or, between three bulls heads, couped of the second, armed of the third, viz. two in fesse, and one in base ; on a chief ar. a boar's head couped gu. between two block-brushes (i. e bunches of knee holly) vert. Crest. A fiying bull ar. wings indorsed or, armed and hoofed of the last ; over the head a small circle ol glory proper. Supporters. Two flying bulls or. winged, armed, and hoofed, or ; over each head a small cir cle of glory proper. Motto, ' Omnia subjecisfi sub pedibus, oves et boves.' The company of butchers appears to be of great antiquity ; for in the 26th of Henry II. it was fined for selling up a guild without the king's licence. Its present charier was not granted till the 3rd of Jaraes I. who, on the 16th of Septeraber, 1605, did, by letters patent, incorporate thera by ihe narae of ' The raaster, wardens, and commonalty, of the art or mystery of butchers of the cily of Lon don.' The hall of this company is situated in Pudding-lane. It is a livery company, and is governed by a raaster, five wardens, and twenty-one assistants. CARD-MAKERS. 83 Arms. Gu. on a cross ar. between the four ace cards proper (viz. the ace of hearts and diamonds in chief, the ace of clubs and spades in base), a lion passant guardant of the first. Crest. An armed arm erect, holding in the hand an ace of hearts, all proper. Supporters. Two men in armour complete, proper, garnished or; on each a aaahffu. The card-makers' company Was incorporated by letters patent of Charles I. in the year 1629, by the narae of ' The master, wardens, and commonalty, of the mystery of the makers of playing-cards of the city of London.' It is governed by a master, two wardens, and eighteen assistants ; but has neither livery nor hall. 2 c 2 388 HISTORY OF LONDON. carmen. 89. By an act of common council, pa.ssed in the reign of Henry VIII. the carmen were constituted a fellowship of the city of Lon don ; and, in 1606, they were incorporated with the fraternity of fuellers, under the denomination of woodmongers, with whora they continued till the year 1668, when the latter having been convicted by the parliaraent of enormous frauds in the sale of coals, and being apprehensive of the consequences, threw up their charter: on which the carmen were re-appointed a fellowship, by an act of comraon- council, under the title of ' The free carraen of the city of London.' The regulation of the carmen is vested in the city magistracy un der an act of parliament raade in the thirteenth year of George II. and the prices which the carraen are allowed to charge are deter rained by the sarae authority. The right of licensing carts for hire within the city, has been given by an act of common council to Christ's Hospital; the licenses confer the exclusive privileges of doing all cart work for hire within the cily and its liberties. They are governed by a raaster, two wardens, and forty-one as sistants, under the direction of the court of lord mayor and alder men, but have neither arms, hall nor livery. CARPENTERS. 26. Arms. ^ir. a chevron ingrailed between three pair of compasses, expanded at the points sa. This ancient fraternity was incorporated by letters patent of Ed ward IV. bearing date the 7th of July, 1344, by the narae of ' The raaster, wardens, assistants, and commonalty, of the mystery of freemen of the carpenters of the city of London ;' with a power to make bye-laws for their better regulation. It is a livery corapany, and is governed by a master, wardens, and court of assistants. Carpenters'-hall is situated on the south side of London-wall. R. Wyatt, esq. thrice master of this company, in 1604, 1605, and 1616, founded an alms-house at Godalming in Surrey, for 10 poor raen. CLOCK-MAKERS. 61. Arms.* Sa. a clock, each ofthe four corner pillars of the case erected on a lion couchant, and on each capital a mound, thereon a cross pattee, and on the dome of the case an iraperial crown, supported by circular arches, springing frora the pillars, under which arches the bell appears, and on the centre of the dial plate, a double rose, all or. Crest. A sphere or. Sdpporters. The dexter, an erablematical figure, representing Tirae ; the sinister, the portrait of an em- • Granted Jan. IS, 1671; HISTORY OF LONDON. 3^9 ptror in his robes, on his head an imperial crown, and in his sinister hand a scep- He, surmounted of a dove, all pi oper. Motto. ' Tem,pus rerum imperalnr.' This fraternity was incorporateo by Charles I. in the year 1632, by the name of ' The master, wardens, and society of the art of clock-makers of the city of London.' Il is a livery company, and is governed by a master, wardens, and twenty-eight assist ants. COACH AND COACH HARNESS MAKERS. 79. , Arms. Az. a chevron between tnree coaches or. Crest. Clouds proper, thereon Phoebus driving the chariot of the sun ur, drawn by four horses ar, har- pessed, reined, and bridled, of the second. Supporters. Two horses or. har nessed and bridled, la. studded or, garnished iiu. housings a:r. fringed and pur lied of the third ; each horse adorned on the head with a plume of four feathers, of the following colours, viz. or, or. az. .lud ,/;«. Motto. ' Surgit tubila Phcebus.' The company of coachraakers was incorporaled in lr,7l, by let ters patent of Charles II. by the narae and style of ' The raaster, wardens, assistants, and commonolty, of the company of coach and coach-harness-makers of London.' It is a livery company, and is governed by a master, three wardens, and twenty-three assistants. COMB-MAKERS. 63 Arms. Az. a lion passant guardant between three combs, or. Crest. A mount, thereon an elephant, standing against a tree, all proper. The corab-raakers' corapany was incorporated by king Charles I. in the year 1636, by the narae of ' The raaster, wardens, and fellowship, of the corab-raakers of London.' This is a livery cora pany, and consists of a master, two wardens, and thirteen assist ants. COOKS. 35. Arms. Az. a chevron ingrailed gu. between three columbines proper, stalked and leaved rerf. Crest. Amount i-erf, thereon a cock pheasant proptr. Sup porters The dexter a buck proper, attired or; the sinister a hind proper, each pierced in the shoulder with an arrow or. Motto. ' Vulnerati nonvictu.' This .society was incorporated by letters patent of King Edward IV. in the year 1480, by the name of The masters, and govern ors, and commonalty, ofthe mystery of cooks, in London.' This was subsequently re-confirmed by queen Elizabeth, and afterwards by king James, in the 13th of his reign. Every person who is desirous of becoming a raeraber of this cora- 390 HISTORY OF LONDON. pany raust be presented to the lord mayor, before he can be ad mitted lo the freedora.* This is a livery company, and governed by a master, four war- ' dens, and twenty-five assistants. They had formerly a convenient haU in Aldersgate-street, which was destroyed by fire in 1771, and not being rebuilt, the busines ofthe company is transacted at Guild hall. COOPERS. 36. Arms. Gyronnyof eight ^w. and *« on a chevron between three annulets or, a grose between two adzes ae. on a chief vert, three lilies slipped, stalked, and leaved or. Crest. A demi heath-cock, with wings expanded, az. powdered with annulets or ; in the beak a lily or. Supporters. Two camels gu. bridled or, powdered with annulets of the last. Motto. ' Love as brethren.' The coopers' company was incorporated in 1501, by letters pa tent of king Henry VII. under the title of ' The master, wardens, keepers, and commonaltyof the freemen of the mystery of coopers in London, and the suburbs of the same city, and, in the suc ceeding reign, was empowered, by an act of parliament, to search and gauge all beer, ale, and soap vessels, within the city of Lon don, and two railes round its suburbs, for which they were allowed a farthing for each cask. They are governed by a master, three wardens, and twenty assistants, and their livery are very nuraerous. The hall of this corapany is situated on the east side of Basing hall-street. The Names of the Company of ' Coupers' from the Record inthe Chapter-house. John Cheriey John Batt Hervey Maxfeld Thomas Willmson John Clerke John Whithede Rogier Tyrys Richard Trygg John Cloker the elder John Johnson Willra. Mynlon Thoraas Howse Thoraas Awoode Willra. While John Willys John Griffyn Robert Hassyll Water Gervis John Basley Edraond Colyns Olyner Whithede Thoraas Johnson John Cloker the yonger Richard Thorneton Richard Byrd Robert Swane John Nokes Willra. Andrewes Robert Belhycoles Hugh Purke • A cook was in former times set upon the pillory because he soMpicamolei, turn, i. c. a stinking pike. Strype's Stow, vol. ii, p. 207. HISTORY OF LONDON. 391 Peter Curre Thoraas Steyllorage John Amyas _ Thomas Fforster Willm. Hichwiclie Robert Bell Thoraas Franke Saunder Edwar.ds Slephn Gybson John HasyU Roland Kendall Thomas Ffurnes Roland Hunter John Edmonds WUlra. Chapraan John Billisborowe Robert Belhowse Thoraas Gentilraan Mariyn Burwell Robert Hall Reynold Abardisley Cristofer Thorneton Thomas Grygson Thomas Turner Thoraas Monday John Thressher Humfrey Marshall John Hethe Henry Lawrence Patrike Gage Thomas Butller John Brasier Thomas TanslaU CORDWAINERS. 21. Arms. Ae. a chevron or, between three goats, erased a/. aUired ofthe second. Crest. A goat's head erased ur attired or. The company of cordwainers, or shoemakers, was at first incor porated by king Henry VI. in the 17th year of his reign, by the narae of cordwainers and coblers ; the latter of which naraes was at that time far frora being conteraptible, as il signified not only a shoemaker, but a dealer in shoes ; nor does it appear that the word shoemaker was then in use. The cordwainers had a privilege, or at least a custom, beyond other tradesmen, to sit and sell their shoes on Sundays. Since the original incorporation, the corapany have obtained a fresh charter, by which they are now called, ' The master, wardens, and commonalty of the mystery of cordwainers of the city of London.' Il is a livery company. They have a handsome haU in Distaff-lane. The Names of the Company of ' Cordwayners' from the Record in the Cliapter-house. Thoraas Nycolson Robert Owtred Peter Peterson Edraond Mede Robert Rabon Edward Pechy Thomas Archer Edmond Baker Willm. Gybstm Jaraes Banesler Thoraas Thre.er Richard Meyger WUlm. Denys John Dey Thomas Raynton Rowland Dent 392 HISTORY OF LONDON. Richard Bedall John Waren JohnDyryke Thomas Clare Raffe Dyer John Andrewes Barnard Kyngston Richard Andrewes Thomas Pacy Richard Sparowe Richard Peterson Robert Pyraan Robert Horsey John Bacon Rice Davie Rogier Anderson John Hilles Willm. Russell Richard Rase Richard Empsop — ^" Thomas Poll John Lawson John More Mathiew Melton Henry Edwards George Cocks Edraond Spencer Richard Banester Harry Ball Robert Waldon Mathiew Gibson Richard Norry Hewe Welshe Nicholas Sylkby Robert WUlis John Parrott Henry Roese John Taylor. Willm. Robyns Thomas More CURRIERS. 29. Arms. Ae. a cross ingrailed or, between four pair of curriers' shaves in saltier ur. handled of Ihe second. Crest. Two arms embowed proper, vested to the elbow nr. issuing from clouds of the first, holding in their hands a shave, as in the arms. Supporters. The dexter a buck proper, attired and hoofed or., the sinister a goat ar. armed and hoofed or. Motto. 'Spes nostra Deus.' The curriers are a company of considerable antiquity, and founded a guild or brotherhood in the conventual church of White friars, in Fleet-street, in the year 1367- King James I. incorpo rated them on the SOth of April, 1605, by the style of 'The master, wardens, and comraonalty of the art or mystery of the curriers of the city of London.' It isa livery company, governed by a raaster, two wardens, and a court of assistants Curriers' hall is situated on the south side of London wall. The Names of the Company of ' Curryars' from the Record in the Chapter-house. Olyver Abbot John Ra we Nicholas Broraefeld John Fforest Edraond Hurloke John Alysander George Ffoyster John Blaklock WUlm. Stokes John Edwards HISTORY OF LONDON. 393 John Godfrey John Andersby Robert Ederyge John Burnara Thoraas Large Christofer Washford Robert Johnson WiUra. Shipton Willra Heyward Hugh Davy Philip Kover Thoraas Broraefeld John A 1 coke Gerraane Howraan Peter Smythe Richard Lyon Thoraas Alyson Thoraas Barnes WUlra. Ffisher Thoraas Berdswrothe Henry Haryson Alane Bygmore John Baynam Robert Mason Richard Logslon Hugh Davy John Staly Thomas Wilkynson CUTLERS. 18 Arms.* Gu. three pair of swords in saltier ar. hilts and pomels or, viz. two pair in chief, and one io base. Crest. An elephant ar. armed or; on his back a castle of the lut, the trappings, girts, &c. of the second ; in the top of the tower two pennons inclining to the dexter and sinister, gu. Supporters. Two elephants, ar. Motto. ' Pour parvenir a bonne foi.' The cutlers' company was incorporated by king Henry V. in the year 1417, by the style of ' The master, wardens, and com monalty of the mystery of cutlers of London.' The cutlers for raerly were three companies, viz. bladers,t haflraakers,J and sheathraakers.§ Il is a livery corapany, governed by a raaster, two wardens, and twenty-one assistants. The hall of this company is situated in Cloak-lane; it is a sraall brick building. The Names of the Company of' Cutlers,' from the Records in the Chapter-house. Hugh Holraes Thomas Atkynson John Giles John Wilford John Harrison John Hayland Marion Garrett Willm. Symondson WUlra. Marler John Hawkyns * Arms granted 16 Edw, iv, 1476, Smiths that forged blades. X Makers of the hafts of blades. Richard Carter Thomas Clyff John Smythe Cristofer A Lee John Barton Thomas Worrae John Bull Henr. Heymond John Porter Willra. Page ^ Makers ol sheaths for swords; daggers, knives, &c. 394Rogier Grisswell John Leycesf. Thomas Humfrey John Crathorne John Thorneton Richard Rome Rogier Curwyn John Jerom Willm. Haryson Robert Lashford Hugh Boswell John Yeward Willm. Symondson John Sterop Robert Bell Robert Haryson Miles a Northe Antony Messyngere WiUm. Aleyn John Key Antony Togyll Thomas Jacson Willm. Chalborne HISTORY OF LONDON. John Fforster Arche Wykham John Symondson Nicholas Humfrey Robert Eli ham Chad Scott Willm. Thorpp Raufe Bryce John Myghell Thomas Ffyreby WiUra. Sraythe Thoraas Owen Richard Ffanser Thomas Colynson Mighell Baker Henry Johnson Richard Barrett Richard Colynson Thomas Malynger George Bowre Thomas Thorpp Symond Bowmer DISTILLERS. 74. Arms. Az. a fesse wavy ar. in chief the sun in splendour, encircled with a cloud distilling drops of rain, all proper; in base a distillatory double armed or on a fire proper, with two worras and bolt receivers of the second. Crest, A garb of barley, environed with a vine fructed, bothproper. Supporters. The dexter, the figure of a man representing a Russian, habited in the dress of the country, all proper; the sinister, an Indian, vested round the waist with leathers of various colours, wreathed about the temples with feathers as the last; in his hand a bow, at his back a quiver of arrows, all proper. Motto. ' Drop as rain. diitilt as dew The distillers were incorporaled by king Charles I. in the year 1638, by the name of ' The master, wardens, assistants, and cora raonalty ofthe trade, art, or mystery of distillers of London.' This is a livery company, and is governed by a master, three wardens, and nineteen assistants : but having no hall belonging to It, the meetings ofthe company are held at Drapers'-haU. DYERS. 13. Arms. Su. a chevron ingrailed ar. between three bags of madder ofthe last, corded or. Crest. Three sprigs of the grain tree, erect vert, fructed gu. Supporters. Two leopards rampant guardant ar. spotted with various colours, fire issuing from their ears and mouth proper, both ducally crowned, or. Motto. ' Da gloriam Deo ' This corapany was made a brotherhood by Henry VI. in the year HISTORY OF LONDON. 395 1472, by the name of 'The wardens and commonalty of the mys tery ofthe dyers of London.' Araong other privileges granted lo this company by their charter, is that of keeping swans on the river Thames. This was originally one of the twelve principal companies, but is now numbered as the thirteenth. Il is a livery company, governed by two wardens, and thirty assistants. EMBROIDERERS. 48. Arms. Paly of six ar. and an. on a fesse gu. between IhreeJions passant guar dant or, two broaches in saltier, between two trundles (i. e. quiUsof gold threarl) or. Crest. A dove displayed ar, encircled with glory proper, Supporteks. Two lions or, gulti^e de sang. Motto. ' Omnia desuper.' The embroiderers were incorporated in 1561, by letters patent of queen Elizabeth, by the narae of ' The keepers, or wardens and company ofthe art and mystery of broderers of the city of London.' They are a livery company, governed by two keepers or wardens and forty assistants. The hall of this company is on the north side of Gutter- lane. The Names of the Company of Browderers,' from the Records in the Chapter-house. Thoraas Packard Robt. Tolly Thoraas Tiplady Willra. Mersse WiUm. Edgrave Richard Hymnara Thomas Yong Denys Kyshole Richard Maister Andrewe Halbot Robert Edgrave Willm. Rose Thomas Bradeley Robert Borre John Medilton Willra. Chese John Harrison Edraond Thodson Willm. Ansley Willm. Johnson John Lowthe Willm. Sraythe Richard Corbet Rogier Bansted John Brown Harry Surara Robert Ward John Evorsby Richard Peresnn Willra. Sraythe John Nevill Bartholorae Bryckilwolh John Redyng FAN MAKERS. 84. Arms. Or, a fan displayed, with a mount of various devices and colours, the sticks gu. on a chief, per pale gu. and az. on the dexter side, a shaving iron over a bundle of fan-slicks tied together, or ; on the sinister side, a framed saw, in pale, of the last. Crest, a hand couped proper, holding a fan displayed or. Motto. ' Arts and trades united.' 396 HISTORY OF LONDON This company was incorporated by queen Anne in the year 1709, by the appellation of ' The raaster, wardens, a.ssistants,and society of the art or mystery of fan-makers of the cities of London and Westrainster, and twenty miles round the same.' This is a livery corapany, and is governed by a raaster, two wardens, and twenty assistants. FARRIERS. 55. Arms. Ar. three horse-snoes sa. pierced of the field. Crest. An arm em bowed, issuing from clouds on the sinister side, all proper, holding in the hand a hammer az. handled, and ducally crowned or. Supporters. Two horses ar. Motto. ' Vi ei virtute.' This fraternity was incorporated by king Charles II. in the year 1673, by the style of 'The master, wardens, assistants, and cora raonalty of the company of farriers, London.' Il is a livery company, and is governed by a master, three wardens, and twenty-four assistants. Having no haU, they meet at the George and Vulture, Cornhill. FELT MAKERS, 64. Arms. Ar, a dexter hand couped at the wrist gu. between two hat-bands nowed az. in chief, a hat .5a. banded of the third. Crest. A naked arm embowed proper, holding in the hand a hat sa. banded az. The felt or hat-makers were anciently united with the haber dashers; but a separation being obtained by the former, they were by letters patent of James I. in the year 1604, incorporated by the name of ' The raaster, wardens, and comraonalty of the art or mys tery of felt-makers of London.' This is a livery company, governed by a raaster, four wardens, and twenty-five assistants. They hold their raeelings at Pewterers' hall. FISHERMEN. 8?. The corapany of fisherraen was incorporated by letters patent of .?; mes II. in the year 1687, by the narae of 'The free fishermen of London.' But they have neither livery, hall, nor arras FLETCHERS. 39. Arms.* Az, a chevron between three arrows or, headed and feathered ar. Crest. A derai-angel proper, with wings indorsed or, vested of the last, holding a bundle of arrows or. * Granted 2 Hen. vii, 1487; HISTORY OF LONDON. 397 Though this is only a company by prescription, it has neverthe less obtained a coat of arms and a livery ; and appears to be in all respects as firmly established as those incorporated by letters pa- tenl. It is governed by two wardens, and ten assistants. They had formerly a convenient hall in St. Mary A.xe; but it having for sorae years past, been used as a warehouse for goods, they now meet at the George and Vulture in Cornhill. The Names of the Company of ' Ffletchers' from the Record in the Chapter-house. Willm. Sherraan Richard Hughson Willm. Temple John Wylshire Willm. Smythe Thomas Hygson Lewes Owen Thomas Nele John Ffremynger Robert Michell Thomas Sraythe Nycholas Bageley John Romyn John Heron Willm Northe Robert Erase Robert Malynne John Starky Nicholas Stone John Grene John Philipps John Fflode Thomas Sherman John S tod a id Hugh Jonson Robert Griffyn John Tomlynson Thomas JaUett Richard Gryffyn John Cartwright Richard Blacher Richard .Salford Richard Clerke Ttiomas Hasylwall Richard Pkynson Richard Hertwell Ffraunces Richardson Willm. Birde Antony Tomson, the elder Antony Tomson, the younger Owen Beddowe Willm. Lyndesey Maurice 'Wykes Leonardo Charabre FOUNDERS. 33. Arms.* Az. a laver-pot (i. c. vase) between two taper candlesticks or. Crest. A fiery furnace proper; two arms, ofthe last, issuing from clouds, on the sinis ter side of the first, vested nr. holding in bolh hands a pair of closing-tong-s sa. taking hold of the melting pot in the lu rnace proper Motto. ' God tlie only founder.' The fraternity of founders was incorporaled by letters patent of the twelfth of Jaraes I. in the year 1614, by tbe narae of ' The master, wardens, and commonalty of the mystery of founders of the city of London ;' and they have power to search alt brass weights, and brass and copper wares, within the cily of London, and three * Granted October IS, 1590. 398 HISTORY OF LONDON. railes thereof. And all makers of brass weights within that circuit are obliged lo have their several weights sized by the company's standard, and marked with their common mark: and such of the.se weights as are of avoirdupois weight, to be sealed al tbe GuildhaU of this city, and those of troy-weight at Goldsmiths'-hall. It is a livery company, governed by a raaster, two wardens, and twenty-four assistants. The hall of this company is in Lothbury. The Names of the Conipany uf ' Ffounders' from the Record in the Chapter-house. Thoraas Raylton Edward Colyngwood Rogier Tailor Wysse Thoraas Paxton John J utter Willm. Fforde Thomas Lawrence John Bere John Sewyn Humfrey Wight WiUra. Abbott John Charaber Willra. Adames John Dandeson Robert Henstoke David Sothera Christofer Stuks Thomas Stacy John Skye Robert Lawen WUlra. Sewen John Wilkinson Richard Clifford John Ffreraan Thomas Grigby Robert Fforsle Riogier Mason Thomas Ffox John Stephnson John Grene Henry Aleyn John Hunt Henry Whight Thomas Broraeshawke Thoraas Hawes Thoraas Preston John Gykes Peter Spencer John Sewen Robert Mapilbeeke John Brewer Willm. Baker George Ed way Willm. Shortred Robert Ffawconer John Raylton Thomas Tanner Thomas Palmer Thomas Thaxted Thomas Goodhand Henry Monke Richard Richardson Roger Bere George Shuttcn Thomas Spencer Thoraas Harlred Richard Jackson Richard Leeds Jaraes Sede Willra. Hawes Richard Poumfrete Thoraas Perte Willra. Rawlyns Thomas Barley HISTORY' OF LONDON. 399 FRAMEWORK-KNITTERS 65 Arms. Ar. a knitting-frame sa. garnished or, with work pendant in base gu. Supporters. The dexter, a student of the university of Oxford, vested proper, the sinister, a woman proper, vested ae. handkerchief, apron, and cuffs to the gown ar. in her dexter hand a knitting-needle, and in her sinister a piece of worsted knit, ^u. Motto. ' Speed, strength, and truth, united.' This fraternity was incorporated by letters patent of Charles II. in the year 1663, by the name of ' The raaster, wardens, assistants, and society of the art and mystery of framework- knitters in the cities of London and Westminster, the kingdora of England, and dorainion of Wales.' Il is a livery corapany, and is under the direction of a master, two wardens, and eighteen assistants. FRUITERERS. 45 Arms. Az. on a mount in base vert, the tree of Paradise, environed with the serpent between Adam and Eve, all proper. Motto. ' Arbor vilce Christus ; fruetus per fidem gustamus.' This company was incorporaled by letters patent of James I. in the year 1605, by the name of ' The raa.ster, wardens, and cora monalty of the mystery of fruiterers of London.' It is a livery corapany, and is governed by a raaster, two wardenSr and thirty assistants. The Names of the Company of ' Ffruter ers,' from the Record in the Chapter-house. David Garratt Marks Lacke Thomas Horre Thomas Karne Patrike Cornyshe John Hetyll Willra. Canlwell Robert Tewte Nicholas Harrys John Ireland Patrike Gallymore Stephen Austyn John Bryan Swalyg Staule Richard Grenway Nicholas Bordyn Derbe Ryan Willra. Gilsnan Richard Herrys Charles Moreton Thomas Goodhewe John Garve Willm. Dalamere Thoraas Hedyn WUlm. Bryne John He well Nicholas Garve John Ryon Robt. Shee Robert Porsell Philipp Haroll Water Garrett Willm. Pron Richard Grenway WiUm. Roche David Comyn Thoraas Johnson Thomas Bolton John Garrett 400 HISTORY OF LONDON. GARDENERS. 70. Arms. The field, a landscape, the base variegated with fiowers; a man proper, vested round the loins with linen or. digging with a spade, all of the first. Cr est. A basket of fruit, all proper. Supporters. Two erablematical female figures, with cornucopiae representing Plenty. Motto. ¦ In the sweat of thy brow slialt thou eat tJiy bread.' The gardeners were incorporated by letters patent of James I. in the year 1616, bythe narae of ' The master, wardens, assistants,' and commonalty ofthe company of gardeners of London.' Though this company is incorporated by charter, yet it has neither haU or livery. Il is governed by a raaster, two wardens, and eighteen assistants; and its meetings are held al Guildhall. GIRDLERS. 23. Arms.* Per fesse ae. and or, a pale counterchanged ; three gridirons of the last, the handles in chief Crest. A demi-man proper, representing St. Law rence, with glory round his head or, issuing outof clouds ofthe first, vested az. girt round the body with a girdle of the second, holding in his dexter hand a gridiron of the last, and in the sinister a book ar. Motto. ' Give thanks to God.' This company was incorporated in the twenty-seventh of Henry VI. on the 6th of August, 1449 ; and re-incorporated with the ' pinners and wire-drawers' by queen Elizabeth on the 12th of October, 1568, by the name of ' The master and wardens or keepers of the art or mystery of the girdlers of London.' Il is a livery company, governed by a master, three wardens, and twenty-four assistants. The hall of this company is situated in Basinghall-street. GLAZIERS. 53 Arms. Ar. two grozing irons in saltier sa. between four closing nails of the last; on a chief ,(7M. a lion passant guardant or. Crest. A lion's head couped or, between two wings expanded ar. Supporters. Two naked boys proper, each holding- a long torch inflamed of the last. Motto. ' Da nobis lucena, Dom,ine.' This corapany was incorporated with that of the glass-painters by letters patent of Charles I. in the year 1337, by the appellation of ' The raaster, wardens, and comraonalty of the art or raystery of glaziers and painters of g ass of the city of London.' It is a liverv company, and is governed by a master, two wardens, and twenty- one assistants ; but their hall having been destroyed by the fire in 1666, was not rebuilt. Their raeelings are held at present at the New London Tavern. » Granted .'^2 Hen. vi. 1354. HISTORY OF LONDON. 40 i GLASS-SELLERS. 77. The glass-sellers and looking-glass-makers were incorporated by king Charles II. in the year 1664, by the narae of ' The raaster, wardens, assistants, and coraraonalty of glass-sellers of the city of London.' It is a livery corapany, under the direction of a raas ter, two wardens, and twenty-four assistants. They raeet at the Antwerp tavern. GLOVERS. 62. Arms.* Per fesse «a. and ar. a pale counterchanged ; three rams salient ol Ihe second, two and one, armed and unguled or. Crest. A ram's header. issuing from a basket ofthe last, between two wings expanded (/u. The corapany of glovers was not incorporated till the fourteenth of Charies I. who, on the 5th of Septeraber, in the year 1638, granted thera a charter by the narae and style of ' The raaster, wardens, and fellowship of the corapany of glovers nf the city of London.' It is a livery corapany, governed by a raaster, four wardens, and thirty assistants. Their hall in Beech-lane having gone lo decay, they raeet at the George and Vulture, Cornhill. GOLD AND SILVER WIRE-DRAWERS. 81. Arms. Je, on a chevron or, between two coppers in chief of the second, in base, two points in saltier ar. a drawing iron betv-'een two rings (i. e. tools used by wire-drawers) A-a. Crest. Two arms embowed, vested ,(/m. cuffed or. holding between theirhandsproper, an engrossing block or. Supporters. Thedexter an Indian proper, crowned with an eastern crown or, vested round the middle with feathers pendant alternately ar. and gu. holding over his shoulder a bar of silver: the sinister, a man vested proper, (called in the grant a silk throwster) in his sinister hand a hank of silk ar. Motto. ' Amicitiam trahit amor' This fraternity was incorporated by letters patent of Jaraes I. in the year 1623, by the narae of ' The governor, assistants, and coramonalty, &c.' but being re-incorporated by king William and queen Mary, in the year 1693, the title was changed to that of ' The master, wardens, assistants, and comraonalty of the art and mystery of drawing and flatting of gold and silver wire, and raaking and spinning of gold and silver thread and stuffs, in our city of London.' This is a livery company, and is governed by a master, two wardens, and eighteen assistants GUN-MAKERS. 80 Arms. Ar. two guns in saltier proper, in chief, the letter o. in base, the letter V, sa. each crowned with a regal crown ; on the dexter side in fesse a barrel, and on the sinister three balls, all of the second. * Granted Oot. 20. 1464. VOL. It. 2 D 402 HISTORY OF LONDON. This society was incorporated by letters patent of Charies 1. in the year 1638, by the name of ' The master, wardens, and society of gun-raakers of the city of London.' It is a livery company, and consists of a master, two wardens, and eighteen assistants. They hold their meetings at GuildhaU; HAT-BAND MAKERS. 75. Arms. Az. on a chevron between three hat-bands, or, as many merillions sa. This fraternity was incorporated by letters patent of kim^ Charles I. in the year 1638, by the appellation of ' The master, wardens, assistants, and fellowship of Iheraystery of hatband-makers ofthe city of London.' Il is governed by a raaster, two wardens, and twelve assistants, but has not any livery or hall. When rich hat-bands were much worn, this company was in a very flourishing condition : but that fashion having been many years laid aside, the business is now so reduced, that there are very few of the profession, who meet at present in Cutlers '-hall. HORNERS. 54 Arms. Ar. on a chevron between three leather bottles sa., as many bugle horns stringed ofthe first. This company is of great antiquity, and was incorporated by letters patent of Chailes I. in the year 1638, by the name of 'The raaster, wardens, assisianls and coraraonalty of the art and raystery of horners of the city of London.' Considerable quantities of horns were forraerly exported by this company. Inthe year 1576, were shipped 140,000 horns, valued at 210/. It consists of a raaster, two wardens, and nine assistants, but has no livery or hall, INNHOLDERS. 32. Arms. Ae. a chevron per paie and per chevron gu. and ar. counterchangea between three garbs or, on a chief or. two batons crossed at each end sa, in sal lier, the dexter surmounted by the sinister, comraonly called St. Julian's cross Crest. An etoile of sixteen points or, issuing from clouds in base proper. Supporters. Two horses regardantar. Motto ' Uincspes affulget.' Patron. St. Julian. This company was incorporaled by king Henry VIII. on the 21st of December, 1515, by the name of ' The master, wardens, ami company of the art or mystery of innholders of the city of London.' Il is a livery company, governed by a raaster, three wardens, and HISTORY OF LONDON. 403 twenty assistants. The haU of this corapany is a small edifice in Little Elbow-lane. The Names of the Company of Inholders,' from the Record in the Chapter-house. Mr. Crofton John Sraale John Smythe John Gerraond Mr. Barker Mr. Churche Mr. Johnes Thoraas Wood Richard Howe Richard Gefford Willm. Davies John Coope Henry Saunder Henry Warde John Watson JohnBuUoke Thoraas Hawes Richard Hudson Thomas Lorymer John Harrys John Edlyn Thomas Bade John Nevill John Yerwood Rogier Andrewes Richard Hodges Robert Grubbe Robert Hilton John Hyde Willm. Isott Nicholas Coke Eustace Kylley Johane Cornncle John Shepard Bede Edgrave WUlra. Saunder Robert Godby Ihoraas Ranenyng Nicholas Grocer John Braken John Walles Henry Bayle Willra. Ffrenche OINERS. 41. Arms. Gu. a chevron or. between two pair of compasses in chief, extended at the points, and a sphere in base or; on a chief of the last a pale ae between two roses ^u. seeded of the third, barbed verf; on the pale an escollop shell of the second. Crest. A dem i-savage proper, wreathed about the head and waist with leaves vert, holding in his dexter hand, over his shoulder, a tilting spear or, headed ar. Supporters. Two naked boys proper; thedexter holding in his hand an embleraatical female flgure, crowned with a mural coronet sa. The sinister holding in his hand a square. Motto. ' Join truth witlt trust,' This company existed in the time of Henry VII. but was not incorporaled till the year 1569, when queen Elizabeth granted thera her letters patent, by the name of ' The raaster, and wardens, and commonalty ofthe faculty of the joiners and ceilers of London.' It is a livery company, governed by a master, wardens, and twenty- four assistants. 2 D 2 404 HISTORY OF LONDON. The Names of the Company of ' Joyner s' from the Record in the Chapter-house. Thoraas Chapman Thomas Spencer John Manggam Willm. Lawes Thomas Peterborowe John Kipley John Pole Willm. Peele Edmond Wytton Robert Day Thomas Bonevaun* Willm. Baker John Carapion Thomas Stowe Stephn Sampson Henr. Saveacre John Gosse Thomas Johnson Richard Ryggs Richard Rogiers Richard Mathiew Symon Benefild Jaraes Myller John Hawes John Comeyn Edward Squyer Peter Hadwike Thomas Hadwike John Clerk Willm. Mamount Adam Hubbart Thomas Sandy Thoraas Lowe Thoraas Mannyng Thoraas Edyngrave John Steboll John Rippingale Willra. WymbyU Willm. Morys ' Thomas Sq'jyer Richard Evill Richard Pye Henry Jonson Thomas Dyryraan John Ffowche Willm. Raynham John Shirborne Richard Carre John Dykson John Ludeby John Johnson Nicholas Webster LEATHERSELLERS. 15. Arms. ^r. three bucks trippant regardant jim. attired and unguled sa. Crest. A demi-buck gu. attired and unguled sa. Supporters. The dexter, a buck or, attired sa., the sinister a ram ar. attired or. Motto. ' Deo honor et gloria.' The company of leatherseUers was a brotherhood of ancient standing, having been incorporated in the 6th year of Richard II. They were subsequently re-incorporated by a charter frora king Henry VI. in 1442, by the style of ' The wardens and society of the mys tery or art of leathersellers of the city of London.' And, by a grant from king Henry VII. the wardens of thi-. company were em powered to inspect sheep, lamb, and calf leather, throughout the kingdom, in order to prevent frauds in those commodities. It is a livery company. The corporation is governed by a prime and three wardens, and twenty-six assistants. Since their hall has been pulled down, tins corapany meets in a house in Little St. Helen's, belong ing to themselves, but at present let on lease. HISTORY OF LONDON. 406 The Names of the Company of ' Lether Sellers,' from the Re cord in the Chapter House. John Plodsall Henry Goodyere Humfrey Lucy Water Thomas Thomas Abraham Robert Bisshopp John Curtice Willra, Wyraan Willra. Veer Willm. Silver Otes Whittals Edward Saunders Thoraas Kendall Nichus Bay ton John Elyote John Webbe Willra. Rogierson John Cirroke Robert Fferraar Hugh Eglyffeld Nicholas Graven John Pechere Willra. Grene Anthony Sylver Thoraas Broraefeld John Mayne Edraond Sraythe John Butler Richard Rand Robert Reyson Edraond White Thoraas Edwards John Barnard John Dene John Grene George F fry the Richard Philipps Robert Lucie Thoraas Sweton Thomas Elyalt Willm. Curlewe Robert Jnetl Lauren -e Cornewe, Sergeant HmkIi Wat'lie Thoraas Whitbroke WiUm. Hullm George Meeleman Willm. Sutton Thomas Edward Fflagge Nicholas Doray John Rede Thoraas Ffillip John Mary Thomas Vnslede Willm. Newman Thoraas Kendall Thoraas Starkey Willra. Witham John Maxwell Thomas Thomson Richard Newton John Care John Armesby Richard Hardy Aleyne Tackill Edward Tamffeld John Harrys Richard Monmouthe Thomas Kirkeby John Lyke John Langwithe Richard Symson John Wade Willra. Cowike Syraon Waeerffall John Johnson John Newton Robert Lieche Nicholas Browne John Sowche Jaraes Johnson Thoraas Styvynson Robert Comen John Pope Thoraas Sewester John Valiant Herry Syraons 406 HISTORY OF LONDON. Thoraas Bordis Willm. Crofton Herry While Willra. Aleyn Willra. Gootes Thomas Adneli Willm. Pecok John Whittall Roger Barnard John Ffisher Thomas Rancok Henry Hill John Phillip Thomas Johnson WUlm. Edward John Cockys George Bridges Robert Coke Thomas Smythe Thomas Chamber Richard Busshe John Hasselwode Robert Esyngton Robert Wode Edmond Lister LONG BOW STRING-MAKERS. 82. Arms. Ae. a hank or knot of bowstring in pale or; on a chief ar. three bows. Crest. A man, vested proper, shooting with a bow and arrow of the last. Motto. ' Nee habeo, nee careo, nee euro.' This is not a company by charter, but only by prescription ; and may therefore be considered as an adulterine guild. However, it has obtained a coat of arras, and in point of precedence is num bered the eighty-second on the city list. It consists only of two wardens, and a sraall nuraber of assistants; but has not any livery or hall. 1 LORINERS. 57- Arms. Ae. on a chevron ar, between three manage-bits or, as many bosses sa. Though the corapany of Loriners (that is, raakersof spurs, bridle- bits, and other articles of iron for harness is very ancient, they were only incorporated by letters patent of queen Anne, in the year 1712, by the name of ' The raaster, wardens, assistants, and commonalty of loriners of London.' This is a livery corapany, under the governraent of a master, two wardens, and twenty-four assistants. Not having had a hall for some years, Ihe affairs of this company are transacted at the Nag's-head in Leadenhall-street. MASONS. 30. Arms. Sa. on a chevron, between three towers ar. a pair of compasses of the first. Crest. A tower as in the arms. Motto. ' Jn the Lord is all our trust.' The corapany of masons was originally incorporated 2 Hen. II. HISTORY OF LONDON. 407 141 1, by the name and style of' The free masons.' In 1474, Wil liara Hanckslow, Clarencieux king at arms, granted them the arms of their society, as borne at this time; but the present company act under the re-incorporation granted by letters patent ofthe 12th of Charles 11. on the 17th September, 1677, by the name of ' The raaster, wardens, assistants, and commonalty, of the company of masons of the city of London.' It is a livery compiny, governed by a master, two wardens, and twenty-two assistants. The marblers,* an ancient fellowship, but not legally incorporated, was united to this community. Mason's-hall is situated in Mason's- alley, Basinghall-street ; it is now rented by a carpet manufac turer. The Names of the Company of Ffreemasones,' from the Record in the Chapter House. Robert Lynke John Paskyn George Symson John Heward Mr. Elmer WiUra. Rigeway Thoraas Newell John Richardson John Orger John Sorbett Thoraas West Thomas Wilde Willm. Prybell Ffraunces Boone Gabriell Caldham WiUra. Holraes Henry Pestemede Thoraas Bloraefeld Willra. Jonson Robert Hawte Willm. Ashton Edmond Raud John Humfrey Thomas Hawys Willra. Charaberlain Syraond Kyngffeld Robert Sleeford John Charter Richard MydUlon Richard Wolsham Thomas Barker Thomas Watson Henry Mercer Lewys Tucker Rob* Sraythe Robert Prybell Gilbert Borffara MUSICIANS. 50. ARMs.t Ae. a swan, %viih wings expanded ar. within a double tressure flory counter flory or ; on a chief gu. a pale, between two lions passant guardant or ; thereon a rose of the fourth, seeded of the third, barbed vert. Crest. A lyre. or. This society was incorporated by letters patent of James I. in the year 1604, by the name of ' The master, wardens, and comraonalty * They appear to have been sculp- ments and grave stones. tors, and were much distinguished for t Granted 1604. their skill in carving figures on monu- 408 HISTORY OF LONDON. of the art or science of the rausicians of London.' It is a livery company, and is governed by a master, two wardens, and twenty assistants. NEEDLE-MAKERS. 69. Arms. Vert, three needles in fesse ar. each ducally crowned or. Crest. A Moor's head, couped at the shoulders, in profile, proper, wreathed about the temples ar. and gu. vested round tbe shoulder or. in his ear a pearl. Sup porters. A man on the dexter side, a woman on the sinister, both proper, each wreathed round the waist with leaves of the last; in the woman's dexter hand, a needle or. This fraternity was incorporated by letters patent of Oliver Cromwell, 10th November, 1656, by the name of ' The master, wardens, and society of the art and mystery of needle-makers of the city of London.' This is a livery corapany, under the governraent of a raaster, two wardens, and eighteen assistants. Having no hall, this corapany meet at that belonging to the cutlers. PAINTER-STAINERS. 28. Arms.* Quarterly, first and fourth, ae, three escutcheons ar. two and one; se cond and third ar. a chevron, between three phoenix heads, erased or. Crest. A phoenix close or, in flames proper. Supporters. Two leopards ar. spotted with various colours, ducally crowned, collared and chained, or. Motto. ' Amxir et obedientia.' This fraternity was incorporated by letters patent of queen EH zabeth, in the year 1580, by the narae of ' The raaster, wardens, and coraraonalty of the freedora of the art and mystery of painting, called painter-stainers, within the city of London.' Of this company was Sampson Camden, the father of the learned Williara Caraden, Clarencieux, king at arras, who in raemory thereof gave them a gilt bowl of the value of 16/. thus inscribed, Guil. Camdenus clarencieux, filius Sampsonis picloris Londinensis dono dedit. Il is a livery company, and governed by a raaster, two wardens, and nineteen assistants. The hall of this corapany is a smaU brick edifice standing on the west side of Little Trinity-lane. The Names of the Company of ' Paynter Stayners,' from the Record in the Chapter House. Thomas Alysaunder John Smyth Richard Callard John Hethe * Arms granted, 1186 — confirmed, 1531. HISTORY OF LONDON. 409 Richard Rippingale Thomas Prior Andrewe Wright Richard Gates Richard Lame Humfrey Harecourte Rob'. Wrythoke Davy Martyn Willra. Lucas Thomas Christyne Richard Hele Willra. Caiton John Wysedom Thomas Hilton Guy Benet John Parys John Child Willm. Blakraore Robt. Rowse Ffowke Aconwey Hugh Gwyn Davy Plane Laurence , Underwood John Asplyn Geffrey Brown Richard Welshe Willm. Camden John Grenwood Willm. Chessherd John Leed Thomas Spencer Water Grome Thomas Cobbe Thomas BuUoke Guy Cobage Henry Lord Thomas Vncle George Dauntry George Byrrell John Ffeltis Thomas Clerke Nicholas Rogerson John Pegryin John Wolmote Nichus Wolmote James Trevison Thomas Gybson Thomas Overed Peter Marten PARISH CLERKS. 88. Arms.* Ae, A fleur delis or; on a chief gu. a leopard's head between two song books (shut) of the second, stringed vert. Crest. A cubit arm erect, vested as. cuffed ermine, holding in the hand proper, a music book (open) of the last, garnished or, striped t•er^ Motto. ' Unitas socielalis stalnlitas.' This company was incorporated by letters patent of Henry III. in the year 1233, by the name of' The fraternity of St. Nicholas;' by which they were known till re-incorporated by Jaraes I. in the year 1611. These grants were afterwards confirmed by letters patent of Charles I in the year 1636, who incorporated thera by the name of ' The master, wardens, and fellowship of parish clerks of the cities of London, Westrainster, borough of Southwark, and fifteen out parishes.' Forraerly, this society used to attend funerals of eminent persons, going before the hearse and singing, with their surplices hanging on their arras, till they came to the church. Some certain days in the year they had their public feasts, which * Granted l5t-2 — coiifirmtd 16o4. 410 HISTORY OF LONDON. they celebrated with singing and rausic ; and then received into (heir society such persons as delighted in singing. This company consists not only of a raaster, two wardens, and nineteen assistants, but also the whole body of parish clerks Wilhm the biUs of mortahty. The haU of this company is in Wood-street. PATTEN-MAKERS. 76 Arms G«. on a chevron ar. between three pattens or, tied of the second, the ties lined oe. two cutting knives conjoined .sa. Crest. A patten as in the arms. Motto. ' R-.cip unt foemince sustentacula nobis.' The company of patten-makers was incorporated by letters pa tent of the 2-2nd Chailes II. 2nd August, 1670, by the narae of ' The master, wardens, assistants, and fellowship of the company of pallen-raakers of the city of London.' It is a livery corapany, and is governed by a master, two war dens, and twenty-four assistants, and the meetings of the corapany are held at Guildhall. AVIOURS. 56. Arms. Ar. a chevron between three flag stones, .sa. Crest. An arm em bowed, vested az. cuffed ar. holding in his hand proper, a pick axe, of the last. Motto. ' Goo! can raise Abraham cldldren of stones.' This is a corapany only by prescription, and may therefore be esteemed an adulterine guild. However it has obtained a coat of arms, and in point of precedence araong the cily corapanies, is nurabered as above. It is governed by a master, three wardens, and twenty-five assistants, but has neither hall nor livery. PEWTERERS. 16 Arms.* Ae. on a chevron or, between ttiree antique limbecks ar. as many roses gu, seeded ofthe second barbed vert. Crest. A mount vert, thereon two arms embowed proper, vested ar. cuffed gu. holding in both hands erect a dish ofthe third. Supporters. Two seahorses or, their tails proper. Motto. ' in Gorf is- oil my trust. The fraternity of pewterers was incorporated by letters patent of the thirteenth of Edward IV. in the year 1474, by the title of' The master, wardens, and comraonalty of the art and raystery of pew terers of the city of London.' This company used to cast into bars such tin as was intended for exportation. And in the year 1534, the wardens of this company, or their deputies, were empowered by act of parliaraent lo have the inspection of pewter in all parts of the * Granted 1479. HISTORY OF LONDON. 411 kingdora, in order to prevent the sale of base pewter, and the impor tation of pewter vessels from abroad. And as a farther encourage ment lo this company, all Englishmen are by the said act strictly enjoined not to repair to any foreign country lo teach the art or mystery of pewterers, on pain of disfranchisement. And for the more effectually preventing the art frora being carried abroad, no pewterer shall take as an apprentice the son of an alien. It is a livery company, and is governed by a master, two war dens, and twenty-eight assistants. The hall of this company is a brick edifice in Lime-street. PIN-MAKERS. 68. Arms. Vert a demi-virgin, couped at the waist, proper, mantled gu. tumed down ermine ; her hair dishevelled ; on her head an eastern crown or. This company was incorporated by king Charles I. in the year 1636, by the name of The master, wardens, assistants, and cora monalty of the art or mystery of pin-makers ofthe city of London.' It is governed by a master, two wardens, and eighteen assistants ; but has no livery. This corapany have a haU in Pinner's-hall-court, Old Broad- street. PLAISTERERS. 46. Arms. Ae. a chevron ingrailed or, between two plaisterer's hammers and a trowel ar. in chief, hammers handled of the second, and a treble flat brush in base of the third, handled of the fourth ; a rose gu. seeded or, barbed vi-rf. be tween two fleurs de lis of the first. Crest. A dexter arm embowed, habited or, charged with a bend gu. cuffed of the last, holding in the hand proper, a hammer, as in the arms, ar. handled or. Supporters. Two opinaci rer<, purfled or, beaked sa. wings gu. Motto. ' Factum est.' This company was incorporated by king Henry VII. in the year 1501 , by the name of ' The raaster and wardens of the guild or fra ternity of the blessed Mary, of plaisterers, London.' And this charter was confirraed by king Charles II. in the year I667. It is a hvery corapany, and is governed by a master, two wardens, and thirty-two assistants. The hall of this corapany is in Addle^street. PLUMBERS. 31. Arms. Or, on a chevron sa. between a cross staff fessewise of the last, in closed by two pluraraets ae. all in chief, and a level reversed in base of the se cond, two soldering irons in saltier, between a cutting knife on thedexter, and a shave hook on the sinister, ar. Crest. A triple fountain or, issuing water proper; on the top an angel of the last, vested ar. ducally crowned and winged of the first, holding in the dexter hand a sword, and ii the sinister a pair of scales. 4!-i HISTORY OF LONDON. both or. Over the crest a motto, viz. ' Justitia et Pax.' Motto. ' In God is att our hope.' This company is of considerable antiquity, and was incorporated by king James I. on the 12th of April 1611, by the narae of ' The master, wardens, and comraonalty of the mystery of plumbers of the city of London.' It is a livery corapany, governed by a raaster, two wardens, and twenty-four assistants. The hall of this company is in Great Bush-lane, Cannon-street. The Names ofthe Company of' Plumers,' from the Record in the Chapter-house. Cristofer Dray Mrs. Waterson John Necson Mrs. Bynes Thoraas Accon Nicholas Wodcock Willra. Rogiers Reynald Danyell Richard Ffilpott John Ffroston Hugh Rede Alene Goldston Wiilni. Wilson John Rarasey Richard Roberts Thomas Accliff George Hynde Water Laste Nicholas Mellowe Cristofer Bellomy Robert Waller WUlra. Argentyne Robert Hussher George Richard George Grundy PORTERS. 90. This fraternity, which consists of tackle and ticket porters, was constituted by act of coramon council in the year 1646, with a power of annually choosing from among themselves twelve rulers, viz. six of each denomination, for their good government, and for hearing and determining all differences that raight arise between the mem bers of the united body. The tackle porters are appointed by the twelve principal city companies, and must all be freemen ; they are entitled to the ' work or labour of unshipping, landing, carrying, and housing of all goods imported by, and belonging, lo the South Sea Company, and the East India corapany, and of all other goods and merchan dizes coraing from any other ports and places, and iraported into the port of London ; excepting frora the east country, and of goods, the growth, product, or manufacture of Ireland, and the British plantations, and goods coming coastwise.'* Before any person can become a tackle porter he must give bond with four sufiicient * Report on the trade and shipping of the port of London, made to the House of Commons, 1796. App. F. f. HISTORY OF LONDON. 413 house -keepers as sureties, for 500/. to make restitution for any loss or damage that may be sustained through his neglect or conni vance. The ticket porters are appointed by the corporation, and are ex clusively entitled ' to the work or labour of unshipping, landing, carrying, and housing of pitch, tar, soap, ashes, clapboards, w^'r- scot, fir-poles, masts, deals, oars, chests, tables, flax, and hemp, brought from Dantzic, or any other part or place of the east coun tries ; as also of all iron, ropes, cables, and all other kind of cord age, and of all wood, comraonly called green wood ; and also of all manner of goods, of the growth, produce, and manufacture of Ire land, and the British plantations ; and of all manner of cosst goods, except lead ; and generally to work under the tackle porters.'* Every ticket-porter raust be a freeman, and enter into a bond with two sureties for 100/. He must also wear a metal badge, or ticket, when at labour, inscribed with his name and number as registered. The number of ticket porters is upwards of 1500. The necessary lates for all kinds of porterage are determined either by the lord mayor and alderraen, or by act of comraon council ; and the tables are set up for public inforraation at Guildhall. The governor of this fellowship is always an alderraan (whose appointment is vested in the court of aldermen), and his decision is final in respect to all differences and controversies that raay arise among the merabers. The hall of this company is a sraall building on St. Mary's-hUl, near Billingsgate. POULTERERS. 34. Arms. Ar. on a chevron Between tnree storks az. as many swans proper. Crest. On a mural coronet sa. a stork with wings expanded ^u. Supporters, Two pelicans or, with wings indorsed, vulning their breasts proper. The company was incorporated by letters patent of Henry VII. 23rd Jan. 1604, by the name of ' The master, wardens, and assist ants of poulterers, London.' This is a livery corapany, governed by a master, two wardens, and tweiily-three assistants. SADLERS. 26. Arms. .i4«. a chevrpn between three manage saddles complete or. Crest. A horse passant ar. crined, bridled, saddled, and trappings or ; on his head a plume of three leathers ar. Supporters. Two horses ar, maned, hoofed, and bridled or, on each head a plume of three feathers, ar. Motto. ' My trust is in God.' The fraternity of sadlers ppears lo be of great antiquity, by a convention between them and the dean and chapter of St. Martin's- * Report on the trade, App. G. g. 414 HISTORY OF LONDON. le-Grand, about the reign of Richard I. But it does not appear that they were legally incorporated lUl Edward I. granted them a charter by the style of' The wardens or keepers, and commonalty of the raystery or art of sadlers of London.' It is a livery company, and is governed by a prime, three other wardens, and a court of assistants. The haU of this company is situated in Cheapside. The Names o the Company of ' Sadlers,' from the Record in the Chapter-house. John Mayre Willm. Stodard Richard Brown Michaell Briseworth Thomas Aunsell John Ward Willm Storr Robert Water WiUm. Baynbrugg Edward Steward Rob'. Aydilsay Rob'. Kechyn John Ffysher Robert Stuard Thoraas Pratt Hugh jvers Willm. Gurnard Christofer Sraythe Thomas Leche Robert Rede Willra. Rede John Bonde Deynis Wilson Willm. Witt Willm. Y''anson Nicholas Parott Water Spynke Robert Smale Cristofer Robson Willra. Hobson John Hall John Gyll Johu Aiestry Mathiew Anderson Yvory Wrastlyn Rafe Barker John Webbe John Mylles John Gardener Willm. Churchman Olyuer Querne John Pease Willra. Welles Richard Bradbury Willra. Barton Bartholome Whityng John Rose Willm. Storer Richard Benard Richard Belet Rob'. Glene Thomas Ffosler John Selebrand Willm. Crowd Richard Wilson Willm. Curies Mrs Danby The good wife Pounde The good wif Coupir The good wif Yong SCRIVENERS. 44. Arms* Ax. an eagle with wings expanded or, standing on a book in base, lying fessewise gu. close clasped and garnished of the second, holding in his mouth a penner and inkhorn sa stringed gu. Crest. A dexter arm issuing from the Crest and supporters granted 1634. HISTORY OF LONDON 415 clouds proper, vested or, cuffed ar. in the hand a pen, as if writing on the wreath. Over the crest a motto, ' .Scr/iere sc/en<;«.' Supporters. Two councillors, habited in their gowns and caps as worn in the reign of queen Elizabeth ; each holding in his hand a parchment roll proper This company, which was originally denominated ' The writers of the court letters of the city of London,' was incorporated by letters patent of James I. in the year 1616, by the name of ' The master, wardens, and assistants of the society of writers of the city of London.' This is a livery company, and is governed by a master, two wardens, and twenty-four assistants. They had forraerly a hall in Noble-street ; but being reduced to low circumstances, they sold it lo the company of coach-makers, in whose possession it still re mains. SHIPWRIGHTS. .'iO. Arms. Ae. an antique hulk, the stern terminating with the head of a dragon ; in the hulk the ark with three doors in the side, a step-ladder, all or, on a chief ar. the cross of St. George gu. charged on the centre with a lion passant guar dant of the second. Crest. An ark or, on ground rert ; on the lop of the ark a dove ar. holding in the beak an olive branch vert. This was a society by prescription for a great number of years, but was at length incorporated by king James I. in the year 1605, by the name of ' The master, wardens, and comraonalty of the art or raystery of shipwrights, London.' It is governed by a master, two wardens, and sixteen assistants; and was adraitted to have a livery in the year 1782. Their hall, which stood al Ratcliffe Cross, being pulled down, they now meet in the Irish chamber, at Guildhall. SILKMEN. 67- Arms.* Ar. a ship of three masts in full sail on the sea, in base all proper, on a chief or, a bale of silk, corded proper, between two bundles of silk pendant of the last. Crest. A Janissary guard habited all proper, holding in his dexter hand a battle axe erbct, and over his said arm a hank of silk ; his sinister hand supporting a shield charged with a sun, 1 11 of the last. Supporters. Two camels, each bridled, and loaded with two bales of silk, all proper This fraternity was incorporated, by letters patent of Charles P in the year 1631, by the narae of ' The governor, coraraonalty, and assistants of the art or mystery of silkraen of the city of Lon don.' It is under the direction of a governor, and twenty assis tants; but has not any livery or hall. • Granted 1631, 416 HISTORY OF LONDON silk-throwers. 66. Arms.* Ar. three bundles or hanks of silk in fesse sa, on a chief ae. a silk- throwsler's mill or. Crest. A mount rert, thereon a mulberry tree, with silk worms variously dispersed, all proper. Supporters. Two Janissary guards proper, habited in the dress of the country, each having a hank of silk hanging over his exterior arm ; the dexter holding a battle axe erect, the sinister, a scimetar, the point downwards, of the la-'t. Motto. ' God in his least crea tures.' This art was first practised in London in the reign of queen Elizabeth, by foreigners ; whose descendants, and others, in the year 1562, were constituted a fellowship of this city ; and by letters patent of Charles I. in the year 1630, were incorporated by the narae of ' The raaster, wardens, assistants, and comraonalty ofthe trade, art, or mystery of silk-throwers of the city of London.' This is a livery corapany governed by a raaster, two wardens, and twenty assistants. SOAP-MAKERS. 71. Arms. .<^a. a dolphin naiant, between three eel-spears or. Crest. Amount vert ; thereon a tree proper, enfiled with a ducal coronet or. The fraternity of soap-makers was incorporated by letters patent of king Charles I. in the year 1638. by the name of ' The raaster, wardens, and commonalty of soap-makers, London.' They consist of a master, two wardens, and eighteen a.ssislants ; but have no livery or hall. SPECTACLE-MAKERS. 60. Arms. Ar. three pair of spectacles i!er/, garnished or, two and one. This society was incorporated by letters patent of Charles I. in the year 1630, by the name of ' The master, wardens, and fellow ship of spectacle-raakers of London.' It is a livery corapany, and consists of a master, two wardens, and fifteen assistants. STARCH-MAKERS. 86. Arms. Ae. two garbs in saltiers or ; on a chief gu. a lion passant guardant or. Crest. A woman's head and breast proper, vested . . . her hair dishe velled, all within a chaplet of wheat, prnper. Supporters. The dexter a la bouring man, on his head a cap, habited in a short jacket and breeches, stockings and shoes, all proper; in his dexter hand a hammer erect ofthe last. The sinister a female figure, representing plenty, in her sinister hand a cornucopiee and round her temples ears of wheat proper. » Granted 1454. HISTORY OF LONDON. 417 This company was incorporated by letters patent of James I. in the year 1662, by the appellation of ' The master, wardens, as sistants, and commonalty of the art or raystery of starch-raakers, London.' They are governed by a master, two wardens, and twenty-four assistants ; but have no livery, or hall. STATIONERS. 47 Arms. Ae. on a chevron or, between three bibles laying fessewise g a 60 f ^> HISTORY OF LONDON 431 At Enshara, in its course north-east to Oxford, is the first stone bridge, a handsome one, of three arches, built by the earl of Abing don Passing the ruins of Godstow nunnery, celebrated as the place of interraenl of Fair Rosamond, the river reaches Oxford, in whose academic groves its poetical name of Isis has been so often invoked. Being there joined by the Charwell, it proceeds south east to Abingdon, and thence to Dorchester, where it receives the Thame. Continuing its course south-east, by AVallingford, to Read ing, and forming a boundary to the counties of Berks, Bucks, Sur rey, Middlesex, Essex, and Kent, it wa.shes the towns of Henley, Maflow, Maidenhead, Windsor, Eton, Egham, Staines, and Chert sey. Here the stream flows witb rauch grandeur through an elegant stone bridge. Advancing to Weybrldge, the river is increased by the Waters of the Wey from Surrey and Hampshire, and flowing onward through the luxuriant meadows between Shepperton and Oatlands, is crossed by the high arches of Walton bridge, which is a bold structure of brick with stone facings. At Sunbury are several splendid man sions and ornamented grounds; but the Surrey border is for some distance destitute of picturesque scenery. Between Hampton and Kingston, the Thames makes another bold curve round the park and gardens of Hampton Court, and passing East Moulsey, where it receives an accession of waters from the Mole, which, rising near the southern borders of Surrey, in the forest of Ti.'gate, intersects that county nearly in the middle. Kingston, anciently the residence of various Saxon monarchs, is next visited by the Thames, which here flows under a new stone bridge of five arches; (here was formeriy a wooden bridge of great antiquity ;) the Thames is now joined by a small rivulet from the neighbourhood of Epsom. Hence, passing Teddington (said to be a corruption from Tide-end town), the majestic streara rolls onward in a northerly course to Twickenhara, Richraond, and Kew; its banks being skirted by magnificent villas, seats, and palaces. Near Teddington, appear the Gothic turrets of Strawberry-hill, the taste ful erection of the late earl of Orford ; and at a little distance be yond that, was once the elegant seat of the poet on whora the rauses lavished all their softer graces ; Alexander Pope, esq. now, alas! levelled with the ground in the very wantonness of innovation.* Still further, on the Middlesex side, are Marble-hall and Twicken- liara-park, and on the opposite shores are the well wooded precincts and villas of Petersham, Ham, and Richraond. The prospects frora the latter spot are well known to farae, and poetry has not been wanting lo display their charms. Thomson who lived at Rossdale house between Richraond and Kew, and lies buried in Richraond church, has thus celebrated its beauties in his Seasons : * Brayley's History, i. 59. 432 HISTORY OF LONDON. Say, shall we ascend Thy hill, delightful Sheen?* Here let ussweep The boundless landscape : now the raptur'd eye. Exulting swift, to huge Augusta send; Now to the sister-hills that skirt her plain, To lofty Harrow now, and now to where Majestic Windsor lifts his princely brow In lovely contrast to this glorious view. Calmly magnificent, then will we turn To where the silver Thames first rural grows. There let the feasted eye unwearied stray : Luxurious there, rove through the pendent woods, That nodding hang o'er Harrington's retreat ; And sloping thence to Ham's embowering walks. Here let us trace the matchless vale of Thames, Fair-winding up to where the rauses haunt In Twit'nam's bow'rs ; to royal Harapton's pile, To Claremont's terrac'd height, and Esher's groves. By the soft windings of the silent Mole. Enchanting vale I beyond whate'er the muse Has of Achaia or Hesperia sung ! O vale of bliss ! O softly-swelling hills ! On which the power of cultivation lies. And joys to see the wonder of his toil. Heav'ns ! what a goodly prospect spreads around, Of hills, and dales, and woods, and lawns, and spires. And glilt'ring towns, and gilded streams, till all The stretching landscape into smoke decays. From the well-finished and elegantly-shaped bridge at Rich- mondjt the Thames makes a bold sweep, passes Isleworth and Sion-house, to Brentford and Kew-bridge. On the Surrey bor ders, the gardens of Richraond and Kew extend their delightful walks. On the Middlesex side, at Isleworth, the river is aug mented by the Cran, or Crane ; and further on are the demesnes of Sion-house, the stately seat of the duke of Northumberland. The busy and irregular town of Brentford next presents itself; here the river, contracted by a line of islands overgrown with oziers, loses for some distance its dignified character ; though, at the same time, its stream is enlarged by the Brent, which gives name to the county-town ; here also the Grand Junction canal has its union with tbe Tharaes. From Kew-bridge the river flows proudly on in sweeping curves between two populous shores, skirted witb villages and flne seats. Mortlake, Barnes, Chiswick, and Hammersmith, with their elegant villas and pleasure grounds, successively meet the eye. At Chiswick, is tbe pleasant seat of tbe duke of Devon shire, the grounds of which were first laid out in the Italian * Richmond was forraerly called ham, are famous for their eels, and Sheen, and was the site of a regal many parties are formed in the metro- palace, the buildings of which have polls in the sumraer raonths, for the long been destroyed. purpose of raaking excursions up the t The weedy shallows and sraall river, to partake of the luxury of leed islands about Richmond and Twicken- ing on this fish, when newly caught. HISTORY OF LONDON. 433 style, and the villa built after a design of Palladio, by the late earl of Burlington, and at Barnes Elms, an elegant new suspen sion bridge. The villages of Putney and Fulhara, which are connected with each other by a long wooden bridge, next arrest the attention ; and here begins that bustle of population and frequency of build ing, which for raany miles from this point, accompany the wind ings of the stream. Putney, on the Surrey shore, is associated with our historical remerabrances, from being the native place of -the eloquent Gibbon, and of Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex, and vicar-general, the once highly cherished favourite of Henry the eighth, but afterwards the victim of that sanguinary tyrant. At Fulham, on the Middlesex side, is the venerable palace of the bishops of London; a brick edifice, surrounded by a moat. Opposite to Wandsworth, the little river Wandle falls into the Thames ; this stream is forraed by two sraall rivulets, that rise in the neighbourhood of Banslead Downs and the town of Croydon, and is famous for its bleaching mills and printing grounds. As the river proceeds, it swells into an extensive reach beyond Battersea bridge, a substantial wooden fabric, that connects Battersea with the populous village of Chelsea; where among various other ob jects of interest, is the college, or hospital, for disabled and su perannuated soldiers, and the botanical garden belonging to the company of apothecaries of London. The reach between Chelsea and Lambeth, presents fewer sub jects for remark than its direct vicinity to the metropolis would lead one to expect ; and the bordering scenery has mostly a ru ral character and appropriation. On passing through Vauxhall bridge, a light and eleg-ant structure of cast iron, the archiepisco pal palace of Canterbury, on the Surrey side, and the lofty piles of Westrainster-hall and abbey, on the Middlesex shore, withthe intervening bridge, and fhe nuraerous edifices that rise in proud succession beyond, break the sameness of the views, and assert the contiguity of an extensive cily, ' The well known residence of the archbishop of Canterbury,' says Mr. Noble, ' is far from being distinguisbed by architectural magnificence, yet the vene rable air of antiquity presented by its towers, and the avenues of trees bordering the river beyond it, afford no unpleasing approach to the splendid scenes that succeed ; the meanness of the irregu lar line of houses between the palace and bridge, cannot, how ever, but offend every lover of congruity.' The comraenceraent of the cily of Westminster on the other bank, is more ornamental, though not adequate to the situation. The abbey, indeed, detains the eye by a solemn grandeur, not unworthy of tbe sentiments which its name and destination inspire ; and the majesty of the bridge which bestrides and seems to exercise dominion over the VOL. II, 2 V 434 HISTORY OF LONDON. broad stream that flows beneath, renders it a suitable entrance to the splendour ofthe commercial metropolis of Europe. Between the bridges of Westminster, Waterloo, and Black friars, the Thames moves majestically along in a bold sweep ; its banks on the Middlesex side are crowded with buildings, some of them of considerable interest ; and on the Surrey shore, with a numerous but very irregular assemblage of private wharfs, tim ber-yards, and other repositories, devoted to the purposes of trade and manufactures. The effect of tbe whole scene is highly in creased by the vast cathedral of St. Paul, which rises with im pressive grandeur and in all the pride of Grecian architecture, from the most elevated part of the city. At Blackfriars, the width of the liver is about 230 feet less than at Westminster. The London shore, between Blackfriars, Southwark, and Lon don bridges, is occupied by a continued range of wharfs, yards, warehouses, &c. ' for the accoramodation of that immense trade which supplies the metropolis with tbe necessaries and luxuries of life, and the materials of commerce.' The Surrey side is partly covered with wharfs, glass-houses, warehouses, dye-houses, and iron-founderies, and partly forms an open street, called Bank-side, which is the only uninterrupted walk of any length on tbe im mediate bank of the Thames, during its whole course through the cities of London and Westminster. London bridge forms the partition between the river naviga tion, and tbe sea navigation, of the Thames ; immediately below it commences the port of London, and the forest of masts that rises in direct view, and stretches beyond the reach of sight, an nounces the prodigious magnitude of that commerce which sup plies the wants of an immense metropolis, and extends its arms to the remotest part of the globe. The limits of the port reach from London bridge, lo the North Foreland in Kent, and to the Naze in Essex ; but the ships trading to London, usually moor from the bridge to Limehouse, in which space it is computed that about 800 sail can lie afloat, at the moorings, at low water. This space is called the Pool ; tbe part near the bridge, on account of the shallowness of the water, is occupied by the smaller vessels, and tbe lower part by the larger. The very crowded and inconve nient state in which the merchant vessels used formerly to be moored in tbe pool, has been remedied of late years by the for mation of several large docks al different distances on the river, between the Tower and Bow Creek. Below London bridge, on the Middlesex side, tbe shore pre sents a series of wharfs and warehouses for a considerable dis tance, with the exception of the Custom house and the Tower. The opposite, or Southwark shore, from London-bridge down wards, is occupied nearly in the same manner by a succession o, buildings, yards, &c. all appropriated to, or connected with, ma- ritirae concerns. HISTORY OF LONDON. 435 Fi'om the entrance of Limehouse-reach, the river flows in a re markable bend, of a horse-shoe form, round the Isle of Dogs ; in a comraodious part of which, adjoining to Poplar, the West India docks, and a canal have been formed. Beyond these are the Blackwall and East India docks, and about half a mile further is Bow Creek, where the river Lea falls into the Thames, and the latter river quits the shores of Middlesex. On the Kent side, which faces the Isle of Dogs, the Greenland-docks, with various buildings for the boiling and preparation of oil, tbe dock-yards and victualling-office at Deptford, and the raagnificent hospital for disabled seamen at Greenwich,, with Greenwich-park, the royal observatory, and the Kentish hills in the distance, form a coup d'oeil of considerable beauty. As the Thames rolls onward to the sea between the shores of Kent and Essex, its reaches become more expansive, audits depth increases ; whilst upon its bosora, the bulwarks of Britain's glory spread their sails in full security, and in their every variety of bur then.* The Essex side, for several miles below the mouth of the Lea, presents only a level of marshes, broken by the creeks of Barking and Dagenham ; further on, the vast raagazines for gun powder at Purfleet, the little town of Gray's Thurrock, and the fortifications at Tilbury-fort, enliven the prospect, though the line of coast still continues low and raarshy. On the Kentish side, below the Isle of Dogs, the river makes another sweep to reacb Woolwich, which, besides the interest it excites as a dock-yard, is the principal arsenal for warlike stores in England, and now the head quarters of the royal artillery. The various important buildings belonging to this town, with the new Military Academy, and Shooter'shill in the distance, afford a striking contrast lo the marshy grounds which succeed, and skirt tbe river for several miles, till the woody heights of Lesnes and Erith again give variety to the prospect. Near Erith com mences that part of the river called Long-reach, where the home ward-bound East Indiamen generally anchor for a few days, to be lightened of some portion oftheir cargoes, and where the Da- rent silently mingles its waters with the Thames. Another lemarkable bend in the river, called, in its respective divisions, St. Cleraent's reach, and the South Hope, leads onto Northfleet, where the chalk rocks are excavated lo a vast extent, and where many curious fossils have been found. At this place commences Gra vesend-reach, so named from the corporate town of Gravesend, which lies directly opposite lo Tilbury Fort, and communicates with the Essex shore by a horse ferry : the river is here about a mile in breadth. Many vessels are continually at anchor off Gravesend, as all outward-bound ships are obliged to ? Brayley's London, i. 65.- 2 F 2 436 HISTORY OF LONDON. stop here till visited by the Custom-house officers ; and most of them take in their supply of live stock and vegetables from this town. The river now rolls onward in a northerly course, bordered by an increasing tract of marshes, round the point of land al East Tilbury; but soon winding once more to the east, it forms the widened channel called the South Hope. Here the shores rapidly recede, and the majestic streara, flowing past the Isle of Canvey, and Shoebury Ness, on the Essex side, mingles its waters with the ocean at the Nore.* Oo the Kentish side, between the ex treme point of the Isle of Graine, and the fortress and dock-yard at Sheerness, the Medway pours forth its tributary flood, which is the last that the Thames receives before its junction witb the sea ; the distanee between the opposite shores at the Nore is about seven miles. The tides flow up the Thames to the distance of between seventy and eighty miles from its mouth ; and occur twice in every twenty-four hours. The fall of water in the Thames, from Oxford to Maidenhead, is about twenty-five feet every ten miles ; from Maidenhead to Chertsey-bridge, twenty- two feet every ten miles; from Chertsey bridge to Mortlake, sixteen feet every ten miles ; and from Mort lake to London, about one foot per raile ; afterwards the fall di minishes more gradually till the river unites with the sea. The Thames westward bas several locks, without which, owing to the great number of shoals, it would not be navigable in summer. The locks within the city's jurisdiction, according to a return made by order of the house of commons, yielded to the city a revenue of 13,.506/. Ts. Id. for the year ending tbe 29th of September, 1822. Upwards of 1000/. had, however, to be de ducted for incidental repairs. The profits of the locks have been a good deal injured by canals, yet the interests of the city have been protected ; since we find in the same parliamentary return, that the Grand Junction Canal corapany paid to tbe city 600/. for compensation for loss of toll that year ; and the Regent's Canal company 450/. The plan of new cuts has been adopted in some places, to shorten and facilitate the navigation. There is one near Lech- lade, which runs nearly parallel to the old river, and contiguous to St. John's bridge ; and there is another, a mile from Abing don, which has rendered the old stream, towards Culham-bridoe, useless. * A canal was made, in 1730, from the Severn to Wall- bridge, near Stroud. A new canal now ascends by Stroud, • The Nore is a sand bank lying in is constantly kept for the safety of the n-.id-channel, on which a floating light navigation ofthe river. HISTORY OF LONDON. 437 through the vale of Chalford, to the height of three hundred and forty-three feet, by means of twenty-eight locks ; and thence to the entrance of the tunnel, near Sapperton, a distance of nearly eight miles, the canal is forty-two feet in width at the top, and thirty at the bottom. The tunnel, which passes under Sapper- ton-hill, and that part of earl Bathurst's grounds, called Haley- wood, a distance of two miles and three furlongs, is fifteen feet in width, and navigable with barges of seventy tons. Descend ing hence by fourteen locks, the canal joins the Thames al Leehlade, the level of which is one hundred and thirty-four feel below the tunnel, and the distance upwards of twenty miles. The whole extent of this vast undertaking is more than thirty miles, and the expence of it exceeded the sum of two hundred thousand pounds. This canal was completed in 1789. A similar coraraunication with the northern and eastern parts of the island has been effected by means of the Grand Junction canal, extending from the Tharaes at Brentford, to a canal which unites the Trent and Mersey, with which it coraraunicates al Braunston ; and a branch frora this canal has been lately opened from Bull's-bridge to Paddington, and from thence skirling the suburbs of the metropolis to Limehouse, where it enters the Thames. To enumerate the raany advantages which necessarily result frora these arlilicial navigations between the metropolis and the ports of Bristol, Liverpool, Hull, &c. as well as the principal ma nufacturing towns in the inland parts of the kingdom, would extend this digression from the immediate subject in question too far : it will, therefore, be sufflcient to observe here, that as the promoting of commerce is the principal intention in raaking ca nals, their frequency in a nation raust bear a proportion to the trade carried on in it. The principal fish caught in this river, are sturgeon, (occa sionally,) salraon, salmon-trout, tench, barbel, roach, dace, chub, bream, gudgeon, ruffe, smelts, eels, and flounders; the three latter kinds are particularly good. The bed of this fine river is either of gravel or clay, according to the nature of the soil through which it flows, and il produces, in different parts of its course, every species of fish found in the other rivers of Britain, except three, viz. the burbot, the loach, and the saralet. In the year 1405, sir John Woodcock, mayor, being informed tbat a great number of wears had been erected in the river, lo the destruction of the young fry, and the daraage of the navigation, caused all the wears, from Staines bridge to the river Medway, to be destroyed, and the nets burnt ; which, by virtue of the cily charter, was judged lawful, against the opposition made thereto by the archbishop of Canterbury. 438 HISTORY OF LONDON. In 1 584 tbe following orders were set forth during the mayor- 4lty of sir Thomas Pullington. First, that there should be no perprestures, encroachments, wharfs, banks, walls, or buildings of houses, in or upon the i'hames, to the stopping of the passage Item, that no dung, rubbish, or other filth, be cast into the Thames. Item, that no posts or stakes be fixed in the Thames. Item, that the fair-way be kept as deep and large as hereto fore it hath been. No person shall sell, utter, or take any fish, contrary to the ancient assize set down by decree, viz. Pyke, fourteen inches ; barbel, twelve inches ; salmon, six teen inches ; trout, eight inches; tench, eight inches; roach, six inches ; dace, six inches ; flounders, six inches ; but carp, aloes, chevin, pearch, eels, gudgeons, smelts, bleaks, shad, mackerel, lampreis, lamprons, are not yet assized. Fence month and times, in which these fishes are not to be \aken ; for Salmons ; between the Nativity of our Lord, and St. Martin's. Kipper salmons ; not to be taken at any time of the year. Trout ; between Michaelmas and Christmas. Roaches ; between fifteen days before St. Martin's, and fifteen days after. Lampreis and lamprons, between the 15th of April and the 15th of August. No fisherraen, garthraen, petermen, draymen, or trinckermen, shall avaunce or set up any wears, engines, rowte-wears, pight- wears, foot-wears, nor make any .stalker-nets, trinck-neis, purse- nets, casting-nets, berd-nets, pot-nets, barrock-nets at crooks, heaving-nets, except they be two inches in the meish. Nets forbidden ; also the measure of certain nets. Bley-nets, must be two inches and a half Dray-nets and kiddals, forbidden. Cod-nets, to be used between Candlemas and Lady-day. Treat-nets, peter-nets, must be two inches large in the meish, except between Candlemas and our Lady-day in Lent. A pride-net, not to be occupied but by special licence of the water-bailiff, and not above a yard in length. Places inhabited to fish in, called water-friths ; viz Mill-dams, locks, and sucb like. Goose-fleet, at Busherd. Well-fleet, al the Mase. St. Saviour' milne by west. Baits prohibited. White bait at Gowlch, or bloodbag. But these orders were more strongly enforced by those which HISTORY OF LONDON. 4.-J9 sir Robert Ducy, lord mayor, 1630, afterwards set forth by this title : Orders heretofore devised and agreed'upon by the right honour able the Lord Muyor of the C,ty of London, and Conservator of Ihe River of Thames, and Waters of Medway , and River Lea, for Conservation and Preservation of the river Thames, and of the brood and fry of fish therein, as fol loweth .- First, that no man, upon penalty and forfeiture of bis net and ten pounds, with imprisonment at the discretion of the lord mayor, shall presume to shute any draw-net or coulter-net, at any time of the year before sun-rising, nor after sun-setting : for that in the night-time unlawful nets may be used, and°great abuses offered, to the great hurt and annoyance ofthe said river Thames : and to shute in their several rooms well known 2. Item, that no fisherman or other shall still, lye, or bend- over any net during the time of the flood, whereby bolh saimons, and other kinds of fish, raay be hindered and kept back from swimming upwards, to the benefit and profit of such fisherman as dwell in the west part of the said river ; upon the like pain and penally. 3. Item, that no fisherman, or other, shall shute any draw- net, cord-net, or any other nel or engine, whereby any salmon- fish shall be taken, after Holyrood-day is past, being the 1 4th day of September, because at that time they are out of season, and remain here upon the river only to spawn and breed ; upon the like payment. 4. Item, that no fisherman, or other, shall fish with any net, or lay or hale any weel, or use any other net or engine whatsoever, from sun-setting on Saturday night, until sun-rising upon Monday morning, no, nor during all the tirae of lent, as being a thing not only very hurtful to the said river, but also a great abuse and profaning ofthe Lord's sabbath ; upon the like penalty. 6. Item, that no fisherman, or otber, shall at any time hereafter ship their draw-nets (called shipping a-stern) into their boats, before such time as they have laid forth all their whole net, as they do when they land towards alow water; nor that they ship some part of their said net, and land the rest ; but that frora henceforth they fulfil and observe that ancient order of landing- their nets (as they have heretofore usually done) al low water; upon the like payraent. 6. Item, that no fisherman, or other person whatsoever, shall use any spear, called an eel-spear, at any time of the year, for that they are likewise very great destroyers of barbels, and other kind of fish ; nor shall work with any kind of bley-net, rug-net, or smelt-net, upon the said water westward, farther than Isle- 440 HISTORY OF LONDON. worth church, from the IOth day of March yeariy, until Holy rood-day be past, being the 14th day of September; upon the like payment. 7. Item, that no fisherman, or other, shall at any time of the year use or exercise any flue, trammel, double-walled net, or hooped net whatsoever, for that they are not only the utter de struction of all breeding barbels, and also a great spoil and hurt lo other sorts ofthe young brood and fry of fish, being with those kinds of nets infinitely destroyed, to the general ruin ofthe river aforesaid ; upon the like payment. 8. Item, that no fisherman, or other, shall lay any weels, called kills, in any place of the river, from the IOth of March, till the 10th of May, yearly, for that all roaches do then shed their spawn ; nor that no man whatsoever cut any bulrushes, or other flags or sedges growing upon the river, from Richmond unto the Markstone above Staines-bridge, for that they are a great succour and safeguard unto the fish ; upon the like pay ment. 9. Item, that no fisherman, or other, shall use, within the said river of Thames, any weel, called a lomb, or a mill-pot, or any other engine, with the head thereof against tbe stream, upon pain or forfeiture of ten pounds, and iraprisonment at the discretion of the lord raayor; nor that no man whatsoever shall occupy upon the said river of Thames any nets, called purse-nets, other wise casting-nets ; upon the like payment. 10. Itera, that no fisherman, or otber, shall be suffered to rug for flounders, either by ebb or by flood, al any time of the year, between London bridge and Stangate, on tbe south side, and Westminster bridge on the north side, but only two casts at low water, and two casts al full sea, or high water, for the safeguard of the fry and brood of fish : and no flounder shall be taken under the assize of six inches; nor that no fisherraen, or other, shall fleet with any bley-net upon the benches from Whitehall to the Teraple stairs, upon high waters, from Whitsuntide to Bartholo mew-tide; upon the like payment. 11. Itera, that no fisherman, or other person whatsoever, shall cast, bring, or cause to be brought, any carrion, soil, gravel, rub bish, sods of earth, or any other filth, or annoyance, whereby banks and shelves are raised, and the coraraon passage hindered, to the great danger of fares, boats, and barges, passing to and fro upon the said river : nor tbat no fisherman, or other, shall drive, or cause lo be driven, any piles, stumps or stalks, within the said river of Thames, upon which the like mischief and dangers may arise ; upon the like pain and penalty as aforesaid. 12. Item, that no fisherraan, or other, shall presume to take up any wreck or drift upon the water of Thames, without notice given to the water-bailiff, or his substitute, within convenient time, he satisfying him for his pains, as shall be reasonable and HISTORY OF LONDON. 441 thought fitting ; nor shall conceal and keep secret the said wreck or drift frora the said water-bailiff; to the end that such order and care raay be taken therein, as hath been accustoraed, accord ing to the laws and ordinances ordained for the preservation of the said river ; upon the like pain and penally, from the 10th of March to the Ist of May, or al any other tirae. 13. Item, that no fisberraan, or other, shall fish with any kind of net, or use any angle-rod with more than one hook upon a line, or saw, or search for barbel within the limits of London- bridge, or shall use any other engine nearer unto the bridge than St. Botolph's wharf and the Bridge-house wharf on the east side, nor nearer on the west side than St. Mary Overy's stairs and the Old Swan ; upon the pain of imprisonraent, al the discretion of the lord mayor, and six shillings and eight pence to the cham ber of London. 14. That no peterman shall at any time hereafter fish or work with any manner of net upon the said water westward, further than Richmond-crane, unto which place, or thereabouts, the water ebbeth and floweth, for that the fishing beyond that place hath caused a great destruction of fish; upon pain of forfeiture of twenty shillings for every time they shall so oflend, and farther punishraent, according to the quality of his offence. 15. Item, it is ordered that no peterman shall hereafter, at any time of the year, lake the tides above Richmond, nor go in com pany together, it being found very prejudicial and hurtful both to the river and fishermen, and nothing available for the furnishing of any markets ; nor shall go to fish more than five together in one company between Richraond and London-bridge ; upon pain of forfeiting for every crime ten shillings, and imprisonraent dur ing- pleasure. 16, Item, that no peterman, or any other, take any flounders, or any other sort of fish, which they have usually called kettle- fish, not being six inches of assize, being found to be the great destruction ofthe fish ; upon the like penalty and pain. 17. Item, that whereas many inconveniences have heretofore risen to the river of Thames, by divers fishermen keeping of boys, who had neither the sufficiency to take tbe charge of fish- in"-, nor bound apprentice to the same : therefore from henceforth it shall not be lawful for any fisherman lo keep two boys in one boat, unless the one of them be at man's estate, or thought suffi cient by the water-bailiff lo take the charge, or else that one of them be an owner : nor that no fisherman from henceforth do take any apprentice to the said trade of fishing, unless he first enters his name in tbe register-book of the water-bailiff of this cily, kept for that purpose, nor under the term of seven years ; and that, afler the expiration of the said term, he likewise come a'^ain before the said water-bailiff, lo be by him admitted a law- 442 HISTORY OF LONDON. ful fisherman (as of ancient time hath been accustomed) ; upon like payment. 18. Itera, that no person whatsoever, from Staines-bridge in the west, to Yendal, alias Yenlet, in the east, do fasten, lay, or cause lo be laid, in any part of the river of Thames, any more or greater number than two vessels, or two barges, or two lighters a-breast, at any yard, wharf, dock, road, or chain, or in any other place whatsoever, in or upon the river of Thames ; nor pre tend to fasten or stop a tide, to make any more or greater number in any place whatsoever. 19. Item, nor that no person lay, or cause to be laid, or conti nue any limber al any road, wharf, or yard, within the river of Thames ; by reason whereof it is, and has often been very preju dicial and dangerous, by night and day, to the passage of the king's subjects, and to the great hindrance of boats and barges passing and re-passing upon the said river of Thames. 20. Item, that no person do raake or continue any wharf, build ing, potgaliery, or other perpresture, or encroachment into, upon, or over any part of the soil of the said river, whereby the said river may be in the least diminished ; nor any way annoy or pre judice the said river, or the common passage therein, or hurt the banks thereof. 21. Lastly, that every fisherman upon the river of Thames, from London-bridge, unto Staines-bridge, shall once every year (viz. upon St. Paul's day, being the 25th day of January) appear before the water-bailiff of this city, at the chapel of the Guildhall, by ten of the clock in tbe forenoon of the same day, there to enter their several names into his register book, kept for that purpose ; and farther, to hear the orders and institutions ordained for the preservation of the said river, to be openly and publicly read, to the intent that they, and every of them, may the better perform the same, upon pain of six shillings and eightpence for every default so made. And if any man whatsoever, fisherman, or other, shall contemptuously or stubbornly resist the water- bailiff, being sub-conservator under the lord raayor, in the due performance and execution of his said office, he shall make such fine, or be imprisoned at the discretion of the lord mayor for the time being, as unto his lordship shall seem most fitting. By the same Lord Mayor, the following Articles were ordained to be inquired upon by the Jury for the River of Thames Eastward, for the Conservation and Preservation of the river of Thames, and of the brood and fry of fish within the same, as followeth : Imprirais, you shall faithfully and truly present (without any respect) all sucn persons, fishermen, and others, as do profane the Lord's sabbath in their unlawful fishing, and going forth that HISTORY OF LONDON. 443 day to their labours being to the high displeasure of Almighty God, and availeth nolle the furnishing of any raarket. And, if any such fisherraan have goue forth to fish, having been at horae, before Sunday at night (sun down) you shall faithfully and truly present thera. 2. Item, that no trincker shall stand for smells till the 21st day of October yearly, and so to continue till Good Friday follow ing. And to use no manner of nel for smelts than full two inches in the fore part, inch and a half in the second part, and in the third part, which is the hole or cod, inch and quarter, wel and dry ; and the hose not lo exceed eleven feet n length, and in compass sixty meishes, and not above; and five hoops, placed a foot and a half asunder in the said cod, the hoop to be placed within two feet of the end of the cod, and each hoop to be a foot and a half every way, upright within the hoop, and not other wise. 3. Item, that no trinck shall stand to fish above nine tides in tbe week, viz. three tides against Friday, and three tides against Saturday market, and so likewise three tides against Sainl Eves, and other fasting days ; ^nd then to wash, hale up and go home with their said nets and boats, every Saturday morning to their own houses. And in Lent time they may stand every day, the Sabbath day excepted. 4. Item, that no trinck shall stand in any birth more than is al lowed hira to stand, but shall stand in all such several places,and in such manner as hereafter followeth, and in no other place, that is to say he shall keep bis cooplement. At Blackwall Ferry two, one breast or front, and no more. At Ley Shelp two, and no more. At Woolwich Shelp two, and no more. Al Woolwich town five, and no more. At Gallions Nasse three, and no more. At Busard's Bush five, and no raore. At the east and west end of Barking Shelp, two at each place, and no more. At Dagnam Shelp six, and no more. At the Carrick four, and no more. At Julian-tree Job three, and no more At Dartford Job three, and no more. At the Bright at Erilb Nasse, three, and no more. At Stoke-fleet Nasse, alias Stakes-end, five, and no more. At Evely Hole five, and no more. At Purfleet five, and no more. At Gray's Thorock six, and no more. At the Two Thoroughs three, and no more. And every trinck to keep his true cooplement, and to stand no more in a birth. 5. Item, that DO trinck shall stand to fish for whitings till the 444 HISTORY OF LONDON. Ember week hefore Michaelmas yeariy, and to come no higher than Purfleet, and to have the hose or cod of his net full inch and half. And upon Saturday, sun set, to wash off bis net, hale up and go horae, and not to return to his labour again till Monday morning day-light : and so likewise shall every fisherman do from London-bridge west, to Gravesend-bridge in the east, and not otherwise. 6. Item, that no trinckerraan, or other fisherraan, shall buy any trinck, or take or receive any copy, under the seal of the office of mayoralty, until he be allowed and thought by the lord mayor of London, or by his substitute, the water-bailiff for the time being, with the general liking and consent of the said company of trinck ermen, and seventeen trincks allowed, and no raore. 7. Itera, that no trinck shall stand to fish before any breach- raouth al the rising or sinking of any raother-fishes, or in the tirae of spawn or brood of fish ; and that every trinck shall, at all tiraes and seasons, take up and carry away his anchor at his tirae of his leaving off frora fishing, and not to leave his said anchor behind him lo keep his birth, contrary lo ancient order and custom. 8. Itera, that each trinck shall every dark and foggy night hang forth out of his said trinck-boat one lanthorn, with sufficient candle light, for the better passage of ships, boats, and vessels passing lo and fro upon the said river ; and that every trinck-cable be no more than twenty fathom long at the most; or any henbilt above twenty-two fathom long. And likewise to have a ward of forty fathom and sheer off and give way, if any ship, crayer, or other ves sel, shall chance to drive upon thera. 9. Item, that every trinckerman shall, one week before his going to fish, come up to the chapel of Guildhall, London, and there ap pear before the water-bailiff, as well lo receive leave and licence for their going forth, as also to hear the orders and in.stitutions or dained for the preservation of the said river, lo be there openly and publicly read, to the end that they may the better observe and keep the said orders, and every thing therein contained. 10. Item, that no hebberman shall fish for sraelts before the 24th day of August, yearly, and so to continue till Good Friday ; and that no hebberman shall fish in haven, creek, breach, or issue, with any net of less assize than three inches for flounders, frora the feast of Easter, until the 24th day of August yearly. And shall hkewise appear before the water-bailiff of London at the chapel of Guild haU, there to receive leave or licence for their said going forth. And that the raeish of their said sraelt-neis be full inch, wel and dry, and not otherwise. 11. Item, That every hebberman shall fish by the shore, and pitch their pole at half ebb, and shall have but forty fathom rope allowed from the pitch oftheir pole into the river, and not to lie a floating or flatting for smelts between two anchors in the midst of the stream ; nor shall have any kind of weight of lead, iron, stone, HISTORY OF LONDON. 445 barrel, firkin, kilderkin, cask, or with any wherry or other device ; nor shall fish from Good Friday lo Bartholoraew-tide yearly, be tween London bridge and Gravesend, with any net under two inches, except with a wade-net for bait only. 12. Itera, that no hebberman shall work any higher for whitings than Dartford creek, and to work with no manner of net for whi tings of less assize than full inch and half, wet and dry ; nor shall go forth to take any of the said whitings yearly, until they be law fully licensed by the water-bailifl' of London, before whom they are severally to appear at the .said chapel of Guildhall, London, one week before Gang-tide yearly. 13. Item, you shall present the names and surnames of every trawler unto the lord mayor of London, or his substitute the water bailiff, for the lime being. And that no trawler shall fish above Hole-haven on the north side, and Porsing on the south side, till a fortnight after Michaelraas yearly; and all the summer to use no net for soles under two inches and a half in the cod, being two yards long, and the rest of the net to be three inches. And no trawler to work in Tilbury-hope after Michaelmas, with any manner of nel under four inches for plaice all the net over. And no trawler to come upon any trawl with any other net at any time of the year. 14. Item, to present all such as have pitched, set, or erected any riff-hedge, or half-nets, upon stakes or otherwise, within the full sea and low water, being an engine utterly to kill sraall fish ; and what landmen they be upon Kentish shore, or in any other place, within the waters of Thames or Medway, that do or have used the same. 15. That no trawler do stay abroad to fish after Whitsuntide against Wednesday market till Bartholomew-tide yearly; nor that no trawler do fish in Tilbury-hope upon the Saturday after sun rising, but to wash off, hale up, and go home, as all other fisherraen ought lo do, according to the old and ancient customs of the river of Thames and waters of Medway. 16. Item, that every trawler upon the river eastwards do yearly appear before the water-bailiff of London, at the chapel of Guild hall, one week before tbe true times and seasons of going forth to fish, then and there to receive leave and license for their said goings-forth, and to hear the orders and institutions ordained for the preservation and government of the river of Thames, to be there openly and publicly read, to tbe end that they rnay the better observe and perform the sarae. 17. Stem, that no trawler, that hath or doth use to trawl, to take sole, chates, plaice, or thornback, shall take or bring any such fish to any market, or lo any country-town, to sell, except i they contain the assize as followeth, that is to say, every sucb sole, cbate, plaice, and thorn-back, to contain in length seven inches with the head and tail, and not under. 446 HISTORY OF LONDON. 18. Item, that no draggerman, that hath or doth use to drag for shrimps, shall go forth to fish till the Ist day of November yearly, and to continue till Good Friday; nor shall use any such drag at any time of the year, above Maggot-Nasse on the south side, and Stakey-Brake creek on the north side, and not other wise. And tbat every draggerman shall, upon the first day of November yearly, appear before the water-bailiff of London, lo receive leave and licence for going forth. 19. Item, that all manner of fisheiraen whatsoever, that use to take shads in shadding-time, shall observe and keep their true order of shooting a drove's length off from one another, and to present what disorders are kept among them, both in going forlh upon Sundays, or otherwise. And that none of the shadders shall go forth to fish until they have received leave and license of the lord mavor of London, or his substitute the water-bailifi, for their tirae being ; their true time of going forth to be the week before Easter yearly, and not before. 20. Itera, that no petermen whatsoever, from London-bridge in the west, as far as the river Medway in the east, shall fleet for flounders with any rug-net in the night-time, from sun going down until day-light the next morning, betwixt Michaelmas and Christraas, because in the night-time they make great destruction of small flounders, and carry them away both unseen and unknown. Nor that no peterman do fish witb any hagan, or smelt-net, below London-bridge, at any time of the year. 21. Item, that no peterman, or other person whatsoever, shall fish betwixt London-bridge and Limehouse-nasse, with any man ner of net to fleet, beat, or rug, at any time of the year, except for shads only : nor that no peterman do rug from London-bridge to Blackwall and so eastward, from Michaelmas yearly until Whitsuntide, but only three casts at high water, and three casts al low water in and out ; and every rug-net is to contain two inches and three quarters in the meish, wet and dry, and every bley-net two inches and a half througbout, wet and dry. 22. Item, that no fisherman, or other person whatsoever, shall lay dovvn in the river of Thames eastwards, any smelt-leaps be fore St. Paul's day yearly, and so to continue till Good Friday next following, and no longer. Nor that no fisherman, or other p)erson shall lay in the said river any more than only one wand of eighteen, and no more ; and not to lay thera down until they be lawfully licensed thereunto by the lord mayor, or water- bailiff, and none to use them but fisherraen and housholders. 23 Item, that no fisherraan, or other person, shall lay in the said river of Tliames any eel-leaps, till fourteen days after Easter yearly, and so to continue until Michaelmas next following; nor shall lay any more, or greater quantity, than only two dozen, and no more ; nor shall lay of the said eel-leaps until they be lawfully licensed thereunto, as aforesaid, and not otherwise. HISTORY OF LONDON. 447 24. Item, that no fisherman, or other person whatsoever, shall use upon the river of Thames, at any tirae ofthe year, any spear, called an eel-spear, or any other kind of spear whatsoever, foi' that they are great destroyers of young brood, and other kind of fish, in great abundance, and therefore altogether unlawful; no man to use thera upon pain of imprisonraent, and further fine, at the discretion of the lord mayor. 25. Item, you shall further enquire, and true presentment make, of all such persons as do use to go dovvn the river, to buy up either fish, victuals, or other coraraodities, before the same co'melh to Billingsgate, and other quays, being known and ap pointed places of sale, vent, and discharge thereof: if you know any such, you shall present who they be, and how often they have so done. 26. Item, that no fisherman, or other person whatsoever, shall work with any manner of net or engine whatsoever, to take or kill any dace or roach from the 10th of May yearly, for that they do then shed their spawn. Nor that they take or kill any of the said dace, roiach, or other kind of fish, out of their due kind or season, except they contain in length according to the true scantling and assize, and not otherwise. 27. Item, you shall further enquire, and true presentment make, whether any butcher, brewer, inn-keeper, or any other person or persons, as well within the city of London, as in any other coun try town or village (as far as the liberty of the lord mayor ex- tendelh) have cast or put into the said river any paunches, grains, horse-dung, or other rubbish, soil, or filth whatsoever, to the very great annoyance and hurt of the said river, on pain of imprison ment and further fine, at the discretion of the lord mayor of Lon don ; if you know any such, you shall present them. '28. Item, you shall further enquire what royal fishes have been taken within the jurisdiction and royalty of the lord mayor of London, as namely whales, sturgeons, porpusses, and such like, and to present the name and names of all sucb persons as shall take them, to the lord mayor of London for the time being. 29. Item, tbat no fisherman, or any person whatsoever, shall lay in tbe said river of Tharaes any lampern-leaps lo take lara- perns before Bartholomew-tide yearly, and so to continue till Good Friday ; nor shal I lay any more or greater quantity than only one rod of forty fathom, containing seven dozen of leaps, and not above; nor shall lay any of the said rods until they shall be lawfully licensed by the lord mayor of London, or by his substi tute the water-bailiff for the time being. 30. Item, that no person do make or continue any wharf, building, or potgaliery, or otber perpresture, or incroachment into, upon, or over any other part of the soil of the said river, whereby the said river may be in. the least diminished, nor any 448 HISTORV OF LONDON way annoy or prejudice the said river, or the common passage therein, or hurt the banks thereof. 31. Lastly, because the number of fishermen do daily increase, and not only fishermen, but also a great number of cable-hangers and tradesmen, such as were never bound appi entice to the craft and science of fishing, to thogieat hurt of the river, and hindrance of fishermen, the said river not being able to relieve and succoiij-, the multiplicity of them being so great : it is now ordained, that every fisherman, dwelling near unto the said river, that doth take and receive into his or their custody any apprentice to the said trade of fishing, shall, within one month ne.\i after, repair unto the water bailiff of London, to have his indenture written and engrossed, to the end that he may present him to the chamberlain of London to be enrolled, according to the ancient custom ; and not to receive any apprentice under the term of seven years; and that, at the end and expiration of the said term, the raaster of ihe said apprentice do again present hira to the said water-bailiff, to be by him admitted and allowed a fisherraan, And finally, you shall enquire and true presentment raake, by the oaths that you and every of you have taken, whether any fisherman or other person, whatsoever they be, have with any raanner of net or engine, offended or misused himself in fishing within the said river, or whether they have any manner of ways made destruction ofthe brood and fry of any kind of fish therein contained, contrary to the good and ancient laws, ordi nances, and constitutions ofthe said river of Thames ; and to make a true, perfect, and faithful presentment of all other kind of enor mities, hurts, offences, and annoyances, touching as well fisherraen as any other person or persons within the said jurisdiction, beino- any manner of ways hurtful or offensive to the same. In the year 1741, sir Daniel Lambert, knt. being then lord raayor and conservator ofthe river Tharaes, and the waters of Medway, at the request of thecourt of aldermen, added several good and whole sorae orders to those of sir Robert Ducy, as follow, viz. Orders devised and agreed upon by the right honourable Daniel Lambert, esq. lord mayor of the city of London, conservator of the river of Thames, waters of Medway, and river Lea, for the conservation and preservation of the spawn, brood, arid fry of fish therein, as folloioeth. Imprimis. To the end all unlawful nets, and engines, and other abuses offered lo the prejudice and destruction of the fishery, within the jurisdiction of the lord mayor of London, raay be discovered, and the offenders punished, It is ordained : that no net, under the assize oftwo inches and a half in the meish, shall be worked, or wrought, by any person using the art, mystery, or craft of a fisherman, at any time ofthe year. HISTORY OF LONDON. 449 above Richraond Crane, upon the river of Thames, by reason it is very prejudicial and destructive lo the fry and spawn of fish, there bein.r no .season of smehs above that place. Nor shall use any net in that work, called beating of the bush, flng.or reed, which shall be of less assize than three inches in the meish. Nor shall use any weights or stones to their nets, upon forfeiture of forty shillings for each offence. Item, that no pike-net, or other net or engine shall be wrought or drawn over the weeds, for catching of pikes, by any person using the art, mystery, or craft of a fisherman, within the jurisdiction afore said, by reason it is destructive to, and occasioneth thcdrivingoff all other fish out ofthe western rivers, which otherwise would lie, and Dreed, and spawn in the said weeds, upon the like penalty and forfeiture of forty shillings for every such offence. Item, that no person using the art, mystery, or craft of a fisher man shall at any tirae, within the said jurisdiction, bend any net by an anchor or othei wi.«e athwart the channel, and so as lo draw another net into it, whereby the spawn of barbel and other fish may be destroyed, upon the forfeiture of forty shUlings for every such offence. Item, that no such person shall draw, work, or land any net for salraon of a lesser a.ssize than three inches in the meish, frora the 10th of March till the f4th of Septeraber, in any part ofthe river of Thames, from Kew-pile westward to the city of London mark- stone, above Staines-bridge, upon forfeiture of forty shillings for every such offence. Item, that no such person shall band, or use the trade of band ing, within the jurisdiction aforesaid, at any time of the year, ex cept between the Ist day of Noveraber and the 1st day of March yearly : nor shall use any raore than twelve bands al a tirae, nor above one hundred hooks upon each band ; nor shall lay down, within the jurisdiction aforesaid, any more or other bands in the mean time, whilst those twelve bands are baited afresh, upon for feiture of forty .shillings for every such offence. Itera, for the more easy finding out of offenders, their naraes, and places of abode, Il is further ordered : that every person who shall fish with a boat, within the jurisdiction aforesaid, after the 25th day of De ceraber, 1741, shall have on his boat both his christian and sur name, and also the narae of the parish in which he dwellelh, legibly painted in some convenient place, where any one may see and read the same ; on forfeiture oflwenly shillings for every tirae he shall act contrary hereunto. Item, that no person or persons whatsoever shall, al any time or tiraes hereafter, upon any season or seasons whatsoever, go out lo fish for sraelts, shads, or any other fish whatsoever, or lay leaps, or rods for eels, in any place within the jurisdiction aforesaid, without VOL. ir. 2 G 450 HISTORY OF LONDON. leave, and a license first had and obtained under the hand and seal of the water-bailiff for the tirae being, who shall have and receive, for every such licen.se, the sarae fees and duties as have been irarae- morially paid and allowed lo the water-bailiff for every license. And that the said water-bailiff for the time being shall from time lo lime limit and appoint the proper and respective times and seasons for the said fishermen's going forth to fish ; and that, upon every such occasion, all, and every of the said fishermen, shall, upon due sum mons or notice given, repair to the said water-bailiff, at the chapel at the Guildhall, London, there to receive and take out their seve ral and respective licenses for such their going forth to fish ; and to hear the ordinances for the preservation ofthe fisheries publicly and openly read, to the end that they may the better observe and keep the said ordinances; and that none go out to fish without such grant or licence ; and that every fisherraan offending herein shall forfeit and pay five pounds for every such offence. Item, for the better prevention of using unlawful craft, by fishing with unlawful nets or engines. It is further ordained, that any person or persons, fishermen, or others, who shall be authorised thereunto by the water-bailiff for the time being, shall and may, from time to tirae, and at all tiraes, quietly and peaceably, enter into any boat or boats, vessel or ves sels, belonging to any person or persons, using the art or craft of fishing- in any water or waters within the jurisdiction aforesaid, to view and search for all unsizeable and unlawful nets and engines, and for any fish which they shall suspect to be taken, killed, or de stroyed, contrary lo the laws and statutes of this kingdora ; and the sarae unlawful nets and engines to seize and lake away, and bring lo the water-bailiff, (with the naraes of every offender, that they may be proceeded against according to law,) and to seize and take away the fish so taken and destroyed contrary to the said laws, and to distribute the same among the poor : and whosoever .shall resist or disturb the said water-bailiff and his deputies, or any of thera, in the execution of their lawful office or employment of searching for and seizing unlawful nets, engines, or fish as afore said, shall forfeit and pay twenty raarks of lawful raoney of Eng land for every such offence. After all these laws, orders, and precautions for the preservation ofthe river Thames from annoyances, it has been frequently objected that they are deficient, or at least suspended, in regai-d to the raany stops, dams, or locks, which are very numerous above bridge, as high as the Thames is navigable. But those locks are of great use to the public, without which, tradesmen and farmers, whose raarkets depend on water-carriage to and frora the west of London could not carry on their business. The Thames sometiraes overflows its banks considerably in the- raetropolis. The most meraorable instance of this .sort was on the 1st 'Of September, 1556, when in consequence of heavy rains and a- HISTORY OF LONDON. 451 high wind, the river was forced into the king's palace al Westrain ster, and into Westrainster-hall, a circumstance particularly unfor tunate, as it was the day on which the lord mayor of London had to present the sheriffs to the barons of the exchequer Stow says, ¦ aU Westrainster-hall was full of water ;' but he does not inforra us whether the city raagistrates presented the sheriffs in a boat or not, though he informs us by report that raorning, that 'a wherrie-man rowed with his boate over Westminster-bridge* into the palace court, and so through the staple-gate, and all the wool! staple into the king's streete." All the marshes on the Lambeth side were also so overflowed, that ' the people from Newington church could not pass on foote, but were carried by boates from the said church to the Pinfold, neere lo St. George's in Southwark.' In 1774 there was another great overflow; and again on the 2d of February, 1791, when considerable damage was done lo the wharfs along bolh sides of the river. Westminster, which always suffered most from an inundation of the Tharaes, saw boats plying, instead of hackney coaches, in Palace-yard and Privy-gardens. In the winter of 1821 the Thames again burst its bounds; though neither promoted by an easterly wind, nor a sudden thaw. It ap pears by an official report presented by officers appointed to make a survey of the river, that the flood rose four inches higher than it did in 1774, as recorded by a stone let into a wall at Shepperton. Considerable damage was done above Westrainster bridge, yet the navigation of the river in the city district was never an hour impeded. In November, 1827, Ihe tide rose several feel higher than usual, and entered the excavations forraing for St. Katherine's dock, which il quickly filled ; no particular damage was sustained. Various amusements have, at different tiraes, taken place on the Thames, adapted to the taste and character of the age. The water quintain has already been noticed ; it has, however, ceased, a.id al present rowing and sailing matches seera the only sports with which it is occupied. Of these, one of the raost reraarkable is the cora- petilion for a coal and silver badge, which Dogget the player ap pointed to be rowed for, annually, by six watermen, on the Ist of August, being the anniversary of the accession of the house of Hanover to the throne. The competitors set out on a signal given, al that lime of the tide when the current is strongest against them, and row from the Old Swan, near London bridge, to the White Swan, in Chelsea. A curious discovery was made by a fisherman, near Lambeth, aboul a century ago ; on drawing in his nel he found the great seal of England, which had been thrown into the Thames by James II. on bis flight from Whitehall About 1809 or 1810, another seal was drawn from the bed cf * The landing stairs al Old Palace-yard were so called 2 G 2 452 HISTORY OF LONDON. the river, opposite Queenhithe , il was of silver and very thick, beautifully executed, and in fine condition.* It appears to have been the official seal of the port of London. The jurisdiction of the lord mayor and corporation of London, over the Thames, extends from Colne-ditch, above Staines-bridge, in the west, to the Yenlet, or, as it is called in old deeds, Yenland versus mare, in the east, and includes part of the rivers Lea and Medway. On the banks of the river, al Colne-ditch, not far from the church of S;aines, stands what is called London mark-stone, which is the ancient boundary to the city jurisdiction on the Thames. On a moulding, round the upper part ofthe stone (which is rauch de cayed by age) is inscribed ' God preserve the city of London. A. D. 1'280.' This stone was, during the mayoralty of sir Watkin Lewes, knt. in 1781, placed on a new pedestal, on which is in scribed, that it was erected exactly over the spot where the old one forraerly stood, t Not only the water of the Tharaes, with the fish therein, belongs to the city, but also the soil and ground of it, as appears from the following memorandum found among the manuscripts of Burleigh, lord treasurer in the reign of queen Elizabeth. ' Also, for proof of the prince's interest in rivers flowing frora the sea, the Thames, and conservation thereof, was not only given to the city of London, but, by their special suit, the king gave therewithal the groundand soil under the same: whereupon, if any that hath a house or land adjoining, do make a strand, stairs, or such like, they pay, forth with, a rent to the city of London, how high soever they be above the low-water raark.' The lord raayor has a deputy, or substitute, called the water- bailiff, whose office is to search for, and punish such offenders as may be found infringing the laws made for the preservation of the river. He also holds four courts of conservancy yearly, in the four counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, and Kent, and impan nels a jury of each county, to make inquisition of all ofi'ences com mitted on the said river, in order to proceed against those who may be found offending. The account of the Thames cannot be better closed than with sir John Denham's admirable description of this river. My eye descending from the hill, surveys , 'Where Thames among the wanton valley strays ; Thames, the most lov'd ol all the Ocean's sons. By his old sire, to his embreces runs. Hasting to pay his tribute Lo the sea, Like mortal life to meet eternity. • Engraved on the plan of the Hone's Every Day Book, vol. ii. col. river Thames, p. 430. on(e. An, en- 881 graving of it is in Laing's plans of + It is engraved in the plan of the the Custom House and another in river Thames, p. 430, nn^e. HISTORY OF LONDON. 453 Tho' with those streams he no resemblance hold, Whose foam is amber, and their gravel gold ; His genuine and less guilty wealth t' explore, Search not his bottom, but survey his shore ; O'er which he kindly spreads his spacious wing, And hatches plenty for th' ensuing spring. Nor then destroys it with too fond a slay. Like mothers which their infants overlay : Nor with a sudden and impetuous wave. Like profuse kings, resumes the wealth he gave. No unexpected inundations spoil The mower's hopes, nor mock the ploughman's toil ; But, godlike, his unwearied bounty flows; First loves to do, then loves the good he does. Nor are his blessings to his banks confin'd. But free and common as the sea or wind; When he to boast, or to disperse his stores Full ofthe tribute of his grateful shores Visits the world, and in his flying tow'rs Brings home lo us, and makes both Indies ours. Finds wealth where 'tis, bestows it where it wania. Cities ill deserts, woods in cities plants. So that, to us, no thing, no place is strange. While his fair bosom is the world-s exchange. O, could 1 flow like thee, and make thy stream. My great example, as it is my theme I Tho' deep, yet clear, tho' genlle, yet not dull. Strong wiihout rage, without o'ertlowing full; Heaven her Eridanuj no more shall boast, Whose fame in thine, like lesser currents lost. CHAPTER XVI. Historical and topographical account of I.,ondon Bridge, Westminster Bridge, Blackfriars Bridge, Waterloo Bridge, Southwark bridge, and the Thames Tunnel. At what period a bridge was first erected over the Thames, be tween London and Southwark, seems doubtful. The first notice ofthe existence of a bridge occurs in the laws of Ethelred II. which fix the tolls to be paid on all vessels coming up lo the bridge. Wil liara of Malmsbury also mentions this bridge, in his account ofthe sieges which the city sustained on the inv.ision of England, by the Danes under Sweyn and Canute. That the bridge was erected be tween the years 993 and 1016, may safely be inferred from the circumstance, that in the former year, Unlafor Olaf, the Dane, is said to have sailed much higher up the river; and that, in the lat ter year, Canute's progress was impeded by it. 464 HISTORY OF LONDON. In the ' Chronicles of London bridge'* is an extract frora the ' Antiquitates Celto Scandicce,' referring to London bridge at so early a period as 1008. ' There was, at that time,' says Suorro Sturlesonius, an Icelandic writer of the I'Uh century, ' a bridge erected over the river between the cily and Southwark, so wide, that if two carriages raet they could pass each other. At the sides of the bridge, at those parts which looked upon the river, were erected ramparts and castles that were defended on the top by pent-house bulwarks and sheltered turrets, covering to the breast those who were fighting in them ; the bridge itself was also sustained by piles which were fixed in the bed of the river ' Stow the historian attributes the building of this bridge to the brethren of the college of priests of St. Mary Overie ; his account, which he received from Linstend, the last prior, is as follows : ' A ferrie being kept in a place where now the bridge is builded ; al length the ferriman andhis wife deceasing, lefl the same ferrie to their only daughter, a maiden, named Marie (Audery), which, with the goods left by her parents, as also with the profits arising ofthe said ferrie, builded a house of sisters, in a place where now stand eth the east part of St. Marie Overie's church, above the qiieere, where she was buried : unto the whith house she gave the oversight and profits of the ferrie : but afterwards the said house of sisters being converted into a college of priests, the priests builded the bridge of timber, as all other the great bridges of this land were ; and from time to time kept the same in good reparations; till at length, considering the great charges of repairing the same, there was by ayd of the citizens of London, and others, a bridge builded with arches and stone.'t There can be no doubt that prior Linstead exceeded the truth, by ascribing all the credit of so iraportant a public benefaction to a small house of religious; who, with greater probability, only consented to the building of the bridge, upon sufficient conside a- tion being made lo them for the pecuniary loss oftheir ferry from which they received a considerable revenue. Besides, it is evident beyond dispute, that so early as the 22nd Henry I. there were certain lands appropriated for the repairs of this bridge, as appears by a gift of five shillings per annum, out of the sarae, to the raonks of Bermondsey, by Thomas Arden : nor could any such society, or petty monastery or college, ever besup- po.sed capable of supporting such a bridge, which, besides other ac cidents, was burnt in H36,J though not totally destroyed ; it was repaired, but decayed so rapidly, that in 1103 it was so ruinous that it was obliged to be new built under the inspection of Peter, an eminent architect, and chaplain or curate of St. Mary Cole church, II in London. * ^- ^'' 12mo. 1827. |( Thischurch, previous to the great t Slow s Survey of London. fire in 1666, stood on the north side of J See vol. 1. p. 54. the Poultry. HISTORY OF LONDON. 455 These continual and large expences in maintaining and repairing a wooden bridge becoraing burthensome to the people, who, upon extraordinary occasions, when the lands appropriated for that uae fell short in their produce, were taxed to make up the deficiencies : it was resolved to build a stone bridge, a littie to the west of that wooden fabric, whose head, in the days of William I. pointed ashore at Botolph's wharf; and the management thereof was given to the abovementioned Peter, as all our historians agree.* But this architect did not live lo finish so great an undertaking, which, with great encourag-ement frora the king, and Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, who gave 1,000 raarks towards it, began to be erected in the 22nd Hen. I. for he either died, or was so worn out with age and fatigue, in the third year of king John's reign, 1201, that we finS araong the patent rolls ofthe Tower of London, t the follow ing letter missive from the said king lo the mayor and citizens of London, recomraending to them one Isenbert to finish the bridge ; which recomraendation is thus translated into English by Mr. Maitland : — ' John, by the grace of God, king of England, &c. To his faithful and beloved the mayor and citizens of London, greet ing- Considering how the Lord in a short time has wrought, in regard to the bridges of Xainctes and Rochelle, by the great care and pains of our faithful, learned, and worthy clerk, Isenbert, master of the schools of Xainctes ; we therefore, by the advice of our reverend father in Christ, Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, and that of others, have desired, directed, and enjoined him to use his best en deavour in building your bridge, for your benefit, and that of the public ; for we trust in the Lord, that this bridge, so necessary for you, and all who shall pass the sarae, will, through his industry, and the Divine blessing, soon be finished : wherefore, without prejudice lo our right, or that of the city of London, we will and grant, that the rents and profits of the' several houses that the said master of the schools shall cause lo be erected upon the bridge aforesaid, be for ever appropriated to repair, maintain and uphold the sarae. And seeing that the necessary works of the said bridge cannot be accomplished without your aid, and that of others ; we charge and exhort you kindly to receive and honour the above-named Isenbert, and those employed by him, who will perform every thing to yonr advantage and credit, according to his directions, you affording him your joint advice and assistance in the premises ; for whatever good office or honour yoa shall do to him, you ought to esteem the same as done to us But, should any injury be offered to the said Isenbert, or the persons employed by him (which we do * Ann Waverl, 1 176. + M- 2, No. 9 456 HISTORY OF LONDON. not believe there will) see althe sarae be redressed, as soon as it comes to your knowledge. ' Witness rayself al Molinel,* the eighteenth day of April.' By this royal letter of recommendation of Isenbert to be architect or surveyor ofthe works of London-bridge, it appears that Peterof Colechurch raust either have died in the year 1'202, or by age or in capacity was rendered unfit to superintend the direction of the bridge. ' For I think,' .says Maitland, ' it is not to be questioned but the raayor and citizens duly complied, and chose the said Isen bert surveyor of their bridge, pursuant to the said royal recora- mendation. Though I am apt to suspect, that the citizens were not altogether so complaisant ; because it appears the same king, in the seventh year of his reign, and three years before the finishing of>the stone bridge, taking the custody of London-bridge from the lord raayor, and granting it to one Friar West,t and obliging the city lo apply certain void places within its walls lo be built on, and ap plied to the support thereof. Besides, there is not the least raention of any such surveyor in all our historians; who unaniraously de clare that the completing of the work was at Peter's death comraitted lo the care of Serle Mercer, William Almaine, and Benedict Bote- write, merchants of London, who finished the first stone bridge at London in the year 1'209. The new bridge was erected a little westward of the former, 926 feel long, 40 in width, and about 60 feet above the level of the water. Il contained a drawbridge, and 19 broad pointed arches, with massive piers, varying from 25 to 34 feet in solidily, raised upon strong elm piles, covered by thick planks bolted together.^ PLAN OF LONDON BRIDGE, 1209.§ While Peter of Colechurch had the superintendence of the work, he at his own expence erected a chapel on the east side ofthe ninth pier from the north end, and endowed the sarae for two prie-ts, four clerks, &c. This was the first building on the arches of Lon don-bridge. This chapel was afierwards augmented with so many chaunteries, that there were four chaplains belonging to il in the '23rd Henry VI. maintained by charitable legacies. * In th province of Bourbon J ' Chronicles,' p. 75. ?"t-^'-o I. . u I. , § From Venue's plans published l« t This ought lo be brother Wasce, the Society of Antiqliaries •.he king's almoner ^ HISTORY OF LONDON. 457 ST. THOMAS'S CHAPEL IN 1757.* This edifice, which was dedicated to St. Thomas a Becket, was a beautiful gothic structure, sixty-five feel long, twenty feet broad, and forty feel in height. It consisted of two stories, both conse- ciated lo sacred purposes. The upper chapel was an elegant struc ture, being supported by fourteen groups of clustered columns, and lighted by eight pointed arch windows, divided by stone mullions ; beneath each of the windows were three arched recesses, separated by small pillars. The roof was originally forraed of lofty pointed arches; though when it was transferred into a warehouse, a wooden ceiling of strong beams crossing each other in squares, was erected.* The lower chapel was of the same chaste and correct order of ar chitecture, it was paved with black and white marble, and in the middle was a sepulchral monument, under .which it was supposed Peter of Colechurch was buried. Clusters of small pillars arose at equal distances on the sides, and bending over the roof, met in the centre of the arch, where they were bound to^elher by large flowers cut in the same stone ; between these pillars were the windows, which were arched, and afforded a view of the Thames on each side. It had an entrance from the river, as well as from the street, from which last there wasa descent by a circular flight of stone steps. This venerable edifice remained nearly in its original forra till the * From an engraving in the Gents. Magazine. — vol. xxiii, p. 4S2. T ' Chronicles," p. 84. 458 HISTORY OF LONDON. total deraolition of the houses on the bridge, at which tirae il be longed to the occupiers of a dwelling-house erected above il, by whora it had been converted into a warehouse.* This chapel, with its appurtenances, was in the year 1266, given by Henry III. to the raaster, brethren, and sisters of St. Katherine, near the Tower of London, for the terra of five years. t The dreadful fire that destroyed the bridge in 1212, with the ad joining priory of St. Mary Southwark, has been raenlioned be- foi-e.J In 1276, an order ofthe coramon council was raade, by which it was ordained that there should not be kept a raarkel on London- bridge, nor in any other place, except those appointed for that purpose ; also that no person should go out of the city lo South wark to buy cattle, or any wares which might be bought in the city, under the penally ofthe forfeiture of the thing bought. § Stow was of opinion, that, when this bridge was erected, the river Tharaes was turned into a large irench or canal made for that purpose; which he imagined had its oulflux near Rotherhithe, and its influ.x near Battersea. But this conjecture has not the least foundation for its support ; for that which led the author into this * The erection of chapels on bridges is of the highest antiquity, and, no doubt, originated from the custom of making sacrifices on bridges, whence Plutarch has derived the word Ponti- fex. The most remarkable bridge of this sort was at Droitwich, in Cheshire, where the high road passed through the chapel and divided the congrega tion from the reading-desk and pulpit. The priests attached to the chapels were commissioned, as an indispensa ble part of their ofiice, to keep the bridge in repair. t Rec. Turr. Pat. 5, Hen. HI. m. 43. J See p. 68, vol. i. It was proba bly on this occasion, or one similar, that the curious song of ' London bridge is broken down,' was m.ide. In Mr. Ritson's' Gammer Gurion's Gar land,' or ' A choice collection of pretty songs and verses,' is a copy of this song; it is as follows : London-bridge is broken down, Dance o'er my lady Lee; London-bridge is broken down. With a gay lady. How shall we build it up again. Dance o'er my lady Lee; How shall we build it up again ? With a gay lady. Silver and gold will be stolen away. Dance o'er my lady Lee ; Silver and gold will be stolen away. With a gay lady. Build it up with iron and steel, Dance o'er my lady Lee ; Build it up with iron and steel With a gay lady. Iron and sleel will bend and bow, Dance o'er my lady Lee ; Iron and steel will bend etndbow. With a gay lady. Build it up with wood and clay. Dance o'er my lady Lee; Build it up with wood and clay, With a gay lady. Wood and clay will wash away, Dance o'er my lady Lee; Wood and clay will wash away, With a gay lady. Build it up with stone so strong, Dance o'er my lady Lee; Huzza i 'twill last lor ages long, With a gay lady. The author of the interesting and elegant' Chronicles of London bridge,' has printed a curious essay on this ballad, with ihe music to which it was either danced or sung, pages 145, 154. § Liber Albu ,, fol. 130. a. HISTORY OF LONDON. 459 idea, are the vestigia of the canal supposed to have been raade by Canute, when he laid siege to London.* Yet, after all the art and char^ie used and expended in the build ing of the stone bridge, the citizens did not find themselves so much eased as might have been expected ; for in 1280, aboul seventy years after its completion, it was so ruinous, that they were obliged to apply for relief and assistance to king Edward I. for its repairs ; who in the ninth year of his reign granted to the bridge keeper a brief or licence to ask and receive the charity of his well-disposed subjects throughout the kingdora towards repair ing the same, in this form : ' Rex omnibus Ballivis if Fidelibus suis, ad quos, &c. Sa- lutept. Dolenlibus nobis, &c.' Which is translated by Mr. Mait land, as follows : ' The king, to all his bailiffs, and liege subjects, to whom these presents shall come, greeting. It hath been lately represented unto us, and il grieves us to see, that London-bridge is in so ruinous a condition, that, unless it be speedily repaired, it must inevitably fall down ; and the great number of inhabitants dwelling thereon are in great danger of being destroyed ; and that the work, which taken in time, may now be prevented from falling, shall for want of sufficient help be reduced lo so wretched a condition, as not to be recovered out of its ruins. Wherefore we, who are bound to take care of, and by all gentle means to provide for, both the pub lic and private good, and affectionately to embrace those whom we perceive to be in need of our assistance, and to receive them under our royal protection. We command and require you, that, when the keepers of the said costly bridge aforesaid, or their raessenger, or agent, shall come to you, authorized by our special licence and protection, to collect everv where throughout the realm the assist ance of our pious and well-disposed siibjects, you do admit them friendly al the contemplation of God, and in regard of charity, and for shew of devotion, on this behalf; not bringing on them, or per mitting to be brought, wrongs, molestations, lost hindrance, or evance ; and if any damage be done thera, that ye raake [thera araends without delay; and thut when the said keepers, or their messengers, shall apply for your assistance in the repairs of the said bridge, ye shall cheerfully contribute thereto, according to your respective abilities. And let each of you strive to out-run the other in such great works of charity ; for which ye raust needs merit of God, and have our thanks. In witness wherc^of, &c. Wit ness the king at Walsingham, the eighth day of January.' Besides these general letters patent, we find others recorded in particular to the clergy of all degrees, earnestly pressing their con tribution lo so laudable and necessary a work, and to exhort the people thereto. But, not finding this method effectual to raise a * See p. 44, vol. i. 460 HISTORY OF LONDON. sufficient fund for so expensive a work, his raajesty, the next year, issued out other letters patent for taking custoras or loll of all com modities in London, to be applied lo the repairs of the bridge, in this forra : ' Rex Majori suo London. Cum nuper propter subitum, ^c' In English thus : ' Whereas lately, by reason of the sudden ruin of London-bridge we coraraanded, that, associating to you two or three of the raost discreet and loyal men of the city aforesaid, ye should take, until our parliament after Easter next past, for the supply of the repara tion of the aforesaid bridge, a certain custom ; as in these letters patents, which we have caused to be made from that time to you, more fully is contained ; we, being willing that the taking ofthe said customs be continued longer, command you, that from the feast of Margaret the virgin next coming, unto the end of three years next following, to be completed, ye take the under-written custom of the aforesaid bridge : to wit, of every raan on fool bringing merchandize, or other things saleable, and passing over the said bridge, and he taking hiraself to other parts, one farthing; of every horseman passing that bridge, and he taking himself to other parts, as aforesaid, with merchandize, or other saleable things, one penny ; of every saleable pack, carried and passing over the bridge, one halfpenny. Nor wiU we, in the raean tirae, that any thing be taken there on this occasion, but in the subsidy of the reparation of the bridge : and our will is, that the foresaid custora shall cease, and becorae void at the full end and terra of three years. Witness the king at Chester, the 6 th day of July.* And to prevent any evasion of this royal grant and command, his majesty issued a further order lo the raayor, and two or three ofthe raost discreet and loyal citizens associated with hira, lo take the same custora of a penny for every horseraan, and a halfpenny for every pack, as above, which should pass between London and Southwark, on either side ofthe said bridge, towards the expence of its reparation. The same toll or customs, it appears, were continued for the repairs of the bridge in the 27th and 30th years of Edward I. And the briefs or letters patents for gathering contributions for the same purpose were again issued, both to the people ingeneral, and lo the clergy in particular, in the 14th of Edward II. In 1305, the 34th year ofthe reign of Edward I. the king granted a patent of pontage or bridge tax, ' in aid of repairing and sustain ing the bridge of London' for three years. It is a long but com prehensive charter, and mentions many coraraodities of the present day, viz. for every poise,f or weight of cheese, fat of tallow, and butter for sale, \d. ; of every hundred of barley, Irf. ; for every 100 weight of sugar, or liquorice. Id. ; for every pound of dates, • Pat. 9 Edw. 1. m. 25, 27. t 2.561b. HISTORY OF LONDON. 4C1 saffron and cotton, one farthing ; for every 100 weight of copper, brass, and lin. Id.; for every 100 ells of linen coming from ports beyond the sea, ]d. ; for every horse of a price of forty shil lings or more. Id.; if less, an halfpenny, for ten sheep, an half penny, for every cart freighted with fish. Id. &c.* In the 10th Edward 1. a grant was made to Henry de Walleis, mayor, and the citizens, of a waste piece of ground on the north side of the church yard of St. Mary Woolchurch ; as also another piece, on which now stand those buildings, called the Old Change, near the east end of St. Paul's Churchyard ; and a piece of ground, near the convent of the Friars Minors, in Grey-Friars, was granted to the same raayor and citizens by Edward 111. for the re pairs of this bridge: which several grants confirm the opinion, that the city had then recovered and maintained its ancient right to the custody of the bridge, and management of its revenues and re pairs. The tower, at the north side of the drawbridge, contrived to give passage for ships with provision lo Queenhithe, and to resist the atterapts of an enemy, was begun lo be built in the year 1426, in the raayoralty of John Reinwell. About ten years after, two ofthe arches at the south end, toge ther with the bridge-gate, fell down, and the ruins being siiH'ered to reraain, one of the locks, or passages for the water, wsis almost rendered useless ; whence it received the name of the rock-lock, and is frequently taken for natural rock. The other buildings on the bridge increased very slowly, for in 1471, when Thos. Falconbridge, the bastard, . besieged il, there were no more than thirteen houses, besides the gate, and a few other small buildings. In Stow's time, both sides were built up ; so that the whole length had the appear ance of a large well-built street ; there being left on purpose only three openings, with stone walls, and iron gates over them, for a prospect, east and west, on the Thames. The property belonging to this bridge raust have been consider able. Araong the Harleian MSS. is a book entitled, ' A repertory by way of survey, of all the forren landes belonging to London bridge, together with all the quilt rents due to, and after rents due frora the sarae.' It is in Latin, and appears to have been written in the fifteenth century.f In the same volume is an account of the ' Quit rents of London bridge, arising from divers tenements of London and Southwark,' from which it appears that the gross amount of the latter was 301. 8s. 2d. per annum, a considerable sura al the period of taking the survey, which the ingenious author of the ' Chronicles' conceives was about the raiddle of the thirteenth century.t The disburseraents of London bridge, were, howevei * Chron. of London, Br. p. 157. of London bridge,' p. 252—256. ¦f Considerable extracts from this J Also printed in the ' Chronicles,' volume are printed in the ' Chronicles p. 256—267 462 HISTORY OF LONDON, considerable, and the offices of bridge-keepers were situations of considerable note and profit. In the 5th year of Edward IV. 1465, Peter Alford and Peter Caldecote, wardens of London-bridge, paid, on accountof the same, the sura of seven hundred and thirty-one pounds, ten shillings and three half-pence. Arnold, in his ' Chronicle,' an author of great credit, and older than Stow, gives us the following account of the rents, and their application for the support of this bridge in the year 1482, &c. The yearly Stynt of the Lyuelod belongyng to London brydge : first, for all Maner Ressaytys in the Yere, vii C li. or there about. The Chargys goynge out. For wagys and fees of the offy cers - Ixix ft, vis. viiic/. Itera for rewaidys of the offycers - xxiii vi viii Item payd out for quyt rents - xxx xiii vi Item for quyt rents dekayd ix iii viii Item for vacacyons - - xxx — — Item for costys of the chapel - xxxiv v iii Itera expencys upon the audytours xi — Sorama of this part C Ixxxxviii /j. xvis. ixc/. Rest clere vCn. iii s. 'I'ud. The acompte of William Galle and Henry Bumpstede,* war- deyns of London bridge, from Mychelmasse, A. xxii. E. idi. (A. D. 1483) ; into Mychelmasse ajter, and ii. Yeres folow ynge. The Charge. Fyrst, the arreragys of the last accompte ii C. Ixvii^j. xiiiis. ob. Itera all raaner resaytys the same yere vii C. xlvi xvi ob. Somraa M.xiiii x i AUowans and paymenlys the same yere vii C. xliii x ii ob. Rest that is owynge - ii C. Ixx xix x ob. Whereof is dewe by Edwarde Stone and other of them arreragys in the t.vme - - Ixiii vi vi oh Itera there is dewe by the sayd Wyl lyam Galle and Henry Bum- stede Somma ii C. xvii xiii iiii * These two wardens were allowed, in 1482, £21. each. ^ Chron. p. 291. HISTORY OF LONDON 463 The Acompte the next yere suynge from Michelmasse, in the fyrst yere of kynge Rycharde the iii, unto Mychelmasse next folowynge, the space of an hole yeare. The Charge. Fyrst the arreragys of the last acorapte Item proper rentys Item ibreyne Rente Item Ferme of the Stockys Item Quyt Rente Item passage of cartys Itera Increraentys of Rentys Item casueU Ressaytys Sorama of all theyr charge - iiCviift. vClxviii lix lix xxxi XX vi XIllS. xii xi ix xis xii V i'nid. iiii V ob. vi xi vii vi ixClxiii. vii. ix. ob AUouance and dischargys the same yere. Fyrst in Quyt Rentys To Saynt Mary Spytel with Annuytyes Item decay of quyt rentys Itera allowance for store-houses Itera in vacacyons Itera in decrementys Itera allowance for raoney delivered to ) the raayre ^ Itera for beynge of stone Item for beynge of tyrabre, lathe, and borde Itera for beyng of tyle and bryk Item for beyng of chaike, lyrae, and sond . . - Item for yren werke Itera necessaryes bought Itera in necessaryes expensys Itera raore necessaryes expensys Itera costys of caryage Item led and sowder 1 tera for glasynge Item costys of the rame Itera raasons wagys Itera carpenters wagys Itera laborers wagys Itera costys of the chapell Item the wagys of the tylers xxx^. xiiiis. vid. — I viii. ix iii viii ob. — xxv iiii XX xvii iii iii vii i xl _ _ xvn li xi V xiii ix iii xxiiii xi xi xxxii viii iii xviii viii iiii viii xviii XI — — — xii xix vi xiii viii — — xxxviii i xxxiii vi ix xlviii viii iiii ob. Cxiiii V — xxii X ix ob. xxxiu V iii xii xii vi Vlll viii 464 HISTORY OF LONDON. Itera for wagys of the dawbyr nidi vis Item for sawyars - - xii xv vi Item tor wagys of pavyours - — xviii Item to the baker at the cuk — I Item for fees and wagys of offycers Ixix vi Item rewardys of ofl'ycers - xxiii yi viii Item expensys upon the audytours — xlii viii Somraa of all the payraentys and allow ance - - viiCxx ix xi q. Reste - - iiCxhi xviii vi q. Whereof is owynge and dyeu by Ed ward Stone, for arrerage in his time, somraa - - liiii vi vi Item by W. Galle and H. Bumstede Ixxxix xi leiob.q The Acompte, anno ii Rich, tertii. The Charge. Fyrst the arreragys of theyr last a- corapte - - - Clxxxix/i xis. xid.ob.q. Item all maner ressatys viiCxliiii x v Somma of the charge ixCxxxiiii ii iiii Dyscharge. Fyrst allowance of paymenlys the same yere - - viCxxiii iiii x So there remayneth the somrae CCC.x xvii v ob. Whereof is dewe by Edwarde Stone and other of theyr arrerage in iheyr tyrae - . - liii vi vi ob. And so remayneth clerly dewe by W. Galle and H. Bumpstede, alias Boun- sted - - - CClvii x xi In the years 1496, and 1497, London-bridge was repaired to some extent. In the Gentleman's Magazine for October 1758, is a let ter frora Joseph Ames, secretary to the society of antiquaries, con taining three inscriptions engraven on stone, found in pul.ing down a part ofthe edifice. These, it is supposed, were iaid in the build ing at the different limes of its repair, specified by their several dates. The oldest inscription is 9| inches high, by 16| inches long. The letters are raised, and the words within a border are ' Anno Domine,' with the date of 1497, in Arabic figures. HISTORY OF LONDON. .It;,-) INSCRIPTION DISCOVERED IN LONDON BRIDGE. The next inscription is similar to the above, being 10 inches in height, by 13| inches broad; the words are, 'Anno Domini 1509.' The last inscription is supposed to record the benefactions, of sir Roger Achiley, draper, mayor, in 1511. The tablet is 11^ inches wide, by 9^ high, and the inscription's 'Anno t Domine, ll" 1514, A.' According to the author ofthe ' Chronicles,' sir Roger Achiley was al this period senior alderman, representing the ward of bridge within.* INSCRIPTIONS DISCOVERED IN LONDON BRIDGE. Of the appearance of London-bridge, about 1.500, there is ex tant a curious illuminated drawing in the British Museum. f It is contained in a folio volurae, which professes to treat of ' Grace entiere sur le gouvernement du Prince,' and frora the style of writing and the union of the red and white roses in the title page, was probably intended for that sanguinary tyrant, Henry Vlll. when prince of Wales. The illumination from which the engrav ing in the next page is faithfully copied, represents the duke of Or leans in the Tower, sending despatches to his friends abroad. The Tower, wharf, and river before them, occupy the whole foreground of the painting; and in the back appears the east side of London bridge, with numerous houses standing upon il ; the chapel of St. Thoraas reachingdown to the sterlings, and the violent fall of the river * Chronicles, p. 508. VOL. II. 2 H t Royal Lib. 16. F. ii. 466 HISTORY OF LONDON. through the different arches ; whilst, beyond il, rise the spires of se- veral churches, especially the very high one of old St. Paul's, and the other buildings of London, erected along the banks of the Thames.* LONDON BRIDGE, 1500. In 1533, the following charges upon the bridge estate appear on the account rolls of the bridge : 1533, Thoraas Crull and Robert Draper, wardens of London bridge, salary to each of them 16/. 8s. 4d. — 32/. 16.S. 8d.; winter's livery to each, I/. — 21.: reward lo each, 10/. — 20/. For horse keeping, lo eacb, 2'. — 4l. Total to each of them, 29/. 8s. 4d. ; sum of the whole. 68/. 16.s. 8d. Rental this year, 8-Ul/. 9*. 3^d. The gallant action of Edward Osborne, ancestor to the duke of Leeds, when he was apprentice to sir William Hewet, clothworkcr, has been often related, and is better known than raost Other por tions ofthe history of this bridge. ' About 1536, when his master lived in one of those tremendous houses,' says Pennant, ' a servant maid was playing with his only daughter in her arras, in a window over the water, and accidentally dropt the child. Young Osborne, who was witness to the misfortune, instantly sprung into the river, and beyond all expectation, brought her safe to the terrified family. Several persons of rank paid their addresses to her, when she was marriageable ; araong others, the earl of Shrewsbury ; but sir Wil liam gratefully decided in favour of Osborne ; ' Osborne,' says he, ' saved her, and Osborne shall enjoy her.' In her right he possessed a great fortune. He became a sheriff of London in 1676, and lord mayor in 1583;'t when he received the honour of knighthood at Westminister. ~ On Ihe 18th of August, 1675, sir Thoraas Osborne, great grandson of sir Edward, was raised to the peerage bythe • Chronicles of London Bridge, p. 304. t Pi-nnant's account of London, 4to. 322. There is a portrait of sir lidward Osborne, at Kiveton, the seat of the duke of Leeds, a half length on panel. his dress is a black gown furred, a red vest and sleeve, a gold chain, and bon net. There is also an engraved por trait on wood, supposed to be unique, in the possession of sir J. St. Aubyn, bart. Lo-jidoTi Bidd^'e ifioo. Fr,;,, ,, nuvpr,;,!' /,v H,,ll/lr J'lant.r l.oMfldii IS-i-ido-c. 1^-,,,,. y 2^^c I'llc-v^Ulon of .jfik. J\^ _jhL _iFiL lur ~\r \r °\Jr T„ ,].<;.-ij-i-.-itt K.sq'.' .Vldci-iu.-ii-v //(/:.-/. I/,,.'-/,/,,-/,- ,:,- ,'e.71 13 3 3-299 0 5 493 4 2 267 6 8 8907 14 3 476 HISTORY OF LONDON. Discharge. To rents and quit-rents To taxes and trophy-money To weekly-bills, necessary expences and emptions To timber and boards . ... To stones, chalk, lime, terrass and bricks To iron-work To plumber, glazier, painter and paviour 'I'o shipwrights' work and cordage To benevolence lo the lord raayor, &c. To particular payraents by order of court To fees and salaries _ . - To costs at audit and lady-fair To money due lo balance ... One of the latest fires that happened on London-bridge, took place Septeraber 11, 1725, il broke out on the Southwark side of the bridge, and burned with great violence for some hours. The old bridge gale was so much damaged by this conflagration, that i I was taken down the next year and rebuilt, being finished in 1728. £ s. d. 49 12 8 209 14 3 1648 0 0 430 18 9 197 6 0 170 0 0 ".78 8 0 61 5 0 145 6 8 173 7 0 270 4 0 296 2 0 4977 9 4 8907 14 3 SOUTH GATE LONDON BRIDGE, 1728.* This gate was decorated with the royal arms,t under which * From a bronzed or copper me- delet, on the o6t)er.ve the engraving of the gateway above. Legend • Bridge GATE, AS RE-BUILT, 1728; on the e.tergue, ' Takek DO VN, \766.' Re verse, a figure of justice. Chron. p. 387. t These arms are still to be seen on the front of a public house, at the west end of King-street, in the Borough. HISTORY OF LONDON. 477 was inscribed ' This gale was widened from eleven to eighteen feet, in the mayoralty of sir Edward Becher, knt. S. P. Q, L. At length, the cily becarae sensible of the inconvenience of not havinga proper footway, which had occasioned the loss of raany lives, from the nuraber of carriages continually passing ; and the buUding leases being expired, a plan was projected for rebuilding the street, with a colonnade on each side, by which foot-passengers raight pass in security, and be also sheltered from the weather; and this was partly carried into e.vecution at the north-east end. Thedilapidated slate ofthe second tower on the south end of London bridge is exhibited in a clever painting of the east side of the bridge, by Samuel Scott, raade aboul 1754. SOUTHWARK TOAVER. A brief State ofthe Bridge-house account, from Lady-day 1752, lo Lady-day 1753. In the hands of the bridge-raasters at the foot of their last account - - 2669 9 6 In the hands of tbe chamberlain of London, paid hira by Webb's securities In tenants' hands in arrears at Lady-day 17.52 In arrear for fines then Rental general this year (including quit-rents) Fines set this year ... 600 0 0! 2413 18 9A 70 6 11 3843 8 7 662 0 0 Whole charge 10259 3 9j Rents and quit-rents paid - - 52 9 3 Taxes and trophy-raoney - 1 94 1 1 4J Necessary expences - - 351 17 Ij 478 HISTORY OF LONDON. Exemptions i Timber < Stone, ( ( Iron-wc ; Timber , chalk, terrass -work Mason, painter, glazier, carpenter, &c. Shipwright's work and cordage BenevolenceParticular payraents by order Fees and salaries Costs at audit and Lady-fair £. s. d. - 471 7 6 * 340 4 4 _ 158 18 0 J^,c. . 1904 13 9 . 104 18 0 _ 232 13 4 _ . 1254 7 3f 287 4 5 - s charge 160 n 0 iVhole 6513 19 3| And then reraains 4745 7 6| Whereof discharged by desperate arrears and re mitted . - - And then remains due lo the bridge-house al Lady day 1753 Whereof Arrears of rents and quit-rents Arrears of fines - . - - In the bridge-master's hands In the hands of the chamberlain of London Remains due 89 0 0 4656 7 ^1 2483 15 If 70 6 11 1502 5 5 600 0 0 4656 7 5| In the year 1746 the lord mayor, alderraen, and comraon council, considering the raany lives that were lost through the narrowness of the arches, and the enorraous size of the sterlings, which look up one- fourth of the water-way, and occasioned the fall, at low water, to be no less than five feet, as well as the great expence of repairing the bridge, whicli for several years had araounted to two thousand pounds per annum, carae to a resolution lo take down the houses entirely, and to widen one or more of the arches. An act of parliament for the above purpo.ses being obtained, in the year 1756, orders were iraraediately given for taking down the houses on both sides of the bridge, and a temporary wooden bridge was erected upon the western sterlings, for the passage of carriages as well as persons on foot, till the intended alterations were corapleted. This was opened in 1757. This teraporary bridge was destroyed by fire, April II, 1768, but the interruption lo the coramunication was not of lons" continuance, the daraao-e being re- HISTORY OF LONDON. 4T9 pai'-ed in less than three weeks. Another act of parliament was shortly afler passed, for granting the city fifteen thousand pounds towards carrying on the work, which was corapleted in a short time, as il now appears; the two center arches of the old ^bridge having been thrown into one, for the convenience of vessels passing through. This alteration was carried into effect by sir Robert Taylor, architect to the Bank of England, and Mr. Dan;e, sur^- veyor of the Board of Works. On the opening of the great arch, ithe exca'^tion around and under the sterlings was .so considerable, that the bridge was thought lo be in great danger of falling. Mr. Smealon, the engineer, was then in Yorkshire, but an express was sent for hira and he ar rived with the utmost despatch ; when the apprehensions of the bridge falling were so general, that few persons would pass over or under il. Mr. Smealon having ascertained the state of the slerr lings, and called the committee together, recoraraended that they should re-purchase the stones that had heen taken from the middle pier, then lying in Moorfields, and throw them into the river to guard the sterlings. Nothing shews the fears entertained for the stability of the bridge raore than the alacrity with which his ad vice was adopted. The stones were repurchased that day, and on the following raorning, though Sunday, the work coramenced; which, in all probability, preserved the bridge from falling, and secured il until raore effectual raethods could ibe taken. By a survey of the bridge, raade in the year 1730, it appeared, that the exterior part of the foundation, on which the stone piers are laid, conristed of huge piles of liraber, driven close together, on the top of which were laid large planks, ten inches in thickness, whereupon the bases ofthe stone piers were laid, three ifeet below ihe sterlings, and nine feel above the bed ofthe river. It likewise appeared, that the lowerraost layers of the original stones were bedded in pitch, instead of raortar, which appears to have been done with a view of preventing the water frora daraaging the work, till it was advanced above theihigh water raark ; for the raodern method of building within a caissoon, as was suc cessively practised al the erecting of the bridges al Westminster and Blackfriars, was then totally unknown. The income of the bridge-masters, in 1786, appears to have been as follows : for the senior 100/. 10s.— the junior 86/. 7s. Gd., and the rental at Christmas, 1786, was 8280/. 1*. 4d. In 1799 London bridge again becarae the subject of considerable inquiry and speculation. Frora the report made by the select com mittee upon the improvement of the port of London, il appears that afler a minute survey of the bridge by Mr. Dance, the clerk of- the ,vorks, that gentleraan was convinced that provided the sterlings were kept in repair the structure was likely lo stand for ages. The average cost of its repairs had exceeded 4200/. annually for the la,«t six years, and the wardens account for the sarae period varied 480 HISTORY OF LONDON from 9772/. 2s. l^d. to 24,848/. 10*. 4|c/. Attached to this report is an interesting plan of London bridge, taken July 2, 1799 ; a re duced copy of which is engraved in the plate.* In the next year, a third ' Report' was issued, from which it ap pears the coraraittee collected inforraation and provided designs foi a new bridge ; sorae of the plans were raost extravagant and gi gantic. A brief notice of the principal designs is as follows : 1. Mr. Ralph Dodd proposed the erection of a stone bridge of six arches, 60 feel wide, and a centre one of iron, 300 feet span, and aboul 100 feet high, to adrait shipping up the river; the declivity of this bridge to extend from the upper corner of Monument-yard, to St. Thomas's-street, South wark. t 2. A design by the sarae engineer for a stone bridge, lobe erected about 40 yards above the ancient bridge, on the east side of Fish raongers' -hall, to consist of five elliptical arches, the centre being 160 feel span, and 80 feet high, the succeeding two 140 feet span, and 75 feet high, and the outer two 120 feet span, and 70 in height. The whole was to be adorned with statues, colurans, &c. and the estiraated expence was 350,000/.J 3. Design for a large centre arch constructed of cast iron, with granite piers by Mr. S. Wyatt.§ 4. This design was furnished by Mr. Robert Mylne (afterwards architect of Blackfriars-bridge,) who proposed a bridge of five arches, the centre being 60 feet above high high water raark, and 150 feet wide.|| 6. Mr. Thoraas WUson, architect of the celebrated bridge at Bishops Wearraoulh, near Sunderland, made a design of a bridge of cast iron, of three arches ; the centre one being '240 feet span, and 65 feet high, and the two others of 2-20 feet, breadth of roadway 45 feet, and estimate for the iron work alone 55,06 IZ.1 Designs Nos. 6, 7, and 8, were furnished by Mr. Telford and Mr. James Douglas; the first idea was to diminish the ascent by increas ing the length of the bridge on the Surrey side, and by placing the largest arch nearest the city shore. Their estiraate, including sorae iraportant iraproveraents along the banks ofthe river, amounted to 988,164/.; in a subsequent design they placed the great arch in the centre, the other design being particularly objectionable on account of its awkward appearance, and the inconvenience of its navigation. 9. This design was by the two last architects, and proposed a bridge of cast iron, to consist of flve arches decorated with statues, trophies, &c. The principal arch to be! 80 feet span, and 65 feel * P. 467 nvfe. ^ Neither drawing nor estimate was ¦I- Engraved plate ii. & vii. of the sent in by this architect. plans and drawings belonging to the || Ibid. third report of the committee on the 4 Engravings of his plan, sections, improvement of the port of London, &c. are in plate viii. of the work before folio 1800. referred to. I Ibid, plate iii. HISTORY OF LONDON. 481 high. The estiraates for this bridge and approaches to the wharfs on either side was 1,054,804/. The last design was sent in by Mr. George Dance, architect to the city, and professor of architecture, in the Royal Academy. His design was to erect two parallel bridges, with drawbridges for the passage of vessels, the space between the bridge was lo be 300 feet, furnished with mooring chains for securing the ships in tiers. Each end of the edifice was to be formed into a semi circular area, and the estimate, including the approaches, was 1,279,714/. The committee ultimately recommended the re-building the bridge of iron, with a centre arch of at least 65 feet above high water. Subsequently the coraraittee considered the propriety of erecting an iron bridge of one arch, 600 feet span and 65 feet in height, but from the diversity and contrary opinions given by many mathematicians and engineers, on the practicability of erect ing sucb a structure, this design was ultimately abandoned. On the conclusion of the great frost of 1814, which did considera ble daraage to London bridge, the inquiry as to erecting a new bridge was recommenced. Messrs. Dance, Chapman, Alexander, and Montague, proposed substituting four arches for eight of tbe present, the expence of which tbey estimated at 92,000/. ; but upon examining one of the piers it was found to be imprac ticable. In 1821 and 1822 a select committee ofthe house of commons was appointed lo inquire into the propriety of erecting a new bridge as near as conveniently to the old one ; and after a la borious investigation and a survey of the river from the present bridge to Old Swan Stairs, a bill was introduced into parliament to erect a new bridge and provide for approaches, which, on July 4tb, 1823, received tbe royal assent. By this act the cor poration were to receive the sura of 160,000/. from the treasury, additional funds being raised on credit of the bridge-house es tates by mortgages, annuities, bonds, &c. The first pile was driven near tbe soutbern end of the old bridge, March 15, 1824. The works are carried on by Mr. Rennie, the son of the emi nent architect, who erected Waterloo bridge and made the de sign for the new London bridge ; the contract for building the bridge is 606,000/. of which sum 42,000/. was given by the trea sury in 1825, for making the bridge six feet wider than the ori ginal design. The form of the bridge is a flat segraent, with five elliptical arches, having plain rectangular buttresses stand ing upon plinths and two straight flights of stairs, twenty-two feet wide at each end. Dimensions of New London Bridge, Feet Incliei Span of the centre arch - - 1 50 6 Height of ditto from high water - 29 6 VOL. II. 2 I Feet Inches 24 0 140 0 27 6 22 0 130 0 24 6 73 0 690 0 928 0 782 0 56 0 36 0 9 0 482 HISTORY OF LONDON. Piers - - - Span of the second and fourth arches Height of ditto from high water Piers . _ . - Span of the abutment arches Height of ditto from high water Abutments - - - - Clear water way - - - Length of bridge, including abutments Ditto within abutments Width of bridge from parapet to parapet Width of carriage-way _ _ . Ditto of each foot-path . . - Total height of the bridge on the eastern side from low water - - - 60 0 It was expected that, in excavating the new foundation, seve ral interesting antiquities would be discovered, but, exclusive of the silver statue of Harpocrates mentioned before,* little of value has been discovered. "The most numerous have been defaced. brass and copper coins of Augustus, Vespasian, and later Roman emperors, Nuremburgh counters, ancient iron keys, and silver spoons ; also a spear head engraven on the shaft, and a deigger, which had once been gilt. The principal of these antiquities are in the possession of R. F. Newman, esq. and some curious dates are in the city library. On Wednesday, the 15th of June, 1825, the first stone of the new bridge was laid ; as the ceremonial was of an interesting description, a full and circumstantial account is presented. At an early hour of the morning of June 15th, the vicinity of the new and old bridges presented an extraordinary appearance of activity and preparation. So early as twelve o'clock, the avenues leading to the old bridge were filled with individuals, anxious to behold tbe ap proaching ceremony, and shortly afterwards the various houses, which form the streets through which the procession was to pass, had their windows graced with numerous parties of well-dressed people. St. Magnus' church on the bridge, St. Saviour's church in the Borough, Fishmongers'-hall, and the different warehouses in the vicinity, had their roofs covered with spectators ; plat forms were erected in every nook from whence a sight could be obtained. The wharfs on the banks of the river, between London bridge and Southwark bridge, were occupied by an immense multitude. Southwark bridge was crowded, and the river from thence to London bridge presented the appearance of an immense dock co vered with vessels of various descriptions, t * Vol. i. p. 32. t Hone's Every Day Book, vol. i. col. 779. HISTORY OF LONDON. 483 At eleven o'clock London bridge was wholly closed, and al the same hour Southwark bridge was thrown open, free of toll. At each end of London bridge barriers were forraed, and no per sons were allowed to pass, unless provided with tickets, and these only were used for the purpose of arriving at the coffer dam. At twelve o'clock, the barrier at the foot of tbe bridge on the city side of the river was thrown open, and the company, who were provided with tickets for the coffer-dam, were adraitted within il, and kept arriving till two o'clock in quick succession. At that time the barriers were again closed, and no person was admitted till the arrival of the chief procession. By one o'clock, however, most of the seats within the cofl'er-dam vvere occupied, with the exception of those reserved for the persons connected with the procession. The interior of the works was highly creditable to the bridge committee. Not only were the timbers, whether horizontal or upright, of immense thickness, but they were so securely and ju diciously bolted and pinned together, that the liability of any danger or accident -was entirely done away with. ' The very awning,' says Mr. Hone, who was present at this interesting ce remony, ' which covered the whole cofl'er-dam, to ensure pro tection from the sun or rain, had there been any, was raised on a little forest of scaffolding poles, which, any where but by the side of tbe huge blocks of timber introduced immediately beneath, would have appeared of an unusual stability. In fact, the whole was arranged as securely and as comfortably as though it had been intended to serve tbe time of all the lord mayors for the next century to come, while on the outside, in the river, every necessary precaution was taken to keep off boats, by stationing officers there for that purpose.' The interior of the coffer-dam was ornamented with as much taste and beauty as the purposes for which it was intended would possibly admit. The entrance to the platform from tbe bridge, was fitted up with crimson drapery, tastefully festooned. The coffer-dam itself was divided into four tiers of galleries, along which several rows of benches, covered with scarlet cloth, were arranged for the benefit of the spectators. It was covered with canvass to keep out the rays ofthe sun, and from tbe transverse beams erected to support it, which were decked with rosettes of different colours, were suspended flags and ensigns of various descriptions, brought from Woolwich yard ; which by the con stant motion in which they were kept, created a current of air, which was very refreshing. The floor of the dam, which is 45 feet below the high water mark, was covered, like the galleries, with scarlet cloth, except in that part of it where the first stone was to be laid. The floor is 96 feet in length, and 36 in breadth ; is formed of beech planks, four inches in thickness, and rests 2 I 2 484 HISTORY OF LONDON. upon a mass of piles, which are shod at the top with iron, and are crossed by iramense beams of solid timber. By two o'clock all the galleries were completely filled with well-dressed company, and an eager impatience for the arrival of the procession was visible in every countenance. The bands ofthe horse guards, red and blue, and also that of the artUlery company, played different tunes, lo render the interval of expectation as little tedious as pos sible. In the mean tirae the arrangements al Guildhall being com pleted, the procession raoved frora the court-yard, in the following order : — A body of the Hon. Artillery Company, with their field pieces. Band of Music. Marshalmen. Mr. Cope, the junior City Marshal, mounted, and in the full uniform of his Ofiice. The private carriage of N. Saunders, esq. the Water-bailiff, con taining the Water-Bailiff, and Mr. Nelson, his assistant. Carriage containing the Barge-masteis. City Waterraen bearing Colours. A party of City Waterraen without Colours. Carriage containing Messrs. Lewes and Gillraan, the Bridge-mas ters, and the Clerk of the Bridge-house Estate. Another party of the City Watermen. Carriage containing Messrs. JoUiffe and Sir E Banks, the Contrac tors for the Building of the New Bridge. -iodel of the New Bridge, borne by Labourers. Carriages containing Members of the Royal Society. Carriage containing John Holmes, esq. the Bailiff of Southvvark. Carriage containing the Under-sheriffs. Carriages containing Thomas Shelton, esq. Clerk of the Peace for the City of London ; W. L. Newman, esq. the City Solicitor ; Timathy Tyrrell, esq. the City Remembrancer; Samuel Col- lingridge, esq. and P. W. Crowther, esq. the Secondaries; J. Boudon, esq. Clerk of the Charaber; W. Bolland, esq. and George Bernard, esq. the Comraon Pleaders; Henry Wood thorpe, esq. the Town Clerk ; Thoraas Denman, esq. the Com mon Sergeant; R. Clarke, esq. the Chamberlain. These Carriages were followed by those of several Members of Parliament. Carriages of Merabers ofthe Privy Council. Band of Music and Colours, supported by City Watermen. Members of the Goldsmiths' (the Lord Mayor's) Company. Marshalmen. Lord Mayor's Servants in their State Liveries. Mr. Brown, the City Marshal, mounted on horseback, and in the full uniform of his Office. The Lord Mayor's State Carriage, drawn by six bay horses, beau tifully caparisoned, in which were his Lordship and the Duke of York. HISTORY OF LONDON. 485 The Sheriffs in their State Carriages. Carriages of several Aldermen who have passed the Chair. Another body ofthe Hon. Artillery Company. The procession moved up Cornhill, and down Gracechurch- street, to London-bridge, where they arrived at about a quarter past four o'clock. Soon afterwards, several aldermen vvere seen winding in their scariet robes through the mazes of the staircase, and in a very few minutes a great portion of these dignified elders of the city made their appearance on the floor below, the band above having previously struck up the ' Hunters' Chorus' from Der Freischuts. Next in order entered a strong body of the common-councilmen, who had gone to meet the procession on its arrival at the barriers. Independently of those that raade their appearance on the lower platforra, glimpses of their purple robes with fur trimmings were to be caught on every stage of the scaf folding, where many of them had been stationed throughout the day. After these entered the recorder, the common sergeant, the city solicitor, the clerk, the chamberlain, and other offi cers. These were followed by the duke of York and the lord mayor, advancing together, the duke being on his lordship's right band. His royal highness was dressed in a [ilain blue coat with a star, and wore at his knee the garter. They were received with great cheering, and proceeded immediately up the floor of the platform, till they arrived opposite the place where the first stone was suspended by a tackle, ready to be swung into the place that it was destined lo occupy for centuries. Opposite the stone, an elbowed seal had been introduced into the line of bench, so as to afford a marked place for the chief magistrate, without breaking in upon the direct course ofthe seats. His lordship, who was in his full robes, offered the chair lo his royal highness, which was positively declined on his part. Thelord mayor, there fore, declined seating himself, and stood supported on the right by his royal highness, and on the left by Mr. alderman Wood. The lady mayoress, with her daughters in elegant dresses, sat near his lordship, accorapanied by two fine-looking intelligent boys, her sons ; near them were the two lovely daughters of lord Suffolk, and many other fashionable and elegantly dressed ladies. In the train which arrived with the lord mayor and his royal highness, were the earl of Darnley, lord J. Stewart, the rigbt hon. C. W. Wynn, M. P., sir G. Warrender, M. P., sir I. Coffin, M. P., sir G. Cockburn, M. P., sir R. Wilson, M. P., Mr. T. Wilson, M. P., Mr. W. Williams, M.P. , Mr. Davies Gilbert, M. P., Mr. W. Smith, M. P., Mr. Holme Sumner, M. P., with several other per sons of distinction, and the common-sergeant, the city pleaders, and other city officers. The lord mayor took his station by the side of the stone, at tended by four gentlemen of the committee, bearing, one the glass-cut bottle to contain the coins of the present reign, the 486 HISTORY OF LONDON. second an English inscription incrusled in glass ; the third the mallet, and the fourth the level. The sub-chairman of the coraraittee, bearing the trowel, took his stFtion on the side of the stone, opposite the lord mayor. The engineer, John Rennie, esq. look his place on another side of the stone, and exhibited to the lord mayor the plans and draw ings of the bridge. The members of the committee of management presented to the lord mayor the cut-glass bottle which was intended to con tain the several coins. The ceremony commenced by the children belonging to the ward's schools of Candlewick, Bridge, and Dowgate, singing ' God save the king.' They were stationed in the highest eastern gallery for that purpose; the effect produced by their voices stealing through the windings caused by the intervening limbers to the depth below vvas very striking and peculiar. The duke of York joined in the national air with great enthusiasm. The chamberlain delivered to his lordship the several pieces of coin ; his lordship put them into the bottle, and deposited the hotlle in the place whereon the foundatiou stone was to be laid. The members ofthe committee bearing the English inscription on glasses, presented it to the lord mayor. His lordship deposited itin the subjacent stone. Mr. Jones, sub-chairman of the Bridge Coraraittee, who attended in purple gowns and with staves, presented the lord mayor, oa behalf of the committee, with an elegant silver-gilt trowel,* era- bossed with the combined arms of the ' Bridge-house estate and the Cily of London,' and bearing on the reverse an inscription of the date, and design of its presentation to the right honourable" the lord mayor, who was born in the ward, and is a member oi the guild wherein the new bridge is situated. This trowel was designed by Mr. John Green, of Ludgate-hill, and executed by Messrs. Green, Ward, and Green, in which firm he is partner. Mr. Jones, on presenting- it to the lord mayor, thus addressed his lordship ; ' My lord ; I have the honour to inform you that the committee of management has appointed your lordship, in your character of lord mayor of London, to lay the first stone of the new London- bridge, aud that they have directed me to present to your lord ship this trowel, as a means of assistance to your lordship in ac complishing that object.' The lord mayor having signified his consent to perform the ceremony, Henry Woodthorpe, esq. the town-clerk, who had lately obtained the degree of LL.D., held the copper plate aboul to be placed beneath the stone, with the following inscription upon It, composed by Dr. Coplestone, master of Oriel-college, Oxford; and late professor of poetry in that university. * Engraved in the Chronicles of London bridge, p. 651 HISTORY OF LONDON. 487 Pontis vetvsti qvvm propter crebras nimis interiectas moles impedito cvrsv flvminis navicvlae et rates non levi saepe iactvra et vitae pericvio per angvstes favces praecipiti aqvarum impetv ferri solerent CIVITAS LONDINIENSIS his incommodis remidivm adhibere volens et celeberrimi simvl in terris emporii vtilitatibvs consvlns regni insvper senatvs avctoritate ac mvniflcentia adivta pontem sitv prorsvs novo amplioribvs spatiis constrvendvm decrevit ea scilicet forma ac magnitvdine quae regiae vrbis maiestati tandem responderet, Neqve alio magis tempore lantum opvs inchoandvm dvxit qvam cvm pacato ferme toto lerrarvm orbe IMPERIVM BRITTANNICVM fama opibus mvltitvdine civivm et concordia pollens PRINCIPE item gavderet artivm favtore ac patrono cvivs svb avspiciis novvs indies aedificiorvm splendor vrbi accederet. Primum operis lapidem posvit lOANNES GARRATT, ARMIGER praetor XV. die Ivnii anno regis Georgii Quarti sexto a. s. m.d.ccc.xxv. loanne Rennie, S. R. S. architecto. The following translation was engraved on the reverse of Ihe plate. The free course of the river being obstructed by the numerous piers of the ancient bridge, and the passage of boats and vessels 48* HISTORY OF LONDON. through its narrow channels being often attended with danger and loss of life, by reason of the force and rapidity of the current, THE CITY OF LONDON, desirous of providing a remedy for this evil, and al the same time consulting the convenience of commerce in this vast emporiura of all nations, under the sanction and with the liberal aid of parliament, resolved to erect a bridge upon a foundation altogether new, with arches of wider span, and of a character corresponding to the dignity and iraportance of this royal city : nor does any other time seem to be more suitable for such an undertaking, than when in a period of universal peace THE BRITISH EMPIRE, flourishing in glory, wealth, population, and domestic union, is governed by a prince, the patron and encourager of the arts, under whose auspices the metropolis has been daily advancing in elegance and splendour. The first stone of this work was laid By JOHN GARRATT, esquire, lord mayor, on the 15tb day of June, in the sixth year of king George the Fourth, and in the year of our Lord 1825. John Rennie, F. R. S. architect. Dr. Woodthorpe having read the Latin inscription aloud, the lord mayor, turning to the duke of York, addressed his royal highness and the rest of the company, as follows : ' It is unnecessary for me to say much upon the purpose for which we are assembled this day, for its importance to this great commercial city must be evident ; but I cannot refrain from offering a few observations, feeling as I do more than ordinary interest in the accomplishment of the undertaking, of which this day's cereraony is the priraary step. 1 should not consider the HISTORY OF LONDON. 489 present a favourable moment to enter into the chronoloat»(tt)e tonsoru's sue, tiui . ¦ quorum animafius Msus propitietur* ^men* The knight is attired in a suit of plate arraour, with sword and dagger ; his head and hands bare ; the forraer rests on a helmet, his hands are clasped in prayer, his gauntlets lying by his side near his feet, which rest on a lion ; his lady lays at his lefl side, her head reclining on a cushion. Much it is lo be regretted that this fine raonuraent should be neglected and exposed as it is to every wilful and accidental injury. On the north side of the chancel are two raonuraenls affixed to the waU, shewing kneeling figures within Corinthian niches, richly adorned with coats of arms. One is to the raeraory of sir Richard Blount, knight, who died 1660, and has statues of sir Richard, and two sons, and his lady, and two daughters ; the other coramemorales sir Richard Blount, son of the above, and has statues of the knight and three sons, and his lady, and a daughter. Bolh these gentlemen were successively lieutenants of the Tower. Near the pulpit is a singular raonuraent, consisting of four circles disposed on a cross, containing the bust of the parents, in two, and the effigies of three children, reclining in the circles. A plain stone on the floor records the narae of the courageous Talbot Edwards, who resisted the infamous col. Blood, * "The writer of this not long since saw the rite of baptism administered in this church from a slop basin ! HISTORY OF LONDON 513 m his daring attempt to steal the crown. There are nuraerous other raonuraenls, ancient and modern, which our liraits will not permit us to particularize. Several mural tablets on the north side of the church have been raost shamefully built against, and partly concealed by the gallery The living is a rectory in the gift of the king, valued al about sixty pounds per annum. The present incumbent is the Rev. William Coxe, archdeacon of Wilts, paid by the king as minister of the Tower garrison, rated in the king's books eighteen pounds three shillings and four pence. There is no lecturer, nor organ ; prayers are on Wednesdays, Fridays, and holidays, about eleven. The rector has no institution and induction, and the living is exempt from archiepiscopal jurisdiction. This church is reraarkable for being the burial place of numerous royal and noble personages, who were either executed in the Tower, or on the hill adjoining, and deposited here as a place of obscurity. Within the chapel in 1534 was buried the Ul-fated Gerald Fitz- Gerald, ninth earl of Kildare, and lord deputy of Ireland. On the 22d of June in the succeeding year, the conscientious prelate, John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, and on the 6th of the next month, the great sir Thoraas More, were buried here.* In front of the altar repose the reraains of the lovely Anne Boleyn, the victim of the tyrant Henry, and her brother George, lord Rochford, who were executed in 1536. In the same place also are the remains of the guilty Catherine Howard, who fell in 1541. Here likewise rests the mangled corse ofthe venerable Margaret, countess of Salisbury, the last ofthe royal line of Plantagenet. Within this church also lies the reraains of Thoraas Cromwell, earl of Essex, the cherished favourite of the royal varapire Henry the Eighth. Baron Sudley, lord high admiral of England, beheaded 1549, under a warrant from his own brother, Edward, duke of Somerset, who followed hira lo the scaffold and the grave within three years. This nobleman is interred between the two queens in front of the altar, where also was interred about eighteen months after, the headless corse of his rival, John Dudley, duke of Northuraberland. Thoraas Howard, duke of Norfolk, beheaded for aspiring to the land of Mary, queen of Scots; his son PhUip, earlof Arundell, who - ied within the waUs of the Beauchamp Tower in this fortress; and Kobert Devereux, earl of Essex, the favourite of Elizabeth, are likewise buried here. Under the communion table was interred Jaraes, duke of Mon- n.outh, the natural son of Charles II.; and under the gallery, at the western end ofthe chapel, were deposited the headless bodies of the * Subsequently removed and re interred in Chelsea church. VOL. JI 2 L 514 HISTORY OF LONDON. earls of KUmarnock and Balmerino, and Simon, lord Lovat, leaders in the rebellion of 1745. The principal and most ancient part of the present fortress is the citadel or keep known by the name of the White Tower. Il is a large massive quadrangular building, occupying an area of ] 16 feel north and south, and 96 feet east and west ; it is 92 feet high, erabatlled with a turret at each angle ; one of Ihese turrets was used by Flarastead as an observatory previous to the establishment of the royal observatory al Greenwich. This building consists of three very lofty stories, under which are most spacious and coraraodious vaults. The roof is flat, and covered with lead, affording an exten sive and delightful prospect. On the first floor of the White Tower are two large rooras, one of which is u^ed as a repository for cavalry arms, and the other as a tool house. There are also a vaulted room and a cell, both of which glooray apartraents were evidently in tended for prisons ; and tradition relates, that in one of these cells sir Walter Ralegh wrote his History of the World. Here, loo, were confined several of the persons connected with sir Thoraas Wyat's rebellion in 1553-4, three of whom have left the fol lowing inscription on the sides of the door-way leading to the cell: — He THAT INDVRETH to THE ENDE SHALL BE SAVID M. 10. R. RvDSTON Dar. Kent. Ano. 1553. Be feithfvl vnto the deth and i wil give the a crowne OF life. T. Fane, 1554, T Cvlpeper ofDarford. On the second floor are two rooras used as armories, (one con tains the sraaU arms for the sea service, curiously laid up, lo fur nish 10,000 men upon any emergency), and an apartment com raonly called Caesar's chapel, which may justly be said to exhibit one of the finest and most perfect specimens of the Norraan style of architecture now extant in this country. When the sovereign held his court in the Tower, this chapel was used for the private devotions of the royal faraily and household. A chaplain regularly perforraed service here, whose salary, in the reign of Henry III., who greatly ornaraented the chapel, was fifty shillings a year.* This chapel was dedicated to St. John the Evangelist. It has a serai-circular termination towards the east, and consists of a nave and two side aisles, the latter separated from the forraer by twelve circular colurans; the capitals of which dis play a studied variety in their ornaraents, and are terminated with • Rot. Liberal. 25 Hen. III. m. 11 "Wliif' Towfj-. J///7// rr r//r- iV/.ifu / riiapeJ . t'ounrfl <_'Iiajii"b<' wiirri'^ TowKii, 'I'tuvor tif London . .1 KP*>rll,I-:S(]'.'///7> /'/.-'A' /> 7Y,^¦/-^'C//:>//\¦ /J',//r,//r;/ /• T Ul'^ .\|±1Jh HISTORY OF LONDON. 51.^ a square abacus variously moulded ; the bases are circular, and rest on square plinths. Iramediately above the arcade is a plain charafered strong course, on which are raised a series of low rectan gular piers without any base or impost moulding, and supporting another arcade of plain arches corresponding with that below, and opening to a gallery occupying the space over the side aisles. This chapel IS lighted by six serai-circular headed windows, four on the south side and two on the east. From Henry III.'s letter, in 1241, for its repairs it appears it was ordered to be whitened, and to bave three glass windows; one on the north side, with a little Mary holding her child ; one on the south, with the image of the Trinity ; and another on the same side, with the image of St. John the apostle and evangelist. He also ordered the cross and the beam [ i. e. the rood] beyond the altar of the sarae chapel to be painted well and with good colours ; and two images to be made and painted, where more conveniently and decently Ihey might be done in the said chapel, one of St. Edward holding a ring, and reaching it out to St. John tbe Evangelist, &c. which representation alludes to the legend of the power pretended to be given to king Edward the Confessor of curing the king's evil, in reward of his great charity, which relieved St. John, in the appearance of a poor beggar, with his ring from his own finger ; and probably this chapel was in subse quent times set apart byhis successors for performing the cereraony of touching for that evil.* This chapel has long formed part of the rooms belonging to the Record office, and contains chiefly the proceedings in the Court of Chancery, during the reigns of king James I. and Charles I. On the top of this Tower is a large reservoir for supplying the garrison with water in case of need, about seven feet deep, nine broad, and sixty long, which can be filled by an ingenious con trivance from the river Thames. The uppermost story of the White Tower exhibits a massive timber roof and supporters of great antiquity. The principal room on this floor is traditionally styled the council chamber; and here, it is supposed, the duke of Gloucester, afterwards Ricbard 111., is said to have ordered the execution of lord Hastings, and the arrest of tbe archbishop of York, the bishop of Ely, and lord Stanley. On new paving the east side of the White Tower, in 1772, an elegant little crown, ofthe size and form represented in the next paue, was found about four feet below the level. It was of the finest gold. In each leaf is set three small pearls, with an eme rald in the centre ; round the fillet are placed eight sraall peajls, four rough rubies, and four eraeralds ; a ruby under the centre of each leaf, and an eraerald under each interraediate point. It was probably intended to adorn the head of a small statue of the Virgin or some saint, t Maitland, i. p. 151. t Archaelogia, v. 440. 2 L 2 616 HISTORY OF LONDON. crown discovered IN the tower. In the lieutenant's house a large and inconvenient old building, usually occupied by the major or resident governor, there is a monument recording tbe gunpowder plot conspiracy. The Bell Tower is of a circular form, with a curious vaulted roof. Il was in this tower that the amiable Fisher, bishop of Rochester, was confined ; and tradition, without any good ground, also raarks it as the place of queen Elizabeth's confine ment by her bigotted sister Mary. It is now used as one of the domestic offices of tbe governor. A short distance from the Bell Tower, northward, is the Beau champ, or Cobham Tower, which has always been one of the principal state prisons. It takes its double narae from Thomas de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, who was iraprisoned here in 1397, previons to his banishment to the Isle of Man, and from the Cobhams, who were certainly confined here in tbe reign of queen Mary, for Wyat's conspiracy. Tbe Beauchamp Tower was formerly embattled, and consists of two stories, whose walls bear numerous records of the misery of those who were confined within thera, and, destitute of books or paper, beguiled the time in inscribing memorials of their sufferings on fhe walls. The chief prison-room is a spacious apartment on the first floor ; and adjoining to it are two small cells, probably, says Mr. Bayley, ' intended for the better securing of prisoners by night. In the walls of tbe former are four large recesses, in each of which there was a narrow embrasure; but these have of late years been stopped up, and, in lieu of them, two additional windows made towards tbe east.' * Of the plan and appearance of this room the annexed plate is a faithful representation. The inscriptions, most of which are in tolerably perfect order, are sculptured around the walls ; the principal are as follows: * Bayley's Tower of London, p. 137. w s §§1 oi OU K 2P- t/1 «=< "„° § m g 5 ° R ^ |1h HISTORY OF LONDON. 617 On the left hand sirfe entrance to the room is a large piece of sculpture, see fig-^ J. ,n the annexed plate. It consists of tbe TrZ ^" ".f^l-?! ^fT^"' ^"^ ^^ '¦^S'^'-ds the sculptor no in forraation has hitherto been discovered Ar?Z'Jl^f^'^'^^'"'?- '' ^"^-.interesting'autograph of the earl of Arundel before mentioned, it is represented in the annexed plate, fig. 2. and consists of the following : Quanto plus afftictionis pro Christo in hoc saculo, tanto plus glorice cum Christo in futuro. Arundell. June 22, 1587. Gloria et honore eum coronasti domine. In memoria eterno erit Justus. At . . . This nobleman, who had been arrested on frivolous charges, and condemned on very questionable evidence, was reprieved by Elizabeth, and, after lingering upwards of ten years in confine'- ment, died on the 19th of October, 1595, in the fortieth year of his age. His principal crime was that of being a staunch papist ; and it is said, that the descendants of the family considered him so much a martyr to the Roman Catholic religion, that a late duchess procured the skull, upon the vault being opened foi the burial of Edward duke of Norfolk, in 1777, and bad it enchased in gold, as a valuable relic and stimulant to devotion. This earl has left several other inscriptions on the walls of the Beauchamp Tower, expressive of his innocence, and of his consciousness tbat he was punished for his religious opinions alone. On the right hand side of the fire-place is a large piece of sculpture by John Dudley, earl of Warwick, eldest son of the duke of Northumberland, who died in this tower in 1553. It is well executed, representing the bear and ragged staff (the family arms), surrounded with a border of oak sprigs, roses, and other flowers. Under the badge is his name, lOHN DUDLE, and beneath the whole is the following: YOn THAT THESE BEASTS DO WEL BEHOLD AND SE, MAY DCME WITH EASE WHERFORE HERE MADE THEY BE WITH BORDERS EKH WHERIN 4 BROTHERS NAMES WHO LIST TO SERCHE THB GROUND. In different parts of the room are memorials of Charles Bailly, an adherent of Mary queen of Scots, who once suffered the tor tures of the rack without making any disclosure of importance. In one place is a square frame arched at tbe top. On the frame is ' Principium sapientie timor Domini. Be friend to one. Be ennemve to none.' Hope ende, hert pacientie. Within the frame is the followinff: 518 HISTORY OF LONDON. I. H. S. Anno D. 1571. x. p. s. 10 Sept. The most vnhapy man in the world is he tliat is not pacient in ad versities. For raen are not killed with the adversities they have : but with ye impa cience which they suffer. Tout vient apoient, quy peult attendre Gli sospiri ne son testimoni veri dell' angos. Mt. 29. Charles Bailly. Near this inscription is a memorial by Dr. Story : 1570. Ihon . Store Doctor. He was educated in the university of Oxford, and was created doctor of laws 1538. Refusing to take the oatb of supremacy be was drawn from the Tower to Tyburn, where he was executed June 1, 1571. A singular circurastance attended his execution : he was cut down before his senses had left him ; and is reported to have struggled with the executioner, while the latter was carrying into effect that revolting part of the punishment of traitors (now repealed) tearing out his bowels. One of the charges against Dr. Story was, for consulting with a noted magi cian against the .queen's life, and for having cursed her daily in his grace at raeals ! On the left hand side of the third recess is a large inscription as follows. \ t. c. _ credit . to . mi fri^; . time . did . stande mk in . hande . so worlde do . againe . excepte. I . GAVE DE . IN . MOSTEI . NEVER 1 . HADE . HIME . SVER . IN . BANDE . AND TO . AL . MEN . WISHE . I . SO . VNLES YE SOSSTEINE . THE . LEKE . LOSE . AS I DO VNHAPPIE IS . THAT MANE WHOSE . ACTES DOTH PROCVER . THE MISER! . OF THIS HOUS . IN PRISON TO INDVER 1576 THOMAS CLARKE. HISTORY OF LONDON. 5!9 The person mentioned in this inscription was perhaps Thomas Clarke, a Roman Catholic priest, who raade his recantation ser mon at St. Paul's Cross, July 1, 1593.* In this part of tbe room there are ntimei'ous other inscriptions by persons of whom nothing is known. Geffrve Poole 1,562 Upon the testimony of this man, his brother, viscount Mon tague, the marquis of Exeter, and several other persons of con sequence were executed for high treason in corresponding with cardinal Pole. This man was confined in the Tower till his death. In tbe same part of the prison are several inscriptions by Ed mund Poole, one of which is engraved in the annexed plate, 6, and several by his brother Arthur. fiy I. H. S. I A passage perillus raakethe a port pleasant A" 1668 Arthur Poole J& sue S7 A. P. Arthur and Edmund Poole were great graiidchUdren to George duke of Clarence, brother to king Edward IV. About 1562, they were accused of conspiring to withdraw into France to the duke of Guise, and thence to return with an army into Wales, and there lo proclaim the queen of Scots queen of England. They were found guilty, but the queen spared their lives but subjected them to perpetual imprisonment. Both died in the Tower, and were buried in the chapel. Immediately under the last mentioned inscription is the word JANE generally considered as the royal title of the amiable and accora'plisbed lady Jane Grey ; but Mr. Bayley, the historian ol the Tower, says, there is no proof that she was confined in this room and therefore conceived it was cul by one of the sons of the duke of Norlhuraberiand, or perhaps lord Guildford. Feraales * Dodd's Church History, ii. 75. 520 HISTORY OF LONDON. w ere usually confined in the private house of the lieutenant, or some respectable officer.* The inscription mentioned above is engraved in the annexed plate, fig. 7. Passing several inscriptions of prisoners, of whom nothing is known, we come to the following : AS : VT : is : taky. THOMAS FITZGERALD. This prisoner was eldest son of Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth earl of Kildare, and lord deputy of Ireland He was executed for high treason at Tyburn, Feb. 3, 1537. Near this inscription is the following : Adam : Sedbar Abbas : Jorevall 1537. He was the last abbot of Joreval or Jerveaux in Yorkshire, and was executed in the above year for opposing the measures of Henry the Eighth. Engraved fig. 5. In another part of this room a rebus, the word Thomas under a bell, with a capital A on il.t This was executed by Thoraas Abel, D. D. and domestic chaplain lo Catherine of Arragon ; he being attached to his mistress, opposed the divorce ofthe marriage between Henry and Catherine, which brought on hira the displea sure of the tyrant ; and he was with Dr. Edward Powel and Dr Richard Fetherstone executed in Smithfield, July 30, 1540. Saro Fideli Inggram Percy 1537 This inscription is evidently by sir Ingram Percy, third son of Henry, fifth earl of Norlhuraberiand. Mr. Bayley says, there is every reason to believe that he was iraplicated in the northern re bellion, for which his brother and several others suffered at Ty burn, 1537. He appears to have been pardoned, and to have died about the end ofthe following year. Engraved fig. 3. The last inscription of consequence is the following : Eagremond . Radclyffe 1576 PovR Parvenir This person was only son of Henry Radclyffe, second earl of Sussex, by his second wife Anne, daughter of sir Philip Calthorpe. of Norwich, knt. When young he was engaged in the rebellion in the north, 1569, and fled to Spain ; after enduring great distre.42 HISTORY OF LONDON. ippears in a suit of plate arraour, giU. He holds in his hand a .nartel de fer, and wears an ancient fluted sword by his right side. 6. Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, A. D. 1520. He also is represented in plate armour, and in the act of saluting with his sword the before mentioned sovereign. 7. Edward Clinton, eari of Lincoln, A. D. 1535. This noble man's armour is very elegantly gilt, and his right hand rests on a raace. He wears a long fluted sword. 8. Edward VI. king of England, A. D. 1552. This figure is particularly deserving of notice, both on account of its armour, which is what was termed russet, and gUt in the most curious manner throughout, and also for the fine attitude in which it is placed. The youthful monarch stands firmly in the left stirrup, with his face and body inclined lo the right, and while with his lefl hand he points to some distant object, his right grasps a curiously engraved and ornamented mace. 9. Francis Hastings, earl of Huntingdon, A. D. 1555. This is a suit of plate armour, richly gUl ; its wearer is resting the blade of his drawn sword on his left arm. 10. Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, 1660. The earl of Lei cester's suit is covered with his initials R. D. in some places, with the coUar of the garter in others ,- as also with the flgure of St. Michael, and the earl's badge of the ragged staff: it was originally gilt. He holds a sword in his right hand, with which he is pointing. 11. Sir Henry Lea, master of the armoury, A.D. 1570. He holds in his right hand a battle-axe, the head of which rests upon his shoulder. Sir Henry Lea was of Ditchley in Oxford shire, where is preserved his portrait, with that of his faithful dOg. He was champion to queen Elizabeth, and master of the arraouries. 12. Robert Devereux, earl of E.ssex, A. D. 1585. This is a fine suit of arraour, inlaid with gold. The cantle of the saddle is very beautifully engraved and gilt. In his right hand he holds a short sword, of curious workraanship. 13. James I. king of England, A.D. 1605. This monarch who, It will be remerabered, was also Jaraes VI. of Scotland, wears a plain suit of arraour. He holds, in a perpendicular direction, with his right hand, a tilting-lance, fourteen feel long, and two feet three inches in circumference in the thickest part, with which il was custoraary to run at the ring. 14. Sir Horace Vere, captain-general, A. D. 1606. This noble man is, as it were, in attendance upon his sovereign, and holds in his right hand a small mace. 15. Thoraas Howard, earl of Arundel, A.D. 1608. This figure, like the foregoing, has his eye towards his sovereign. He sup ports a raace on his right shoulder. 16. Henry, Prince of Wales, son of Jaraes I., A. D. 1612. This most beautiful suit of arraour is highly deserving the attention of HISTORY OF LONDON. 5 1.3 the curious. It is engraved throughout with subjects relating to battles, sieges, the burning of cities, &c. ; and is richly gilt. The pointof his sword rests on his right stirrup; a mace depends from his saddle-bow. 17. George VUliers, duke of Buckingham, A.D. 1618. This, it will be recollected, was the unfortunate favourite of Charles I. who was assassinated by Felton. Lord Clarendon, in his History of the Rebellion, relates a very reraarkable coraraunication which was made to the duke in private, by a stranger, a short time previous to his death ; and which in substance predicted the near approach of that fatal event. He is in the act of spanning a wheel-lock, pistol. 18. Charles, Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles I. A. D. 1620. This figure represents hira when apparently about twelve years of age. He wears a suit of ornaraental arraour. 19. Thoraas Wentworth, eari of Stafford, A.D. 1635. The arraour of this nobleraan descends no lower than his knees, the use of leg pieces having been discontinued about this period. 20. Charles I. king of England, A.D. 1640. The surface of this suit of arraour is entirely gilt. It is very curiously wrought, and was presented lo hira by the city of London, when he was prince of Wales. This arraour was laid on the coffin of the great duke of Marlborough, at his funeral procession, on which occasion a collar of SS's was placed around it. The king holds in his right hand a truncheon, and the chanfron, or head arraour of his horse, is furnished with a pointed spear between the eyes of the animal. 21. Jaraes II. king of England, A. D. 1685. This reraarkable figure is the last in tbe very .superior collection which we have been describing. The circurastances of his present position soraewhat appropriately correspond with his well known abdication of the throne and flight from the kingdom : he has left the corapany of his brother sovereigns and the enclosures assigned to them, and appears to be stealing cautiously along, close lo the wall, and in a corner of the building, with his horse's head towards the door. His dress consists of a drab-coloured velvet coat, with large covered buttons, laced with silver, worn over a bright blue velvet waistcoat, ornamented with gold lace; a long and curling black wig encircles his face, and falls down upon his shoulders, above which appears a capacious white neckcloth, lied in a large bow ; and a pair of very- large jack- boots, with gilt spurs, completes the description of his wearing apparel. His only armour is a cuirass, a gauntlet for the loft hand, extending to bis elbow as a protection; and a helmet, with ornamented bars nf brass, the grating of which represent the forra of the king's arras, and has on it the letters ' I. R.H.' On each side of the horse are the pistol-holsters, made of velvet, and richly embroidered with the crown and the initials I. R. in gold lace, &c. ; these letters are also repeated in a double flourish, on a 544 HISTORY OF LONDON. larger scale, at the extremities of the saddle-cloth. He wears a sword by his side, and has a baton in his hand ; and the striking contrast which his appearance affords, when compared with the rest of the equestrian figures, is well worthy of observation. Frora hence we enter a sraall roora or recess opposite, in which is situated one of the outer doors of the building. The centre of the ceUing here is inscribed with the word ' Waterloo,' in gold letters, irradiated on its sides with a border of bright bayonets, and co vered with cuirasses forraerly belonging to the French army under ^-poleon. On each side is a glass case, containing raany very curious articles ; amongst these are a couple ot cross-bows of the time of Henry Vlll. with the iron windlasses used for winding up; a Spanish collar of torture ; a Florentine dagger and poniard of the period of Elizabeth, with stains of blood still upon it : a combined weapon of the reign of Jaraes I. in forra resembling a small battle axe, but which contains six pistol-barrels, a wheel-lock, a match lock, &c. ; and some beautiful speciraens of pistols, carbines, raus kets, fowling pieces, &c. of the respective times of Jaraes I., Charles I. and Williara III. In this sraall roora, is a well carved and painted horse, on which is an elegant saddle covered with crimson velvet, richly era broidered with gold, and very curious stirrups ; also a Turkish bridle and breast-plate for a horse, with gill furniture, from Grand Cairo. Returning and passing the inner door of this recess, and again entering the long room, we proceed, by the front wall, lo the other extremity ofthe building. In our progress we observe various figures, ofthe size of life, illustrative of the arraour, costurae, &c. of various classes of the railitary at the periods to which they have reference. These stand on pedestals, on which is inscribed their description and date. The first on the right is A Pikeman of the reign of Charles I. His arraour is of a brown colour, studded with brass headed nails. The defence for his thighs consists of long flaps, called tassels, raade of the sarae raate- rial as the body armour, to which they are attached by hinges, so as to lift up or let down. He holds in his right hand a pike about twelve feet long. An archer of the year 1.590. This figure is dressed in green ; he wears, however, a brigandine jacket, which is a kind of doublet, containing pieces of iron, and curiously quilted. He is furnished with a bow and quiver. We are now arrived opposite the centre recess in the front wall ; but, before we begin lo describe its contents, we must notice the two figures on foot and in armour, which are stationed on each side of it. They represent two suits of armour, actually made for Henry VIII. The arraour of the first, dated 1609, is rough from the haramer, and is the most coraplete in the collection. The dale ofthe second is 1512, and this suit was made for combats on foot. HISTORY OF LONDON. 545 Just beyond the figures last described, are two pieces of ordnance, mounted, taken by general Wolfe at Quebec. Our attention is now irresistibly attracted by the equestrian figure (No. 22) of king Henry VIII. in the recess. The highly curious suit of armour in which this raonarch is habited, was a pre sent from the emperor Maxirailian the First, lo the king of Eng land, on his raarriage in 1509, with Katherine of Arragon, and has on it the congratulatory word, ' gluck,' prosperity. It is covered with engravings, representing the legends of saints, interspersed with the king's badges, and is washed over with silver. The attitudes both of the horse and his rider are exceed ingly spirited ; the animal rears up on his hind legs, while the king leans forward, in the act of elevating a drawn sword. Above the head of the king is the following inscription : Georgio IV. Opt. Max. Regnanle Arlhure Duce Wellington Ordinationum Magistro Has Principura Nobiliuraque Loricus Historicae Instiluit A.D. 1826. S. R. MEYRICK, LL.D. Translation. In the reign of His Most Excellent Majesly, George IV. Arthur, Duke of Wellington, Being Master of the Ordnance, These suits of armour of Princes and Nobles, Were historically arranged by A. D. 1826. S. R. MEYRICK, LL.D. In this recess, on each side, is a sraall figure in arraour, standing in a niche, and on a pedestal. They represent two sons of rao- narchs; the left figure being prince Henry, son of Jaraes I. dated 1604; and that on the right, Charles, prince of Wales, 1636, af terwards Charles II. Above and around the recess are many cu rious pieces of armour, head and breast-plates, together with the halberts, pikes, &c. of the period in which Henry VIIL flourished. Leaving the recess, the next object on our right is A Foot Soldier, 1540. This is an interesting figure, with a two-handed sword ; and his long beard, black dress, and dark ar mour, forms a striking contrast with the soldiers of the present *A Swordsman, 1506. He is encased in half armour, with a puckered velvet skirl, which reaches from his loins to his knees, and gradually widens as il descends. VOL. II. '^ ^ 546 HISTORY OF LONDON. A very curious crimson helmet, richly embroidered, and a quilted belt, also embroidered : they forraerly belonged to Tip- poo Saib. A straight Sword, with a broad blade, the hill of which is iron, inlaid with gold, originally belonging to Tippoo Sultan. These and several other curious articles in this and in the SraaU Arraoury, were purchased at the sale of the collection of H. R. H, the late duke of York. In the recess which we passed through upon our first entrance is contained a stirrup and cross-bow of the tirae of Henry V., parts of a jazarine jacket, some curious helmets, breast-plates, a chan fron, a collar of bahdalies for charges of powder, &c. &c. The wall before the equestrian figures forms an extensive recess of about three-fourths of the length of the building, the bottom of which is about four feet higher than the floor of the building. From the initials ' C. R.' on the banners, and a nearer inspection, we perceive that the whole forms a most extensive collection of speciraens of the arraour, pikes, accoutrements, ensigns, &c. of the adherents lo the royal cause in the time of Charles 1. The centre consists of a body of pikemen, with their weapons ; on the right and left of these appear the curassiers, and its two wings are formed of cavaliers, in their more coraplete armour, each supporting a lance. At the back of the recess, in the centre, are arranged trumpets and banners of the period, smaller specimens of armour, two Highland swords, with pistols and targets, &c. The whole forms a most striking memento of the unhappy intestine commo tions which distracted this kingdom in the reign of the unfor tunate Charles. A Man at Arras, 1530, guards the left extremity of this recess. He is raised on a pedestal from the floor of the building. His height is upwards of six feet; he wears a large suit of coraplete arraour, and supports hiraself with a reversed raace, the head of which touches the ground. A Demi-Launcer, 1 555, is also posted al the right-hand end of the recess to correspond. Underneath the recess, and along the whole length of the wall, in which it is formed, are arranged, in regular order, various speci raens of ordnance of different periods. The first on the lefl is the raost ancient : it is a very long and rudely -forraed cannon; it has on it the fleurs-de-lis : the barrel is encorapassed with iron hoops, and furnished with rings, instead of a carriage. It is assigned to the lime of Henry VI. Henry VII. A very large piece of brass ordnance of this period, marked with the king's arras, the portcullis, and the fleur-de-lis. Henry VIII. The largest piece of ordnance in the collection, with the date 1542 ; it is ornaraented with the rose and garter, sur mounted by the French crown ; and weighs upwards of five tons. HISTORY OF LONDON. 547 Two other sraall pieces, the first containing seven barrels, and the other, three, with grooves instead of touch-holes. Speciraens of ordnance in the reigns of Edwards VL, Mary I., and Elizabeth succeed in order. Next to these is a very beautiful speciraen, dated 1608. It is covered with rich carved work, and ornaraented with the prince of Wales's plume. This cannon was raanufactured for Heni-y, eldest son of James I., by the celebrated artists, Thomas and Richard Pitt. Another, by the same makers, for Charies, prince of Wales, ,1621, is well worthy of notice: il is embellished with the repre sentation of Hercules's club, the lion's skin, an eagle in the clouds, &c. A well-finished piece, of the lime of Charles II. 1676. Jaraes IL A very curious French piece of ordnance, of a triple description, having two barrels abreast, and one al top. Two Pavoises, of the tirae of Jaraes I., a kind of shield sus pended from the wall, concludes our description. The two beautiful painted glass windows, exhibiting the arras and badges of Henry Vlll. and George IV. were executed by that clever artist, Mr. Willement, of Green-street, Grosvernor- isquare. , A couple of ancient Broad Swords, each about five feet long, are displayed over the stained glass window, at the east end of the building. The articles in this arraoury marked thus (P) were taken from the Central Depot and the Museum of ArtUlery in Paris, at the capture ofthat city, in 1814, and forraed a part of the share of the British array. The next arraoury is in the While Tower; it is called The Volunteer Armoury. This roora contains raore than thirty thousand stands of arms, curiously and conveniently arranged in racks, aU bright, clean flinled, and fit for service at five minutes notice; as also, pistols, swords, &c. ingeniously displayed, and forraing different devices. Here is also a fine figure of Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, wearing a curious suit of bright steel arraour, holding a tilling lance in his right hand, aboul six yards in length, said to be the very weapon with which he perforraed raany of his signal exploits. This general was the most comely personage of his lime, and the most accomplished in all the exercises which were then thought estimable in a courtier and soldier. On the second floor of s building is, The Sea Armoury. Here are arms for near fifty thousand sailors and marines ; a 2 N 2 648 HISTORY OF LONDON. short and curious suit of bright sleel arraour, invented by the earl of Dartraouth for the light cavalry inthe reign of Jaraes IL, two very handsome brass cannon, presented by the city of London to the young duke of Gloucester, queen Anne's son, to assist hira in learning the art of war; several curious suits of ancient arraour; also military trophies, iron caps, breast-plates, pistols, swords, spears, and abundance of bayonets, curiously displayed. The Royal Train oJ Artillery Is on the ground-floor of the grand store-house, north of the White Tower; it is a large room, supported by forty-two pillars, twenty-four feel high. On each side of this room a great variety of artillery was formerly placed ; many of these instruments of destruction have, during the late wars, been removed frora thence, and employed in active service. The first object is two beautiful brass cannons, iwenty-fou. pounders, ten feet long, re-cast out of sorae old cannon taken from the French, at the battle of Cherbourg, in the year 1758, and the admirable engraving upon thera is said lo have cost 600?. The weight of one of them is 54 cwt. 2qrs. 8lbs., the other is 52 cwt. 3 qrs. 10 lbs. On one of them lord Ligonier's coat of arms is engraven in a very masterly manner, and the names of the then principal officers of the ordnance ; on the other is lord Townsend's coat of arras, &c. Here are also two fine brass mortars, taken from the French at the siege of Acre, by sir Sidney Sraith ; they are thirteen inches in diaraeter, and wUl thiow a shell of 300 lbs. weight. Two fine brass cannons, taken from the waUs of Vigo, by lord Cobham, 1704. Their breeches represent lions couchant, with the effigy of St. Barbara, lo whom they were dedicated. Two famous brass field-pieces, taken from the French, which are curiously carved and decorated. Two brass mortars, taken from Ihe French, at the bailie of Cherbourg, in the year 1758 : each weighs 2,840 lbs. A very ingenious engine, that throws thirty hand grenadoes at once, and is fired by the means of a train. A small piece of ordnance, on a travelling carriage, curiously ornamented. A fine brass mortar, that will throw nine shells at a time, out of which the balloons were cast at the grand fire-works in 1748. An immense large iron cannon, brought from Edinburgh castle, called Mount's Mag ; it is about fourteen feet in length, and of such amazing dimensions, that a man raay go into its raouth. A very curious brass cannon, with three bores, six-pounder, taken by the duke of Marlborough, at the raeraorable battle of Ramelies. The drura-raajor's chariot of slate, with the kettle-drums fixed. HISTORY OF LONDON. 649 which was formerly drawn by four white horses at the head of a train, when upon a march. An iramense large mortar, weighing upwards of 6,000 lbs. and it is said, wiU throw a shell, of 5001b. weight, two miles. This mortar, weare inforraed, was fired so often al the siege of Naraur, in king William's reign, that the very touch-hole was melted, for want of giving it lime to cool. The siege of Namur is one of the raost memorable and desperate ever recorded in history. The place was thought to be impregnable, and yet it was taken from a complete array within, headed by a marshal of French, in the sight of 100,000 men without, who carae to reUeve il. Lord Cults commanded the British al the general assault of the castle, where be acquired the name of the English Salaraander. The greater part of his corps fell in the action : scarcely an officer or soldier carae off unhurt. Here are a number of other brass and iron cannon, as also abundance of cannon-balls of different sizes, and shells for mortars of various sizes, &c. &c. Ascending a noble staircase of forty-nine steps, we enter The Small Armoury. In this magnificent room, we behold arras for about 160,000 men, all new, flinled, and fil for service at five minutes notice : a sight which il is impossible to view without astonishment. Ofthe dispositions of the arms, no description can give the reader a cora plete idea ; but the foUowing account raay enable the spectator lo view them to great advantage. The arras were originally disposed in this beautiful order by Mr. Harris, a coramon gun-srailh, who, afler be had performed this wonderful work, which is the admiration of people of all nations, was allowed a pension for his ingenuity. On each side of the door is a beautiful representation of the sun ; that on the east side repre- .senls him as rising, and that on the west as selling : they are irra diated with two regular ellipses of pistols in a chequered frame of marine hangers, of a peculiar make, having brass handles, and the form of a dog's bead on their pomraels. Four handsome pUlars, entwined with pistols in a serpentine direction up to the top ofthe room, which is about twenty-two feet high, and placed at right-angles^ with the representation of a falling star on the ceiling, exactly in the middle of them, being the centre of this noble arraoury, which is 345 feet in length, and 60 feel m breadth. In the centre of this room is a glass case on a table, which contains the sword, sash, &c. of his late royal highness the duke of York and Albany, which he wore as field marshal of tbe British army. They were deposited in the Tower by command of his majesty, 1827. j , c. • i, Here are likewise four fluted pillars, composed of Spanish spikes, standing 18 feet high, and round their tops pistols are 560 HISTORY OF LONDON. placed td represent gilded cornices, as also all round the top of the room, opposite to which are 300 curious suits of mail and military trophies. On the south side of this armoury, facing the folding doors, is a very curious cannon, a two-pounder, taken by the French at Malta, in June, 1798, which, with the eight flags that are exhibited in this room, were sent, with other trophies, to the French directory, bythe La Sensible frigate, in whicb ship they were taken by tbe English Sea Horse, commanded by captain Foote. The cannon is made of a mixture of metal, wbich very much resembles gold. On it is tbe head of the grand master of Malta, supported by two genii of that place, in bas relief; il is also highly ornamented with eagles, a crown, the alcoran, &c. all of very exquisite workmanship. The inscriptions on it are Horatius A\tonius Alberghettus Pub. Fus. Ven. An. MDCLXXXIV. Et Pompa, etUsa, Scintilla Sufficitena : Terreni Fulmiwa Martis. Lb cde Boyerd Argens Com. Philip Lattarrllus Rom Delinet ScuE, 1773. The carriage is likewise a great curiosity; on it are the carved figures of two furies, whose features are strongly expressive of rage. One arm of each of them being entwined together, grasps a large snake, and in the other hand each holds a torch. From the head of one of them issues a cluster of small snakes : those which were on the other, are broken off. The centres of the wheels ror present the face of the sun, and the spokes its rays. Four of the Maltese colours bang as you enter, and the other four at the four corners ofthe room. On each side of the above-mentioned matchless cannon, is a fine representation, in carved work, of the star and garter, thistle, rose, and crown, ornamented with pistols, swords, &c. and ele gantly enriched with birds, fruit, &c. Under these curious figures, some carbines, of a peculiar make, are placed, having two fine brown barrels ; one of them is a rifle bore, and the other plain ; they were invented by the duke of Richmond for the flying artillery. A silver-mounted gun, formerly belonging to Tippoo Sultan's guard ; the bayonet is raade to go into tbe butt-end of the gun . from the collection of H. R. H. the late duke of York. Proceeding round the room towards the west-end, on the north side, bayonets and sword-bayonets, in tbe form of half-moons and fans, and set in carved scollop shells. The sword-bayonet is made like the old bayonet, and differs from it only in being longer. Tbese bayonets, of wbich several other military fans are com posed, are of the first invention ; they have plug handles, which go into tbe muzzle of the gun instead of over it, and thereby prevent the firing of the piece without shooting away the bayonet. These were invented at Bayonne, in Spain, from whence they derive their name. HISTORY OF LONDON. 551 A camp-counterpane, composed of pistols, bayonets, swords, &c. with the imitation of a target in the centre, made of bayonet blades, and very curiously ornamented. Sorae arras t^ken at Bath, in the year 1715, distinguished from all others in the Tower, by having what is called dog-locks, that is, a kind of lock with a catch lo prevent their going off at half- cock. At the west-end of the armoury is ¦ A beautiful eagle in the middle of a square of pistols, holding the rose and crown. A curious figure of an ancient warrior, in a fine suit of fool arraour ; he has a sword in his right hand, and stands upon a pedestal, about six feet high. Two handsorae figures of a lion and unicorn, in two circles of pistols ; they are also curiously decorated with carbines, bayonets, ancient swords, &c. A representation of a swordsman, in a suit of bright steel armour, placed upon a pedestal. A fine eagle, holding the thistle and crown in her claws, facing the fore-mentioned, and is curiously ornamented. We now proceed to the south side of the room, where we are shown the earl of Mar's elegant shield, in the middle of an ellipses of ancient marine hangers; they have brass handles, with a guard, and are kept very bright ; over which is Ihe representation of three cherubs, with a crown over their heads. Some very curious carbines, taken frora the Highlanders, in 1715. Here are likewise the sword of justice, with a sharp point, and the sword of raercy with a blunt one, carried before the Pretender on his being proclaimed king of Scotland, in 1716. Five brass muskeloons, Spanish carbines, pistols, &c. ingeniously displayed "The arms taken frora sir WiUiam Perkins, sir John Friend, Charnock, and others, concerned in the assassination plot, in 1696; among them is the brass blunderbuss, with which they intended to «hoot king WiUiara, near Turnham Green, in his way to Harapton Court ; also the carbine that Charnock engaged to shoot his raajesty with as he rode a hunting. The forra of two large pair of folding gates, raade of ancient halberts, the archways of which are coraposed of pistols and origi nal bayonets, and in their centre hang bandeliers, as also ancient cartouch-boxes, &c. Horseraen's carbines, hanging very artificially in furbeloes and flounces, which was the original arrangement. A fine figure of Jupiter riding in a fiery chariot, drawn by eagles, as if in the^clouds, holding a thunderbolt in his left hand, and oyer his head is a rainbow ; it is curiously carved, and decorated with ancient bayonets and six military fans. Having arrived al the east end of the room, we observe two suits of fine foot armour, one of which holds a flaming sword 552 HISTORY OF LONDON. in his right band, and the other made for an ancient warrior. Over each of these is a semicircle of pistols, and on each side, as also beneath each of thera, are placed flne brass muskeloons, which represent two handsome organs, with elegant brass pipes, A very curious representation of an hydra, whose seven heads are artfully carved and combined by links of pistols, and original bayonets. A fine figure of a fiery serpent, the head and tail of which are curiously carved, and its body is decorated with ancient pistols, carved scollop shells, &c. winding round in the form of a snake. On the north side, as we return lo the centre, the first figure that attracts attention, is Medusa's head, vulgarly called the Witch of Endor, within three regular eUipses of pistols, and four railitary fans, with snakes represented as slinging her. The features are finely carved, and the whole figure contrived with curious art. The Royal Menagerie Is at the west entrance, a few yards within the outer gale ; over this exhibition has been appointed a keeper frora very early lirae, as may be learned from the records; and more particu larly from the appointment of Robert Marsfield, esq. lo that office by king Henry VI. And it further appears by the said records in the Tower, that this office was continued by letters patent by suc ceeding kings lo some person of distinction and quality, with an allowance of sixpence a day, and an apartraent for himself, con- veniencies for the wild beasts, and sixpence a day for the main tenance of every lion and leopard ; which seera lo have been the only beasts kept here for many ages, except a white bear and an elephant in the days of king Henry III., who, in the thirty-sixth year of his reign, issued orders lo the sheriffs of London, dated al St. Edraund's, September 13, and again al Windsor, September 29, for thera to allow four-pence a day for the raainlenance of a white bear and his keeper in the Tower of London ; whom also he next year commanded lo provide a muzzle and an iron chain lo hold the bear out of the water, and a long and strong cord lo hold the same bear fishing (or washing) himself in the river Tharaes; which coraraand was dated at Windsor, on the 30lh of October. And in the years 1256 and 1256 carae out the following precepts : ' The king to the sheriffs of London greeting; ' We coramand you, that of the farm of our city ye cause (with out delay) lobe buUl at our Tower of London one house, of forty feet long and twenty feet deep, for our elephant.' ' Dated February 26.'* Again, the next year the king, on the 11th of October, cora raanded the said elephant and his keeper such ' necessaries as should be reasonably needful.' » Liberal. 39 Hen. III. HISTORY OF LONDON. 553 June 3, 1604, king Jaraes L taking with hira the duke of Lenox (with divers earls and lords) went to see the lions at the Tower. And here he caused two of them, a lion and lioness, to be put forth ; and then a live cock was cast to them, which being their natural eneray, they presently killed it, and sucked the blood. Then the king caused a live larab to be put lo them; which the lions, out of their generosity, (as having respect to its innocence) never offered lo touch, although the lamb was so bold as to go close to them. Then the king caused the lions to be taken away, and another lion to be put forth, and two mastiffs to be turned lo him. The mastiffs presently flew upon the lion, and turned him upon his back ; and though the lion was superior lo them in strength, yet il seeras they were his raalch in courage.* There was a spaniel dog, for sorae offence or other, cast into the lion's den ; but the lion did not atterapt to hurl him: and this dog continued in the den with the lion several years, and there died. In the month of June, 1609, a resolution was taken to make trial of the valour of the lion, which was by turning him loose lo a bear. The bear was brought into an open yard, and the lion was turned out of his den to hira ; but he would not assault him, but fled from him : and so il was done with other lions, one after an other. And, lastly, two together were turned lo him; but none set upon him, but rather sought to return to their dens. A stone- horse soon afler being put into the yard with the first lion and the bear, the horse fell to grazing between them. After he had gazed a Utile upon them, two mastiff dogs were let in, who boldly fought with the lion. Afterwards six dogs raore were let in, who flew upon the horse, being most in sight, at their entrance, and would soon have worried him to death, had not three stout bearherds en tered, and rescued the horse, and brought away the dogs, while the lion and bear stood staring upon thera. Al this sight were present king James I., the queen, the prince, and divers great lords. Great improvements and additions to this exhibition have re cently been raade. The larger aniraals, of which there is a noble collection, are confined in dens, disposed in the forra of a half-moon, in order that a full and comprehensive view may be al once af forded. The construction of the dens is also deserving attention, inasmuch as they present every facility for cleanliness, being di vided into two apartments, the upper and the lower, in the latter of which the beasts raay be made to retire at the will of the keeper. The whole are judiciously fronted with large iron gates, for the two-fold purpose of exhibition and security. The collection of wild beasts, birds, reptiles, &c. are extensive and kept in excellent order, and this exhibition, perhaps, is the most respectable in the Tower. Exclusive of the buildings mentioned and described, there are several handsome houses for the chief and inferior officers, the * Maitland. 554 HISTORY OF LONDON. mess-house for the officers of the garrison, and the barracks for the soldiers. In addition to these, there is a street called the Mint, which includes nearly one-third part of the Tower. The principal part of the houses were formerly inhabited by the officers em ployed in the coinage; but now by the railitary, as governraent bave erected a very extensive and majestic structure to the north of Little Tower-hill, for the business of the Mint departraent, with houses for the said officers. The mUitary jurisdiction of the constable of tbe Tower extends greatly beyond the liberties ofthat fortress, and includes a con siderable part of the county of Middlesex, under the denomination ofthe Tower Hamlets; the names of which are as follow: Hackney Ratcliffe Norton-Falgate Shadwell Shoreditch Limehouse Spitalfields Poplar "Whitechapel Blackwall Trinily-Minories Broraley East Sraithfield Bow Tower Extra Old Ford Tower Infra Mile-End St. Katherine's Belhnal-Green. Wapping These twenty-one haralets are severed from the county of Mid dlesex, so far as relates to the raising of the militia, by an act of pariiaraent passed in the 14th year of the reign of Charies IL, and are obliged to raise two regiraents of thera.selves, lo be the standing militia of the Tower; and, for this purpose, the constable of the Tower is lord- lieutenant of the district. GENERAL INDEX. Alderman, origin of 241 , antiquity of 268 ; election of, regulated by act of Parliament 269 ; qualifications for the office of ib. : , costume of 270 -, liable to be removed from their office i , all empowered to act as justices of peace 39 Alien act passed 113 Allies enter Paris 193 Almanacks, Stationers' company claim ed the sole right of printing 419 America, war proclaimed against 81 , treaty of peace with, con cluded 224 American war, the inhabitants of West rainster petition against 128 Anne, queen, crowned at Westrainster 5; dines with the City ib. Apothecaries, account of the company of 376 Archdeacons of the See of London 307 Archery encouraged 320 Arraourers and Braziers, accountof the company of 377 , Armouries in the Tower, inaccuracy of 537 Artillery company, account of 332 ; origin of ib ; Charles I. supports thera 335; William III. raade cap tain general 336 ; costume of ib. ; arms of 337 Artillery Street, the place of training the trained bands 324 Artillery, royal, train of in the Tower 549 Astley's amphitheatre burnt 150 Attorneys of the sheritf's court, oath of 294 Axe by which queen Anne Boleyn was beheaded' Bakers, accountof the corapany of 378 order of coramon council respecting 35 .. • Ballad, curious, of ' London Bridge is Broken Down' 459 Balloon, first ascension of, in London 99 Bank payments, stoppage of 124 Bankers, the Goldsmiths the principal 354 Barbers, account of the company of 379 Bartholomew's eve, proclaiming fhe fair in Smithfield, ceremonies to be observed 251 Bartholomew fair, proclamation made there 303 , cause tried respect ing 52 Basket makers, account of the com pany of 382 Beauchamp tower 516; inscriptions in 517 Beckford, death of alderman 78 Beer, ancient receipt for making 384 — — , quantity of, brewed in London 385 Bell Tower 516 Bishoprlck of London, arms of 317 Bishops of London, list of 312 Blackfriars, inhabitants of, claim to be exempt from the jurisdiction of the City 35 ; tried in the King's Bench ib. bridge, account of 493 ; inscription ib ; dimensions of 494; cost 495; resolutions of a court of coraraon council respect ing the erection of 52 ; plan chosen 55 Blacksraiths, account of the company of 383 Blenheira, baUle of 6 Blood attempts lo steal the regalia 531 Bloody tower 522 Borough, High Street, raarket abo lished in 52 Bottle conjuror, riot respecting 45 Bounty to seamen by order of the cor poration 79 Bowyers, account of the company of 383 Bowyer's tower 521 556 GENERAL INDEX. Brewers, account of tho company of 384 Bribery, gross case of, in the House of Coraraons 3 Brick Tower 521 Bridge, designs for new London bridge described 480 Bridge Masters and Chamberlains, ceremonies to be observed at the election of 261 Bridge-house, charges in 1482,462; in 1483, ib.; in 1 533, 466 ; in 1 726, 475 ; in 1752, 477 ; in 1786, 479 Broad arrow tower 522 Brothers, lunatic prophecies of 120 Burdett, sir F., comraitted to the Tower by order of the House of Commons 171 ; liberated 174 Butchers, account of the company of 387 ; re-incorporated 47 Byward Tower 524 Calves-head club, riot on the celebra tion of 35 Canal in the Isle of Dogs, the corpora tion petition Parliament fo enable Ihera to raise money for finishing the 151 Canning, Elizabeth, case of 49 Card-raakers, account of the corapany of 387 Carpenters, account of the company of 388 Carpenters, bricklayers, &c , work done by, for the entertainment of the Prince Regent 213 Carraen, account of the company of 388 Chamberlain's court, account of 303 , duties of 285 ; list of ilt. office, fire in 100 — ¦ ordered to lay before the Common Council his accounts 96 Chancellor of St. Paul's, duties of 307 Chapel in White tower 515 Charge to the Aldermen of every Ward 298 Charlotte, Queen, delivered of a prince 61; death of 232 Charlotte, Princess, married 227 ; death of 231 Christmas holidays, ceremonies to be observed during 258 Cholmondeley. monument of in the Tower 512 Churches, flfty built 9 revenue fixed by act of par liament, 1804, 311 Citizens support the coraraonweallh Clark, alderman, elected chamberlain 133 Clerkenwell bridewell burnt in 1780, 92 Cloaks, the colour and use of, at dif ferent seasons, to he worn by fhe mayor and aldermen 261 Clockraakers, account of the com pany of 388 . Clothworkers, account of- the com pany of 374 Coach and coach-harness makers, ac count of Ihe company of, 389 Coalheavers and sailors, affray be tween 69; several sailors killed ib. Cobbett, W., trial of, for a libel 173 Cochrane, lord, found guilty of a conspiracy, 193 Cock-lane ghost 59 ; discovered 60 Coinage, silver, issued 229 ; gold is sued 231 Cold, intensity of 190 Coldbath-fields prison, riot in 140 Colechurch, Peter of, directs the building of London-bridge 454 Comb-raakers, account of the com pany of 389 Coramons, house of, attempted to be set on fire 109 Common council, account of thecourt of 292 — — ^ vote l,000i. to sup press the insarrection in Scot land 41 , order of, respect ing the election of sheriffs 44 -, resolutions entered into, on the Manchester affair 235 ; address the prince regent 237 Coramon crier, duties of 288 Common hunt, duties of 288; abo lished ib. Common serjeant, duties of that of fice 285; list of 286 Companies, origin of 337 ; list of, in corporated 338; ancientlist of, from the Chapter-house 343 , (joint stock) names of, proposed lo be formed in 1721, 16 Comptroller, duties of 287 's house, Guildhall, altera tions in 216 Conservacy, account of the court of 296 , held yearly 452 ¦, expences of, limited 97 Constable lower 522 GENERAL INDEX. 557 Constable of the Tower, notices of, 507 ; privileges o( 508 ; fees of the constable ib. Cooks, account of the company of 389 Cooks and confectioners, bills of, for the entertainment of Ihe prince re gent 214 Coopers, account of the company of 390 Cordwainers, account of the company of 391 Corn, rise in the price of 139, 141 Corn laws, riots in consequence of passing 227 Coronation, ceremonies to be observed by the officers of tlie corporation at a 261 Coroner, antiquity of, nominated by the king 286 's court, account of 296 Corporation congratulate the king on the conquest of Canada 55 , noble address of, to the prince regent 183 Corresponding societies, formation of 109 Covent garden theatre burnt 165 Courts, account of, within the city 290 Cradle tower 523 Crimp houses at Charing-cross and St. George's-fields burnt 121 Crown and Anchor association, estab lishment of 1 10 Crutched friars widened 55 Culloden, victory of 42 Curaberland, duke of, raysterious cir cumstances in the attempted assas sination of 175 Curriers, account of the corapany of 392 Custom house burnt 196 Cutlers, account of the company of 393 Dean of St. Paul's, duties of 306 Deaths— January 1733, 33 Declaration of war against France 148 Denmark, king of, visits London 69 ; is entertained at the Mansion-house 70 Despard apprehended at Lambeth 147; executed ib. Devereaux tower 521 Diocese of London, extent of 306 Dissenters, two chosen sheriffs 51; cause tried and given in their fa vour 61 Distillers, account of the company of 394 Distress, considerable among the lower classes 227 Dollars, Spanish, re-stamped 151 , rise in the value of 179 Drapers, account of Ihe company of, 347 Drury-lane theatre, burnt 166 Duel between Messrs. Pitt and Tier ney 134 Dyers, account of the company of 394 Earthquake felt in London in 1750, 48 ; predictions upon ib. East India docks, foundation stone of, laid 152 Easter-week, ceremony to be observed on Monday and Tuesday in 259 ; do. for Easter Wednesday ib. Ecclesiastical government of London 305 Election, riots at 70, 146 of cily officers, how first made 242 ¦ of members of parliament. ceremonies to be observed at 261 Embroiderers, account of the com pany of 395 Emperor of Russia and king of Prus- sia arrive in England 195 ; visit the Bank 196 ; visit Oxford 197 ; in vited along with the prince regent to visit Guildhall 198 Enlisting, bounty given by the city for 54 Entertainment, splendid, given by the city to the duke of Wellington 219 Escheator's court, account of 296 Exchequer bills, issue of 113 Excise scheme opposed by the citizens of London S3 Exraouth, lord, receives the freedom of the city 229 Expences of the entertainment given by the corporation to Geo. II. 30 ¦ — of the entertainment to the prince regent, &c. in the Guildhall 213 Fair on the Thames, 1739, 39 in Hyde park 223 Fan.makers, account of the company of 395 Fare, bill of, in Salters'-hall 368 Farriers, account of the company of 396 Feltmakers, account of the company of 396 Ferrers, earl, executed 54 Fete, grand' in celebration of peace "83 558 GENERAL INDEX. Finchley common, camp formed on 42 Fire, great, in Thames street 10 , destructive, in Cornhill 43 in Bishopsgate-street 65 at Wapping 114, 141; at Rat cliffe 116 one which destroyed the water- mills on the river Lea 152 curious account of one on Lon don-bridge, 1632, 468 Fire-engines, every parish compelled to have one 6 Fire-works on Tower-hill 62; acci dent al ib. Fish, plan for reducing the price of 61 , places appointed for the sale of 350 caught in the Thames 437 ; or ders for the preservation of the, 438, 439, 442, 448 Fishermen, account of the company of 396 Fishery of the Thames regulated by act of parliament 54 Fishmongers, account of the company . of ?49 Fleet-ditch cleansed 36 ; act of parlia ment passed empowering the city to arch it over 37 Fletchers, account of the company of 396 Flies, prodigious fall of 7 Flint tower 521 Flour, high price of 124 Fogs, great, 33, 189 Foreigners injure the trade of the city 9 ; common council order upon, ib. Forgerv and hoax on the lord mayor 148 Founders, account of the company of 397 Pox, C. J., burial of 164 Frame-work knitters, account of the company of 399 Freedom of the city presented to the prince of Wales 36 , cause tried respecting the rights of 47 Freemen, ancient list of 343 French colours hung up in St. Paul's 54 Frost, great, in 1739, 38 in 1767 and 1768, 66 a fair gn the Thames 100; hard frost 1814, 189 Fruiterers, account of the company of 399 Funeral of lord viscount Nelson 153 Fur trade, decline of 356 Galeator, his business 524 Gaol disteraper, the lord mayor, two aldermen, and several lawyers calch it, and die 48 Gardeners, account of the company of 400 Gates, city, pulled down 55 George I. proclaimed 10; visits the- city ib ; death of 26 II., accession of 26 ; receives the address of the corporation ib.; visits the city, and is entertained at Guildhall 28; bqrial of 56 III., accession of 56 ; addresses of congratulation to ib. ; marriage of 57; crowned si. ; visits the city 59; visits St. Paul's on the re storation of his reason 101 ; insulted in returning from the Parliament- house 122; one ofthe ruffians found guilty 123; refuses to receive a pe tition from the freemen of London 141; death of 239 • IV., proclaimed 240 Girdlers, account of the company ot 400 Glass-sellers, account of the corapany of 401 Glaziers, account of the company of 400 Glovers, account of the company of 401 Gold and silver wire-drawers, account of the company of 401 Goldsmiths, account of the company of 352 , affray between them and the tailors 353 refuse to obey the Lord Mayor's precept 81 ; master and wardens of, disfranchised ib. Good Friday, ceremony to be ob served on 259 Gordon, lord G., tried 97 Gravelling streets, expence of, at the entertainment lo the prince regent, &c. 216 Grocers, account of the company of 347 . .. — refuse to obey the lord mayor's precept 81 ; master and wardensof, disl'ranch-isedt'fc. Gun-makers, account of the company of 401 Habeas Corpus act suspended 24, 115, 230 Haberdashers, account of the com- . pany of 363 Hallmote court, accountof 303 • GENERAL INDEX. 559 Hamlets, Tower 554 Handel, commemoration of in West minster Abbey 98 Hardy, Horne Tooke, &c. tried and acquitted 119 Hastings, W., trial of 121 Hatband-makers, account of the com pany of 402 Hatfield attempts the life of the king 139 Haymarket tneatre, riot at 46 — — ^— dreadful accident at 114 Henley, orator, presentment made against by the grand jury 32 Hoax, stock exchange 191 Holland, counter revolution in 188 Horns, quantijy of, exported 402 Horners, account of the company of 402 Horse, new armoury 540 Howe's victory over the French fleet 116 Howley elected bishop of London 187 Humane society, 200/. voted by the comraon council to 123 Hunt, Mr., enters London from Man chester 236 Hurricane, great, 1740, 39 1779, 15 Husting, account of the court of 292 Hyde-park, grand review in 218 Illuminations in honour of peace 194 Income tax, city petition for the repeal of the 143 India-house and warehouses 281 Innholders, account of the company of 402 Innocents' day, ceremonies to be ob. served by the aldermen on 258 Inscriptions discovered on London bridge 465 Irish rebels, taken and executed 134 Ironmongers, account of the com pany of 869 Janssen, sir S.T., resigns his situation as chamberlain, and Mr. Wilkes is elected thereto 85 Jennerian society, 5001. voted to, by the common council 147 Jewel towfer, 521 ; office 530 Joiners, account ofthe company of 403 Jones, G., committed to Newgate by order of the house of commons 171 Jubilee, rejoicings for the 166 Justice-hall, account of Ihe court of 296 Kent, death of the duke of 239 King's-bench prison burnt 1780, 92 riot in 107 fire in 138 Kings of England pledge their jewels 530 Knighthood, ceremony to be observed on the lord mayor receiving 260 Lanthorn tower, 523 Layer, C, executed for high treason 24 Leathersellers, account of the com pany of 404 Levy, L, throws himself from the mo nument 175 Lighting the streets, application made to parliaraent for 35 Lines on London bridge by Howel474 Lion, flght between, and a bear, in the Tower 553 Livery of London oppose the measures of governraent 128 Lives, numberof, lost in the riots 1780 95 Loan, government obtain one of 18,000,000/. 124 London bridge, origin of, 453; attri buted to the monks of St. Mary Overie 454 ; flrst stone bridge erected 455 ; letter from king John recom mending Isenbert of Xainctes 456; form and extent ofthe new bridge ib.; plan of ib. ; chapel built on ib. ; de scription of 457 ; common council order that no market be kept on the bridge 458 ; ballad of ' London- bridge is Broken Down' ib. ; Edward I. grants a brief to collect money for the repairs of the bridge 459 ; the same king grants patent of pont age or bridge tax 460; land granted to the mayor and citizens 461; North tower built ib.; property be longing to the bridge in the 15th cen tury ib. ; bridge-house accounts 462 ; bridge repaired, 1497, 464; inscrip tions discovered 465; appearance of in' 1500, 466; gallant conduct of Os borne ib.; tower erected on the Southwark side 467; water- works first erected ib. ; great part burnt 1632, 468; extraordinary tide 470 proposition to shoot a man over the bridge 471; houses re-built 472; destroyed by the flre of 1666, 26.; en comium on, by Howel 473; Nonsuch- house 474; new drawbridge built 475; fire on, in 1725,476; South gate, account of ib. ; Southwark gate, appearance of 477 ; houses on, taken down 478 ; temporary wooden 600 GENERAL INDEX. bridge burnt ib ; tho two centre arches thrown into one 479 ; dan gerous state of ib. ; parliaraentary report on ib. ; designs raade for a new bridge 480 ; committee of the house of comraons appointed to in quire respecting a new bridge 481; expence of ib. ; works began ib. ; dimensions of the new bridge ib. ; antiquities discovered 482 ; ceremo nies of laying the first stone ib. ; inscription for the foundation 487; temporary wooden bridge burnt 54 ; a West Indiaman drifted through 120 London docks opened 151 Institution, foundation stone of, laid 226 Longbow string-makers, account of the company of 406 Lord mayor's court, account of 293 Loriners, account of the company of 436 Louis XVIII. arrives in London 194 ; departs for France ib. Low, Sunday cereraonies to be observed on 259 Manchester massacre 234 Mansfield's, lord, house burnt 92 Mansion-house, preparations for build ing the, 38 , cause tried respecting it being assessed to the poors-rate 225 Marblers, account of the fellowship of 417 Marine Society, institution of 53 Mark stone, ancient, described, 452 Marriage of the prince of Wales 121 Masons, account of the company of 406 Mayor and aldermen, account of the court of 291 —— alderman committed to the Tower by the House of Commons 80; released 81 Mayor, qualifications for the office of 242 -,list of 263 , cereraonies in electing lord raayor on Michaelmas day 253 ; ce remonies in presenting him to the lord chancellor 255 ; the sarae for going to Westminster to take his oath 256 —, earliest appellation of 242 Melville, lord, impeached by the house of coramons 153 Menagerie, royal, in the Tower 552 Mercers, account of the company of 339 Merchants vote an address to the king 72; insulted by the populace ih. Merchants and traders, declaration of 112 Merchant Taylors, account of the com pany of 359 Midsuramer-day, election of sheriffs, and ceremonies to be observed oii 250 Military government of London 318; muster of Londoners ib. Militia, return of the number of horses in the metropolis 20 '' , sir J. Eamer refuses to ac count for money belonghig to the 174 Miller, Mr. printer of the Evening Post, taken info custody 80 Ministry, change in the, 1756, 53 Monster stabs several ladies 106 Mortality, great, in London in 1729, 33 Music, expence of at the entertainment given by the cily to the prince re gent, &c. 215 Musicians, account of the company of 407 Mutiny at the Nore 129; suppressed 130 Naumachia, ot sea fight on the Ser pentine 224 Needle makers, account of the com pany of 408 Nelson, admiral, presents the sword of the French admiral, taken at the battle of the Nile, to the court of common council 136 . , death of 153; funeral ib. Newgate attacked by the rioters in 1780, 91 Nicholson, Margaret, attempts the life of Geo. UI. 100 Nile, battle of 135 Nonsuch house, London bridge, no tice of 474 North Briton, No. 45, publication of 62 , burnt by the hangman 63 Notes issued, less than 5/. in value 126 Oatlands, visited by the allied sove reigns 2 18 Officers of the city, account of 289 , bills of, at the entertainment given by the city to the prince re gent, &c, 217 O. P. row in Covent Garden theatre 168 Opera house burnt 105 GENERAL INDEX. Orders respecting the defence of the cily 322 Ordnance, office of 524 , Turkish piece of, placed in the park 148 Orphans, court of, accountof 295 Otto's, M. house illurainated 146 Oxford, earl of, tried in Westminster- haU 12 Paddington canal opened 142 Pageants, London, manner of 244 Pagoda, across the canal, St. James's . Park, burnt 224 Paine, trial of, for sedition 1 12 Painter stainers, account of the com pany of 408 Palatines, distresses of, 63; relieved by the citizens 64 Pantheon in Oxford Street burnt 108 Papists restrained from approaching the metropolis 5 , laws against, enforced 20 , rewards offered for discover ing 42 Parish clerks, account of the company of 409 Parliaraent convention assemble at Westrainster I Party wall, act of parliament regulating 24 Palfen makers, account of the com pany of 410 Paviours, account of the company of ib. Peace proclaimed 1713, 9 , treaty of, between Great Bri tain and Spain 26 , treaty of, with France and Spain 46 — , fire-works exhibited in Ihe Green Park ib. proclaimed 61 proclairaed 1783, 97 -, prelirainaries of, between France and England 1801, 142; proclaimed 1802, 144 , treaty of, between Russia and England 185 proclaimed 218 — , definitive treaty of 226 Peers, trial of the Scotch 1 1 ; execu tion of ib. Pepperer, ancient title of a grocer 344 Percival, Mr., death of 182 Petition of the ' Protestant Associa tion' against the Roman Catholic claims 87 ; presented 88 VOL. II. 561 Petition ol the corporation, refused to be received by his majesty 170 Pewterers, account of the company of 410 ^ ' Pie-powder court, account of 3U3 Pin-makers, account of the company of 411 ^ '' Pins, a lucrative branch of business 364 Pitt, W, burial of 164 Pi.x, trial of 353 Plaisterers, account of the company of Plate lent to . the city on the prince regent's visit 210; hire of 214 Plow Sunday, ceremonies to be ob served on 258 Plumbers, account of the company of Police offices established 1 10 Pontage, patent of, granted by Edw. I. for the repair of London bridge 460 Porter, quantity of, brewed in 1827 385 Porters, account of the company of 412 Pop. gun plot, disgraceful conspiracy ofthe 118,123 Poulterers, account of the company of 413 Prebends of St. Paul's, where situated 307 Precentor of St. Paul s, duties of 307 Press-warrants, lord mayor refused to back them 78 , livery exempt from 108 Press, liberty of, restrained 238 Pretender invades Scotland 41 Printing and engraving, expences of, on the visit of the prince regent to Guildhall 216 Property tax, opposed 149 Protestant association, formation of 86 Provisions, quantity of, provided for fhe city banquet 1727, 30 Provost, when added to the govern raent ofthe city 242 Prussia, king of, visits GuildhaU 198 , leaves London 219 Quakers aid tlie government in sur- pressing fhe insurrection in Scot land 42 meeting, St. Martin's-lane, \ i- sited by the allied sovereigns 218 Ramilies, battle of 6 Rebellion in Scotland 10 Records in the Tower, account of 526; keepers of 528 2 o 562 GENERAL INDEX. Record, Tower 52S Recorder, qualifications of, salary of 281; list of 282 Recruiting house demolished, near Charing-cross 117 Reformers, radical 232 Resalia, description of 534 Regency instituted 177 Regent, prince, attacked as he went fo the parliaraent house 229 Remembrancer, duties of 287 Remonstrance of the city to his ma jesty 78, 82 Requests, account of the court of 297 Review of the volunteer corps on June 4, 1799, 137 Rights of the city protected 107 Right honourable, earliest time it was given to the lord mayor 249 Riots in London on Sacheverel's trial 8 in the Strand 46 some of the rioters executed 47 outside the King's-bench 1768, 67; several persons killed 68 in 1780,88 in Mount-street 109 — , — in Piccadilly, in taking sir F. Burdett to fhe Tower 171 Riotous conduct of the rabble on the king's birth-day 1 1 Robes, wear of, established in 1562, 249 Robberies, numerous, committed in the streets 40 Robbery, attempted, of the queen 32 Rolls in the Tower, names and de scription of 526 Rotherhithe, new dock opened at 179 Royal academy, institutions of 71 Russia, emperor of, visits Guildhall 198 leaves London 219 Sacheverel, Dr., preaches sedition 7 ; trial of ib. ; riots thereon 8 Sadlers, account of the corapany of 413 Sadler's Wells, dreadful accidental 165 Sailors petition parliament for aug raentation of their wages 69 Salt fishraongers, fellowship of 349 Salters, account ofthe company of 366 Sanctuary abolished 5 Scotch rebels approach Derby 42 lords executed on Tower-hill 43 Scriveners, account of the company of 414 Scotland, union of S Seal, great, discovered by a waterman of Lambeth 451 ; another of the port of London discovered in fhe Thames, near Dowgate ib. Secret committee, report of 229 Severn canal 437 Sheriffs of London and Middlesex committed to Newgate by order of the house of commons 152 ceremony of swearing the she riffs on Michaelmas-eve 252 ; cere raony of going to Westminster 255 -, qualification for, antiquity of the office, expences attendant 270 ; election of and raanner 271 ; duties of ib. list of 273 court, account of 294 ¦ officers, institution of 290 Shipwrishts, account of the company 01415 Shop-tax, repeal of 104 Show, lord mayor's, ancient manner of 243 Silkraen, account of the corapany of 415 Silk throwers, account of the com pany of 355 Simon and Jude's day, ceremony for 255 Six acts passed 238 Skinners, account of the corapany of 355 Smithfield, cause tried respecting a duty on hay taken there 85 , raeeting of reformers in 233 Soap makers, account of ihe company of 416 Soup houses opened for the poor 138 South sea bubble, commencement of 12; dreadful effects of 14; the di rectors confined ib. Southwark bridge, fDundation stone of, laid 225 ; opened 233 ; araount of capital ib. fair, cereraonies to be ob served in proclaiming 252 Spafields, riots in 228 Spanish Armada,natureof the exhibi tion of 537 army, subscription for clothing of 166 Speaker of the house of commons re tires 57 Spectacle makers, accountof the com pany of 416 Spiritual alderman 270 St. Thomas's day, ceremony to be ob served on 258 GENERAL INDEX. .'63 St. Paul's, eagles on the top of 38 , plate, &c. in, robbed 178 , ceremony to be observed when fhe lord mayor goes to the cathedral 260 , orders for going on All Saints, Christmas, Twelfth, and Candlemas days to 258 St. Peter ad Vincula, Tower, account of the church ol 509; images in 510; monuments in 512 St. Martin's le-grand court, account of 304 St. James-s palace, fire af 166 St. Paul's, Covent Garden, destroyed by fire 122 St. Thomas of Aeons, foundation of the hospital of 341 Starch-raakers, account of the cora pany of 410 Stationers, account of the company of 417 ; expence of obtaining their charter 418 Stock Exchange, hoax upon 191 Stock fishmongers, fellowship of 349 Storm, great in 1703,5; 1739, 38; 1752, 49; 1788, 100, 106, 117, 130, 135 Streets new paved 60 Subsidies, ceremonies to be observed when the lords of the council come down for 261 Surplus of money, voted for the mili tary, 1745, given lo public hospitals 43 Sword bearer, duties of 287 Sword of state, when borne before the lord mayor 268 , raanner of carrying 288 Tackle porters, duties of 412 Tailors enter into a combination 40 Tallow chandlers, account of the com pany of 419 Tavern expences at the entertainment given by the city to the prince re gent 215 Tax on strong beer 57 Taxes, assessed, increased 131 Taylors, eminent 360 Teraple of Concord illuminated in the Green Park 223 Test and corporation acts, attempts fo repeal 105 Thames, account of the river 430; course of 431; overflows its banks 451 ; amusements on ib. ; extent of fhe lord mayor's jurisdiction 452 : ancient mark stone described ib.; fall of water in 436 ; frozen over 39, 189; fair on 100; overflows its banks 107 2 Thames Tunnel 499 ; river breaks into 501 Thanksgiving at St. Paul's for the vic tories of Howe, Jarvis, and Duncan 131 for several victories 188 Theatres, act of parliament passed limiting the number of 3R Ticket porters, duties of 413 Tin-plate workers, account ofthe com pany of 422 , cause tried respecling 49 Tithes, origin of, in London 309; an tiquity of ii. Tobacco-pipe makers, account of the company of 423 Tower of Londun, situation of 502 ; history of .503 ; wild beasts lodged in 504; wharf 506; water-gate ib. ; officers of 506 ; fees of the constable 508; warders 509; church ib. ; royal and noble personages buried in 513; White Tower 514; chapel in ib. ; council chamber in 515; curious crown discovered ib. ; Bell tower 516; Beauchamp tower ifc. ; inscriptions in 517; Devereaux tower 521; Flint tower ib.; Bow yer's tower ib ; Brick tower ib. : Jewel Tower ih.; Constable Tower 522; Broad Arrow Tower ib. ; Salt Tower ib. ; Bloody Tower ib. ; Lant • horn Tower 523 ; Record Tower ib.; Well Tower ti. ; Crarile Tower ib. ; Traitor's Gate ib. ; Byward Tower 524 ; Office of Ordnance ib, ; Officers of the Ordnance 523; duties of iii; Record office 526; keepers of 528; Jewel office 530; keepers ib, ; attempted robbery of Ihe re galia by Blood 53t ; description of the regalia 533 ; grand store-room 536; armouries 84.; Spanish Arraada 537; New horse armoury 540; vo lunteer armoury 547; Sea armoury 548 ; royal train of artillery ib, : small armoury 549 ; menagerie 552 ; Tower Hamlets 554 ; fortified in 1794, 112; court of 305 Town clerk, duties of, fees, and list of 286 Trafalgar, battle of 153 Trained bands, number of, in 1728 328 Traitor's gate 523 Treason, several persons sent to the Tower for. in 1722,24 , several coramitted on charge of 230; acquitted 231 Treasure, immense, taken by two fri- g.iles out of the Herraoine 61 Treasurer of St. Paul's, duties of, 307 O 2 664 GENERAL INDEX. Triennial parliaments abolished 11 Triumphs, ancient 244 Trust, breach of, by a member of par liaraent 130 Turkey company petition the queen for a convoy 3 Turners, account of the corapany of 423 T welfth -day, cereraonies to be observed the Monday alter 258 Tylers and bricklayers, account of the corapa'-y of 421 Vaccination supported by the college of surgeons 186 Vintners, account of the company of 372 Volunteers, general arming of the people as 149; numbers of ib.; number of, raised, 1796, 330; in 1806,332 Union of Great Britain and Ireland 142 Upholders, account of the company of 423 , work done by, for the en tertainment to the prince regent 213 Walcheren expedition 171 Wales, princess of, gross and unfound ed calumnies respecting 185 Wall, governor, executed 143 War with France commenced 113 Warders, account of 509 Wardle, col., receives the freedom of the city 173 Wardmote court, account of 298 Warrants, general, declared illegal 78 Water bailiff, duties of 289 Watermen, account of fhe corapany of 424 Wafer-works, London bridge, account of 467 ; reraoved ib. , Chelsea, established 24 Waterloo bridge, account of 495; foundation laid 496; inscription on the foundation stone ib. ; expence of ib. ; diraensions of 497 ; opened 231 Watson Brook, Mr., atterapts to sub ject the convening the livtirji to tb« authority of the court of commo council 127 Wax-chandlers, account of the cora pany of 425 Weavers, account of the company of 426 ; refuse lo obey the raayor's precept 81 ; master and warders of, disfranchised ib. Weavers of Spitalfields, oulragescoms mitted by 12; riotous conduct of 65, 75 ; several killed ib. Well Tower 523 Wellington, duke of, splendid enter tainraent given lo him by fhe cily 219 West India docks, accident at 176 Westminster bridge, account of 490 ; dimensions of 491 ; expence of 492 Wheelwrights, account of fhe com pany of 427 Whitecross-street prison, foundation of, laid 187 Whitelock. trial of 165 Whit-Sunday and Whitsun week, cere monies to be observed on 259 William and Mary crowned 2; visits the city ib, ; proceeds through the city on his return from Holland 4 ; his death 5 Wilkes, Mr., committed to fhe Tower 62; released 63; election of, for M. P. for Middlesex 66 ; com mitted to the King's Bench 17 ; riots in consequence of ib. ; elected alderman 71 ; expelled the house of coramons ih. Wind, violent 184 Wine, additional duty upon 62 Wines, bills for, at the entertainment to the prince regent 214 price ot 372 Wrestling, ceremonies to he observed by the corporation for viewing the wrestling in Smithfield 251 Wood, alderman, elected mayor 187 Woodmongers, account of the com pany of 428 Woolraen, account of th« conipany of 428 INDEX OF PLACES. Addle-street, 386 Admiralty, 156 Alberaarle-street 194 Aldersgate, 251 Aldersgate-streel, 317 Aldgate, 55 Allhallows, Bread-street, 306 Allhallpws, Lombard-st., 306 Apsley-house, 187 Artillery ground, 99 Arundel castle, 219 Astley's araphitheatre, '50 Aston-bury, 307 Ayliffe-street, 64 Baldwin's gardens, 5 Bank ot England, 6 1, 125, 137, 195 Barking church, 510 Basinghall-sl., 390, 400, 427 Basing-lane, 362 Baynard castle, 242, 350 Beaucharap lower, 516 Bedford-house, Blooms bury, 65 Bedlam wall, 50 Beech-lane, 401 Bethnal-green, 554 Bell tower, 516 Birmingham, 113, 353 Bishopsgate, 259 Bishopsgate-street, 65 Blackfriars, 7, 35 Blackfriars bridge, 52, 55, 184, 493 Blackwall, 554 Bloody tower, 522 Bloomsbury-square, 91 Bow 554 ^ church, 189 lane, 367 street, 91 Bowyer's tower, 521 Bread-street, 367 Brentford. 72 Brick tower, 521 Bridge-street, 137 Bristol 522 British Museum, 195 Broad arrow tower, 522 Bi-omley, 654 Bunhill-row, 91 Burlinglon-house, 218 Bush-lane, great, 412 Byward tower, 524 Cadington, 307 Caen-wood, 92 Cardigan-bay, 126 Carlisle, 41 Carlton-house, 183, 194 Charing-cross, 88, 121, 144, Charter-house-square, 48 Cheapside, 10, 28, 145, 340, 414 Chelsea, 376, 418 hospital, 49 Chester 358 Chiswick, 218, 308 Christ's hospital, 5, 252, 262 Cirencester 430 Clink 5 Cloak-lane 393 Cloth-fair 251 Cobham tower 516 Cock-hill, Ratcliffe 116 Cock-lane 59 Cold-bath-fields 140 Coleman-street 277 College-hill 342, 423. Colne ditch 452 Constable tower 522 Copenhagen-house 122 Cornhill 65, 88 Covent garden 165, 168, 198 Cradle tower 523 Cripplegate 55 Crooked-lane 350 Cumberland-house, 195 Cuper's bridge 496 Currier's hall 423 Custom-house 190 Cutler's hall 402 Deadman's place 5 Delhing 507 Dengy 308 Deptford 67 Derby 41 Devereux tower 521 Di.-taff-lane 391 Di. '..'. i ^4<2 Dog-house bar 288 Dowgate-hill 357 Downing-street 90 Drapers' hall 347 Drury-lane 7, 197 Duke-street, Lincoln's inn fields 89 East India docks 152 house 137 East Smithfield 554 Edinburgh 41 Elbow-lane 403 Enfield-wash 50 Essex stairs 69 Exchange-alley, Cornhill 43 Exeter 353 street 72 Fenchurch-streel 370 Finsbury-square, 137 Fishguard 126 Fishraongers' hall, 350 Fleet bridge 36 dilch 33, 36 prison 11 street 88 Flint tower 521 Foster-lane 353 Fotheringay 315 Foundling hospital 138 Fulwood's rents 5 Godalming 388 Golden-lane 91 Goldsmiths' hall 353 Gravesend 129,424 Great George-st., West rainster 63 Great Marlborough-streot 110 Great Queen-street 91 Greenhithe 130 Green park 46, 223 Greenwich 4, 384, 537 hospital 158 Greshara college 342 Grey-friars 461 Grocers' hall 346 Guildhall 2, 6, 25, 82 100, 127,166, 172, 185, 198, 219,402, 410,423, 484 566 Guildhall chapel 251 Westminster 89 Gutter-lane 395 Haberdashers' hall 365 Hackney 191, 554 Hampton-court 196 Harp-lane 379 Hartwell 194 Halton-garden UO Hdwiey's wharf, Wapping 114 Ilaymirket 32, 45 theatre 114 Hicks's hall 49 High-street, Shadwell 110 Holborn 94, 308 ¦ — bars 47 bridge 36 Holy Island 528 Holy Trinity priory 270, 503 Holywell, Finsbury 308 Horsemonger-lane 147 House of Comraons 109, 182 Hoxton 179,308 Hyde park 39, 95, 135, 137, 218, 224 India-house 187 Isle of Dogs 151 Man 516 Isleworth 146 Islington 137, 308 Jerveaux abbey 520 Jesus college, Oxford 496 Jewel office 530 Johnson's-court, Charing- cross 117 Kensington gardens 195 palace 186 Kentish Town 189, 308 King's-bench prison 92, 138 Kingston-upon-Hull 173 Kirkeby 309 Kiveton 467 .ambelh hill 383 palace 187 INDEX OF PLACES. Limehouse reach 135 Lime-street 411 Little Queen-street 90 Little Wales 510 Lloyd's Coffee-house 1 16, 117 Lindon-bridge 49, 54, 88, 120, 350,453 London docks 151 wall 318,392 street 1 10 Lanthorn tower 523 Lea river 508 Leather-lane 7 Leicester-fields 90 Limehouse 219, 554 Lothbury 398 Low Leighton 191 L'idgate 55 Lynn 107 Macking marshes 224 Maiden-lane 365,425 Maidstone 134 Maldon 313 Mansion-house 144, 148, 166, 176 Margate 135 Marshalsea 1 1 Masons-alley, Basinghall- street 407 Mercers' hall 341 Merchant Taylors' hall 112,361 Mile-end 71,554 Milford stairs 385 Mincing-lane 376 Minories 5 Mint, Southwark 5 Mitre-court, Fleet-street 5 Monkwell-street 367, 380 Montague close 5 Monument 140, 175 Moorfields 164 Morden 507 More, extra London 308 Mote 507 Mount-street, Grosvenor- square 109 Namur 549 New Bridewell 92 Newcastle 353 New Fish-street 350 Newgate 11,78, 91, 143, 171,353 market 52 Newington 308 Newport market 32 New Palace-yard 64 New-street 7 Nightingale-lane, Ease Smithfield 90 Noble-street 87,415 Northfleet 192 Norton Falgafe 554 Norwich 353 Nottingham 173 Oakley-street 147 Oatlands 218 Old Change 461 Old Fish-street 350 Old Ford 554 Old Jewry 342 Old Swan siairs 441 Opera house 104 Oxford 197 Paddington canal 142 street 120 Palace yard 69, 107, 120 128, 173 Pall Mall 71 Pantheon, Oxford-sf. 99, 108 Pinners' hall court 411 Poplar 554 Portman-square 146 Portpool S09 Poultry 346 Preston 10 Pudding-lane 387 Queenhithe 190,371,452 Queen-square UO Ram-alley 5 Ratcliffe 554 cross 415 Reading 173 Record tower 523 Richraond 432 hill 196 Rochester 173 Rolls' chapel 526 Romney marsh 507 Roperaakers-allev, Moor fields 90 Rotherhithe 179 Royal Exchange 63, 72, 93, 133, 137, 364 Sadler's .wells 165 St. Andrew's, Holborn 5 St. Bee's 315 St. Botolph's wharf 44 1 St. Bride's church 71 St. Dionis BackcliurL-h 306 St. Dunstan in the East i'l. in the West 55 St. George's Fields 07, 88 121, 137 OF PLACES. 587 St. George's, Borough 451 St. Helen's, little 404 St. Jaraes's 181 — palace 1, 166, 175, 418 park 33, 49, 95, 148, 223 . street 6 1 St. John the Baptist 306 's square 7 St. Catherine's 384, 503 dock 451 stairs 385 St. Ijeonard, Eastcheap 306 Shoreditch 308 St. Margaret's-hill 4 St. Martin'sle-Grand 304 — Outwich 65 St. Mary, Aldermary 6, 306 St. Vedast, Forster-lane 306 Salisbury court 5, 11 Salters hall 367 Saville-house, Leicester- fields 55 S.ivoy 5 Scotland-yard 107 Sedgmoor 540 Sessions-house, Clerken well 118 Shadwell 554 Sheerness 129 Sheffield 173, 353 Shepperton 451 Shoreditch 179, 554 Sible Hedingham 360 Skinners hall 357 Sraithfield 51 Snow-hill 180 Somers Town 131 Somerset-house 107, 187 Sjuthwark 52, 173 bridge 498 Spitalfields 67, 138, 554 Staines bridge 297, 442 Stanhope-street 90 Stanmore 194 Stationers hall court 419 Stepney-fields 67, 69 Stocks market 38 Stone buildings, Lincoln's Inn 106 Strand 88 St. Pancras, s'oper-lane Stratford-upon-Avon 313 306, 309 Sudbury, ib. St. Paul's cathedral 38, 54, Suffolk-street 34 101, 116, 131,163, 177, 195, 197 Tabernacle- row 288 church-yard 137 Teddington 431 Cross 259 Temple Bar 144, 160, 180 . school 4, 342 Temple Stairs 440 Covent-garden Thames, river 54, 100, 122 189, 430 St. Peter ad Vincula street 10 church 509 Tunnel 499 St. Saviour, Southwark Threadneedle-street 361 6 7 Three Cranes 260 St Swithin's-lane 367 Throgmorton-streel 347 St. Thomas of Aeon's hos- Tilbury Fort 129 pital 341 Tillinghara 309 . a Watering 252 Tooley-street 107 ,425 461 . Ase 397 - Bethelem 355 - Bo tho w 306 -le-Bow,ib.- Grace's 510 - Hill 260, 413, - Spital 355 Woolchurch St. Michael, Crooked-lane 6 -, Royal 306 Tottenham court 309 Tower of London 10, 24, £4,95, 171, 219, 502 extra 554 intra 554 Hill 43, 137 Great 305 Traitors gate 523 Trinity-lane, Little 408 Trinity Minories 554 Tunbridge castle 507 Turnham Green 551 Tyburn 10,24,47,54,69, 518 Vinetree 257 Virginia-street, Wapping 90 Union-street, Southwark UO Upper Thames-street 37$ Wakefield tower 523 Walton-in-le-Soker 308 Wapping 107, 141 Ware 99, 507 Warwick-street 89 Waler-lane 376 Waterloo-bridge 495 Well tower 523 Wenlakes-barn 309 West-India docks 176 West Smithfield 525 Westminster 195 abbey 2, 5, 49, 56, 98, 164 bridge 67 ,490 -hair6,43,142 Whitechapel 534 Whitecross-street 186 Whitefriars 5 Whitehall 4, 418, 440 White tower 514 Willesden 307, 308 Wimbledon 174 Windsor 96, 126, 424 Wood-street 410 Woolwich 197 Worship-Street UO Venfleet 297, 448 452 INDEX OF NAMF8 Abardisley, R. 391 Abbot, G. 316 Abbot, sir M. 268 Abbot, M 273 Abbot, O 392 Abbott, W. 398 Abdy, A. 278 Abel, T, 520 Abell, W. 278 Aberfurthe, R. 366 Abney, T. 278 Abney, sir T. 266 Abraham, T. 405 Abraham, W. 276 Abyngdone, S. 274 Abyngdon, S. ib. Abynsdon, S. 263 Accliff, T. 412 Accon, T. ib. Achylly, R. '/76 Achiley, sir R. 465 Aconwey, F. 409 Acton, sir W. 266 Acton, W. 278 Adair 105 Adair, J. 284 Adam, H. 382 Adames, W. 398 Adams 225 Adaras, L. 422 Adams, R. 387, 284 Adams, T. 278 Adaras, sir T. 266 Addyngton, T. 357 Addington, sir W. 131 Addyrlee, J, 276 Adeane, J. 353 Adneli, T. 406 Adryan, J. 263, 274 Adrian, J. 274 Adryan J. ib. Alfwius 312 yEthelnoh 312 Aitham, J. 277 Aichiley, R. 265 Aket, sir C. 266 Alani, R. 273 Alate, J. 277 Albones, St J. 275 Albright, J. 421 Alcam 375 Alcoke, J. 393 Aldarnes, R. 27fl Alderman, J. 273. Alderman, J 265 Aldermanbir, S. de 273, Alderson, sir G. 280 Alderson, W. 427 Aldewyn, N. 351 Aiestry, J. 414 Ale.xander 481 Alexander, sir J. 280 Aleyn 346 Aleyn, C. 343 Aleyn, G. 357 Aleyn, H. 398 Aleyn, J. 343, 377, S83, 386, 429 Aleyn, P. 263 Aleyn, R. 054,365 Aleyn, T. 275 Aleyn, W. 394, 406 Alleyn, J. 276 Alleyn, R. 354 Alleyn, T. 278 Alleyne. sir T. 266 Alleyn, 'W. .¦<79 Aleysham, J. 275 Alford, L. 348 Alford, R. 348 Alford. P. 462 Alin, W. 277 Aliz, W. 273 Allen, J. 276 Allen, sir J. 265,342 Allen, W. 68 Allen, sir W. 265 Alle.v, R. 276, 277 Allot, J. 265 Almaine, W. 456 Alsop, R. 267, 279, ib. Alsopp, T. 346 Althram, E. 277 Althropp, R. 42? Aluf, A. 273 Alut, W. ib. Aiverne, A. de274 Alwyn, N. 265 Alwyne, N. 276 Alysander, J. 392 Alysaunder, T. 4U8 Alyson, T. 393 Ambrose, J. 420 Ambrose, sir T. 27D Amcotes, sir H. 5-65 Amcottes, H. 350 Amersley, R. 375 Ames, J. 464 Amyas, J. 391 Andersby, J. 393 \nderson, sir J. W. 267 280 Anderson, R. 392 Anderson, T. 351 Anderson, M. 414 Anderson, W. 429 Andrew, J. 264,275 Andrewes, J. 392 Andrewes, R. 392 Andrewes, R. 403 Andrewes, W. 390 Andrews. H. 278 Andrews; T. 266, 278 Anger, J. 381 Angerslein, J.J, 168 Anne, queen 5 Anne, A. 282 Ansley, J. 267 Ansley, J. 280 Ansley, W. 395 Antioche, G. de 273 Antony, A. 386 Apott, J. 346 Appilton, T. 381 Appowell, G. 422k Apposvell, H. 375 Archer, T. 391 Archer, W. 386 Arcubus, R. 274 Ardrn, T. 454 Argentyne, 412 Armenler, J. 274 Armerer, W. 376 Armesby, J. 405 Armestrong, J. 429 Arniitage. S. 470 Arnold, J. 275 Arundel, lord 517 Arundel, earl of 542 Arundell, T. 310,382 Asgill, sir C. 267,279 Asheton, Dr. W. 340 Ashton, W. 407 Ashurst, H. 286 Ashurst, sir W. 266 Ashurst, W. 278 Ashway, R. 263 AsKam, 364 Askeham, W. 275 Askew, sir C. 265 Askew, C. 276 Asplyn, J. 409 Aspyn, E. 422 Astell, S. 420 Astle, 530 Astry, Rauf 265 Astue, E. 348 Astue, J. 348 Aswy, R. 273 Aswy, W. 274 Atherley, J. 264 Atkenson, T. 365 Atkins, J. 267, 280 Atkins, sir T. 266 Atkinson, R. 420 Alkyn, H. 38 Atkjns, J. 381 Atkyn, T. 278 Atkynson, R. 386, T. 393 Atterbury, bishop 24 Atwell, T. 365 •Auban, H.de 273 Audery, M. 454 Aulife, sir J. 277 Aunger, P. 274 Aunsell, T. 414,427 Austen, H. 365 Austen, J. 351 Austeyne, T. 275 Austyn, S. 399 Avenon, A. 265, 371 Averell, B. 365 Averell, H. 354 Avery, S. 278 Awbrey, A. 263 -Awbry, A. 275 Awbray, J. 275 Awbry, M. 274 Awcetter, J. 381 Awood, J. 422 Avvoode, J. 365 Awoode, R. 420 Awoode, T. 390 Awsten, J. 420 Awthorne, J. 386 Aydilsay, R. 414 Ayley 31 Aylemer, syr L. 276 Aylmer, J. 315 Aylyff, J. 380 Bac, P. 273 Backhouse, N. 277 Backhouse, R. 278 Backton, E. 357 Bade, T. 403 Bacon, J. 392 Bacon, J. 277 Bacon, T. 367 INDEX OF NAMES. Badecot, L. 274 Baseley, N. 397 Bailis, sir R. 267 Baily, H. 357, 358 Baily, R. 358 Bailey, T. 382 Bailey, W. 276 Bailey, sir W. 265 Baker, E. 391 Baker, J. 283 Baker, M. 394 Baker, R. 383 Baker, T. 280 Baker, T. 378 Baker, W. 398, 404 Bakon, W. 276 Baldock, R. deSlS Baldrie, T. 270 Baldry, sir T. 265 Bale, H. 274 Ball,H. 392 Ballingsly, sir H. 265 Balmerino, lord 43, 514 Balthropp, T. 358 Bamme, A. 264, 275 Bancroft, R. 315 Banester, J. 381,391 Banester, R. 392 Bankes, E. 277 Banks, sir E. 484 Banks, sir H. 279 Banks, J. 358 Banks, J. 380 Banks, R. 357 Bansted, R. 395 Banning, P. 277 Barber, J. 267,279 Barber, T. 420 Barclay deTolli 195 Bardeney, N. 351 Bardolph, J. 354 Barentyne, D. 264,275 Barentine. sir D. 354 Bargaine, J. 386 Barker, 403 Barker, A. 346 Barker, J. 381 Barker, N 378 Barker, R. 414 Barker, It 373 Barker, T. 407 Barker, W. 378 Barkham, sir E. 266 Barley, R. 379 Barley, T. 398 Barley, W. 386 Barlowe, W. 362 Barnard, sir J. 867,279 Barnard, J 405 Barnard, R 406 569 Barne, sir G. 265 Barne, G. 277 Barne, R. 371 Barne, T. 372 Barnes, sir G 265 Barnes, G. 365 Barnes. R. 422 Barnes, T. 393 Barnes, W. 362 Barnes, G. 277 Barnham, B. 277 Barneys, H. 316 Baron, B. 343 Baron, H. 371 Barons, J. 354 Baron, W. 314 Barowes, A. 381 Borquerel, R. 263 Barrett, R. 394 Barrye, W. 348 Bar.sey, P. 351 Barthelmi, R. 273 Bartilmewe, T. 371 Barton, H. 264, 275 Barton, J. 282, 386, 300 Barton, R. 275 Barton, W. 414 Baseden, R. 351 Basing, A. 263 Basing, H. de, 273 Basing, S. 263 Basing, S. de 278 Baskerville, H. 277 Basley, J. 390 Basset, F. 313 Basset, R. 264, 276 Basyng, R. 363 Basyng, R. 274 Basynge, T. 274 Basynge, W. 274 Bat, N. 274 Bate, G. 263 Bateman, sir A. 266 Bateman, A. 278 Bateman, sir J. 236 Bateman, J. 278 Bates, J. 280 Bathe, H. 358 Bathurst, lord 88, 226 Batman, G. 382 Bait, J. 390 Batt, W. 372 Batte, N. 263 Baven, T. 354 Bawden, J. 386 Bav.dwyn, J. 358 Baxter, R. 365 Baxter, T. 358 Bayard, 225 BaycoD, J. 386 570 Bajlby, W. 365 Bayley, J. 530,531 Baylis, R. 279 Baynam, J. 279 Baynard, W. 425 Baynbiugg, W. 414 Bays, J. 350 Bayte, H. 403 Bayte, J. 358 Baytman, T. 429 Bayton, N. 405 Beachcroft, sir R. 266 Beachcroft, R. 278 , Beale, W. 337 ' Beale, V. 469, S. 470 Beauford, H. 362 Beaufoy, M. 496 Beaumont, T. 276 Bechar, C. 348 Beche, H. 367 Becher, E, 277 Becher, sir E. 477 Becher, H. 279 Beck, G. 273 Becket, G. 340 Beckford, T. 278 Beckford, W. 267, 279 Beckman, 533 Beckwith, T. 367 Beckwith, A. 357 Bedall, R, 392 Bedingfield, sir R. 266 Beddingfield, R. 278 Beddome, S. 288 Beddowe, 0. S97 Bedyll, J. 274 Beecher, sir E. 267 Beele, A. 351 Beket, H. 365 Bel, R. de 273 Belamy, sir E. 267 Belet, R. 414 Belhowse, R. 391 Bell, J. 382, 387 Bell, R. 391 Bell, T. 420 Bell, sir T. 280 Bellamy, E. 279 Bellingham, J. 182 Bellomy, C. 412 Belmeis, R. de 313 Beltz, T. F. 240 Benard, R. 414 Benbowe, R. 374 Benefild, S 404 Benet, G. 409 Benet. J. 362 Benet, T. 277 Benet, VV. 075 Benn, A. 283 Benn, W. 267, 279 INDEX OF NAMES. Benett, J. 422 Benett, R. 371 Bennet, S 31 Bennet, sir T. 266 Benett, W. 379 Benson, sir W. 278 Bentworth, R. de313 Benyngton, S. de 275 Berde, W. 350 Berdswrothe, T. 393 Bere, J. 398 Bere, R. ib. Berenger, R. de 192 Beresford, 193 Berkley 31 Berman, J. 371 Bernam, F. 274 Bernard, G. 484 Bernard. W. 279 Bernes, J. 264, 275 Berness, J. 379 Berry 136 Bernwell, T. 276 Berkyng, R. 275 Besaul, R. 273 Best, A. 365 Best, A. 379 Beste, T. 348 Beston, J. 365 Besyngstoke, R. 275 Betayne, R. 263 Betayn, W. 274 Bethell, 267, 278, 279 Bethycotes, R. 390 Betnell. H. 274 Betts, R, 386, 429 Betynson, G. 346 Bewe, R. 357 Bewyke J. 879 Bick, S. 30 Biddle, E. ib. Bide. J. 278 Big, W. ib. Bignold, R. 240 Bilby, R. 386 Bilke, E. 496 Billers, sir W. 267, 279 Billesdon, R. 264 Billingsley, 277 Billisborowe, J, 397 Billing, T. 282 Billing, W. 381 Billing, W. 421 Billyng, E. 425 Birch. S. 267, 280 Bird, J. 380 Birde, W. 397 Bisshopp, R. 405 iJlacher, R. i97 lllaihfoi-d, J. 267 HiacKiston, sir M 56 Blackwall, J. 280 Blackwell, 3 Blackwell, sir L. 14 Blacknay, P. 274 Blades, J. 280 Blake, R. 420 Blakesley., J. 348 Blakiston, sir M. 267,279 Blaklock, J. 392 Blakraore, W.409 Blakwell, J. 379 Blanchford, J. 279 Blancke, sir T. 265 Bland, J. 363 Bland, W. 366 Blank, T. 365 Blanke, W. ib. Blaychard, G. 426 Bledlow, T. 276 Blewit, S. 278 Blithe, J. 421 Bloraefeld, T. 407 Blood, 531 Bloundell, J. 376 Blount, J. 263 Blount, sir J. 13, 14 Blount, R. 274 Blount, sir R. 512 Blount, W. 274 Blowar, H. 426 Blower, T. 348 Bloxham, M. 280 Bucher, 195 Bludworth, sir T. 266, 278 Blund, E. 274 Blundul, H. ib. Blundul, R. 27S Blundus, R. 273 Blundus, W. ib. Blunt, N. le 273 Blunt, R. 274,270 Bock, H. 273 Bodeley, H. 382 Bodie, W. 363 Bodley, 346 Bodnam, ib. Boilly, C. 517 Bokerel, A. 27 Bokerel, M. 274 Bokerel, S. 278 Bokerel, T. ib. Bokoynte, ib. Bolet, S, 274 Bolyn, A. 513 Boleyn, G. 264 Boleyne, sir G. 342 Boh, R. 381 Bolland, W. 484 Bolles, G 26B Boiling, C 3r,i BolfivDP, C" 276 Bolt, T. 372 Bolter, J. 354 Bolton, T. 162, 399 Bolton, sir W. 266 Bolton, W. 278 Bonevaunt, T. 404 Bond, sir G. 265 Bond, G. 277 Bonde, J. 414 Bond, W. 277 Bongay, R. 263 Bonner, E. 314 Bonney, 115 Boone, F. 407 Bordes, R. 383 Bordman, J. 381 Bordwell, T. 429 Bordis. T. 406 Bordyn, N. 399 Borflam, G. 407 Borne, J. 358 Borne, N 375 Borne, R. ib. Borney, W. ib. Boroughe, sir E. 320 Borre, R. 395 Borrel, W. 382 Bosanquet, 133 Boseman, J. 275 Bosham, P. 274 Boston, T. 429 Boswell, H. 394 Bosworth, J. 35 Bosworth, sir John 285 Boteler, J. 275 Bolewrite, B. 456 Bothe, J. 362 Boudon, J. 484 Bough, T. 348 Bovere, E. 365 Bower, T. 348 Bower, W. 366 Bowes, 354 Bowes, sir M. 265 Bowes, M, 277 Bowghm, J. 386 Bowis, W. 282 Bowlmer, R. 426 Bowraan, N. 366 Bowmer, S. 394 Bowre, G. 394 Bowyer, 346 Bowyer, F. 277 Bowyer, W. 529 Bowyer, sir W. 265 Box, M. 274 Box,T. ib Box, W. 277 Boxe, H. 274 Boydell.J. 267, 280 INDEX OF NAMES. Boyer, W. 877 Boys, J. 343 Brabant, duke of 526 Brackenbury, R. 507 Bracey, R. 274 Bracy, T 366 Bradbery, T. 276 Bradbury, T. 265 Bradbury, R. 414 Bradeley, T. 395 Bradfote, W. 420 Braken, J. 403 Brakenock, J. 358 Brarapston, H. 350 Brampton, W. 275 Bramson, A. ib. Branch, sir J. 265 Branch,J. 277 Brand, H. 273 Brandon, 169 Brander, A. 280 Brandon, T. 275 Branscomb, sir J. 280 Bransgrave, S. 428 Brase, R. 897 Brasier, J. 879, 391 Brasswell, J. 382 Braunche, R. 857 Braybroke, R. de 313 Brayne, H. 362 Breedon, R. 279 Brember, N. 275 Brerabyr, N. 264 Bretavn, T. 276 Breton, J. 263 Breton, J. 276 Brewer. J. 398 Bricknell, B. 496 Bridford, R. 524 Bridgen, W. 267,279 B.idges, G. 267 280,406 Bridges, J. 276 Briges, G. 429 Brierley, N 386 Brigges, J. 468 Briggis, E. 375 Brightwelton, G. 382 Briseworth, M. 414 Brithelraus, 312 Brocas, sir R. 267 Brocas, R. 272 Brock, R. 367 Brods, G. 378 Brogden, J. 496 Broke, J. 348 Broke, L. de 353 BipKp R. 5' Broke, T. 3:12 Broke, W. 34S, 3^1 Brokle, J. 2T5 671 Brokley, J. 264 Bromefeld, L. 882 Broraefeld, N. 392 Bloraefeld, T. 893,405 Broraeles, J. 357 Broraesgrove, J. 358 Broraeshawke, T. 398 Bromfield, sir E. 266 Broraley, T. 283 Brond, R. 276 Brook, R. 283 Brooke, G. 275 Brooke, J. 276 Brooke, J. 279 Brooke, J. C. 114 Brookes 470 Broome, J. 469 Brothers, R. 120 Brothers, W. 347 Brough, W. 387 Broune, T. 351 Browman, J. 350 Brown 31,484 Brown, A. 267, 280 Brown, A. 420 Brown, G. 409 Brown, J. 264, 276 Brown, J. 383, 395 538 Brown, R. 414 Brown, sir R. 266 Brown, R. 379 Brown, S. 264 Brown, T. 350 Brown, W. 265, 878 Browne, 235 Browne, J. 343, 367, 381 Browne' N. 405 Browne, S. 276 Browne, T. 354 Browne, R. 278 Browne, W. 276 Brownhill, R. 381 Browning, A. 274 Bruanche, J. 348 Bruge, sir J. 265 Bruges, G. 348,363 Brun, W. le, 273 Brunei, 500 Brunt, Laurence 387 Brushe, R. 429 Bruyn, J. 376 Byan,J 275,399 Bryce, H. 26 1, 2/6 Bryce, R. 39 1 Brryckilwoth, B. 395 Prvcksaa, J. 386 ¦iH-jde. R.429 1 ijkelsworthe, W. 275 Otiyne, W. 399 Bubbewich, W. 813 572Buchell, E. 273 Buchevet, A. 263 Bucke, N. 351 Buckeney, J. 351 Buckerd. 378 Buckerell, A. 344 Buckingham, duke of 543 Buckingham, sir O. 266, 278 Buckie, sir C. 265 Buckworth, sir J. 278 Bufle, AV. 273 Buklan, R. 366 Bukland, R. 3.-.2 Buknour, W. 365 Bull, F. 267,279 Bull, sir J. 279 Bull, N. 35i Bulle, R. 366 Bulle, W. 366 Bullock, J. 351 Bulloke, J. 403 Bulloke, T. 409 Bullmer, J. 471 Bulshe, H. 358 Bumpstede, H. 462 Bunce, J. 278 Bungeye, Remer de 273 Burbaje, T.422 Burbage, Rafe 422 Burden, A. 274 Burdett, sir F. 146, 171, 235 Burfforde, de 274 Burgen, R. 370 Burlacye, E. 343 Burlington, earl of 433 Burnam, J. 393 Burneham, R. 379 Burnell, J. 267. 280 Burnell, T. 343 Burneti, J. 420 Burnett, sir R. 280 Burnett.T. 382 Burnynghill, W. 348 Burscough, 31 Burton, J. 529 Burton, R. 422 Burton, S. 426 Burwell, J. 357 Burwell, M. 391 Bury, A. 264. 275 Buryn, J. 275 Bnshnari, J. 287 Busse, R. 358 Busshe, R. 40:3 Bussher, C. 351 Butfilane, T. 381 Butler 226 Butler, E. 365 INDEX OF NAMES. Butler, J. 274 Butler, J. 275 Butler, J. 405 BuUler, T. 323,391 Butler, sir W. 265 Butler, W. 276, 346 Butt, J. 393 Butt, R. G. 193 Butt,T. 386 BuUill.R. 362 Button, C. 358 Byfelde. R. 276 Byffyn, R. 351 Bygmore, A. 393 Bykerton, J. 379 Bykylsworlh, J. 275 Bynkys, J. 365 Byllysdon, R. 276 Bynes, 412 Byrall, P. 421 Byrche, N. 451 Byrd, R. 390 Byrrell, G. 409 Bywater, J. 275 Cachemayd, J. 362 Cade, R. 366 Cadell, T. 280 Cadogan, lord 24 Caldecote, P. 462 Caldham. G. 407 Callard, R. 408 Caller, R. 274 Calley, M. 365 Calthorp. M. 265, 277 Calthorpe, sir P. 5^0 Calthrop, H. 283 Caiton, R. 421 Caiton, T. 354 Caiton, W. 409 Calvert, sir W. 267, 279 Cambell, R. 277, 278 Cambell, sir J. 266, 277 CnmheJl, sir T. 266 Cambrege, W. 264 Cambrydge, T. 275 Camden, W.409 Campion, J, 404 Campion, R. 366 Campion, T. 362 Campione, J. 422 Caning, T. 264 Canterbury, Johan of 274 Cantlow, W. 276 Canlwell, W. 399 Canning. 185 Canning, E. 49 Cannon, J. 357 Canon, J. 362 Cansyn, W. 274 Canynges, T. 276 Capel. R. 68 Capell, W. 276 Capell, sir W. 265 Care, J. 405 Carlisle, earl of 23 Carnan, T. 419 Carrier, H. 380 Carrington, lord 226 Carter, J. 422 Carter, R. 393 Carter, sir R. K. 279 Carter, W. 420 Cartwricthf, J. 397 Cartwright, sir J. 279 Cass, J. 279 Castell, R. 858 Castelyn, W. 343 Castlereagh, lord 227- Caston, W. 274 Castor, C. 422 Caswell, sir G. 279 Casvn, M. 383 Catelene, R. de 274 Cathyll, A. 275 Catworth, T. 276 Caundish, S. 264 Caundyshe, S. 275 Caunton, J. 276 Causton, J. 274 Cave, A. 348 Cawar, R. 366 Cedda, 312 Ceolbryght, ib. Chadworth, J. 275 Chafer, B. 376 Chaffont, R. 374 Challenger, J. 379 Challonor, sir T. 279 Chaloner. R. S43 Chalton, T. 264,275 Chalyner, J. 283 Chambers, A. 469, 470 Chambers, R. 278 Chamber. J. 363, 398 Chamber, R. 382 Cham.ber, T. 406 Chamber, W. 351, H78 Chamberlain, J. 427 Chamberlain, R. 277 Chamberlain, W. 407 Charaberlayn, J. 429 Charaberlayn, W. 348,357 Chamberleyn, W. 273 Chamberlayne, G. 273 Chamblayne, J. 427 Chamblayn, '372 Chambre', L. 397 Chanibur, J. 374 Chamley, H. 346 INDEX OF NAMES. Chamley, J. 469 Chamneis, R. 274 Champion, sir G. 279 Champion, sir R. 265.277 Champion, W. 277, 280 Champneis, sir J. 265 Champneis, J. 276 Charapney, J. 469 Chandler, T. 278 Chaplin, sir F. 286 Chaplin, F. 278 Chapman, 481 Chapman, sir J. 266 Chapman, J. 278, 420 Chapman, T. 404 Chapman, W. 276 Chapman, W. W. 391 Chard, W. 385 Charles I. 543 Charles II. 539 Charles, E. 30 Charlotte, queen 57 Charlotte, princess 231 Charlwood, B. 279 Charnock, 551 Charter, J. 407 Charterane, J. 384 Chalborne, W. 394 Chatworth, T. 264 Chaundeler, 348, 354 Chauntrell, J. 374 Chauvelin, M. U3 Chawry, R. 265, 276 Cheney, T. 367 Chevall, W. 348 Cherell, T. 365 Cheriey, J. 390 Chertsey, 346 Chertsey, W. 276 Cher'iey. R. 343 Chese, W. 395 Chessherd, W. 40'J Chester, 14 Chester, N. 348 Chester, W. 348, 277 Chester, sir W. 265 Chestir, R. 276 Cheyne, W. 282 Chichelee, R. 264 Chichelev, R. 275 Child, sir F. 266, 267 Child, F. 278, 279 Child, J. 449 Child, R. 10,382 Childerhouse, W. 429 Chishul, J. de313 Chilly, sir T. 267, 279, 493 Chiverton, R. 266, 278 Cholmley, sir R. 283 Cholraondeley, sir R. 512 Chorsey, R. 277 Christyne, T. 409 Church, E. 529 Churche, 40S Churcheman, 362 Churchman, W. 414 Chycheley, W. 275 Chicheley, R. 264 Chyrcheman, J. 275 Chychester, J. 264. 275 Chyckwell, H. 263, 274 Cirroke, J. 405 Claraperd, J. 365 Clare, T. 392 Clarence, duke of 132, 521 Clarke, aid. 133 Clarke, E. 278 Clarke, sir E. 266 Clarke. G. 278 Clark, R. 267 Clarke, R. 280, 285, 484 Clarke, sirS. 279 Clarke, T. 518 Clay, 225 Clayraond, 375 Claypole, 30 Clayton, sir R. 266 Clayton, R. 278 Cleborne, 375 Clement, R. 421 Clerk, E. 386 Clerk, J. 348, 404 Clerk, N. 367 Clerk, R. 365 Clerke, J. 390 Clerke, R. 397 Clerke, T. 409 Clerke, W. 357 Cletheroe, sir C. 266 Clefheroe, C. 278 Cleve, 31 Cleyton, S. 379 Cleyton, T. ib. Clifford 160 Cliflbrd, R.314,398 Cloker, J. 390 Clopton, H. 265, 276 Clopton, R. 264, 276 Clopton, W. 275 Clyston, R. 357 Clyff; T. 393 Cobage, G. 409 Cobbe. S. 365 Cobbe, T. 409 Cobbett, W. 173 Cobham, R. de 357 Cobham. lord 548 Cochin. H. de273 Cochrane, lord 192 673 Cockain, sir W. 266, 277 Cockayne, F. 267, 279 Cockayn, T. 282 Cockburn, sir G. 485 Cocke, R. 378 Cocks, G 392 Cocks, J. 367,386, 420 Cocks, R. 367 Cocks, R. 426 Cock, S. 386 Cocks, T. 421 Cocks, W. 367 Cockys, J. 406 Coffin, sir I. 485 Cbigley, J 134 Cokain, J. 282 Cokar, C. 429 Coke, E. 283 Coke, J. 343 Coke, N. 403 Coke, R. 406 Coke, T. 387 Coke, W. 343 Cokerell, E. 846 CokereLR. 382 Cole, B. 280 Cole, W. 278 Colechurch, P. 454 Colet, Dr. 342 Colet, H. 265, 276 Coley, R. 382 Colletl, T. 278 Colett, J. 343 Collingridge, S. 484 Colljer, D. 31 Collyng, E. 351 Colman,J. 358, 422 Colsell. W. 343 Colt, 30 Colte, R. 346 Colwell, R. 367 Colwvch, R. 276 Colye're, J. 358 Colyngwood, E. 398 Colyns, E. 390 Colyns, J. 379 CoUns, R. 357 Colyn, R. 420 Colynson, T. 394 Colynson, R. ib. Coraaunder. W. 387 Coombe, H. C. 280 Combmartyne, H 274 Combraartyn, W lb. Coraeyn, J. 404 Corapton, H 316 Comyn, U. 399 Comen, R. 405 Conduyt, G. de 274 Condujte, R. 233, 27 4 574 Coney, J. 336 Conney, D. 470 Connor, A. 135 Constaniine, 273 Constantyne, J. 276 Conyas, G. 365 Conyers, G. 10 Conyers, sir G. 21, 267, 279, 474 Coo, 363 Cooke, C. 279 Cooke, G. 56 Cooke, H. 363 Cooke, J. 429 Cooke, T. 264, 276, 278 Cooke, W. 351, 378 Coombe, H. C. 267 Coope, J. 403 Coote, H. 276 Cootes, C 365 Cootes, J. 265, 277 Cope, 484 Coper, T. 367 Copinger, sir W. 265 Copynger, W. 276 Corbet, R. 395 Cordall, J. 278 Cordwell, 31 Core, J. 346 Cornehyll, S. 274 Cornewe, fj. 405 Cornewell, C. 371 Cornewell, sir J. 350 Cornhell, H. de 273 Cornhull, R. de 274 Cornish, H. 278 Cornncle, J. 403 Cornwaleys, T. 275 Cornyshe, P. 399 Cornyshe, R. 354 Corwyn, R. 372 Costrop, R. 366 Cotterel, C. 288 Cotton, sir A. 266, 277 Cotton, H. 358 Cotton, J. 274 Cotton, W. 275 Colyngham, R. 429 Cotynghara, W. 365 Coudres, J. 273 Couper, J. 421 Coupir, 414 Courteney, W. de 313 Cousyn, N. 362 Covenlre, H. de 274 Coventre, J. 2 64 Coventre, J. de 273 Coventre, J. 275 Coi entry, T. 283 Coverle^ 170 INDEX OF NAMES. cowche, R. 371 rjowike, W. 405 owper, J. 378 Cowper, W. 421 J. 277, Cowte, R. 427 Cox, R. .4. 146, 280 Coxes, 91 Coxe, W. 513 Coxston, V. 357 C rasel, , I. 381 Craggs, G. 420 Cramp, R. 358 Crane, N. 275 Cranmer, S. 278 Crassul, S.273 Ciathorne, J. 394 Craven, sir W. 266 Credence, S. 422 Crepin, E. 361 Cressey, T. 425 Cresswell, A. 426 Cresswell, J. 429 Crichton, W. 280 Crispe, E. 278 Crispe, H. 286 , Crispyn, N. 366 "v. Crofton, 403 A Crofton, W. 406 ^^ Croke, J. 283 Croks, W. 420 Cromartie, earl, 43 Cromwell, T. 433, 513, 531 Crook, 235 Crosby, B. 267, 279 Crossby, J. 276 Crosse, T. 274 Crowche, G. 357 Crowche, J. 350 Crowche, P. 378 Crowd, W. 414 Crowder, J. 281 Crowell, O. 528 Crowley, sir A. 278 Crowner, W. 275 Crowther, P. W. 484 Crowmer, W. 264 Croydon, J. 275 Croydon, R. ib. Crull, Mr. 346 Crull, T. 466 Crymes, J. 375 Crymes, R. 365 Cuddon, sir T. 285 Cull, R. 346 Cullura, T. 278 Culpeper, T. 514 (yumberland, duke of 175 Cumbys, W. 276 Cunstahle.T. 346 Curlewe, W. 405 Curre, P. 391 Curteis, sir T. 265, 277 Curtes, J. 343 Curies, W. 414, 420 Curtice, J. 405 Curtis, sir W. 235, 267 Curtis, W. esq. 280 Curwyn, R. 394 Custard, N. 386 Cutbert, J. 381 Cuibert, T. 382 Cutler, H. 358 Cuttell, T. 420 Cuffs, lord 549 Dacres, R. 362 Dalamere, W. 399 Daldron, J. 386 Dale, J. 354, 375 Dale, M. 365 Dalton, N. 358 Dallyuge, J. 274 Dalyson, J. 427 Danby, Mrs. 414 Dancaster, VV. 420 Dance, G. 479, 481 Dane, W. 277 Dandeson, J. 398 Dandridge, J. 279 Daniel, P. 278 Daniell, L. 470 Danvers, R. 282 Dandydd, M. 379 Danyell, J. 358 Danyell, J. 363 Danyell, J. 365 Danyell, R. 366 Danyell, R. 412 Danyell, VV. 276 Darcey, H. 263 Darcy, H. 274 Darker, T. 382 Darling, sir R. 279 Diirtmouth, earl of 548 Dary, W. 351 Dashwood. S. 278 Daueunt, Rauff 363 Dauntese, W. 381 Dauntry, G. 409 Dauntsey, W. 277 Davers, G. 420 David, J. 365 David, M. ap 379 Davie, R. 392 Davies, E. 279 Davies, sir T. 266 Davies, T. 278 Davies, VV. 403 Davy, H. 393 Davy, J. 375 Davy, L. 379 Davy, R. 351 Davy, T. 358 Davye, J. 422 Davye, T. 357 Dawbeney, R. 362 Dawe, J. 388 Dawes, J. 276 Dawes, J. 278 Dawson, E. 422 Dawson, J. 375 Day, J. 249 Day, R. 404 Deane, 346 Deane. sir R. 266, 277 Dehynson, B. 381 Dechefeld, T. 367 Dee, D. 286, E. 348 Defton, T. 382 Delme, P. 10 Delme, sir P. 25, 267,279 Denam. M. 358 Denbold, R. 367 Dene, J. 381.405 Dene, W. 422 Denham, W. 277,871 Denman, T. 286 Denmark, king of, 69 Dent, R. 391 Dent, W. 351 Denys, J. 275 Denys, J. 381 Denys, W. 391 Deorwif, 312 Depham, R. de 282 Derby, J. 276 Derby, W. 358 Dere, W. 276 Derwentwater, earl cf 1 1 Desanges, sir F. 280 Desert, R. de 273 Despond, E. M. 147 Delhick, J. 266, 278 Devell. J. 425 Devismand, P. 380 Devonshire, A. 3i6 Dey. J. 391 Diall, E. 421 Dickenson. M. 267, 279 Dicson. T. 882 Dier, H. 381 Dixie, sir W. 243, 265, 277 Dixon, 235 Dobbes, sir R. 265, 277 Dobbes, R. 557 Dobson, W. 421 Docet, W. 275 Dodd, G. 495 INDEX OF NAMES. Dodd, R. 480 Dode, J. 369 Dodmer, R 265, 276 Doderell, R. 274 Dodwell, R. 381 Doe, C. 278 Doe, R. 367 Doffelde, S. 263 Doget, J, 276 Dogget 451 Dokray. O. 383 Dolben W. 284 Dollying, J. 422 Dolphin, W. 348 DJphyn. H. 348 Dolsely. S. 275 Domville.sir W. 187,267 Domville, W. 280 Domy, N. 405 Donynton. J, 367 Dormer, E. 365 Dornier, sir M. 265, 277, 267 Dormot, J 382 Dossell, T. 275 Doughlie, T. 350 Douglas, J. 480 Douncest, H. 863 Downe, R. 371 Downham, W. 382 Downes, R.376 Downyng, J. 378 Downys, R. 381 Dowrett, R. 420 Drake, T. 470 Dransflelde, J. 47p Draper, sir C. 265, 277 Draper, C. 372 Draper, H. 522 Draper, R. 354, 466 Draper, W. 382 Dray, C. 412 Drew, E. 283 Drope. R. 264,276 Drury, M. 274 Due, le Peres 273 Due, R. le 273, (i. Ducket, sir L. 265. 277 Ducy. sir R 266,277,439 Duddell, J. 496 Dudle, earl of Wara. 517 Dudley, J. 348 Dudley, T. ib Due, le R. 263, 273 Duke, T. 275 Duket. N. 273 Dun, R. 365 Duiican, admiral 131 Duncombe, C. 278 Duncombe. sir C. 266 575 Dunk, T. 278 Dunkin. J. 407 Dunstall, J. 346 Dunstan 312 Dureme, T. 274 Dureme, W.de ih. Durham. W. de ib. Durant. R. 273 Dyer, R S92 Dyke, H 276 Dykman, W. 276 Dykson, J. 404 Dykynson. R. 372 Djnes, R.422, 351 Dyryke, J. 392 Dytton, J. 422 Eadbrighl, 312 Eadger, 312 Eadslanus,I. 312; II. ib.; III. ib. Eamer, sir J. 174, 197, 267. 280 Easter, W. 358 Eastwick, S. 278 Ecgwlf, 812 Eddes, T. 422 Eddis, R. 373 Ederyge, R. 398 Edgrave, B. 403 Edgraie, R. 395 Edgrave, W. ib. Edlmonton. H. 273 Edlyn, J. 403, 332 Edmonds, J. 391 Edmonds, S. 278 Edmunde, St. J. 274 Edward I. 541 Edward IV. 541 Edward V. 522 Edward VI..542 Edward,W. 406, 276,264 Edwarde, J. 365 Edwards, H. 392, J. 278, J.392, sir J.266,J.391, T. 405, 531,512 Edway, G. 398 Edwin, sir H. 266, 278, J. 378 Edyngrave, T. 404 Eggleton, C. 279 Eglyfield, H. 405 Elcock, J. 386 Eldon, lord 227 Eldridge 43 Eliot, A. 348 J. il. W. 275 Eliott, L. 366 Elizabeth, queen 516 Elkin, W. 277 576EUis, W. 89 Ellys, J. 386, T. 427 Elmer, Mr. 407 Eltham, R. 394 Elwes, G. 277 Ely, R. of 274,R.de313, R. 275 Elyalt, T. 405 Elyland 273, R. vb. Elylond, J. ib. Elyote, J. 405 Elyott, R. 381 Elys. J. 422, R. 275, T. 422 Emerson, N. 358 Emerye, T. 362 Empson, R. 378, R. 392 Enderbye, J. 380 English, M. 276 Englyshe. S. 357 Ereton, J. 275 Erkenwald 312 Erie, J. 426 Errington, G. 279 Esdaile, sir J. 267, 279 Essex, earl of 326, 507, 513, 542 Esta we, J. 421 Eslfelde,W. 275 Estfelde, W. 264 Esyngdon, R. 406 Ethelwardus 312 Eton, R. 529 Etton, E. 358, R. 343 Eve, R. 429, T. 420 Evorsby, J. 395 Everard, A. 275 Ewelle, R. 274 Exeter, duke of 507 ExmeWjT. 276,sirT. 265 Exraouth, lord 229 Exton, N. 344 Eyles, F. 278, sir J. 267, S. 264, S. 276, J. 284, T. 371 Eyton, R. 358 Eyles, sir J. 21, sir J. 279 Faber, H. de 274 Ffaburen, R. 429 Ffabian, A. 348 Fabyan, R. 276 Fabyane, R. 3-16 Ffaire, J. 343 Falconbridge, T. 461 Fane, T. 514 Fanhope, lord 350 Ffanser, R. 394 Farebrother, C. 280 INDEX OF NAMES. Farringdon, N 354, R.277 Ffarmer, T 376 Ffarthyng, J 802 Faryngdone, N. 263, W. 274 Fauconbrerge, E. de 313 Favell, 170 Ffawconer, R. 398 Fawconer, T. 264 Fawkoner, T. 275 Fayles, T. 382 Fazerkeley, sir W. 285 Feast, F. 279 Fedry, J. 277 Felde, J. 276, R. 348, T. 428, J. 371 Feldyi,?, G. 264, 276 Fellows, sir J. 14 Fleltis, J. 409 Ffen, R. 420, T. 378, J. 371 Fenkyll, J. 276 Fenn, J. 280, sir R. 236 Fenne, R. 278 Fenour, R. 274 Fenrother, R. 276 Ffermer, R. 371 Ffermar, R. 405 Ffermor, Mr. 346 Fl'erneley, W. 343 Fferrant, R. 371 Ferrar, J. 386 Ferrers, earl 54 Fetherstone, Dr. 520 Ffillip, T. 405 FfllpoU, R. 412 Finch, F. 469, H. 283 Firebrace, Bazil 278 Fisher 31 Fisher, bp. 513, 516 Ffisher, J. 406, W. 393 Ffissher, J. 362, W. 358 Fitz-Hugh 314 Fitz-Alwyn, R. 263. H. ib Fitz-J-imes, R. 314 Fitz-Roger, R. 263 Fitz- Walter, R. 346 Fitz-Williara, T. 282 Fflagge, E. 405 Flanders, earl of 526 Flaunever, R. 422 Fflecher, J. 367 Fleet, sir J. 266, J. 278, 525 Flemynge, T. 283 Fleetwood, W. 283 Fletcher, R. 315 FHefcher, W. 358 Fflode, J. 397 Flower, rtir C 267, C. Fflower, R »B6 Floyer, P iltS Ffludd, J 42-^ Fludyer, sir S 279, 267 Fflynthurste, R. 429 Flytche, R 379 Foliot, G. 313 Foot, T. 278 Forbes, sir F. 25, 267, F. 279 Ford, sir R. 2ri6. 278 Fford, R. 425. 'W. 420 Fforde, W. 398 Forda, T. de 274 Fforest, J. 392 Forman, G. 357, V/. 2G5 Forshara, R. 275 F.irslalfe, H. 275 FIbrste, R. 398 Fforster, J. 394, R. 381 Forster, St. 264, 276, T. 275 Fforster, T. 391 Ffoster, T. 414 Fforster, W. 387 Forman, W. 277 Forth, D. 278 Fforfhergill, O. 386 Fowkes, J. 266 Fowke, J. 248 Ffowler, C. 351 Fowles, T. 278 Fox, C. J. 146, 164 Ffox. H. 386, T. 398 Ffoxley, R. 362 Ffoyster, G. 392, R. 351 Ffranceis, F. 382 Ffranck, T. 351 Ffranke, R. 358 Franke, T. 391 Fraunces, J. 264, 275, S. 274 Frauncess, A. 263, S. ib. Ffrauncis, A. 375 Fray, J. 282 Frederick, J. 278, sir J. 266 Freeman, E. 381, R. 278, 266 Ffremynger, J. 397 Fremyngham, W. 275 Ffreman, J. 354, 398 Frenche, J. 264 Ffrenche, W. 403 Ffrende, J. 354 Frensbe, J. 275 Frestelyng, B. 275 Freind, sir J. 551 Ffroston, J. 412 Froth, J. 278 Frowick, H. 264, 275, L. de 274 Frowlope, J. 378 Frowyk, H. 264 Fryer, J. 31, sir J. 267, 279 Fryngeryth, H. 274 Ffrythe, G. 405 Fulhara, A. de 274 Fulham, B. ib. Fulke of St. Ec'raunde, ib. Ffuller, A. 343 Fuller, J. 279 Ffuller, T. 343 Efulwode, J 363 Furnece, H. 278 Ffurnes, T. 391 Furneure, W. 274 Ffyner, J. 358 Ffynleyson, A. 386 Ffyreby, T. 394 Fyshe, T. 348 Ffyshe, T. 382 Ffysher, J. 414 Fysshydej J. 275 Gaer, J. 398 Gage, P. 391 Gale, T. 365 Gallatin, 225 Galle, W. 462 Gallyraore, P. 399 Gamage, A. 277 Garabier, lord 225 Gambyn, J. 382 Ganey, H. 421 Gardener, J. 414, L. 358 Gardiner, R. 264, T. 283 Gardyner, H. 351, J. ib. R. 276 Garland, R. 380 Garrard, S. 278, T. 286 Garrat, B. 429, D. 399, J. 267, 280 Garret, G. 378, J. 367, 399, M. 393, W. 366, 399 Garter king at arms 373 Garve, N. 399 Garway, sir H. 266, 278, J. 343 Gascoigne, sir C. 50, 267, 279 Gates, J. 376, R. 409 Gaulford, W. 383 Gawden, sir D. 278 Gayer, J. ib. Gaythorne, E. 422, R. ib. VOL. II. INDEX OF NAMES. Gayton, E. 243, H. 274, R. 275 Gedney, J. 264, 275 Gefford, R. 403' Genn, G. 381 Genfilman,T. 391 George 1. 26, II. ib. HI. 239 Gerard, J. 277, 382, S. 266, sir W.265 Gerlande, J. 273 Gerraond, H. 427, J. 408 G errard, sir J. 266, 278 Gervis, W. 890 Geylward, J. 365 Gibbis, J. 374 Gibbon, 14, 433 Gibbs, W. 278 Gibson, E. 317, J. 286, M. 392, N. 277 Gifford, E. 351 Gilberd, J. 381 Gilbert, D. 485, R. 314 Giles, G. 371, J. 393 Gill, W. 267, 280 Gillman, 484 Gilman, T. 882 Gilmyn, J. 374 Gilsnan, W. 399 Gimson, 346 Gittyns, T. 373 Glene R. 414 Glode, sir R. 280 Glossopp, R. 351 Glouceter, J. 275 Glover R. 525, W. 277 Glyn, J. 283, 284, R. C. 267, 279, 280 Goare, sir J. 266, 277,W. 277 God, J. 362, S. 429 Godard, R. 271 Godbold, J. 382 Godbv, R. 403 Godfrey, J. S93 Godiscoke, W. 421 Gold, T. 278 Goldeville, H. 354 Goldwell,J. 357 Goldsmith, L. 263 Goldesmyth, J. 351, S. 383 Goldston, A 412 Gomeldon, W. 278 Gonter, P. 857 Goodbehere, S. 280 Goodchepe, H. 274,J. ib. Goodfellow, J. 286 Coodhand, T. 398 Goodhewe, T. 399 2 P 577 Goodlad, J. 420 Goodraan, R. 351 Goodschall, R. 279 Goodwyn, E. 420, R, 863 Goodyere, H. 405 Gootes, W. 406 Gordon, lord G. 87 Gore,W. 278 Gose, G. 379 Gosling 55 Gosling, F. 279, W. 278 Gosse, J. 367, 404 Gosselyn, R. 275 Gole, W. 422 Goulbourn, 225 Goun, T. 378, W. ib. Gowdge, J. 343 Gower, J. 470, N. 366 Grafton, T. 348 Granger, T. 276 Grantham, J. 274 Graunger, J. 358 Graunt, R. 366 Grauntham, J. 263, 344 Graveley, A. 358 Graven, N. 405 Gravesend, R. de 313 Gray, J. 381, R. 426, W 214 Graywylle, J. 358 Green, B. 278, J. 264 Greene, J. 470, 486 Gregory, E. 420, W. 264, 276 Grene, E. 343, H. 358, J. 381, 397, 398, 403, R. 374, W. 363, 381, 405, 421 Grenefeld, R. 420, T. 425 Grenville, lord 181 Grenway. 375, J. 382, R. 429, 399 Grenwood, J. 409 Greshara, sir J. 265, 277, sir R. 265,277,341 Gresshara, W. 343 Grey, J. 875, R. 276, 379, ladv J. 519, lord 24, 118', 181, 237 Griffithe, J. 3o5 Griffyn, J. 390, R. 397 Grigby, T. 398 Grindal, E. 315 Grisswell, R. 394 Grocer. N. 403 Grorae, T. 380, W. 409 Grosvenor, sir J. 279 Grove, J. 429, R. 276, 381 Grubbe, R. 403 ,j78 Grundy, G. 412 Gryffyn, 397 Grygson, T. 391 Guesclin, du 536 Gumey, sir R. 266, 278 Gundulph, 502 Gurd, W. 367 Gurnard, W. 414 Gurney, R. 277 Guy, R. 278 Gwyn, H. 409 Gwynne, L. 280 Gjatt, J. 421 Gybbelett, W. 357 Gybson, 346, S. 391, T. 409, W. 391 Gyff, J. 421 Gykes, J. 398 Gyll, J. 414 Gyllam, E. 426 Gyrdeler, R. 275 Gythins, D. 373 Gyseburne, A. de 274 Gysors, H. 275, J, 263, 274 Gysours, J. 363 Habberthorne, H. 277 Hackeleff, R. 357 Hackett.C.277 Haddon, R. 265, 276 Haddystoke, W. 274 Hadestok, S. 274 Hadley, J. 264, 275 Hadwike, P. 404 Hakeney, R. 274 Hairdford, T. 362 Halbot, A. 395 Halden, W. de 282 Hales, E. 529 Hale, J. 420, R. 379 Halifax, lord 530, sir T. 267 279 Hall, E. 365, J. 414, R. 371,391 Halle, E. 273 Halley, 31, J. 375 Halse, J. 277, 875 Halyngbery, A. 274 Halys W. 276 Hamcher, A. 367 Hararaersley, sir H. 266, 277 Hararaerton, C. 280 Hamond, J. 263, 275 Harapson, R. 277 Harapton, 420, J. W. 264 276, 383 Hanbushe, A. 429 Hancocke, W. 373 INDEX OF NAMES. Hankey, H. 279 Hanford, H. 277 Hanlyn, J. 382 Hannett, J. 375 Hansarde, W. 275 Hanson, sir R. 266, 278, T. 375 Hanway, J. 53 Hardel, R. 273, 274 Hardell, R. 263, W. ib. 273 Harding, M. 470, R. 277, 350, W 343 Hardson, H. 357 Hardy, R. 405, J. 277, T. 115 Hardye, R. 348 Hardynge, R.276 Harebotell, C. 365 Harecourte, H. 409 Hargrave, T. 366 Harker, N. 351 Harley 63, sir T. 66,267, 279 Harman, E. 380 Harraond, W. 425 Haroll, P. 399 Harper, sir W. 265, 277 Harper, W. 363 Harrey, R. 351 Harris, sit T. 279 Harrison, G. 240, 248, J. 393, 395, sir T. 285 Harrys, A. 428, J. 403, 40,5, N. 399, R. 365, 348, T. 351 Harryson, R. 358, W. 422 Hart, J. 279, 277, 265, 343, 358, R. 366, 379 sir W. 279, 383 Harlred, T. 398 Harvey, sir W. 263, S. 277 Harvie, sir J. 265, 277 Harvy, W. 351 Harward, J. 386, W. 429' Hawes, J. 277 Harworde, T. 275 Haryot, VV. 264, 276 Haryson, H. 893, J. 420, R. 394, W. ib. Haskey, J. 371 Hasselwode, J. 406 Hassyll, R. 890 Hastings, W. 121 Hastyngs, R. 382, 426 Haswell, T. 421 Hasyll, J. 391 Hasylwall, T. 397 Hatcorabe, E. 354 Hatfelde, R. 275 Hatfield, J. 139 Hatton, H. 275, J. 381 Haverynge, L. 274 Haville, T. de 273 Havylle, W. de 273 Hawes, J. 265, 404, T 398, 403, W. 398 Hawkes, J. 351 Hawkwood, sir J. 246, 360 Hawkyns, J. 393 Hawley, R. 351 Hawte, R. 407 Hawteyne, J. 274, W.274 Hawys, J. 276, C. ib., 407, 277 Hayes. C. 354, sir J. 263 Hayden, J. 277 Hayland, J. 393 Hayley, G. 279 Haynes, C. 381, J. 421 Hays, T. 354 Hayter, T. 317 Hayward, M. 351 Haywood, J. 372 Hayard, S. 470, Heard, sir J. 240 Hearne, R. 277 Heath, R. 283 Heathcote, G. 20, 32, 266 278, 279 Hede, H. 276 Hedges, W. 278 Hedyn, T. 399 Hedyngfon, E. 348 Heende, J. 264 Heilin, R. 278 Hele, R. 409 Heleyne. M. 273 Hempnall, E. 275 Hemynge, R. 276 Henchman, H. 316 Henley 32 Henry VI. 541, VII. ib. vm. 540, 645, W. 274 Henstoke, R. 398 Henton,W. 358 Herd, R. 362 Hereford, W. 274 Herlisum, J. 273 Heme, sir N. 278, sir W. 28C Heron, J. 397, R. 351, 420 Hertford,marchioness 197 Hertpoll, J. de 282 Hertwell, R. 397 Herrys, R 399 Herytage, T 357 INDEX OF NAMES. Hethe, J. 379, 391, 408, W. 874 Hetherley, W. 381 Hetyll, J. 399 Heward, J. 407 Hewef, sir W. 466 Hewett, E. 382, J. 399 Heycockes, R. 383 Hevforde, H. 264, 276. L. 379 Heygate, W. 267, 280 Heylesson,J. 275 Heyraond,H. 393,T. 337 Heyward, sir R. 265, 277 W. 393 Hichwiche, W. 391 Hickman, W. 376 Higgins, C. 280, W. 118 Higgs, W. 381 Highlord, J. 278 Hill, H. 265, 406, N. 422 R. 277, 314, T. 375, W. 381 Hiller, W. 381 Hilles, J. 392 Hilton, J. 378, R. 373, 403, T. 358, 409 Hilyard, W. 426 Hind, A. 277 Hoare, sir R. 42, 266, 267, 278 Hobhouse, J. C. 235 Hobson, W. 365, 414 Hoby, 529 Hodge, R. 379 Hodges, J. 277, 429, sir J. 286, R. 358, 403 Hodsall, J. 405 Hogekynson, H. 381 Hogeson,J. 381, T. 386 Holand, R. 276 Holbech, W. 275 Holbeck, J. 379 Holcroft, 118 Holdvche, H. 275 Holland, H. 365, J. 380 R. 51,366, T. 365, W. 386 Holles,W. 277, sirW. 265 Holloway, J. P. 193 Hoilyday, sir H. 266 HoUyngworthe, W. 358 Holmeden, E. 277 Holmes, H. 393, J. 484, W. 407 Holt, sir J. 284, R. 362 Holte, J. 429 Holyday, W. 277 Ho.ywell, J. 358 Honybourne, P. 348 Hooker, sir W. 266, 278 Hooper, 230 Hopkins, 85, B. 285, J. 267, 280, sir R. 279 Hopton, C. 278 Hopper, R. 363 Horne, A. 351 Horne, H. 346, J. 277 R. 276, W. 265,276 Horre, T. 398 Horseley, C. 865, Horsey, R. 392 Horton, R 351, T. 367 Hortopp, R. 354 Hoton, R. de, 528 Horsnayle, W. 378 Houblon, sir J. 266, 278 Horsted, R. 371 Hount, R. 378 House, R. 277 Howard, C. 513 Howe, J. 857, adra. 131, R. 403, T. 363, W.357 Howell, 474, J. 284 Howland, J. 867 Howie, W. 351 Howlett, 470 Howley, Bp. 187, 317 Howman, G. 393 Howse, T. 390 Hoy, M. 280 Hubarthorne, sir H. 265 Hubbart, A. 404 Huddart, 152 Hudson, A. 386, P. 325, R. 403, 422 Huet, W. 265, 277, 375 Huetson, W. 362 Hughbank, E. 382 Hughson, R. 397 Hull, W. 425 Ilullrn, W. 405 Hulyn, W. 264, 276 Huraboldt, 195 Humfrey, J. 407, N. 394, T. 304, W. 21, 358 Humfries, W. 278 Humgate, C. 381 Humphreys,- sir W. 206 Hunnyng, 350 Hunt, 233, J. 398, R, 420, T. 376, W. 427 Hunter, sir CS. 267, 280 Hunter, R. 391 Huntingdon, earl, 542 HunUey, A. 423, J. 422, K. 358 2p2 579 Huntloo, T. 365 Huntlow, T. 277 Hunyng, R. 351 Hurcomb, 235 Hurle, W. 525 Hurloke, E. 392 Hurrye, W. 374 Husband, J. 275, R. 429 Hussey, J. 373 Hussher, R. 412 Hutton, R. 381,420 Huxley, W. 346 Hyde, J. 403, W. 275 Hyende, J. 264 Hygham, 275 Hygons, R. 427 Hygson, T. 397 Hyll, R. 343 Hylle, T. 264, 276 Hyltoste, J. 275 Hymnara, R. 895 Hynde, A. 375, G. 412, J. 275 Hynderwill, W. 386. Hynke, G. 365 Hynton, W. 357 Ham, T. 276 Ingalby, E. 381 Ingrara, W. 379 Inner, R. 378 Ingwald, 312 Ireland, J. 276, 399 Ireton, sir J. 266 278 Ironside, E. 267, 279 Isaak, W. 276 Isabel, W. 273 Isenbert, 455 Isott, W. 403 Iswell, R. 429 Ive, R. 422, W. 420 Ivers, H. 414 Jackson, 235, sir J. 285, J. 379, L. 351, R. 398, T. 286,879, 894 Jaggard, T. 371 Jakeraan, E. 277 Jakes, J. 363 Jakett, 397, 426 Jakson, R. 422 Jaraes, L 542, II. 1, 343, B. 264, N. 275, R. 378, W. 368 Janssen, sir T. 14, rev. 85 267, 279, 285 Jarveis, R. 277 Jarvis, sir J. 1 34 Jaye, H. 277 680 Jee, J. 421 Jefferey, R. 278 Jefferies, J. 278 Jeffery, sir R. 266 Jeffeson, W. 357 Jeffreys, sir G. 284 Jekell, J. S. 371 Jemson, R. 429 Jemys, B. 276 Jenetts, T. 420 Jenines, N. 276 Jenkyns, J. 362 Jenner, sir T. 284 Jenor, H. 372 Jenyn, B. 357, J. 378, R. 348, S. 265, 276, T. 351, W. 386 Jerard, J. 962 Jerhara, E. 378, M. ih. Jerora, J. 394 Jervis, R. 343 Jeskyn, J, 358 Jnett, R. 405 Jocei, N. 274 Johnes, 403, D. 379, W. 420 Johns, G. 379 Johnson, C. 382, G. 421, H. 394, J. 390, 405, L. 350, N. 354, R. 277, 365, 379.393, S. 422, T. 270. 390, 399, 404, 406, W. 357, 366, 382, 895 Jolles, sir J, 266 277 JoUiffe, 484 Jones, sir F. 266. 277 Jones, J. G. 171, sir R. 277 Jonson, H. 397, J. 379, 422 Jonson, R. 420, W. 407 Joselyn, R. 264, 276 Joyce, rev. G. 115 Joyner, W. 273 Joynour, W. 263 Joys, T. 420 Judd, A. 265, 357 Juneen, P. le 273 Juniens, G. 273 Jutter,J 898 Juxon, W. 816 ¦ Kai, J. de 273 Karne, T. 399 Keble, H. 265, 276 Kechyn, J. 426, R. 414 Kedermyster, J. 348 Keene, 230 Keith, lord, 225 INDEX OF NAMES. Kellelt, W. 366 Kelly, D. 24, T. 280 Kelsey, W. 386 Kemp, E. 343 Kemp, T. 314 Kendall, R. 391, T. 405 Kendell, W. 426 Kendrek, J. 266 Kendrick, J. 278 Kenewalchus, 312 Kenmure, viscount 11 Kennet, B. 267, 279 Kennyhm, J. 386 Kensey, T. 278 Kent, duke of, 239, W. 348 Kervil, J. 422 Ketcher, J. 277 Kettyfi, J. 871 Key, J. 280, 394 Keylway, W. 354 Kidman, J. 348 Kildare, earl, 518,520 Kildesby, W. de, 529 Killingbury, R. 263 Killingworth, T. 379 Kilmarnock, earl, 43, 5 14 Kimpton, W. 277 King, A. 373, J. 316, 420, sir P. 284, R. 278, 420, 422 Kingston, J. 496 Kipley, J. 404 Kirby, R. 280 Kirckby, W. 380 Kirk. R. 363 Kirkby, J. 276, W. 362 Kirkeby, T. 405 Kirkham, E. 365 Kirton, S. 362 Kitchen, H. 280 Kite, sir R. 267, 279 Kitson, Sir T. Knell, J. 358 Knesworth, T. 265, 276 Knevett, A. 332 Knipe, sir R. 279 Knolles, T. 264, 275 Knowlys, N. 284, 286 Rnyght, H. 350, R. 348, W. 275, 420 Kover, P. 893 Kychell, H. 421 Kydd, W. 380 Kvdder, J. 421 Kyme, J. 276 Kyngffeld, S. 407 Kyngston, B. 392, J. 275, W. 278 Kyrfote, R. 422 Kyrry, T. 367 Kyshole, D. 395 Kyslingbury, R. 875 Kylley, E. 403 Labelye, C. 491 Lacere, R. 263 Lacke, M. 399 f.,acy, R. 858 Ladbroke, Sir R. 267,279 Larabarde, J. 276, sir N. 265, R. 366 Lamberd, J. 277, 348, W. 343 Lambert, D. 267, 279, 448, N. 276, R. 277, T. 273, W. 354 Lambyn, J. 274 Lame, J. 365, R. 409, 427 Lamynt, W. 420 Landesdale, W. 357 Landeslay, W. 358 Lane, 346, sir T. 266, 278, 425 Langdale, 94 Langforde, 274 Langham, J. 278, 470 Langley, sir J. 265, R. 386, VV. 274 Langston, sir S. 280 Langwithe, J. 405 Large, R. 264, 276, T. 393 Lashford, R. 394 Laste, W. 412 Lathura, R. 354 fjatwytte, J. 358 Laud, W. 316 Launde, R. 275 Laurence, J. 429, T. 296 Laurie, sir P. 280 I.,auriston, general, 142 Law, J. 12 Lawden, J. 371,T. ii. Lawe, J. 275, T. 404 Lawen, R. 398 Lawerd R. 354 Lawes, W. 404 Lawles, T. 425 Lawrance, R. 348, H. 391, J. 10, 266, 278, T. 398 Lawson, J. 392, 420 Lawrymore, J. 470 Laycrofte, R. 378 Laxton, 346j sir W. 265, 277 Layer, C. 24 Lazar, R. 275 Lea, Sir H. 542 Leak, R. 31 Leate, 335 Leche, T. 414 Leder, O. 350 Lediard, T. 490 Lee, A. 469, C. 393, E. 354, R. 264, 266, 276, 277, W. 279 Leed, J. 409, R. 398 Legate, H. 383 Legge, adm. 197, T. 263, 275 Legh, T. 343 Leicester, earl of, 542 Leiiih, A. 31, J. 280, T. 265, 277 Leighton, sir W. 267, 280 Ijcman, sir J. 266 Lemon, J. 277 Lenox, duke of, 553 Leopold, prince, 227 Lequesne, sir J. 278 Letgolde, R. 420 Lethbridge, sir T. 171 Lethel, B. 358 Lethieulier, C. 278 Levenhem R 275 Levet sir R 266 278 279 Leving J 421 Levisham R 420 Levison N 277 Levy L 175 Lewen T 277, sir W 266 279 Lewes J. 354, sir W 267 279 Lewice T 365 Lewis S 278 484 Lewkyn J 268 264 Lewsby J 422 Lewyn T371 Lewys T 379 I,ieche R 405 Lincoln earl of 542 Lingard J 286 Linstend 454 Lion sir J 265 Liptrap J 280 Lister E 406 Littleton E 283 Litton W 367 Lloyd E 387. J 379 Lock sir J 279, VV 277 843 Lodelow T. 282 Lodge E 240, T 277 Lodo R 382 Lodge sir T 265 Logston R 393 Lombe T 279 London J de 509 INDEX OF NAMES. Long II 351, J 277, L 284, K 350 351 358 386 Longhara T 351 Looke J 276 Lord H 409 Lordyng C 362 Lorkyn P 429 Lorymer T 403 Louis Vlll 19i Loun J 365 Lound R 525 Lounnesdale J 379 Lovat lord 43 514 Love E 365, W 278 Lovell sir S 284 ' Lovett 115 Lovenev J 275 Low sir T 260 277 Lowe air W 522 Lowen J 348 Lowman E 4 26 Lowste W 275 Lowth R 317 Lowthe J 395 linear E 362 Lucas A. M P 267 280, T 85 1, W 409 Lucie R 405 Lucreant W 378 Lucy II 405 Ludlam sir G 285 Lumley sirM 266 277 Lumner 346 Luskyn J 275 Lute J 376 Lulekyn A 27 t Lybbe J 382 Lydeot J 348 Lyghthed AV 381 Lyke J 405 Lymsey J 377 Lyncocke H 381 Lyncolln J 274 348 Lynd J 426 Lyndesey W 397 Lyng K 371 Lynge J 276 Lynggen F 372 Lynke R 407 Lynne R 275 Lyon J 271 346, R 273 393 Lyre W de 274 Lysons S 530 Lyte 11 193 Lytell J 275 Lythe E 427 Ljfi'coie G 346 Lytlon T 367 Lyvers R 346 351 581 Maberly 90 Macheli J 375 Machil J 277 Machyn W 376 Macauley G M 280 Maclane D 68 Magnay C 267 280 Magnum G de 273 Maister R 395 Maitre P lei 18 Major W 333 Makenade W 282 Malhy T 351 Malary H 422 Malorie sir R 265 277 Malpas P 276 Malt J 362 Malyn J 346 422 Malynger T 304 Malynne K 397 Mamouiit W 404 Mann M 286 Maners C 351 Manfelde G 275 Manggam J 404 Manghen T 358 Mannyng R 371, L 358, T 404 Manton J A 383 Maperley A 378 Mapilbeeke R 398 Marat M 113 Marbre H 275 Marbury T 305 Marchall U 276 Marchaunt J 3112 Marche N 338 Margetson J 38fi Maria W de 313 Marie S 274 Mariott R 376 Marlborough duke of 6 549 Marler A 365 893 Mariey W 427 Marlowe R 264 275 Marowe W 276 264 Marres B 275 Marsfield R 552 Marsh C 280 Marshall H 279 391 267 420 Marshe W 34S Marstyn N 358 Marsy R 426 Mnrlen A 469, J 379, N 862, P 409 Martin J 277, R 265 2/2 283, J 279 Martyn 273 5S2 INDEX OF NAMES. Martyn D 409, J 427, R 351, W 265 276 Martyndall R 427 Mary J 405 Masburgh T 525 Masham W 277 Mason A 382, R 283 293, S 348 373 Masters A 279, sir H. ib. Matcham G 161 Mathew J 265 Mathewe J 276 429, R 351, W 346 Mathiew G 427 404 Maurice 318 Maxfeld H 390 Maxwell J 405 421 277 343 MayeR 363' Maynard 375 Mayne J 405 Mayo R 422 Mayre J 414 Mazarer W274 Meakin E 31 Medcalf R 338 Mede E 391, T 381 Medilton J 395, R 366 Medlam H 358 Medley G 343, R 420 Medrynghm J 386 Meeleman G 405 Mellish P 280 Mellishe R 362 Mellitus 312 Mellowe N 412 Melson W 367 Melton M 392 Melville-lord 152 Menhil F 278 Mercer H 407, S 263 273 456 Meriell T 422 Mersse W 395 Mertforde 275 Merlins sir G 25 267 279 Merwode S 274 Mery 346 Merydeth R 348 Meryng C 343 Messyngere A 394 Mesurier P le 287 280 Melcalf J 375 Mewles P 332 Meyger R 391 Meyrick S R 545 Michell R397 264 Midmore E 469 ¦Micoll J 275 Middlctons .ir T 243 266 277 Mighell J 362 Milborne J 265 276 Mildraay sir H 531 Miles sir J 280, II 277 Milne sir D 229 Milner T 278 Miller 80, B 30, J 363 Mills E 278 Minur J le 274 Mirfin T 265 Mirfyn J 429 Mocltynge J 275 Modena Mary of 534 Mody W 387 Moira lord 174 Molde N 354 Moldyng N R 387 Mollyners D 382 Molpas J 528 Molson R 386 Monday J 276 39 1 Mone T 381 Monke H 398 429 Monmouth duke of 513, R. 405 Monoux G 265 Monox G 276 Montagu H 283 Monteine G 316 Mool J 386 Moordon G 274 Moore sir J 266 278 Moptyd H 371 Morant T 427 Morden J 279 Mordon S 264 275, W. 275 More 375, G 382, J. 275 277 392 513, R 274, T 392, W 264 275 Morecrofte P 422 Morecock R 379 Moreton C 399, E 346, W 284 Morgan W 374 Merging lord 320 Moris P 467 Morley E 365 Morres sir C 332 Morris J 496 Morsted T 276 Moryce W 386 Morys 340, J 379, R ib. W 404 Mosley sir N 265 277 Mosseley J 381 Moulson T 266 278 Mounslowe W. 343 Munday sir J 265 Mundye R 354, W ib. Munmoth H 277 Munpeylers R de 274 Murray A 68 Murrieux sir T 508 Muschamp T 276 Mychell J 275, R 422 Mydelton 357, J 276, R 407 Myghell J 394 Myland J. 351 My les J 422, yV ib. Mylle J 422 Myller 346, J 404 Mylles J 414, W 429 Myllett W 360 Mylne R 480 493 Mylner T 378, J 386 Mylred W 275 Myngay 30 Mynors H 387 Mynton W 390 Mynstrelsey J 429 Myreham R 379 Nappe J 429 Nash sir N 279, R 426, T 31 429, W 267, 279 Nalson H 420 Nayler sir G 240 Naysby W 357 Neale A 354, W 275 Necson J 4 1 2 Nedehara R 276 Neel J 342, R 371, T 273 Negelly J Fitz 273 Nele S 422, T 397 Nelson 484, admiral 135 154, G 267 279, J 31 T 427 Nevelun A 273 Nevill J 371 386 395 403 Nevison A 422 Nevlum P 273 Newell T 407 Newman 470, J 380, R F 482, W 280 278 405 W L 484 Newnhara N 279 267 Newport R 316 313 W 275 Newton J 405 Newyngtyn T 275 Nicholas A 266 277 368 Nichols J 160 Nicholson C 662, M 100 Nicols R 382 Nicolson W 280 Niger R309 313 Nithsdale earl of 1 1 Nokes J 390 Nordon R 276 Norfolk duke of 513 Norhampton J de 274 Norlond T 276 Norman H 420,J263 264 273 276 Norris adml.sir J 13 Norry R 392 Norteryche H 420 North D 278, lord 90 Norlhall J 275 Northampton J 264 275 NorthbingM de 313 Northcot J 381 Northe M 394, W 397421 Northesk earl of 176 Northumberland duke of 513 Norton J de 282, W 275 Nott E 350, J 264 275 Notyngham R 275 No wel I A 419 Nues R 363 Nugent T. 286 Nycols J 351 Nycolson J 858, R 386 T 391 Nycolles R 386 Nycson R 429 Nynes J 276 362 Odam J 420 Ofley H 277 T 265 277 362 OgborneW279 Olat 453 Oldenburgh duchess of 195 Oleph J 277 Oliver aid. 81 279 Olney J 264 276 Olvuer R 42^ Onslow R 283, T 346 Organ J 275 Orger J 407 Orivalle H 313 Orrery earl of 24 Orwell T 307 Osbaldeston R 317 Osborne 346, E 265 277 365 Osbourne J 374, T 363 Oskyn J 382 Osmund 312 Ostriche W 365 Otley R 264 275 Otto M 142 146 Ottringham J 379 Oulgrave T 276 Overed T 409 INDEX OF NAMES. Owen L 397, T 394 Owlgrave T 264 Owtred R 391 Oxford earl of 10 12 507 Oxynforde J 263 274 Pack C 266 278 Packard T 395 Packhurst R 278 266 Pacy T 392 Paddesley J 264 Paddington R 369 Paddysley J 276 Page 30, J 3o5 375 381, W 348 375 393 Paine T 112 Pakynston H 343 Palmer J 371, R 274 343 S 354, T398 429, W ib. Panne R 469 Par R de 463 Parcar R 374 Pargetor T 265 276 P-drker 130, adm 156, J 31 421, R 429, T 371 372, W 367 372 373 Parkins J W 280 Parman J 357 Parnasse J 275 Parneys J 264 Parr W 378 Parrott J 392 414 Parow R 379 Parsons 59, D 2S6, 278 H 267 279 Partynton, P 374 Parys J 409, R 274, S ib. Pashemer W 366 Paskyn J 407, M 357 Patincourt L 274 Patrich N 276 Patten 285 Patterson H 382 Pavye F 357 Pauley T. 351 Pawlyn R 362 Paxton T 398 Paycock R 378 Payne C 386, J 358 Paynter J 387 PaysT 381 Pead L 30 Peake J 266 271::. W ib. 278 Pearsall 235 Pease J. 414 Peche J 264 275 Pechere J 405 Pechy E 391 583 Peckhara R 267 280 Pecock R 367 Pecok W 406 Peele G 243, W 404 Peeris W 425 Peers sir C 21 266 278, R 279 Peghara W 346 Pegott P 381 Pegrym J 409 Peke J 365 Pelter R 386 Pemberton H 381, J 266 Pembroke, earl of 490 Pen J 380 Penley B 46 Pennant sir S 48 267 379 Penne J 275 Pennington sir I 266 278 Penson J 358 Perceval 181 Perchard P 267 280 Percival J 265 Percy J 520 Percye T 357 Percyvall J 276 Peres G 273 Pereson R 395 Pergetor C 367 Perkins sir W 551 Perlin Ede 321 Perpoynt A 348, T 347 Perring J 207 280 Perry H 278, M 267 'iTO Perryvall T 386 Perte T 398 Peryn T 420 Peverell 517 Pesgood W 426 Pestemede H 407 Pesur G 273 Peterborowe T 404 Peterson R 392, P 391 Petite T 348 Petrie H 530 581 Petty S 469 Peiynger J 375 Pexall R 529 Peyke T 358 Peyle J 427 Pheasant P 283 Pickett 267 Pilkington T 273 Pinchon N277 Pipe R 263 277 Pirre E 348 Pirry W 386 PittW 58 Plane D 409 Plant R 358 554 Planta 226 Plaloff count 195 Playfote R 429 Playne W 358 Plesans G 374 Plomer W 279, sir W 267 280 Plomms R 376 Plumbe S 84 267 280 Plummer J 276 Pogehorne W 429 Pole J 404 Poll T 275 392 Polles A 427 Polsted H 362 Pomfret H 275 Ponlenay J 274 Ponye M 358 Poole G 519, A ib, E ib. J 278 Poope J. 429 Pope J 405 Pore P 350 Porsell R 399 Porten F 279 Porter J 343 378 393, T 366, W 274 422 Porteus 317 Postell R 380 Posyer 346 Pott H 386 Potter J 380, W 274 Poulett R 421 Poumfrete R 398 Pounde 414 Pounteney J 263 Pountfreyt W 275 Pourt H 274 Powel Dr 520, W 274 Powes lord 10 Powse P 362 Poynter R 348 Pratt C 351, H 278, W 346 348 404 Prescot A 271 Pipst 346 Preston 230, E 383. H 429, J 263 274 282, R 357, T 398 Price sir C 168 267 2S0 Prichard sir W 266 Priest T 422, J 277 Prior T 409 Pritchard sir W 278 Proby sir P 266 277 Prodham W 274 Profl'all R 383 Pron W399 Prowtyng W 420 Prudde W 348 INDEX OF NAMES. Prussia king of 194 195 Prussian nobility 199 Prybell R 407, Wii. Prymrose E 420 Prynne 529 Pryoure J 274 Pugh E 280 Pullington sir T 438 Pullison sir E 265 Purchase G 8, W 265 276 Pursell J 258 Purke H 390 Pyatt R 277 Pycarde H 263 275 Pyell J 264 Pyforne J 422 Pygnett H 376 Pygotte N 274 Pyke J 376, N275,Ti6. Pykeryng R 386 Fykman A 275 Pyraan R 392 Pymond R 363 Pynchester 346 Pyper J 422 Pyrrie J 350 Quadles M 386 Querne 0 414 Quin 179 Quvke J 420 Rabon 11391 Radclife A 277, E 520, W 525 Ragdale R 358 Rainsforth 90 Rainton N 277 Raker W 279 Releighsir W 514 Ramsey J 412,T265 277 W525 Rancok T 406 Rand R 405 Randall J 421, V 343 Randolph J 317 Ranenyng T 403 Ranwike A 386, C 348, J 386 Rase R 392 Raser J 351 Ratcliffe C 43, R 358 Raud E 457 Raven R 365 Ravenhill 345 R.iviesT 316 Ravynsbye 375 Rawe J 392 Rawling B 279 Rawlins sir W 146 280 496 346 398 Rawlinson T 266 267 279 Rawshold H 381 Rawson R 275 Rawstone W 278 Raylton J 398, T ib Raymond J 278 Rayncock C 379 Raynewell J 275 Raynham W 404 Raynton sir N 266 391 Bead 14 Reay J 280 Rede H 275 412, J 405, R 367 414, T 354 358, W 343 414 Redyng J 395, W 274 Reed B 265 Reffham R 274 Re=;inald W 529 Reinwell J 461 Remes J 362 Remington J 276 Renger R 263 273 Rennie J 481 486 496 498 Rest J 341 265 276, E341, W346 Revell R 276 Re«e W 380 Reymington J 265 Reyraond T 420 Reynardson sir A 266 578 Reyner R 273, T 276 Reynold T 350 375 Reynoldes R 277 Reyson R 405, T 429 Rich P 278 285 Richard G 412, H 348 Richards J «79 Richardson F 397 358 J 365, R 398 Richeraond J 378 Richter 115 Rider W 277 Ridley N 315, T 363 Rigeley W 363 Rigeway W 407 Rickford R 422 Ripley E 363 Rippingale J 404, R 409 Ripfon T 366 Rite 30 Rive A 429 Rivers sir J 265 277 Rives sir R 278 Rix W 286 Robards J 426 INDEX OF NAMES. Robert 812, T 429 Roberts H 386, R 412, T 280, W 429 Robins J 31 Robinson 31 227, J 266 278 317 537 414 285 S lb. Robyns W 392 Robynson C 386, G 342, J 382 387 427, 358 Roche W 399 Rochford lord 513 Rodes T 887 Rogers E 30 Rogerson N 409 Rogiers 375, R 382 404, W 283 482 Rogierson W 405 Rokesby R 274 263, J 275, R 274 Rokeslie G 263 Rollesley E 382 Romayn T 274 263 Romyn J 397, H 383 Rondell J 379 Roo W 365 Rooke sir G5 Rose J 105 284 414, W 395 Rote J 275 Rolhwell 235 Rolhwell R 280 Rous sir W 279 Row 47 Rowe sir H 266 277, T 265, W 265 277 Rowlett R 354 Rowlys 365 Rowse R 409 Rowslye J 386 Royse T 358 Rudge E 278 Rudston R 514, J 265 276 Ruffe J 276 Rumney sir W 277 Rupert prince 326 Rush rev J 496 Russel 225, E 263 274, N 366, S 279, T ib. W 292 425 Russia emperor of 195 Russian nobility 199 Rutter V 496 Ryan D 399 Ryccard A 278 Ryche R 276 Rychemount J 422 Ryder sir W 265 Ryggs R 404 Rynwell W 264 Ryon J 399 Sacheverel H 7 Sainsbury T 267 280 Salford R 397 Salisbury A 274, sir R 171, countess of 513 Salmonby J 510 Salienstall R. ill 265 Salter sir J 267 Sambroke D 381 Samond C 384, J 382, T 429 Sampler J 362, S 404, T 351, Wii. Sampson J 367 Sandell J 383 Sanderson sir J 267 280 Sandora R 193 Sandwich H de 313, R 263 Sandy T 404 Sandys E 315 Sauage G 427 Saunders E 405. J 346, H 878 403 N 289 484, T 42 Saunderson W 351 Savage T 314 Save J 371 Savedire H 404 Sawbridge J 267 279 Sawlkin A 425 Scampion E 426 J 425, W426 Scarsdale earl of 10 Scartoke A 879 Scawen T 10 Scholey G 267 283 Scot T 264 276, sir W 187 Scott C 394, J 367, R 279 Scroppe S 279 Scudamor C 277 Seamer sir T 265 Sedbar A 520 Sede J 398 Seefowle J 38 Sedgwick 30 Seiraer T 27 Selden J 529 Selebrand J 414 Seley T 274 Sellis 176 Sely J 275 Segrave Gde313 Seman S 275 Sermond R 381 Series W 343 685 Sevenoke W 264 27S Sewell T 858, W 381 Sewen J 898 Sewester T 405 Sewyn J 398 Seynter B 273 Shaa E 264 270 365, J 265 276 362 Shadworlh J 264 Shakerley R 343 Shakelady R 386 Shakespear J 279 Shard sir J 279 Sharpe J 279. W 429 Shaw J 267 280 Shaw W 386 Shee R 899 Sheffield sir R 288 Shelbvery R 470 Sheldon G 816, sir J 268 278 Shelley J 276, W 283 Shelton T 484 Sherley J 470 Shepherd J 12 403 425 N 386, K 42-2 Shereraan E le 375, W 397 Sheridan 118 Sherlock T 317 Sherman T 397 Sheryngham J 275 Shipton W 393 Shirivie W 351 Shirley J 31 Shore R 276 Shorter J 266 278 Shorten J 358 Shortred W 398 Shower sir B 284 Shrene J 381 Shute R 288, S 278 Shutton G 398 Sigillio Rde 313 Silver W 405 Silvester J 284 286 36. R379 Silvius 32 Simonds J 276 282 Sisson E 378 Skelton N 276 Skenner J 372 Skerne P 350 Skevington sir J 276 Skynner J 343, R 382, T 265 267 277 280 Skrevyn T 348 Skutt J 362 Skye J 398 Slany S 265 277, R378 586 Slayter G 386, J 279, T 422 Sleeford R 407 Sleigh E 278 Slough R 371 Smale J 403 414 Small N 376 Smart J 278 Smeaton 479 Sraert R 275 Sraerthwarte J 382 Sraith 30 31, C 280] H 278, sir J 246 267 278 280 474, R 31, T 267 280 288 529, W 279 485 Sraithes G 277 Smythe 375, C 414 429, E 405, J 351 357 358 365 381 383 362 393 403 408, R 276 382 407, S 276. T 397 406 422, W 366 378 381 383 394 395 397 Smylhson T 358 Smytton R 374 Snablin M 475 Snell W 525 Soams R 467, T 278 Sollie L 348 Some sir S 265 277 Somerset duke of 513 Somyr H 276 Sorbett J 407 Sothem D 398 Souch A 263 Sounyng R 348 Sowclie J 405 Sowthewerk R 362 Sowthwell W 426 Sowthnod W 354 Spakman J 386, N 365 Spalatro 341 Sparowe R 392 Spede H 362 Spegnall R 381 Spencer E 392. J 265 273 276 277, P 398, T 348 S75 379 398 4U4 409, W 367 381 Spendeley R 354 Spenser H 422 Spinke W 429 Sponer T 354 Spottiswoode A 280 Spratt E 376 Spylman S 275 Spynke VV 414 Squires M 50 Squyer E 404 INDEX OF NAMES. Squyrte W 379 Stable C 280 Stacy T 398 Stafford marquis of 197, R 358, T 386 Stage R 372 Stagg R 379 Stainer sir S 20 266 278 Staines sir W 267 280 Stalbroke T 276 Staly J 393 Stampe T 266 278 Slanbridge T 382 Stanes W 371 Stanffeld R 387 Stanys J871,T 274 Staper R 376 Staple A 264 Stare J 421 Starkey H 282, T 405 Starkie P 347, T 277 Starky J 397, R 343 Starkye T 358 Starling S 278 Staule S 399 Staveley J 373 Staynton T 381 Stebbing 99 Stebball J 404 Stede W 276 Steele W 284 Stek R381 Stepheson T 388 Stephens W 420 Stephnson J 267 279 398 422 426 Stere J 381 Sterling sir S 266 Sterop J 394 Stevyns J 357, T 354 W 367 Steward E 414, J 275 370, W 267 Steyllorage T 391 Steyndrope G 275 St. Paul Jde 5S9 Stocker J 276, W ib. Stockton J 264 276 Stodard J 397, W 414 Stoddard W 358 Stodeney J 275 Stody sir J 263 373 Stokes W 392 Stokesley J 314 Stondon W 264 275 Stone J 276 350, N 397 W 114 123 Stooks T 375 Stordale R 381 Store Dr 51S, C 383 Storer W 414 Storr W ib. Stortforde J de 274, W ib. Storye W 352 Stourgeon J 385 Stowe J 376, T 434 Stowey T 420 Stracey J 284, R 286 Strachan sir R 176 Straker J 427 Strange J 284 Stratford R de 813 Strevyn B 851 Stryngfellowe W 422 Stuard R 414 Stuart J SI Stubbard J 351 Studeley R 358 Stuks C 398 Style N 271 Styll J 371 Styvynson T 405 Suckley H 277 Sudbury J de 313 Sudley lord 513 Suff T 274 SuflblchiaO de ih. Suffolk duke of 538 542 Sukley H 362 Sulion Tippoo 546 Surara H 395 Suraner H 485 ^ Sunderland earl of 8 Surbut J 381, R 358 Sushe H 357, R 358 Sufhworth M 282 Sutton J 375 376, T. 380 W 405 Swalchyne Rde 282 Swan H 496, J 348, R 3'jO Swanland S 263 Swaynson W 422 Sweetapple J 278 Sweton T 405 Swefyng J 426 Swithulf 312 Swinnerton sir J 266 271 Swynford N 264 Swyngfeld J 350 Sydnham W 420 Sykelraore J 351 Sylkby N 392 Sylver A 405 Sylvester 106 168 Syraonde G 373, R 350 Symondson J 394, W 393 394 Symonds H 405 Sympson J 365, H 420 Sympson N 80 422 Symson G 407, R 405, W 354 Symsyn W 882 TacKill A 405 Tadlowe G 365 Tailor J 351, R 398 Tailur Pie 874 Talbot sir G 531, R 358 Talworth R 422 Tamffeld E 405 Tanner T 398 Tanstall T 391 Tash sir J 279 Tate 284, J 264 265 276, R 265 276 Tatersale R 275 Tayler J 379, R 380 Taylfer E 375 Taylor 235, J 397, sir R 280 479, W 379 Taylour R 354, T 351, W 264 276 365 Tebbs sir B 280 Teasdale 197 Telford 480 Temple W 397 Tergolde J 275 Terrick R 317 Terrill J 469 Tewte 11 399 Thaxted T 398 Thaycher R 386 Thelwall J 115 Theodoricus 312 Thistlewood 230 Thoalraod J 381 Thodson E 395 Tholmod R 381 Tholozane J 263 Thomas N 263 280, W 387 405 Thompson J 30 267 279, W 278 280 284 Thomson T 405 Thornburgh T 282 Thorne T 422 Thornefeld R ih. Thorneton C 391, J 394, R 390, W 427 Thornton E 365 Thorney W 275 Thorold sir C 278, G 267 278 Thorpe J T 267 280, P 266 Thorpp T 394, W 394 Thorowgood B 278 Thowes J 427 INDEX OF NAMES. ThrederT 391 Thressher, J I'i. Throwar R 426 Thurston J 276 Tichborne R 266 278 Tillard sir J ^ Tilney R 276 Tiplady T 894 Todd S 854 Togyll A 395 Toker W 346 Toles 375 Tolesan J 274 Toleus J 277 Tolli B de 195 Tomlinson 30, J 897 Tomson A 397, G 375, J 880, 381 Tong R 363 Tony M 263 274 Tooke J H 115 118 Toote T 266 Torrens 193 Torriano sir J 279 Tolly R 395 Totyngham W 275 Tournour R863 Towne C 479 Townsend J 267 279, R 422 429 Towse J 278 Toye R 422 Trappis R 354, j'i. Travers S 273, R 862 Treby G 284 Trecothick B 267 279 Treraayne J 282 Trevison J 409 Trewise W 381 Trice J 365 Trott J 348 Trotter A 152 Trowlopp W 421 Trumbull T 350 Trygg R 390 Tryrae J 427 Tucker L 407 Tull J 421 R 848 Tulse H 266 278 Tunstall C 314 Turgeoft J 421 Turk G 851, R 277 350, W 263 275 350 Turner 31, R 387. S 267 273,1 391, W 266 278 Turpyn J 351 Twyford J 373, N 275 Twylle VV 375 Twyn T 380 Tycheborne N 346 Tyell J 421 Tylcock J 35V Tylhara R 429 Tylsworth W 854 Tyraber J 381 Tyndall R 378 Tyrrel sir J507, T 287 484 Tyrwhitt sir T 496 Tyrys R 390 Tyrry T 386 Underwood T 409, W 27s Unienis C 278 Universalis G 313 Upcott W 468 Upton R 275 Urlin S 284 Urswyck T 282 Valiant J 405, P 279 Vamere H 275 Vandepute P 278 Vaughan G 362 882, D 379,R316, S 363 Vausse J 426 Vaux T 426 Veer W 405 Venables W 267 28C Vere A de 273 Verney R 264 276 Venour W 264 275 Vere sir H 542 Viel J 273 274 Vivian T 382 Vivyan W 366 Vncle T 409 Vinderhill J 387 Vngles E 420 Vnstede T 405 Vycars T 380, T 266 278 Vyner sir R V. 266 278 Vynor W 469 Vyvent T 275 Wadde T 858 wade J 274 275 405 Wadeforde T 275 Wadhere 312 Wadyngton R 862 Waeerffall 405 Wagstaff H 375, W 286 Waithraan R 127 170 267 280 Wakeffeld W 426 Wakele W 275 Wakeiyn J 422 Walbek W 276 Walcot J 264 275 Walcar T 374 Walden J 276 588Walden Rde 313 Waldern W 264 275 Waldon R 392 Waldren W 264 Waldyng T 366 Walebroc J 273, R 274 Waleis H 263 Waleran J 273 Walemund H 274 Wales prince of 36 91 542, princess of 121 Waleys H 263 Walker R 421, T 379 Wall J 143 Walleis H de 461 Waller R 412, W 327 Walles J 403, R 367 Wallington N 468 Wallys W 427 Walpole H 162 AValsh 180 Walter J 421, R 273 Wahhall W 277 Walton W 382 Walworthe W 264 275 Waram J 421 AVard C 358 386, H 403, J 10 264 275 27ii 27H 279 358 414, P 266 278, R 376 395, W 383 Wardle col 173 Waren J 382 392 R 265 363 Warham W 314 Warley H 276 Warner E 351, F 278, J 266 275 276 278 337 R 348 SiO Warnett E 470 Warren R 277 Warrender sir G 485 Warrop A 351 Warton C 276 Warweke H 371 Warwick earl of 516 AVarynT 381 Waryng N 367 Washford C 393 Wastell T 354 Water M 379 Wateiford R381 Waterhouse J 42 1 Waterman sir G 266 278 Waters E 343, R 414 Waterson 412 Walhe H 405 Wats sir J 266 Watson 228 230, B 127 2.17 280, D 33, J 376 403, T 407, VV 3 18 INDEX OF Names. Wattes J 277, R 276, T 348 Wanles T 357 Wavyr sir H 270 Wayte E 358 Web J 475, sir W 265 Webbe G 354, J 405 414, W 277 387 Webster N 404 Welde J 275, H 266 277 Welfed W 382 Welkenson W 271 Weller T 378 Welles R 351, W 414 Wellington duke 219 509 Wellis J 261 Welsh sir R 280, 409 H 392, 409 Wenceslre W de 273 Wendon 346 Wengham H de 313 Wenham R 331 Wentgrave J 263 282 Wenyard G 382 Westley R 279 West 31, J 382, T 407 Westbrooke W 279 Westley sir R 267 Westmland W 421 Westmore R 37 Weston W 275 Westwode R 365 Westway T 278 Wety T 382 Wetynglon W 381 Wever R 381 Weyman T 383 Whaplod R 348 Wheler 346, E 557 Whetynhale W 276 Whight II 398 Whitaker W 279 Whitbread I 279 Whitbroke T 405 White E 405, H 406, J 265 227 427, M 429, R 347, T 265 277 362 363, W 365 390 Whilelocke C 386, gen 165 Whithede J 390, O ib. Whitley W 358 Whitmore sir G 266 277, J 168 Whitryche W 371 Whittaker G B 280 Whittall J 406 Whiltals O 405 Whiliinglon R 2 ;4 Wl.ilyn;; B 414 Whyte W 276 Whytingham R 275 Whyttingfon R 275 Wighed 312 Wight C 680, H 398 Wilbraham T 283 Wilcocks J 429 Wilde T 407. W 363 Wilding J 470 Wilehale J 273 Wilford J 276 277 362 393, N 362, R 352, W ib. Wilkes J 62 71 267 279 285 Wilkinson J 276 398, R 429 Wilkynson 393 Williment 547 Williams J 280 Willis R 392 Willmot R 267 279 William 313 Williams sir J 267 279 O 379, R 280 351 375, W 485' Williarason R351,r 390 Willot R 374 Willys J S90 Wilson D 414. J 351, u 366, 0 381, R278 343 414 427 485, T 381 480 485, W 412 Wimbledon R de 273 Winburne T de 274 Wincestre G de ib. R 273 Winchcombe S 275 Winchester II 2S0 Wine 312 Winterbottom T 275, T 49 267 Wiseman J 357 Wite W 273 Witeby A 273 Witham W 405 Withers J 363, L 367, W 266 278 Withipoll P 362 Witt W 414 Woburne J de 273 Wod J 381 Wodcok 346, J 275, N 412 Wodd R351 Wodde R 386 Wode R 406 Wodeford E 351 Wodeward N ib. Woderuff D 365 Wodlefie W 343 Wodhouse W 275 Wodtyngdon R ib Wolberd N 363, W ib. Wolf J 378 357, M 35 1, gen 544 Wolgarius 273 Wollet T 875 Wolley 346 Wolmore W 420 Wolmote J 409, N ib. Wolsham R 407 Wolthouse R 366 Wolworth R 346 Wood 174 187, M 267 280, S 470, T 276 403 Woods W 240 Woodcock sir J 264 437, R277 Woodrofe D 277, sir N 265 277 Woodthorpe H 286 484 Woodward T 429 Wooldridge aid 99 Woollaston sir J 266 278 Wootton J 427, N 264 275 Worcestre W 275 Worrae T 393 Worseley R 382 Worstley T 881 Wotton H 382 INDEX OF NAMES. Wrastlyn 414 Wright A 409, E 278, R 422, T 267 280 Wrythoke R 409 Wroth J 264 275 Wulfsius 312 Wulfstane 1.312 II. ib. Wyatt R 388, S 480 Wyche H 264 276 Wychynghara G 263 275 Wydder E 422, F 354 Wydraerpole R 35u Wyeld T 429 Wyer R 367 Wyfforde N 264 276 Wykes M 397 Wykham A 394 Wyking W 276 Wylde W 284 Wylforde R 274, T 275 Wylkinson J 386 Wyllyams Fitz W 276 Wylshire J 397 Wyman W 405 Wymarke G 376 . Wymbyll W 404 Wymbyngham A 275 Wymondeham J de 869 Wynchester N 274 Wyncol H 363 Wyndham sir W 10 589 Wyndis J 351 Wyndowghf T 276 Wyngar J 276 Wynke R 374 Wynn C W 485 Wynthropp A 376 WyottW 346 Wysedom J 409 Wysse 398 Wyther R 367 Wytton E 404 Yanson W 414 Yarford sir J 265 276 Yarmouth lord 193 Yeldame J 365 Yenson W 381 Yeoman J 371 Yerdely J 365 Yerwood J 403 Yett T 358 Yeward J 394 Yong 414, H 381, J 380, T 395, W 363 Yonge J 264 276 380 358 Yoo N 276 York E 324, sir J 496, duke cf 132 484 Yorke 171, P 346 Young G C 240 Yreland J 275 END OF VOL. ir. LONDON :— 11. CLAY,' PRINTER, BREAD-STREET-HILL. 3 9002 08561 1565 ;«T .»:•.•<¦ .- 'i • '' ^ij^ ¦ . 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