Yale Center for British Art and British Studies

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j.'(9>C THE JsiKi

HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES
OF THE
.^^^COLLEGIATE CHURCHXek.
OF
S. SAVIOUR
<^- S O U T H W A R K K>
(ILLUSTRATED),

BY THE
REY, W. THOMPSON, D,D., Rector,

LONDON :
Printed arvd Published by ASH & CO., 42, Southwark Street, S.E.
1392

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HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES

COLLEGIATE CHURCH

S. SAVIOUR (^. ptavtB ©trerte),
-(5>^. SOUTHWARK. r^

(ILLUSTRATED.:

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1. Early English Arcading of the Old Nave (1207), preserved in situ,
in the New Nave.

BY THE
REV. W. THOMPSON, D.D., Rector.

LONDON :
Printed and Published by Ash U Co., 42, Southwark Street, S.E.

1892.

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Arms of

THE Priory

Argent, a cross dancette : in the first quarter a cinquefoil, gules.

past anb iC^resent

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|HIS church is considered to be the finest
mediaeval building in London after West
minster Abbey. It has a record of more than
a thousand years, interwoven with much that
is interesting in history, literature, and legend.
Stowe* relates, on the authority of Linstede,
the last prior, that, " East from the Bishop of
Winchester's house standeth a fair church
called St. Mary-over-the-Rie (Overy) — that is,
over the water {rie meaning river). This Church, or some
other in place thereof, was (of old time — long before the
Conquest) a House of Sisters, founded by a maiden named
Mary, unto the which House of Sisters she left the over
sight and profits of a cross-ferry over the Thames, there
kept before that any bridge was builded." This House of
Sisters was afterwards converted by S. Swithun, who was
Bishop of Winchester from 862 to 872, into a College of
Priests. Hence the Church is still styled "Collegiate." And
from that time onwards the Church has owed almost every
thing to successive Bishops of Winchester. Bishop GifFard,
• John Stowe, b. 1525, d. 1605. Under the patronage of the Earl of
Leycester and other noblemen, he published " Surrey " and " Chronicles,"
which are consulted to this day. He is buried in S. Andrew Undershaft,
City.

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assisted by two Noirman Knights, William Pont de I'Arche
and William Dauncey, built the original Norman Nave in 1106,
and Canons Regular of the Order of S. Augustine were
established, the Collegiate Church becoming a monastery.
Bishop Peter de Rupibus {alias de la Roche) built the Choir
and Ladye Chapel in 1207, and altered the Norman character
of the Nave, which had suffered from fire, into Early English.
The Nave once more suffered from fire in the time of Richard
II., and in his reign and in that of Henry IV., perpendicular
work was introduced into it. Gower, the poet, and Cardinal
Beaufort were liberal benefactors to the Church at this period,
the former founding the Chantry of St. John, and the latter
restoring the South Transept at his own cost. The roof of the
Nave, which was of stone, fell in 1469, and an oak roof,
groined, was substituted, some of the quaint bosses of which
may be still seen piled in the Ladye Chapel. The magnificent
Altar Screen is due to Bishop Fox (1520). The old Nave again
fell into decay, and was allowed to remain a roofless ruin for
many years, until in 1838 it was taken down, when many
remains of ancient Norman work were shamelessly broken up
and scattered. The foundation stone of a debased and flimsy
Nave was laid by Dr. Sumner, Bishop of Winchester, in 1839.
A rnemorial stone of greater promise was laid on the same
site July 24th, 1890, by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,
accompanied by T.R.H. the Princess of Wales, and the young
Princesses Victoria and Maud, at four p.m.
The Church is cruciform, and, including the walls and
buttresses is nearly 300 feet long and about 130 feet broad,
and consists of Ladye Chapel * and Choir (Early Enghsh),
Transepts (Decorated), Nave (which will be Early English),
and a noble Tower (the upper stages Perpendicular, the lowest
Decorated) 35 feet square, and, with pinnacles, 163 feet high,
and contains a fine peal of twelve bells, the total weight being
over 215 cwt., the tenor being over 51 cwt. In 1424, in the
time of Prior Werkeworth, the original peal consisted of
seven, which were re-cast of greater weight in the same year.
Each bell had a name, such as Augustine, Maria, &c.
In 1540 the Priory Church and Rectory were leased from
the Crown to the parishioners at an annual rental of about
* Mr. Francis T. Dollman (Tlie Priory of St. Mary Overie, Southwark)
contends that the Ladye Chapel should be styled the Retro-Choir.
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fifty pounds, and S. Marie Overie became S. Saviour. This
lease was renewed from time to time, until in 1614 the Church
was purchased by them from the King in the name of nineteen
"bargainers," or trustees, for eight hundred pounds. The
parishioners continued to be patrons of the living until
1885, when, by an Act of Parliament, the right of presentation
was vested in the Bishop of the Diocese, and the Chaplain
was made Rector. Dr. Davidson, the present Bishop, takes
an enthusiastic interest in the restoration, which, with Sir
Arthur Blomfield as architect, is sure to be thorough and
complete, and worthy of the future cathedral of London south
of the Thames. It is interesting to note in this connection
that the Church was used for cathedral purposes from an early
date. A Bishop of London, Henry de Wengham, was conse
crated here in 1260 by Boniface, Archbishop of Canterbury.
A Bishop of Rochester held two ordinations here more than
five hundred years ago — the first in 1356, and the second in
^357- John de Shepey was the Bishop, and it was here that
he was consecrated in 1353.
It should also be mentioned that Gower, the father of
English poetry, and Massinger, and Fletcher, and Edmond
Shakespeare (brother of the great dramatist), and Bishops
Sandall, Robert Home, William Wickham (1595), and the
saintly Lancelot Andrewes are buried here. It was here, in
1406, the Earl of Kent, grandson of the " Fair Maid of Kent,"
was united in wedlock to Lucia, eldest daughter of the Lord
of Milan, Henry IV. giving the bride away at the Church
door;* it was here, in 1423 (Henry VI.), that James I. of
Scotland the Royal poet, was married to Jane, niece of
Cardinal Beaufort ; it was here that Bishop Gardiner con
demned the Anglican Martyrs to death in 1555 ; it was here
that John Harvard, the founder of the great American
University which bears his name, was baptised, November
2gth, 1607; and it was here that the famous Dr. Henry
Sacheverell was elected Chaplain in 1705.
' Anciently the Marriage Ceremony commenced at the Porch (ante
ostium ecclesin), or in some portion of the Nave, and was concluded at the
Altar ; a custom which still prevails in some Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and
Somersetshire Churches, and elsewhere. Chaucer, in his Canterbury Tales,
says of the -Wife of Bath : —
" Housebondes at the Chirche dore had she had five."

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IHE first monument, immediately on the right as we
enter by the South Transept door, is one of the most
interesting in this or any church. S. Saviour's can boast
the unique treasure of the resting-place of the first English

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3. Tomb of the First English Poet, Gower.
Arms of Cardinal Beaufort.

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poet, John Gower. Seven cities claimed the honour of the
birthplace of the great blind Homer ; and similarly more
than one spot has coveted a like distinction in respect of
our own bard, who also was blind during the eight closing
years of his life. Caxton, in his edition of the Confessio
Amantis, first published by him in 1483, calls him " a
squyer borne in Walys;" Lleland and others contend for
Yorkshire ; while Sir Harris Nicholas,* an eminent anti
quary, tracing his name in the Close Rolls, in connection
with his estates, believes him to have been near kindred
to one Sir Robert Gower, who lies interred in Brabourne,
a small village in Kent, where there was at one time an
effigy of him in brass, holding a shield with the same
bearings as those which may be still seen on the tomb of
our poet: Argent on a chevron azure, three leopards'' faces, or;
the crest, on a chapeau, a gower {i.e., a wolf-dog or talbot)
passant. The arms of the Yorkshire family, of which the
Duke of Sutherland is head, are different : Barry, argent,
and gules, a cross patee flore, and sable ; the crest, a wolf passant,
argent, collared, and chained, or. Moreover, in this latter
family, the name is made to rhyme with pore, while the
former rhyme it with power, thus pronouncing it as our
poet's name is pronounced to the present day. John
Gower, it can be easily proved, possessed property and
had relatives of his name in Kent ; and we believe he
was a Kentish man.
He is said to have been a Student of the Inner Temple,
of which there is no proof; and that he was educated at
Oxford, where, however, as I am informed by the present
Curator of the Bodleian, no record or tradition of him
can be found.
He was Poet Laureate to Richard II. and Henry IV.,
the latter conferring upon him the S. S. Collar, with the
Lancastrian Badge of the Swan.f
The three large volumes, representing his three principal
poetical works, and supporting the head whose brain in
spired them, are named Vox Clamantis, the " Voice of one
* Retrospective Review, 1828, N.S., Vol. II., pp. 103-117.
t Observe this Collar. There are various interpretations of the " S. S."
The simplest is that the links of the chain are in the form of the letter
S. I incline to think " S. S." are the initials of "Silver Swan," an
Order instituted in the reign of Richard II.

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crying," in allusion to the Rebellion of 1381, headed by
Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, written in Latin, of which
there are several copies extant ; Speculum Meditantis, the
" Mirror of one meditating," in French, and which has
altogether disappeared; and the Confessio Amantis, the
" Confession of a Lover," in English, and now published
in a cheap form. The whole tendency of these great
works was to improve the morals and manners of his age,
and hence he is styled "Moral Gower" by his fellow-poet,
friend, and pupil, Chaucer.
He entered the state of matrimony when he was more
than seventy years old, the ceremony taking place, not in the
Priory Church, nor in the Church of S. Mary Magdalene,
which was the parish Church, built in the 13th century, on
the south side of the choir, and removed in 1822, but in his
own private oratory, situated under his own quarters in
the precincts, by licence* from the celebrated William of
Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, who lived in Winchester
House, which was situated a few yards beyond the west end
of the Nave, and the last remnants of which were swept away
only about a dozen years ago. He then retired for the rest of
his days, with Agnes Groundolf, his wife, within the Precincts
of the Priory, and contributed largely from his ample means
to the repairs of ihe fabric, founded a chantry in the Chapel
of S. John the Baptist, which stood in the fifth bay from the
west of the North Aisle of the Nave, in which shrine at last
he was buried, and where over his remains the Priors erected
this fine monument. It is decided to restore it to its original
position ; but shall we not have the Chapel also given back
to us ?
The tomb is in the Perpendicular, or Third-Pointed order
of architecture, the style of the period, and consists of a
canopy of three arches embellished with cinquefoil tracery,
&c., and supported on either side by angular buttresses
surmounted with carved pinnacles. Between these three
arches are two columns terminating in similar carved pin
nacles, and further back and above is a screen composed of
two rows of trefoil niches. Against the wall, in the spaces
* " ¦ . . Extra ecclesiam parochialem, in oratorio ipsius Joannis
Gower infra hospicium cum in prioratu B. Mariae de Overee in Suthwerk
praedicta situatum, solempnizare valeas . . . " — Extract from the
? Registry preserved at Winchester, dated Jan. 25//1, 1397.

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now covered with Old French inscriptions, were formerly three
painted niches, which were occupied by figures of three
Virgins, Charity, Mercy, Pity, crowned with ducal coronets,
and with golden scrolls, bearing the following legends,
entwining their forms : —
I. En toi qui filz de Dieu le pere,
Sauve soit qui gist soubs ceste pierre.
2. O bon Jesu, fait ta mercie
A lalme dont le corps gist icy.
3. Pour ta pitie Jesu regarde,
Et met ceste aime en sauve garde.
We submit the following translation : —
I. Thro' Thee, the Father's Only Son,
Be safe who lies beneath this stone.
2. Thy mercy, O Good Jesu, show
The soul, whose body lies below.
3. For pity's sake, O Jesu, keep
The soul of him who here doth sleep.
An ingenious rendering of the Latin lines (Armigeri
scutum, S'C.), beneath the Virgins, is given by Prof. Henry
Morley* :—
" No squire's shield defending will guard you from
this way of ending ;
He has paid the unbending Death's tax over all men
impending ;
Glad be the soul's wending, no more with the flesh
interblending,
Tis where, God amending, the Virtues reign free
from offending."
On the ledge of the tomb we read (Hie facet, Sfc), " Here
lies J. Gower, Esq., a most celebrated English Poet, and to
this sacred building a distinguished benefactor. He lived in
the times of Ed. III., Ric. II. and Heni. IV."

CarMttal l^^anfnrt.

7JFFIXED to the pillar adjoining Gower's tomb will be
^¦-^ noticed the armorial bearings, surmounted by a Car
dinal's hat, of this distinguished ecclesiastic and statesman.

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His father, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, was married
three times. By his first wife he had an only son, who
became Henry IV., and by his third he had Henry Beaufort,
who was, therefore, half brother to the king. He derived his
name from Beaufort Castle, in France, the place of his birth.
He became Lord Chancellor, Bishop of Winchester in 1404,
Cardinal in 1427, died in 1447, and lies buried in Winchester
Cathedral. He was known as the " rich Cardinal," and is
credited with having rebuilt this South Transept at his own
cost, after the ruins of a great fire.
In order to strengthen his house by a powerful alliance,
and, perhaps, also with a view of uniting the crowns of
England and Scotland, he was instrumental in effecting the
marriage of his niece, Joane, daughter of his own brother, Sir
John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, to James I. of Scotland. It
is a story of romance and tragedy. The young Prince, in his
flight, at the age of 13, to the Court and Schools of France,
was driven by a storm on the English coast, captured and
detained a prisoner (with much liberty and kindness, however)
in Windsor Castle for about 18 years. " Stone walls do not a
prison make," but shortly before his release he found himself
a willing captive to the charms of the fair Princess. —
" Such a lord is Love,
And Beauty such a n>istress of the world."
He was a poet, and sang of her beauty to the music of
his harp, an instrument in the playing of which he is said to
have possessed unrivalled skill. His cruel murder in the
Dominican Monastery at Perth terminated a happy union,
after which Joane married Sir James Stewart, the Black
Knight of Lorn.
(Bmusan,

0N the north side of this same pillar there is a monument
to Wilham Emerson, consisting of an emaciated,
diminutive, recumbent effigy (a memento tiiori), with an
inscription which tells us that he reached the ripe old
age of 92, and that —
" He Hved and died an honest man."
His grandson, Thomas Emerson, was a liberal benefactor
to the poor of our parish, and his munificence, bestowed

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in 1620, is still enjoyed by several pensioners of his bounty.
He, too, " lived and died an honest man," and charitable
withal. " A prince can make a belted knight.
A marquis, duke, and a' that ;
But an honest man's aboon his might —
Guid faith, he maunna fa' that."
Ralph Waldo Emerson, b. Boston, U.S.A., 1803,
graduate of Harvard University, and essayist, is supposed
to have sprung from this good Southwark stock.

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"YTIOVING a little further to the left, and standing back,
J we have an excellent view of the South Aisle
!of the Choir, and beyond into the Ladye Chapel, terminating

4. SOUTH AISLE OF CHOIR.
with its window of three sharply-defined- lancet lights — the
architectural three in one. As we enter this. Aisle we may
recognise at our feet a token of the great antiquity of the
site of this Church and its surroundings — some Roman
tesseras found about fifty years ago in digging a grave in
the south-east angle of the churchyard, where more of the
same kind remain. It was the custom of the Roman army

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in their marches, to carry such materials in order to pave the
spot where the praetorium or general's tent was erected. Many
other remains of Roman antiquity have been discovered from
time to time in the parish, such as coins, cinerary urns,
lachrymatories, terra-cotta sepulchral urns, &c. In examining
the foundations of the new Nave, and making excavations
here and there, a few pieces of Roman pottery were brought
to light. Stoney Street, which runs through the adjacent
market, also commemorates the Roman occupation. The
Romans, it is well known, taught the Ancient Britons to
develop the resources of this country. They opened up
the island by making roads paved with stone. These roads
were called strata, hence our word street.

fte Unn-^urb nf t^t Mnrlti.

Immediately on the left is a brass — the only one in the
Church — with the following quaint inscription : —
SVSANNA BARFORD,
Departed this Life the 2oth of Avgvst, 1652,
AGED 10 YEARS 13 WEEKES,
The Non-Svch of the World for Piety and "Virtve.
IN SOE tender years.
And Death and Envye both mvst say 'twas fitt
Her Memory shovld thus in Brasse bee writt.

HERE LYES INTERR'D WITHIN THIS BED OF DVST
A VIRGIN PVRE, NOT STAIN'D WITH CARNALL LVST:
SVCH GRACE THE KING OF KINGS BESTOW'D VPON HER
THAT NOW SHE LIVES WITH HIM A MAID OF HONOVR
HER STAGE WAS SHORT, HER THREAD WAS QVICKLY SPVN,
DRAWNE OVT, and CVT, GOTT HEAV'N, HER WORK WAS DONE
THIS WORLD TO HER WAS BVT A TRAGED PLAY,
SHE CAME AND SAW'T, DISLIK'T, AND PASS'D AWAY.
- t
^braljam JIManir.
-gEYOND the door of this Aisle, and between the lancet
and the next window, there is a plain slab fixed in
obscurity on the wall, to the memory of this remarkable
man. He was born in this parish (1730), and his baptism

13.
and burial (1807), 'are recorded in our register. According
to a memoir of him in the writer's possession, published
the year after his death, his father belonged to Bucks, was
married twice, and had twenty-five children !
Abraham entered the Bank of England as clerk, and
rose through the usual gradations, until his faithfulness and
abilities were rewarded by his appointment to the post of
Chief Cashier. Apartments were then assigned to him in
the Bank, and so great was his conscientiousness, that
until the day of his retitement, 25 years afterwards, he never
once slept out of the building. He died two months after
leaving his post, bequeathing ;^6o,ooo in the stocks to his
landlady, whose gratitude is represented by the mean tablet
before us. Although he had many friends, he was not so
vain as to imagine they would dissolve in tears at the news
of his death, and he wrote this epitaph (which, I need
hardly say, is not on the monument), for himself shortly
before his death : —
" Beneath this stone old Abraham lies :
Nobody laughs, and nobody cries.
Where he is gone, and how he fares.
No one knows, and no one cares."
Moved by the memory of so faithful a servant, perhaps
the Governors of the Bank of England will one day come
over and help us.
His biographer closes the record of his career by saying :
" The life of Abraham Newland will not be studied without
advantage. No human being was his enemy, he injured
no one, he conferred benefits on all with whom he was
connected, he lived in credit and usefulness, and he died
in peace." (Btax^t Stoilt.
"^TSHB next window affords a good specimen of the bad glass
which prevails in this Church ; but this is altogether
eccentric and kaleidoscopic, and hurts the eye as a discordant
note the ear, and is altogether out of harmony with the sound
reputation of the Southwark Architect who loved the place
and this house so well, and who during the restoration of
the Ladye Chapel (1832) gave his services gratuitously.
He lies buried in the churchyard outside this window, and
there is a tablet of polished granite, heart-shaped, behind the
screen which. records his self-denying work.

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5. ALTAR SCREEN.
Tomb of Humble. Triforium. Clerestory.
. Turning the back on GwiU's window, we have a striking
view of the Screen, with Altar-Tomb, part of Triforium, and
Clerestory.

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From here we pass into

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IHIS portion of our Church has a three-fold claim upon
our attention.
First, because of its unique architectural beauty. All the
chief writers on S. Saviour's, whether architects, artists, or
antiqmaries, experience much difficulty in giving adequate
expr^sion to their admiration of it. They declare that
whatever excellencies may have been noticed in the other
parts of the building, it would appear that an attempt has
been here made to concentrate them in the elegant sim
plicity of its harmonized design, and the admirable principles

6. LADYE CHAPEL (SOUTH-WEST).
Tomb of Bishop Andrewes. Blank Windows, once open, with Decorated
Tracery, temp. Ed. III. Carved Oak Bosses,

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of its scientific construction, its slender pillars with their
shafts, detached* at the four cardinal points, and the
beautiful groinings of the vaulted roof, its single and triple
lancet windows of the' most perfect symmetry, the correctness
of its proportions, and the accuracy of its details combine to
render it such a pure, chaste specimen of the Early English
style as to make it difficult to find its equal anywhere.
One distinguished antiquary speaks of it as "One of the
most chaste and elegant of the early pointed architecture
of the 13th century in the country; for soon after the
simplicity of design became florid and overlaid." Another
(Gent. Mag. 1832J says: "In the solid pillars and acute
arches, in the lancet windows, and simple groined roof,
may be viewed an unaltered building of the 13th century.
The groins of the Chapel are perfect, and extremely
beautiful. Corresponding to the four gables without, are
four aisles within, the outer ones continuous with the north
and south aisles of the choir and nave, and' from east to
west three aisles." Nor will Mr. Dollman come behind any
in his admiration, for he writes : " They who designed this
beautiful retro-choirf were artists in the truest sense of the
word, for viewed from whatever point, its picturesque charm,
gracefulness of design, and merits of detail, alike bear witness
to the superior intelligence of the minds that conceived and
the hands that executed it."
This Chapel affords an interesting illustration which may
be taken in at a .glance, of the-progress of the pointed style.
We have first the simple lancet-like window with the tooth
ornament,! standing alone, and the triple lancet, grouped and
bound together by an enclosing arch (Early Enghsh) : then the
two three-light windows with muUions || and tracery (Transi-
¦> * In Early English ¦work the shafts are often detached, but in Deco
rated attached.
t South'wark folk, and many others, -will find it extremely difficult to
abandon the charming name by ¦which it is generally kno-wn, and -which it
has borne from time immemorial, in favour of the. cold but, perhaps, more
exact technical designation above.
{ Resembling a ro-w of teeth, sometimes called Dog's Tooth, and Shark's
Tooth, and the Diagonal Flower. By French antiquaries it is named
Violette, as it often bears considerable likeness to that flo-wer -when half
expanded. II Mulliott, the vertical bar dividing the lights of a -windo^w.
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tional,) § that on the south geometrical, with its circles,
quatrefoils, &c., that on the north reticulated, slightly more
elaborate, and later : after this, the blank windows at the back
of the Screen, with their more graceful lines, sometimes called
" flowing tracery," and by the French " flamboyant " (flame-
likej, belonging to the Decorated Period of Edward III.
It is remarkable, in the second place, as having
been the scene of the trial and condemnation of the
* Anglican ^avt^va
in 1555, a memorable date in the history of our Church, and in
the annals of our country. Beneath that three-light window
in the north-east bay of this Chapel, sat in that year, Stephen
Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, and his fellow com
missioners. Dr. Bonner, Bishop of London, and others, acting

7. Ladye Chapel (North-East). Piscina. Stone Coffin.
§ The work executed ¦when one style -was merging into the next is
known as Transitional.
* They are sometimes, but erroneously, styled "Protestant" Martyrs.
This was a struggle maintained by Churchmen from beginning to end.
Protestantism, in the sense of Separatism, had no existence in this country
before the time of Elizabeth.

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under authority from the See of Rome, and of Mary and her
obsequious Parliament, to try certain Prelates, Dignitaries
and Priests of the Church of England, whose only crime,
apparently, consisted in a stout resistance to the usurpations of
the Papal Schism. It was here they witnessed a good confession,
and from here they went forth to receive their baptism of fire. We
are bound to honour these men, notwithstanding the Occasional
extravagancy of language and opinion to which they gave vent
under examination, remembering the terrible crisis they had to
face, which was nothing less than the deliberate and powerful
attempt to re-impose upon our Apostolic Church, which
existed in this land centuries before the "Italian Mission"
of S. Augustine in 596, the Vatican yoke, backed by an
unpatriotic Queen, who, to gratify the wishes and win the
love, never granted, of the haughty Spaniard, Philip, her
husband, of whom she was " unalterably , and pesteringly
fond," was ready and eager to sacrifice her subjects and
her kingdom. But for these men in their day, and but for
the providential winds of heaven, and the wooden walls of
our navy, manned by brave men, that shattered the ships
of the Spanish Armada in the succeeding reign, we might
at this moment be under a combined foreign domination,
utterly repugnant to the English character both in a religious
and political sense.
Seven of the numerous band of Martyrs of Mary's reign
are commemorated here by six lancet lights, three on the
north-east, and three on the south-east ; and by that
atrocious blur and blot and daub on the south— a crime
and sin against every canon of good taste and feeling.
Space will not permit us to add much more than their
names : —
I. Rev. Lawrence Saunders, Rector of Allhallows,
Bread Street. Burned at Coventry.
2. The RightReverendRobertFerrar (orFarrar),D.D.,
Bishop of St. David's. Burned at Carmarthen. .
3. Rev. Dr. Rowland Taylor, Rector of Hadleigh,
Suffolk. Burned at Hadleigh.
4. Rev. John Rogers, Vicar of St. Sepulchre's, and
Prebendary of St. Paul's. Burned at Smithfield.
5. The Right Reverend John Hooper, D.D., Bishop
of Worcester and Gloucester. Burned at
Gloucester,
'ih^^   fc^:x*>

ft
19 ^
6. Rev. John Bradford, Prebendary of St. Paul's.
Burned at Smithfield.
7. The Venerable John Philpot, Prebendary of
Winchester. Burned at Smithfield.
Philpot, in his examination, showed that he too pould be
a persecutor even unto death. It will be remembered that, in
the previous reign (Edward VI,), the Reformers condemned to
the stake a person named Joan of Kent, for heresy. Philpot,
in the course of his trial, declared that " as for Joan of Kent,
she was well worthy to be burned." Similarly, on the
Continent, Calvin consented to the death of Servetus. So also
was it in the case of the Pilgrim Fathers, who fled from
Europe in search of religious liberty, and scarcely had they
touched the shores of New England when they began to
persecute each other.
Alas ! the spirit which makes men " hate each other for
the love of God " is not yet, even in this igth century, exor
cised. Nevertheless, in spite of religious divergencies and
misunderstandings, and in spite of the fact that bigotry dies
hard, it is dying, and the day will dawn in the future, far off
most likely, but yet at last, when the desire for the re-union
of Christendom, which animates all good and earnest men
at present, will no longer be a dream,
"And there shall be ONE FLOCK, ONE SHEPHERD."

Let us look at those carved oaken bosses,, with their
strange devices, piled up in the recesses of the doorways
leading from the Choir through the Screen. We may observe
the crown of thorns ; the " pelican in her piety " feeding her
young from her pierced breast, a well known mediaeval symbol
of the " chahce of the grapes of God " in the Holy Sacrament ;
a rebus of Henry de Burton (three hurrs springing out of a tun),
who was the Prior when the groined vaulting of wood was set
up in the Nave in place of the stone roof which had fallen
down in 1469 (Ed'. IV.) The quaintest and most extraordinary
of all is that flame-coloured face of a fiend swallowing a man.
Many conjectures have been made as to its meaning. Most
probably it represents Satan devouring Judas Iscariot, and
this view is confirmed by the following lines from Dante's
Inferno, canto 34 : —
JKQv.^  oigX*

X

''-¦QX^

20
' Now this behold ....
For on his head three faces were upreared.
The one in front of a vermilion hue :
At every mouth his teeth a sinner tore.
' That one above,' to me the master said,
' Is traitor Judas, doomed to greater pangs ;
His feet are quivering, while sinks down his head.' '

This beautiful Chapel is remarkable in the third place, as
containing the ashes of the great
ltslj0][j lancdnt ^nhxtiats,
 V  —
•-J^E was born at Allhallows, Barking. His father was a
-^ mariner and a merchant, and rose to be Master of Trinity
House. He was educated at Merchant Taylor's, from which
School he proceeded to Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where, in
1576, he was elected to a Fellowship, and in the following
year he became Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. In 1589 he
accepted the living of St. Giles', Cripplegate, and shortly after
wards he was made Prebend of St. Paul's,- and Master of
Pembroke Hall. He was a most diligent and conscientious
pastor, and made the poor and infirm the special object of
his care. It was at this period he wrote his " Manual for the
Sick." In the preface to the earliest edition, 1642, we are
told that it was composed " about that time the Reverend
Authour was parson of Saint Giles, Cripplegate, and used by
him in his ordinary visitation of the sicke.". This little book
was a great favourite with the late Bishop Hamilton of
SaUsbury, (d. 1869), who, during his long and painful illness,
found strength and comfort in its pages.
He was a constant preacher at his own church, but was
very reluctant to deliver more than one sermon on the same
day, remarking that " when he preached twice he prated
once." In 1597 he accepted first a stall, and then the Deanery
of Westminster. Under James I, who was a great a^dmirer of his preaching,
his rise was rapid. In 1605, he was persuaded with difficulty
to accept the See of Chichester, was translated to the See of
Ely in 1609, and in i6ig to the See of Winchester, from
'^^^  .   .i?yl'

' ^XOT'

'^"^©X*

21

which, says Bishop Buckeridge, " God translated him to
heaven." Bishop Andrewes was great (i) as a scholar. He was ac
quainted with 15 languages, if not more, and Fuller quaintly

c5c« beer a Shadowjrom. thutjetttng SVNXE.
"Wio/e- glorious caurfc throiyk thu Honx^ nmn
L^ the dimmjace. tf our dull Hxmi/plucrc .
^It (mc^reafE^calldronfn'dm.one.grtat'F^a.re.
"Sffhefe ran itub0rvnu SauU. Ud hiajirtt ihi^hti
1hvu0kLeanaogS Vmva^, and(vaiTdy)fomht
T^gomjei' her Jjiacious Setfj untttl a<r lefuttl
Shejoundy-wi^ heme- -Ttntk an haly siret^tk
.Jr^ t^Ji.J,ld fy'R.'BaJger dtwtOua -
tit. iStatioiierj Hail j€ya,
8.

i^ui{:cb'^ herfelfhcice taIJaam;JiUi a l>r^ht fht^,
Midfi thgfe itnnurrtaL Fvcs, and an thc-Jace
Of licrffreat MAKEKJ^Xt ajlamaig eye.,
WwrtJhU The reads trucpureHivinitie.
And rwwy^raue A^cct hath deigriH teJJiruii^
Into tkii le0k a^caranee. If you. thm\f^
"Tw hut a. dead iaoe.-^rt- dotk heer bequeath
LiXk m duJoUonm^ IcaiuU (^/cc htm breath ,

writes ; " The world wanted learning .to know how learned
this man was, so skilled in all, especially Oriental languages,
that some conceive he might, if then living, almost have
served as interpreter-general at the confusion of tongues."

^XB^o

e^^^CS

w^w^  ' ^^^

It is for this reason, amongst others, that we find his name
first on the Ust of divines appointed in 1607 to frame our
Authorised Version of the Bible, the words of which " live on
the ear, like a music that can never be forgotten, like the sound
of church bells, which the wanderer hardly knows how he can
forego." He was one of the Westminster Company ot Ten, whose
duty it was to translate the Pentateuch and the Historical
Books from Joshua to I Chronicles.
Some authorities have declared that both he and Laud
were willing to join the Church of Rome. On the contrary,
he wrote* and spoke against her, and -went about preaching
against her, and made many converts from her to the Church
of England. He was distinctly a High Churchman, fond of
an elaborate ritual, and had his private Chapels, both at Ely
and Winchester, richly adorned. He was tolerant, however,
of the views of others, and "content with enjoying without
the enjoining." — {Fuller).
He was great (2) as a preacher. His style fascinated
Elizabeth. He was held to be the very stella pradicantium (the
star of preachers), " a very angel in the pulpit," and that, too,
in the palmiest days of English literature.
" Such plagiaries who have stolen his sermons, could
never steal his preaching." — {Fuller). The late Canon Liddon
speaks of him as " a great divine — one of the greatest that
Cambridge has ever produced. The quaint and formal
methods of exposition which belong to his age cannot disguise
the massive thought and learning of his sermons ; his strength
and acuteness as a controversialist was felt by the accom
plished theologians who were at that day in the service of the
Church of Rome, while, as a teacher and leader of souls in
the highest paths of private devotion, training them to follow
the thoughts and to feel at home with the words of the ancient
Church, Andrewes still stands alone. Read Andrewes' life, and
you will be struck with the quiet undemonstrative character
of his early manhood, when, as a Cambridge undergraduate,
he -used to walk on foot to his home in London once in the
year, and, during these walks to ' observe the grass, herbs,
corn, trees, cattle, earth, water, heavens, any of the creatures,
and to contemplate the natures, orders, qualities, virtues,

¦n
uses,' since 'this was the greatest mirth, contentment, and
recreation that could be.' "
He was great (3) as a saint, and possessed the rarest of
all gifts, the gift of composing prayers. His " Manual of
Private Devotions" has long enjoyed, and still enjoys, an im
mense popularity. During the last period of his life it was
constantly in his hands. " Had you seen," says the first
editor of it, "the original MSS. happy in the glorious deformity
thereof, being worn with pious hands, and watered with
his penitential tears, you would have been forced to confess
that book belonged to no other than pure and primitive
devotion." This book has won the hearts of thousands in every part
of the world, even amongst those who have differed widely
from his views. Archbishop Tait did not belong to his School
of Thought, yet he loved this Manual, and Andrewes' Manual
for the Sick was the very last devotional book which was used
with him on his death-bed.*
Can we close without adding that Bishop Andrewes was
great (4) as a benefactor of the poor. He left funds and lands
for all time, for the benefit of aged poor men, widows, sea
faring men, orphans, apprentices, and the promotion of
scholars from Free Schools to the University. Most appro
priate, therefore, was the text from which Bishop Buckeridge
preached his funeral sermon : —
"IN THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. SAVIORS,
IN SOUTHWARKE,
On Saturday, being the XI of Novembee,
A.D. MDCXXVI."
To do good and to distribute forget not : for with such sacrifices God
is well pleased. Heb. 13, 16.
A full-length recumbent effigy of the great prelate lies on
the tomb, bearing on the left shoulder, engraved on the rich
cope, the Cross of St. George and the Garter, with the motto of
the Order, Honi soit qui mat y pense. The head, covered with a
small academical cap, rests on a cushion ; the left hand clasps
his Manual of Devotions.
* " After this he spoke very little more, but was anxious for prayers
and hymns at intervals, especially the Commendatory Prayer from Bishop
Andrewes, which he had always used and loved." — Life of Archbishop Tait,
by Dr. Davidson, Bishop of Rochester, and Canon Benham, vol, ii., p. 596.

i^X3^

''"©X*

24

9. TOIVIB OF BISHOP ANDREWES.
The inscription, which is chiefly taken from an entry in
Laud's Diary, states : —
" On the 2ist day of the month of Sept., at about
4 o'c. in the morning, Lancelot Andrewes, the most
deserving luminary of the Christian world, died, A.D.
1626, at the age of 71."
A recent discovery has been made {vide '• Guardian," July
27th, 1892), which has sent a thrill through the hearts of his
admirers— the MS. in Greek, the autograph copy of the Devo
tions which the Bishop himself used, has come to light. It
was his dying gift to Laud, afterwards Archbishop of Canter
bury, and bears on the outside of the vellum cover the follow-
inscription in Laud's handwriting : 
"My reverend Friend Bishop Andrewes gave me this
Booke a little while before his death. ~W . Bath et Welles."\

t For the above account of Bishop Andrewes I am indebted to many
sources, but my obligations are especially due to Canon Overton in The
Dicitonary of National Biography.

»XQ^

e.-.gX»

*xs^

'¦'^^X^

25

We now pass down the North Aisle of the Choir, and
immediately on the left is the monument of —

^Itr^nnatt Hutnlbk.

TTTHIS is a fine Altar Tomb, with kneeling figures, under a
'^ canopy, of the Alderman, with his two wives behind him;
and basso-relievos of the children on the basement, north and
south.

10. TOIVIB OF ALDERMAN HUMBLE.

»XQ^,

X

26
On the Sanctuary side are inscribed the beautiful and
pathetic lines, attributed to Quarles, to Simon Wastell, to
Beaumont, and others : —
" Like to the" damask rose you see,
Or like the blossom on , the tree.
Or like the dainty flower in May,
Or like the morning of the day.
Or like the sun, or like the shade, '
Or like the goiird which Jonas had ;
Even so is man, whose thread is spun.
Drawn out and cut, and so is done !
The rose withers, the blossom blasteth.
The flower fades, the morning hasteth.
The sun sets, the shadow flies.
The gourd consumes, the man he dies."
Probably he was the father of a lady named Humble, who
was married to a goldsmith, Wilham W^ard, a wealthy citizen
of the time of our Alderman, and jeweller to the queen of
Charles I. Their son was christened HUMBLE Ward, who,
after having married Frances, heiress to the Barony of Dudley,
was created Baron Ward in 1644, from which union is derived
the present house of Dudley and Ward.

i^ij^ Crusatr^r.

TTTHIS interesting effigy is on the right. It is an exquisite
piece of carving in oak, and represents, most likely,
one of the Earls of Surrey, who were Lords of Southwark.
He has returned from the last crusade with Prince Edward
of England (the costume is of that period, 1270). As a
good soldier of the Cross he has risked his life in defence
of the Holy Sepulchre, and now he sheathes his sword,
and lies down to rest.
"The strife is o'er, the battle done."
He is clad in chain armour, -with a surcoat crossed by
two belts, one for the shield, the other for the sword ; and on
his head a conical helmet, and a lion at his feet.
Whatever may have been his fortunes in war, he certainly
experienced some strange vicissitudes, and suffered many
indignities in this church from time to time. At one period
he was tossed about as useless lumber at the west end of the
Nave; at another he was placed standing upright close to one
of the doors, like a sentinel, "new painted, flourished up

^^^  .x^^\

¦^^©X*?

27

and looking somewhat dreadful" — a device of the enemy,
no doubt, to scare and scatter the flock ! He was even used
as an ordinary prop to support a portion of a stair-case on
his head ! The marvel is that he exists at all. We are proud
to possess him, and to think of him in the days when the
banner of the Red Cross was flying in the Holy Land.

11. TREHEARNE MONUMENT. CURE. CRUSADER.
Upon his breast a bloodie Cross he bore.
The deare remembrance of His dying Lord,
For Whose sweete sake that glorious badge he wore.
And dead, as living, ever Him ador'd ;
Upon his shield the like was also scor'd,
For soveraine hope which in His helpe he had.
Right faithful true he was in deede and word,
But of his cheere did seeme too solemne sad ;
Yet nothing did he dread, but ever was ydrad.* — Spenser.

Dreaded.

»X^o

a-.®X4

28
Before taking our leave of him we should like to con
template his attitude in a new light. Amongst the Knights
Templars, it was the custom (still continued by Freemasons
of that order), when reciting the Apostle's Creed, to draw the
sword about three inches, as in the effigy, in commencing;
and at the words, " In Jesus Christ our Lord," to plunge
it into the scabbard to the hilt. It will be noticed that the
lips are firmly parted. He is saying the Credo. He was a
believer. The Knight's bones are dust,
And his good sword rust;
His soul is with the saints, I trust. — Coleridge.

TN the corresponding low-arched recess is a plain slab to
¦^ the memory of the above. He was one of the benefac
tors of this parish, having been instrumental in founding a
"College" for poor people. It would appear, however, that
he did not give much out of his own pocket towards the
establishment of the " College." The vestry minutes show
that he advanced the money to build some houses for the
poor, and that the loan was repaid him. The Latin inscrip
tion is a punning epitaph on his name: —
" Cure, whom this stone covers, served Elizabeth as
master of the saddle horses. He served King Edward
and Mary, his sister. It is great praise to have given
satisfaction to three sovereigns.
He lived beloved by all.
The state was ever a Care (Curce) to Cure (Curo).
The welfare of the people was a care to him
while he lived.
He cared (curavit) and provided that, for the
support of the aged, annual gifts of money should be
assigned towards the expenses, and houses."
He died on the 24th of May, 1588, thus missing only
by a few days to share in the rejoicings of the great victory
of his royal mistress over the Spanish Armada,* which set
out from Lisbon on the 29th of that month.
* S. Saviour's Parish provided towards the Armament against the
Spaniards, 13 pick-axes, 13 spades, and 13 \)\\\&.— Vestry Minutes.

29

%XthtSiVM,

/^ LOSE to is a striking monument to John Trehearne and
his wife, with the following inscription :—
"AN EPITAPH UPON JOHN TREHEARNE, GENTLEMAN-
PORTER TO KING JAMES I.
" Had Kings a power to lend their subjects breath,
Trehearne, thou shouldst not be cast down by death;
Thy royal master still would keep thee then,
Butdength of days is beyond reach of men.
Nor wealth, nor strength, nor great men's love can ease
The wounds death's arrows make, for thou hast these.
In thy king's court good place to thee is given.
Whence thou shalt go to the King's court in heaven."
Now, after the perusal of this eulogy, we should expect
better things from him than to find him lax in the payment
of his tithes ! Here is an extract from the Parish Vestry
minutes, October 15th, 1577 : —
" John Trehearne of Bankside, pays double for witholding
his tythes." On the shield are three herons, in allusion to his name. A
rebus was a favourite conceit of the times.

mh J0bn mtxs (0r mtx^).
7731 E now enter the North Transept, which is in a dilapi-
^M. dated condition. On the floor, at the right, will be
noticed an emaciated effigy in stone. It is simply a memento
mori, a reminder of mortality. But some would tell you that
it was intended to represent one John Overs, the father of the
original foundress of this great church. He was a rich miser
(so the tale runs), who owned a ferry for conveying passengers
across the Thames, long before there was any bridge. A
strange plan of economizing his household expenses one day
entered his mind. He would feign death; for surely, he
thought, his family and servants would fast, for one day at
least, in their bereavement. On the contrary, it would appear,
they were only too happy to be rid of him, and proceeded
to feast and make merry over the event. The sound of revelry

^XS^

oJ&X'S'

X
30
reaching hip ears, he sprang from his bier, and, plunging
down stairs in his winding-sheet, threw horror and consterna
tion into the midst of the gay company. A waterman, rushing
in his fright and confusion upon what he thought was the
ghost of the old man, felled him dead with an oar. Now his
daughter,, who was " of a beautiful aspect and pious dis
position," had a lover, who had not met with the father's
approval. The news of the death reaching him in the country,
he started with all speed to his sweetheart ; but, in his too
eager haste,' he fell from his horse and was killed. Mary
Overs, rendered inconsolable, withdrew from the world and
founded a House of Sisters, into which she retired, endowing
the institution with the ample profits of her ferry, and dedi
cating it to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
There is a curious tract, which may be seen in the
British Museum, entitled, " The true History of the Life and
sudden Death of old John Overs, the rich Ferryman of London,
showing how he lost his Life by his own Coveteousness. And of his
Daughter Mary, who caused the Church of St. Mary Overs, in
Southwark, to be built."

TTTHE famous pill m.an — the Holloway of his time. He was
'-^ an eccentric empiric or quack-doctor in the reign of
Charles II., styling himself " Licensed Pysician and Chemist,"
In Mantling and Bray's History of Surrey there is a picture
of him and his Merry Andrew, each on his piebald horse,
selling the renowned nostrum in the midst of a large crowd
on Tower Hill. In his advertising tract, which is a curiosity
in itself, he represents his pills as " extracted from the rays
of the sun " {Pilula Radiis Solis Extracts). He declares them
capable of curing a " Regment of diseases, known and un
known." " Taken early in the morning, two or three in
number preserves against contagious airs." " They that be
well and deserve to be so, let them take the pills once a
week." This solar preparation " increases Beauty, and
makes old Age comely." In the puffing of his wares he does^
not scruple to assume the cloak of religion, introducing the
Sacred Name over and over again. And it will be noted

»K^^

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31
that, consciously or unconsciously, the sculptor has imparted
an expression of hypocrisy to the face— its sanctimonious
elongation, the downcast eyes, the solemn pose. In all pro
bability it is a faithful likeness.
The inscription : —
" Here Lockyer lies interr'd ; enough, his name '
Speaks one hath few competitors in fame,
A name so great, so gen'ral, it may scorn
Inscriptions which do vulgar tombs adorn.
A diminution 'tis to write in verse
His eulogies, which most men's mouths rehearse.
His virtues and his pills are so well known
That envy can't confine them under stone.
But they'll survive his dust and not expire
Till all things else at th' universal fire.
This verse is lost, his pills embalm him safe
To future times without an epitaph.
Deceased, April 26, a.d. 1672. Aged 72.
Londoners especially will regret the total disappearance
of this miraculous panacea, inasmuch as it was an antidote
against "the mischief of fogs !"

^ttstin.

TTTHIS monument attracts much attention, and is a Scriptural
¦^ study in itself. An angel stands on a rock, pointing
-with the right hand to the sun overhead, with the motto,
Sol Jiistitice, " The Sun of Righteousness," while in the left
there is a sickle. Underneath the angel, on the left and right,
are the words, Vos estis Dei agricultura, " Ye are God's
husbandry." Upon the rock, from which issues a stream, are
the words, Petra erat Christus, " That Rock was Christ."
Close to it is a serpent, whose evil influences were to be
neutralized : in that fountain of life. Below the rock are
sheaves of corn, bound with a scroll, on which are inscribed.
Si non moriatur, non reviviscit, "It is not quickened except it
die." Lower still we read, Nos sevit, fovit, lavit, cogit, renovahit,
" He hath sown, fostered, and washed us, he gathers us
together, and will renew us." On either side there is an angel
seated, one with a rake and the other with a pitchfork ;

^^m^  ^  ' ""^^
32
beneath one is the iword Congregabunt, " They shall gather,"
and beneath the other the word Messores, Reapers (" The
reapers are the angels"). Lower down is a winnowing fan
("Whose fan is in His hand"), setting forth the family
names to whom this burial place {arvum hoc sepulckrale) is
devoted. Underneath the monument, on the wall, we find this
inflated epitaph : " The resting-place of William Austin, Esq.,
who in contemplation was an angel ; in action a Daedalus* ;
in travel, as good as a conveyance ; at table, a feast in
himself; in disease, a miracle of patience ; in death, a pattern
of faith." He wrote some fugitive pieces of piety ; and, on the
death of his wife,' he- compared himself to a tree, half alive,
half dead, the "branches withered, cut off, and buried with
her." He soon recovered his spirits, however, in finding
another better half to supply the place of the half of him that
was lost.

IBm^Mtr.

/S^N the West wall of the South Transept is a stilted and
curious epitaph in Latin : — " These be the incinerated
remains of Richard Benefield, Associate of Gray's Inn. To
them, after they were thoroughly purified by the frankincense
of his piety, the nard of his probity, the amber of his faithful
ness, and the oil of his charity, his relatives, friends, the poor,
everyone in fact, have added the sweet-scented myrrh of their
commendation, and the fresh balsam of their tears."

fStngtram,

-<^E was saddler to Queen Elizabeth and James I. : one of the
-^ "bargainers" or trustees to whom the church was
conveyed by the latter monarch for a sum of money, large in
those days, subscribed by the parishioners. He was a good
friend to this Parish, and to S. Saviour's Grammar School.

ii'KST'

^--©x*^

33

i^lj^ Cbantrdt^r.

TTTURNING round and looking north, we have a good view
¦^ of the Transepts, the graceful arches and solid pillars of
the Tower, and the handsome ChandeHer. This last, the gift
of Dorothy Applebee in 1680, is one of the finest and most
beautiful of its kind to be found anywhere.

12. North Transept. Chandelier. Part of Choir. Newoomen Tablet.

(Ihoix an& ^Itar ^cxtm,
We now take our stand beneath the Tower, and before
us is a full view of the Choir, one of the most chaste and
perfect examples of Early English work, with Triforium, Cleres
tory, and groined stone roof, terminated with a magnificent
Altar Screen, the gift of Bishop Fox, in 1520. Shortly before 2

$XB^

X

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'^ax*

34

this he had bestowed a similar gift upon his own Cathedral at
Winchester. Both screens agree in several particulars, not
only in the arrangement and general design, but in the
actual number of the niches (33). Perhaps that number was
chosen in allusion to the thirty-three years of our Lord's
earthly life. This costly legacy is stamped with Fox's

m

A

T"

J

I f
1 J

'.-.^ II"

¦0%
»»• Mil

13. THE CHOIR.
(Taken before removal of Chandelier to its original position beneath the Tower).
peculiar device, the Pelican feeding her young. The same
device, however, we have already pointed out on one of the
bosses belonging to the roof of the Nave, which was rebuilt
fifty years before, and which, therefore, could not have been
the work of this Bishop. It contains one or two grotesques,
from which the one at Winchester is free, probably because the

?X^^

(L^^X^

^'Ksr ~ ' ' "^<2Xfi
35
latter was wrought more immediately under his own eye.
Carvers in those days were allowed to indulge their eccentricities
a little too freely. Here we have a man chasing a fox — a rude
mode very likely, on the part of the workman, of connecting
the Bishop's name with his gift. At present it is like a picture-
frame without the picture — a scene of magnificent emptiness !
But when the niches are filled up with appropriate statues,
what a resplendent spectacle we shall have in this Choir —
an assemblage of angels, and saintly men of the past, prophets
and apostles, uniting, as it were, in the .glorious anthem,
Te Deum Laudamtis.
William Wickham, Bishop of Winchester, lies buried
(1595) within the Sacrarium, without a line or word on any
stone to indicate the spot. They have not treated him so at
Winchester. And on the floor of the Choir are names to
conjure with — Edmond Shakespeare (1607), John Fletcher
(1625), and Philip Massinger (1639).
This is all the notice that has been taken of them.
The first was : —
"  a poor player.
Who struts and frets his hour upon the stage.
And then is heard no more."
And yet he was the brother of the immortal ' Swan of
Avon,' the poet ' not of an age, but of all time,' and our most
distinguished PARISHIONER, who lived and wrote some
of the most magnificent of his masterpieces in this Parish for
representation at his own theatre, the Globe, of Bankside ; the
site of which, at present covered by the brewery of Barclay,
Perkins & Co., is close at hand. It was in this Parish the
genius of William Shakespeare rose to its greatest height.
Shortly after the death of Edmond, he retired for the rest of
his brief days to his native town, which, if we may trust to
tradition, he never failed to visit annually from the time he left
it to seek his fortune on the London boards. In 1616, on his
52nd birthday, he crossed that ' bourne whence no traveller
retutns.' To the other two belonged also the poet's pen : —
"  the true divining rod
Which trembles towards the inner founts of feeUng."
Let Fletcher, a Bishop's son, remind us, in his own
words, of this one useful lesson : —
" Our acts our angels are, or good or ill,
Our fatal shadows that walk by us still."

X
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36
And as to Massinger, the note of his burial in our church
register ' implores the passing tribute of a sigh.' — " Philip
Massinger, a stranger; " where the word " stranger" does not
only signify that he was not a parishioner, but also that he
died in poverty. He had lived in great distress, and would
have perished from sheer want, but for the bounty of one or
two men of rank.
He had instructed others in " The New Way to Pay Old
Debts," but he himself, poor fellow, had to trust for his own
discharge to that Old, Old Way through .the Valley of the
Shadow, wherein all human claims are cancelled, and the
burden of penury is laid down.

On the south side of the north-east pier of the Tower, is
a tablet to her memory, altogether unworthy of her great
educational and charitable benefactions to this Parish.
Southwark folk in the past do not seem to have had too
much regard for the memory of the great men who sleep their
last sleep in this great shrine. To give but one other illustra
tion out of many — in the Ladye Chapel there lies buried Sir
John Shorter, Knt., who died Lord Mayor of London in 1688,
and who was grandfather of Lady Walpole, the wife of Sir
Robert, the distinguished statesman, their son being the
celebrated Horace Walpole. Every letter of the old inscription,
recording these facts, is obliterated. — Sic transit, etc.

o^ex*!'

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37

"-©X*

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"As I passed through
this venerable edifice,
I noticed that the
great window of the
South Transept was
of plain glass, as if
Providence had de
signed that some day
the Sons of Harvard
should place there a
worthy memorial of
one who is so well en
titled to their venera
tion." Hy. F. Waters,
M.A. (a distinguished
American antiquary),
in The New England
Historical and Genea
logical Register, July,
1885, p. 281.

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14. SOUTH TRANSEPT.
Proposed Harvard Window,

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38
'^\}t fntnxt.

Men, my brothers, men the workers, ever reaping something new:
That which they have done but earnest of the things that they shall do.
Tennyson.
TN the New England Register, just mentioned (Illus. 14), will
¦^ be found an exceedingly clever example of scientific genea
logical investigation. Mr. Waters traces the birth, parentage,
and career of John Harvard, with firm and unerring step, from
point to point through intricate legal documents and puzzling
entries. Dr. Rendle, author of Old Southwark, S^c , also claims
some credit for the discovery, and bravely endures the Stripes
of criticism in consequence, while Mr. Waters carries away
the Stars. The Alumni of Harvard, U.S.A., will certainly,
with the usual generosity which characterises our Cousins
beyond the Atlantic, carry out the suggestion of Mr. Waters,
by appropriating this large window, in its remodelled form, of
the South Transept, and setting up a memorial worthy of
themselves and of that benefactor and potential founder of
America's oldest and most famous University, who was born in
one of a row of houses which stood where now the footpath
runs along the approach to London Bridge, on the south-west
side, directly opposite the Ladye Chapel.
The new Nave is rising rapidly and will be opened,
most probably, in 1893. The real work of restoration will
then commence ; for great as will be the completion of the
Nave, due for the most part to the enthusiastic and masterly
leadership of Dr. Thorold, now Bishop of Winchester, the
grandest work remains for our present wise, and gifted Bishop,
Dr. Randall T. Davidson, to inaugurate — the restoration of
the Transepts and Ladye Chapel, the fitting up of the Choir
with stalls, and the creation of a fund for the maintenance
of the fabric, and the introduction of daily services with an
efficient choir, and making this glorious House, if not dejure,
at least, de facto, the Cathedral of London South of the
Thames — The South Minster of London.

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39

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40

JTtirtlj^r It^ms,

Before closing, it may be of use to place on record one or
two other matters of interest : —

1
23
4 5 6
7 8
9
10 II121314 151617 1819
202122 2324 25
2627 28

LIST OF PRIORS.

AldgodAlgar Warin
GregoryRalph Richard
Valerianus William de Oxen ford
Richard de St. Mildred
William Fitz Samari
Martin Robert de Oseney
Humphrey ...
Eustachius . . .
StephenAlan
William Wallys
Peter de Cheyham
Thomas de Southwark
Robert de Welles . . .
John de Peckham
Henry Collingbourne
John Kyngeston ...
Robert Weston
Henry Werkeworth
John Bottisham
Henry de Burton ...
Richard Briggs

1 106 to
1 130 „
1 132 „
1 142 „
II 50 „
1 154 "
1163 „
1189 „
1203 „
1205 „
1206 „
1218 „
1223 „
1240 „
1253 "
1266 „
1283 »
1306 „
1326 „
1331 -
1348 -
1359 "
1395 .
1397 -/
1414 ,'
1452 „
1462 „
i486 „

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11301132
11421 150
1154 1163
1 189
1203
1205 1206
1218 1223
1240 1253
126612831306 1326 133113481359 1395139714141452146214861491

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41

29 John Reculver
30 Richard Michell ... 
31 Robert Shouldham 
32 Bartholomew Linstede alias Fowle
Linstede surrendered the Priory to Henry VIII. in
1540, and received a pension.

I49I

'/

1499

1499

If

I5I2

I5I2

tt

I5I3

1513

It

1540

16. Portion of the Prior's Doorway (Norman, 1106) into the Cloisters, preserved
in situ, in the New Nave. Nearly 800 years old.

Note the Consecration Crosses

©0

midway on the jamb.

It was a very ancient custom to fix the mark of the Cross on some
stone or stones in a Church, on the occasion of its completion and
consecration, to indicate that both the Church and its site were to be
henceforth reserved exclusively for the offices of the Christian religion.
"With the mark of the Cross Churches are dedicated, Altars are
consecrated." — (S. Aug. Hom. lxxv. d'e Divers.)
The last vestiges of the Cloisters and Priory Buildings, which at one
time extended to the river, were swept away about 1835. ' X

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42

LIST OF THE CHAPLAINS.*

The Church was usually served by two " Preaching
Chaplains " of independent powers, until recent years, when,
by Act 31 Vic, 1868, both were merged in one, and by Act
46-7 Vic, 1883, the last of the Chaplains became the first
Rector.

R

2V. Kelle

•¦ 1564

Rev. Morton ...

1627

„ Hollyland

.. 1564

=;: * =:; *

* -1-

, Harman

¦¦ 1565

Dr. Wm. Hoare

1678

, Styles ...

... 1578

Dr. Barton ...

1687

, Smythe...

.. 1582

Dr. HENRY SACHEVERELL

1705

, Pattersle
¦¦ 1585
Thomas Home
1709
, Hansome
•¦ 1585
Wainford
1724
, Redcliffe
¦ 1585
Dr. Benj. Slocock ...
T725
, Phillippe
¦¦ 1589
John Smith, M.A. ...
1729
, Butterton
¦¦ 1599
Thomas Jones, M.A.
1753
, Marberry
.. i5oi
Wm. Day, M.A.
1762
, Currie . . .
.. 1603
Wm. Winkworth, M.A.
1794
, Knapp . . .
.. 1604
Wm. Mann, M.A. ...
1804
, Snape ...
.. 1604
Dr. Wm. Harrison ...
1808
, Church . . .
1605
Wm. Curling, M.A....
1833
, Symonds
.. 1605
Saml. Benson, M.A.
1843
, Francis
.. 1606
W. Thompson, M.A ,
, Archar ...
1614
D.D.,
Dr. Sutton ...
1615
Sole Chaplain ...
1 88 J
Rev. Harris ...
1623
l^ector ...
1883
, Micklethwaite
1625
* This list is chiefly derived from the "Vestry Minutes, which commence
in 1557. t No record. The Vestry Book from 1628 to 1670 is missing.
a»X9^
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CONJECTUHAl CHOIB

17. Fig:, 1.— PLAN SHOWING SUGGESTED ADAPTATION OF THE EARLY NORMAN CHURCH FOR THE AUGUSTINE CANONS,
WITH THE ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONS.
A, B, C, D, Early English Piers ; E E E, Existing Bases. Tlie dotted lines across tlie Nave sltom the conjectural west wall of the Early Norman Church.

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ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN S. SAVIOUR'S.

Sample.

Name of Style.

Date.

Reigning Sovereigns.

Remains of Saxon Apse,* north
side of Sacristy.

Anglo-Norman. Early Norman.

1066 — I 140
(about)

William I. Henrv I.
William II. Stephen.

Remains of Prior's doorway in
Nave.

Transition between Norman and
Early English. Late Norman.

I 140 — I 189
(about)

Stephen.Henry II.

Choir and Ladye Chapel.

Early English. By some called
13th Century work.

1189 — 1260
(about)

Richard I. Henry III.
John.

Portions of Ladye Chapel.

Transition between Early English
and Decorated.

1260 — 1300
(about)
1300— 1350
(about)

Henry III.
Edward I.

Transepts and first stage of
Tower.

Decorated, also known as the
Geometrical.

Edward I. Edward III.
Edward II.

South Transept, very late deco
rated.

Transition between Decorated
and Perpendicular.

1350— 1399
(about)

Edward III.
Richard II.

Screen and two upper stages of
Tower.

Perpendicular.

1399— 1547
(about)

Henry IV. Edward V.
Henry V. Henry VII.
Henry VI. Henry VIII.
Edward IV.

Happily all swept away.

Renaissance.

1547— 1600
(about)

Edward VI. Elizabeth.
Mary.

?xa^

* Vide Dollman, p. 23.

e>3r

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IH EARLY NORMAN
^ TRANSITIONAL NORMAN
^ EARLV ENGLISH
1^ DECORATED
EZa PERPENDICULAR

CLOISTER

I I

NAVE

CHAPEL
18. Fig^. 2.— B B TRANSITIONAL NORMAN COLUMNS.

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46

I' CBnboi,

And here, good friends, companions in this circuit of the
sacred, hoary, and eloquent walls of S. Marie Overie, we
part, with the inspiring echoes of the past, from the minds
and hearts of men, who, though dead, yet speak to us and
"rule our spirits from their urns"— prelates, poets, saints,
and even kings — mingling with the moving, eager voices of
the living present, bidding us, "Build the old wastes, the
desolations of many generations."
" Peace be within thy walls."
" They shall prosper that love thee."

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47

19. View from South-east, showing door of South Aisle of Choir, and part
of South Transept.
This angle was the site of the Chapel of S. Mary Magdalene, built
by Peter de Rupibus, in the 13th century, for use as a Parish Church. It
was removed in 1822, on the occasion of the restoration of the Choir.
Note fast disappearing matrix of a brass, marking its South-eastern corner.

? XQ...,

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^^^T3  — ^>(41
48
(Im^alngtral %xtt af ^xthittctnxt.

Etruscan. Egyptian.
Early Roman. Greek.
I ^ I
 Roman. 

Tj ( Including
^ ¦ 1 Anglo-Saxon and N

orman.
P ,, . j Including Early
{English, Decorated, Perpendicular.
I
Renaissance.
Etruscan. — Its salient feature was the semicircular arch,
its most flourishing period b.c. 753 ; the Romans borrowed it
and absorbed it, thus forming the Early Roman.
Egyptian. — An imitation, originally in stone, of timber
construction. Its salient features are the column and straight
lintol.

^rknntol^trgnt^nta.

My acknowledgments are due for kind permission to use
most of the foregoing Illustrations —
To the Proprietors of the Graphic for Nos. 4, 5, 6, 14.
To the Daily Graphic for Nos. 7, 12, 19.
To Black and 'White for Nos. 2, 16.
To Macmillan and Co.'s English Illustrated Magazine
for Nos. 3, 9, 10, II.
To Illustrated London News for No. 15 ; and
To the Council of the Royal Institute of British
Architects for Nos. 17 and 18.
W. T.

m

m

m

View from the South-East, showing London Bridge and S. Paul's.

^LTf

YALt UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

3 9002 08854 1132

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