BOOKS

and Freedom

EXHIBITION

organized by the

NATIONAL BOOK COUNCIL

To be opened on January yth at 3 p.m.
at the Central Library, Manchester

by CLEMENCE DANE

The Right Worshipful the Lord Mayor
of Manchester will preside

ADMISSION FREETHE PURPOSE OF THIS EXHIBITION is to show die opposing
attitudes of England and Germany to the world of thought and culture that
books represent. The two attitudes will be symbolized by the preservation
of books and the encouragement of reading here, and the burning of books
in Berlin which marked the Nazis’ accession to power.

The Exhibition consists of fourteen panels, and these are mounted on the
open pages of seven giant books. These are arranged from left to right of the
exhibition space as follows :—

Book One : A page of quotations in praise of and on the use of books, paired
with one listing authors and books outlawed by the Nazis. Book Two :
Full shelves showing the vitality and freedom of British thought, contrasted
with almost barren shelves permitted by Nazi censorship. Book Three :
Religious books representing all denominations under the sign of *:he Christian
Cross, shown against the sombre swastika and the blasphemy of “ God
has revealed Himself, not in Jesus Christ, but in Adolf Hitler ” (National
Zeitung). Book Four: Two very large photographs symbolizing the
British tradition and Nazi “kultur.” Book Five : A design of book jackets
covering the whole range of political thought, paired with a similar design
in which all books save those representing Nazism have been blacked-out.
Book Six : Shelves of books demonstrating the tolerance accorded in England
to philosophers and moralists, against shelves made barren by Nazi in-
tolerance. Book Seven : Two pages of photographs and quotations, one
“ The British Ideal,” the other “ The Nazi Ideal.”

A Message from the Minister of Information

(Rt. Hon. DUFF COOPER, M.P.)

CIVILIZATION TO-DAY IS BASED UPON BOOKS. Not only
do they provide Inspiration, Learning and Entertainment: they have become
the essential tool of living. Without the aid of books, men could not Build,
Heal or Invent, Know or Understand. If they were abolished all the
Arts, Trades and Professions would be crippled. By means of Books men
share their Ideas and Achievements, bridge time and space and maintain
the Free Discussion upon which all progress depends.

The Nazi regime began with Bonfires of Books because Nazis recognize
that Truth and Knowledge are their deadliest enemies. It is no accidental
violence therefore that the Nazis have used against Books. They are
driven to Destroy, Ban and Censor because their narrow twisted teachings
could not survive in an air of free inquiiy. Yet in this, as in many other
things, they work for their own destruction, for they are seeking to dry up
the very springs of thought and feeling.

The Nazis believe that a Bonfire can destroy the Immortal—the poetry
of Heine, the thought of Einstein. We know that only in Freedom can
the human race go forward, and the whole of English Literature, past and
present, testifies to the Power and the GJory of that Freedom.

Printed in England by Alabaster Passmore dr Sons, J.id., London and Maidstone.

(24761.)	44163. Wt.36966—P.880.	20,360.	12/40.MINISTRY OF INFORMATION

What Britain has done

SEPTEMBER 1939—MARCH 1943

A SELECTION OF SOME OUTSTANDING FACTS
AND FIGURES

1.	In this war what have the British done to be proud of ?

Great Britain was the first country in all the world to go to war
with Hitler’s Germany from a sense of duty, without first being
attacked herself.

In 1940, Britain, at the head of the British Commonwealth,
stood all but alone against the greater might of Germany. America
was not our ally then. Russia was not our ally. Invasion threatened.
Even our friends thought we were finished. But the British were
steadfast. They were invincible because they willed it so. They
won the Battle of Britain. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that
in 1940 Britain saved the world from German domination.

Britain’s desperate peril in 1940 did not prevent the British
Government from taking the very bold and far-sighted decision
to send prompt reinforcements to the British army under General
Wavell in North Africa. This hardy initiative was the foundation
of all later successful strategy by the Allies, in North Africa.

2.	What has the British Army done ?

The British Army has overcome formidable initial difficulties :
the British tradition of a relatively small army ; the collapse of the
great French Army, regarded as our senior partner ; the corre-
sponding necessity for total mobilisation at the double-quick ; the
crippling loss of material and equipment at Dunkirk.

British troops have fought bravely and resolutely not only against
formidable enemies, but also against great adversity of circum-
stance. In the first three years of war the British Army did not
fight a single major campaign in which it was not outnumbered
by the enemy.

1The British Army has not only fought the enemy on the battle-
fields of Europe, Africa and Asia, but has also performed the key
task of containing the enemy in strength in Iceland, the British
Isles, Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus, Palestine, Iraq, Syria, Persia,
Madagascar, India.

British resistance in Greece in the spring of 1941 seriously upset
the German timetable and gained time which was very likely
literally vital to our Russian allies.

The successful campaign in Persia secured the vital supply lines
by way of the Persian Gulf to Russia and defeated Axis intrigues in
that quarter.

In the East African campaign British troops in a few months
conquered Abyssinia—a powerfully-defended country more than
half as large again as Germany. The first country to go under to
Axis aggression was the first to be freed.

British troops swiftly overran Italian East Africa, thus greatly
facilitating all Britain’s later African successes, despite the fact that
at the start of the 1940 campaign the British forces in the Sudan
sector were outnumbered by almost ten to one.

In the East African campaign, in 17 days (ist-i7th March, 1941)
the columns under the command of General Cunningham drove
744 miles from Mogadishu to Jijiga. An average of nearly 44
miles a day. This is the fastest military pursuit in history, and is
approached only by the record of the Eighth Army in 1942-3.

General Cunningham’s troops in the East African campaign
advanced in all 1,725 miles to Addis Ababa in 53 days—a staggering
achievement.

300.000	of the Italian Army were mopped up and scattered in
East Africa.

Over half a million enemy troops were put out of action in the
African campaigns.

Over 100 Italian Generals are now British prisoners.

250.000	men—the whole of an enemy army—were put out of
action in the first North African campaign. Less than 2,000
casualties were suffered by the Army under General Wavell.

A further 61,000 casualties were inflicted upon the Italians and
Germans in the second North African campaign up to the end of
January, 1942. And in the two months up to the middle of August,
1942, 10,000 Axis prisoners were taken in the fighting in Egypt.

In the third North African campaign the British Eighth Army
under Generals Alexander and Montgomery routed the Axis
forces in the victorious Battle of Egypt (October-November, 1942).

In 19 days (4th-23rd November, 1942), the British Eighth Army
advanced some 830 miles from El Alamein to Jedabya. That is an
average of over 43 miles a day. In 80 days (42 excluding pauses at
Agheila and Buerat) the Eighth Army advanced nearly 1,400 miles.

2Over 75,000 casualties were inflicted upon the Germans and
Italians when the British Eighth Army drove the enemy out of
Egypt. The enemy further lost about 500 tanks and 1,000 guns of
all types.

These successes in Africa were achieved 12,000 miles by sea from
our main base in the British Isles. What this means can be judged
from the fact that to move the warlike stores of an ordinary Infantry
Division overseas 179,101 packing cases are required and seven
io,ooo-ton ships.

More than 70 per cent, of all the casualties suffered by the armies
of the British Empire in all the campaigns of 1940 and 1941 were
suffered by United Kingdom troops.

60 per cent, of all the troops, and virtually all the armoured
forces engaged in the Battle of Egypt, came from the United
Kingdom.

58 per cent, of the 13,600 total casualties of the Eighth Army up
to 10th November 1942 were United Kingdom troops.

The British First Army, with its paratroops, headed the allied
drive into Tunisia in November 1942.

3. What has the Royal Navy done ?

The Royal Navy, like the British Army, has had to overcome
great adversity of circumstance ; the collapse of France and the
entry of Italy and Japan into the war threw perhaps the greatest
burden of all upon the Navy ; Germany now holds the continental
coast along some 2,000 miles, stretching from the north of-Norway
to the Pyrenees, providing her with bases for her aircraft, submarines
and surface craft ; this advantage is strengthened by our own dis-
advantage in being denied the use of the Irish bases which were
open to us in the Great War.

Nevertheless, well over 120,000 British and Allied vessels have
been convoyed and losses in these convoys up to December 1942
have been kept down to about one-half of 1 per cent. Convoying
is for the Royal Navy an endless, very heavy routine ; it is mostly
unspectacular ; it is also absolutely vital. But for this essential
daily work of convoy our war effort could hardly carry on at all.

The Royal Navy, together with the Merchant Navy, saved the
bulk of the B.E.F. in the evacuation from Norway, Dunkirk, Greece
and Crete.

Troops are being convoyed enormous distances to battlefronts
all over the world. To send reinforcements to the Middle East
round the Gape is a voyage of 12,000 miles and the route to India
is about the same.

In troop convoys losses have been very small. Out of about
3,000,000 soldiers who have been moved all over the wprld, only
1,348 have been killed or drowned, including those missing.

3The Minesweeping branch of the Royal Navy has played a
most important part in the safe arrival of these convoys in all
parts of the world. Mines have to be swept in the coastal waters
round Britain, throughout the Mediterranean, in the Cape area
and round the coasts of India and Australia. The number of
mines destroyed in the swept channels would have been sufficient
if each had been lethal, to destroy the whole British merchant
fleet twice over.

600 British naval vessels are at sea at any given moment and some
of them stay at sea for periods undreamed of in pre-war days.
H.M.S. “ Cumberland ” was at sea for 206 days out of a total of
213 from November, 1940, and from the outbreak of war has
steamed nearly a quarter of a million miles. The cruiser
“ Shropshire ” had steamed 167,700 miles by the end of December,
1941, while the destroyer “ Forester ” has steamed 200,000 miles
since the beginning of the war, a distance equal to nine times
round the world. One destroyer flotilla of eight ships passed the
million mark in June, 1941.

2,500,000 tons of Axis shipping were captured, sunk or seriously
damaged during 1941.

5,000,000 tons of German and Italian merchant shipping were
sunk or captured, and nearly 3,000,000 tons damaged by the
Royal Navy together with the R.A.F. up to the 3rd March, 1943.
Two Axis battleships, 14 cruisers, 87 destroyers, many submarines,
and still more naval auxiliaries, have been destroyed.

300 enemy supply ships were sunk by British submarines in the
first three years of war. British submarines had sunk 1,000,000 tons
of Axis shipping in the Mediterranean alone by 23rd January, 1943.

87 German and Italian warships were sunk or damaged by
British submarines in the first three years of war. 106 enemy
supply ships and 15 warships were sunk or probably sunk, and
39 enemy supply ships and 9 warships were damaged during 1942
by British and Allied submarines, excluding American. Of these
55 were sunk or probably sunk and another 20 damaged in the
Mediterranean during the last three months of the year.. 570
enemy submarines were recorded as damaged or sunk up to
10th November, 1942.

In the Mediterranean the Royal Navy has won all major actions,
including those at Taranto and Cape Matapan.

Not one British warship has been sunk by an Italian surface
vessel during the two and a half years since Italy entered the war.

It is calculated that by March, 1943, the Italian fleet had lost
10 cruisers, 48 destroyers and a large number of submarines.

British warships have scored notable successes against the
German fleet, including the sinking of the German battleships
“ Graf Spee ” and “ Bismarck.”

4By May, 1942, apart from the operations in the Far East, 86 per
cent, of the German and Italian surface warships so far destroyed,
sunk or captured ; 89 per cent, of all enemy merchant ships put
out of action ; and 94 per cent, of the enemy submarines destroyed
by all the Allies, were sunk by United Kingdom forces.

The Royal Navy was primarily responsible for the highly
successful landing of Allied forces in French North Africa. 850 ships,
including 350 warships of all sizes, were engaged in this greatest
amphibious operation in history.

Two out of the three major convoys in which this expedition was
carried sailed from the United Kingdom and in the protection of
the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. Not a single life or
ship was lost.

Since the landing in North Africa up to the middle of February,
i943, 780 Allied ships, totalling 6,500,000 tons, had arrived safely
in North African ports.

At least 30 enemy submarines were sunk or damaged during the
operations off the French North African coast between 8th
November and 3rd December, 1942. That is an average of more
than one a day.

From January to October, 1942, the rate of sinkings of U-boats
was the best so far in the war, and in the three months from
November, 1942, the rate improved by more than half again.

4. What has the Royal Air Force done ?

The Royal Air Force has fought on pretty nearly every front in
this war.

In the last two years the R.A.F., in all theatres of war, has
sunk or seriously damaged more than 1J million tons of enemy
shipping.

Aircraft of Coastal Command have flown well over 80 million
miles. Over 25 million miles were flown in 1942 by aircraft of
Coastal Command, mostly on anti-submarihe patrols. 300 attacks
were made on U-boats and over 4,000 attacks bn enemy shipping.

Over 8,200 convoys were given air escort by Coastal Command
during the first two and a half years of the war—a task which
entailed 31,000 operational sorties.

Coastal Command had more aircraft in December, 1942, than
the entire R.A.F. had at the start of war. 80 per cent, are engaged
in offensive anti-submarine sweeps, and 20 per cent, on convoy
duties.

The Royal Air Force decisively defeated the Luftwaffe in the
Battle of Britain. On the 15th August, 1940, British pilots shot
down at least 181 enemy aircraft for certain, and on the 15th
September they shot down 185. The number of German machines

5actually destroyed was almost certainly substantially larger than
the official figures.

Over ioo enemy aircraft were shot down in a single day by the
R.A.F. on five separate occasions during August-September, 1940.
2,225 enemy aircraft were destroyed during August-September,
1940, by the R.A.F. for the loss of 616 of their own machines.

After beating the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain, Fighter
Command moved into the offensive when the Germans turned
against the Russians. British fighters swept over the Low
Countries and France and defeated the Germans over their own
airfields. More than half Germany’s available fighters have
been compelled by this means to keep in the West instead of on the
Russian front.

One group alone of Fighter Command flew two million miles
during March-April, 1942—the greater part over the English
Channel or enemy-occupied France. 900 enemy aircraft destroyed
since the start of war is the score of one Fighter Command station
with its satellite airfields.

Some 40,000 sorties were flown during 1942 by aircraft of
Fighter Command in the protection of convoys.

To-day Bomber Command is reversing the incidence of the air
war. The Germans are beginning to learn what concentrated
air attack can mean to great industrial cities.

Over 300 per cent, more tons of bombs were dropped on enemy
targets during 1941 than during 1940.

150 per cent, more bombs were dropped on enemy targets during
January-March, 1942, than in January-March, 1941.

Our heaviest bomb to-day, which weighs nearly 4 tons, is
approximately sixteen times greater than the heaviest bomb used
during January-March, 1940, and is approximately double the
maximum bomb-load in 1939.

In a three-hour raid on Liibeck on 28th-2gth March, 1942,
R.A.F. bombers dropped one-and-a-half times the weight of bombs
dropped on Coventry in November during an all-night raid by the
Germans, i.e. 340 tons against 225.	400 tons were dropped during

the first two raids on Rostock on 23rd and 24th April.

Over 1,000 bombers attacked Cologne on the night of 30-31st
May, the Ruhr and Essen on ist-2nd June, and Bremen on
25th-26th June, 1942.

Over 13,000 tons of bombs were dropped by Bomber Command
on Germany and German-occupied territory during June-July,
1942. (This total compares with 8,500 tons dropped during June-
July, 1941, and 3,500 tons during June-July, 1940.)

Over 175,000 fire-bombs were dropped on Hamburg in 35
minutes on the night of 26th-27th July, 1942.

6Over 150 4,000-lb. bombs were dropped on Diisseldorf in
50 minutes on the night of 31st July-ist August, 1942.

In 31 days between 12th July and nth August, 1942, attacks
were made on 26 days, and there were only three periods of
24 hours when British bombers did not operate. 13 night raids
were made on Germany during this period and only one was made
by fewer than 100 aircraft. Over 600 aircraft were out on one
night.'

5,000 tons of bombs were dropped on Germany and German-
occupied territory in nine raids in September, 1942.

By January, 1943, bombers of the R.A.F. had dropped on
Germany itself more than 60,000 tons of high explosive bombs,
excluding an astronomical number of incendiary bombs.

In February, 1943, over 10,000 tons of bombs were dropped by
Bomber Command (including three 1,000 ton raids), more than
half as much again as in any previous month.

In the first ten days of March, 1943, more than 4,000 tons of
bombs were dropped.

On 27th March, 1943, 900 tons of bombs were dropped on
Berlin, twice the weight of bombs dropped by the Germans in
their heaviest raid on London.

7,995 separate attacks of varying strength were delivered by the
R.A.F. upon 1,441 land targets in Germany, German-occupied
Europe and the Middle East up to 31st August, 1942.

17 air attacks were delivered against North Italian cities by long-
range British bombers between 22nd-23rd October and nth-i2th
December, 1942. Turin was raided 8 times.

The R.A.F. attack on Turin on the 20th-2ist November, 1942,
was the heaviest air raid ever made on Italy. A single bomber-
group dropped 54 4,000-lb. bombs and 111,000 lb. of fire-bombs
in under one hour ; that is : one 4,000-lb. bomb every minute and
one 30-lb. fire-bomb every second.

R.A.F. fighter squadrons and anti-aircraft gunners based on
Malta had up to the end of 1942 destroyed 1,151 enemy aircraft
over the island and surrounding waters. Of this total 773 enemy
aircraft were destroyed by fighters for a loss of 195 R.A.F. aircraft
from which 89 pilots were saved. 182 enemy aircraft were
destroyed by the anti-aircraft gunners.

Well over 10,000 German and Italian aircraft were brought
down by the Royal Air Force and by Dominion and Allied
squadrons operating with it, or by British anti-aircraft fire, between
September, 1939, and the end of December, 1942.	981 more were

brought down by naval and merchant vessels or by the Fleet Air
Arm. A very large number of enemy aircraft were also destroyed
on the ground—2,000 in the Middle East alone.

7Over 11,000 is thus the grand total of enemy machines destroyed,
excluding aircraft destroyed on the ground and those brought
down in Russia and in the Far East.

89 per cent, of the aircraft, 72 per cent, of the air crews and

98	per cent, of the ground personnel in Britain, taking the figures
as they stood in February, 1942, were products and citizens of the
United Kingdom.

75 per cent, of the aircraft, 85 per cent, of the air crews and

99	per cent, of the ground crews overseas were from the United
Kingdom at the same date.

5. What has the Merchant Navy done ?

Nearly 2,000 merchant ships from the United Kingdom are at
sea at any time.

Day in, day out, these ships and the men who man them maintain
the supply of vital raw materials and foodstuffs without which the
factories arid people of Britain could not continue to exist—between
30 and 40 million tons are imported each year.

These ships and their seamen maintain various battle fronts and
garrisons scattered throughout the world. They battle through with
the convoys to Murmansk and Malta. Whatever the weather,
whethei in the frozen north or in the tropics, blacked out and with
scuttles closed, ready at all times to meet the challenge of U-boats,
mines and enemy aircraft, the ships and men of the Merchant Navy
steam on with their vital cargoes.

British ocean convoys have totalled 125,000,000 ship-miles. This
is equivalent to 6,000 times round the world.

Ships of the Merchant Navy had shot down 115 enemy aircraft
up to 31st December, 1942.

23,000 military vehicles, some 1,300 aircraft, over 400,000 tons
of military and air stores, and hundreds of locomotives were carried
overseas by United Kingdom shipping in the single month of October,

1941.	.

Over 3,000,000 tons of military stores, including 1,000,000 tons
of food, had been landed in Egyptian ports alone up to April,

1942.	500,000 men and over 1,000,000 tons of stores were landed
in North Africa in the four months since the campaign opened.

It is by the ships of the Merchant Navy that the half-a-million
items in the range of the Army’s fighting and technical stores and
the three-quarter million items in the R.A.F.s stores are moved.

Approximately 100,000 tons of shipping a year are required to
transport a division of 20,000 men 1,000 miles overseas, with’arms,
equipment and stores, and to keep it supplied and reinforced.

i6£ tons of spare parts must, it is estimated, be shipped overseas
in order to keep 100 25-pounder guns in . action for one year.
One medium tank may need up to 2 tons of spare parts in a year.

8Every bomber sent overseas requires, it is calculated, a total
of 1,000 tons of shipping to carry the personnel, petrol, bombs and
spare parts necessary to put it into operation. All these have to
be carried by ships.

300 si lips were continuously employed during 1941 on the 12,000-
mile voyage round the Gape to support British armies in the
Middle East.

It is to the ships and men of the Merchant Navy (as well as the
Royal Navy) that hundreds of thousands of men of the Forces owe
their lives and freedom in the evacuations from Norway, Dunkirk,
Greece and Crete.

Over 16,000 men of the British Merchant Navy lost their lives
in the first three years of war.

6. What have the Civil Defence Services done ?

The men and women of the Civil Defence services were the front-
line fighters of the British people when they successfully withstood
the enemy’s onslaught from the air during the Battle of Britain.

At the time of the blitz 50,000 high-explosive bombs were
showered down upon London between the beginning of September,
1940 and the end of July, 1941. The number of fire-bombs dropped
was far larger.

London was bombed every night except two from the 7th
September to the end of November, 1940. Yet life and war-work
within the capital were never fatally interrupted. This was due in
gi eat measure to the men and women of the Civil Defence services
—wardens, firemen, police, rescue squads, drivers, nurses and
auxiliaries.

Nearly 10,000 fires were attended to by the London fire brigades
and their reinforcements during the first 22 days and nights of the
blitz.

Civilian fire-guards were organised to counter the enemy’s
fire-raising tactics, and to-day the fire-guards number over 4,000,000
men and women.

A railway tunnel beneath a London street was damaged by a
heavy bomb on one occasion. While enemy aircraft were still
oveihead firemen were fighting the flames from a burst gas-main
and railway staff were shoring up the tunnel. At the same time
materials for repairing the tunnel were being rushed up while the
heavy raid was still in progress.

The system of water supply was so efficiently maintained that no
cases of typhoid occurred. Hygiene was so well maintained that
despite the crowding of London’s air-raid shelters there was no
increase in disease.

Over 2,750,000 houses in England and Wales were damaged by
bombs from the start of war up to November, 1942. That is more

9than one out of every five houses in the country. Out of this total

2,500,000	houses had been repaired and were occupied by
November, 1942. These figures exclude all shops and business
premises.

Very many of Britain’s provincial cities suffered greatly in the
blitz. Coventry was only the first.

Plymouth, for instance, was savagely bombed by the Germans
five times over between 21st and 29th April, 1941. Many Civil
Defence depots and posts were demolished or damaged and there
were numbers of casualties among the personnel. During April
27 of the wardens alone were killed or seriously injured. But Civil
Defence carried on in Plymouth, and on the last night of the April
attacks 12,000 citizens were organised and brigaded as fire-bomb
fighters, apart from all the unorganised volunteers.

150 fires were started in a recent raid on a small coast town, but
the fire-guards did their work so well that the National Fire Service
had to unroll their hoses to deal with only two of the fires. No
buildings were destroyed at all.

At the time of the great blitz on Coventry roughly 80,000 people
were working in that district. It took only 14 days to get 77,000
of them back to work.

After eigfit nights of blitz on the docks at Liverpool, every shift
was working in about three days after the attack had ceased.

One warden in every six during the Battle of Britain was a woman.
The women of Britain know about war. So do many of the children.
Because when war came to Britain it was total.

7. What has Britain done to help Russia ?

By the middle of November, 1942, Britain had sent Russia enough
equipment for 20 armoured divisions on the German scale.

By the beginning of July, 1942, Britain had sent Russia over 2,000
tanks. By the end of December this figure had risen to 2,974
tanks.

For every 100 aircraft which Britain promised Russia she had
sent 111 by the end of May, 1942. By the end of 1942 over 3,000
aircraft had been sent.

In the year up to the end of October, 1942, Great Britain had,
together with the United States, despatched to Russia by the
northern route alone 3,052 aircraft, 4,084 tanks, 30,031 vehicles,

42.000	tons of aviation spirit, 66,000 tons of fuel oil, 831,000 dead-
weight tons of machine tools, metals, ammunition, small arms,
medical supplies, etc. By the end of 1942 the totals despatched
Ipy all routes had grown to over 5,600 aircraft, 6,200 tanks and

85.000	vehicles. This represented enough tanks for 32 Armoured
Divisions (on the German scale) and enough aircraft for 400
squadrons.

10By September, 1941, Britain had already shipped to Russia sub-
stantial quantities ol' rubber, tin, wool, lead, jute and shellac. By
November that year thousands of tons of sugar had been despatched.

By the end of 1942 Britain had sent to Russia 70,000,000 rounds
of small arms ammunition for Army purposes alone, and 50,000
tons from her precious stocks of rubber. Quantities of industrial
equipment have also been sent.

Half a million pairs of boots were shipped from Britain to Russia
within one week of the German invasion of the U.S.S.R. By April
1942 the entire 3 million pairs of boots asked for by Russia had been
shipped from Britain at a cost of 40,000 tons of shipping-space.

In four days alone the Quartermaster-General’s Department of
the British Army baled, packed and despatched to Russia enough
greatcoat cloth to stretch from the White Sea to the Black Sea.

95 per cent, of everything sent to Russia by the British Army
Ordnance is newly produced.

It is reported that in May, 1942, the average load handled per
dockworker at Murmansk was more than treble what it was in
January, 1942 (9.3 tons per working day as against 3 tons). In
June the load was even greater.

19 great convoys have arrived safely at Murmansk since the
beginning of the Russian war up to the end of 1942.	75 British

warships of varying sizes escorted one of the largest convoys in
the early autumn of 1942. Up to June, 1942, Britain provided
nearly 90 per cent, of the ships sailing by the northern route.

In order to get the stuff to Russia by the northern route British
convoys often have to beat their way through foul weather and heavy
enemy attacks. On one occasion 40 enemy bombers were shot
down out of 350 that attacked a convoy.

British Naval losses in getting convoys to Russia by the northern
route are 2 cruisers, 10 destroyers and 6 smaller warships.

Britain has despatched a substantial number of her best loco-
motives to help the Russian Army and has done fine engineering
work in opening up transport through Persia on the southern
route to Russia.

As early as the 10th November, 1941, the thousandth goods
wagon, built by the Southern Railway Company to carry supplies
to Russia through Persia, was sent on its way. Working day and
night, men and women finished the work in ten weeks, with the
co-operation of other railway companies who helped with
materials. In peace-time the same output would be scheduled
for twelve-iponths’ work.

1 he volume of war-supplies carried by the Trans-Persian
railway in November, 1941, was doubled by January, 1942. And
in January the British railwaymen in Persia were a mere handful
as compared with the thousands who had arrived by June, 1942.

11In mid-April, 1942, it was reported that great work had been
done in speeding the despatch of aircraft through the Persian Gulf
so that during the previous four months the total tonnage handled
had increased by 600 per cent.

£2,600,000 in voluntary contributions has been collected in
Britain for “ Aid to Russia.”

The British Government has given the Soviet Government
credits amounting to £35,000,000.

By an agreement of the 27th June, 1942, the British Government
agreed to ensure the Soviet Government military supplies and
other military assistance, the supplies to the Soviet Union of
armaments manufactured in Great Britain or the British Empire
to be made available free of payment.

It is officially estimated that the British air-offensive against
Germany and occupied territories keeps between 1,500,000 and
2,000,000 Germans permanently pegged down there. In addition,
half the whole fighter strength of the Luftwaffe is kept away from
the Russian front to meet the R.A.F.’s attacks in the West.

British and American operations in North Africa are further
calculated to take some weight off the Russian fighting forces.

8. America has been lend-leasing valuable aid to Britain,
but what has Britain done to help America ?

Not half as much as we should like to repay America’s splendid
generosity. But quite a good deal. Such as :—

The powerful British Navy greatly helps to protect America as
well.

In September, 1940, Great Britain gave the United States the
right to establish defence outposts and naval bases on British island
possessions in the Western Atlantic ; this in return for the most
timely gift of 50 over-age American destroyers.

In September, 1941, the production of three Canadian shell-
making factories, working exclusively for Britain, was diverted to
the United States.

All accommodation and facilities for United States troops in
the United Kingdom are provided by Britain as reciprocal aid.

A large proportion of all the British army and civilian labour
force available for Military construction has been engaged in
building hundreds of barracks, airfields, hospitals, supply depots,
roads and other facilities for U.S. forces.

It is estimated that the construction programme undertaken
in the United Kingdom for the U.S. forces will, when completed,
involve an expenditure by Britain of £150,000,000.

Two of the biggest aircraft maintenance depots in the world
have been handed over to the Americans. One was specially
built and another, already in existence, was handed over intact.

12It covers an area of 600 acres, and the buildings provide 1,500,000
square feet of floor space.

U.S. forces in Britain are provided with many types of supplies,
including bombs, shells, ammunition, anti-tank mines, Spitfires,
as well as large quantities of food from British stocks, to supplement
U.S. army rations.

The equipment and tools of a complete anti-aircraft gun barrel
factory, and of 12 shell-producing plants, have been sent from
Britain to the United States as reciprocal aid.

Britain has sent Ameiica machine-tools, anti-aircraft guns,
ammunition, Rolls-Royce engines and thousands of barrage
balloons. Such supplies are lend-leased by Britain to America
with no cash payment in return.

Britain has supplied America with her newest inventions such as
radiolocators and astrographs.

Britain has made available to America the results of her practical
experience in various campaigns, and has supplied much valuable
military and technical information on such matters as German
tanks, anti-submarine equipment, magnetic mines, special ex-
plosives, aviation, medicine.

The British Merchant Navy—larger than the American—
transports many American troops overseas. British warships and
aircraft also help to protect the convoys over long stretches of
ocean.

A number of American warships damaged in action have already
been put back into shape at British naval bases. Ship’s stores,
fuel oil, water, harbour and stevedore expenses are all lend-leased
to American warships and merchantmen.

British aircraft of Coastal Command, destroyers, corvettes and
trawlers have helped the Americans in their fight against the
U-boats in the Caribbean.

Britain supplied the basic design for the American “ Liberty ”
ship.

British cash contracts in America earlier in the war were a
deciding factor in the creation of new American plant capacity
and experience in war industry. The British Government has
poured about 1,500 million dollars into the American aircraft
industry, and spent some 173 million dollars directly in capital
assistance to American corporations making aircraft, tanks
and guns.

7,000 million dollars was the total of cash purchases made by
the British Empire in the United States between September, 1939,
and September, 1942 ; that is a great deal more than the total
American lend-lease deliveries to Britain in that period.

139. Is Britain going all-out in war production ?

Pretty much. This much :

British industry kept up war production throughout the blitz.
For instance, on one occasion a factory was working at go per
cent, of capacity while part of it was still on fire.

British workers in 1942 were turning out more per head of
population than those of any other country in the world. This
applies to shipbuilding as well as to work in factories.

Up to the Spring of 1942, the volume of war production in the
United Kingdom was greater than that in the United States.

Allowing for the difference in population, Britain in the first
quarter of 1942 produced nearly two-and-a-quarter times the
volume of army munitions produced by the United States and
about twice the weight of combat aircraft. In the second quarter
of the year Britain still produced about twice the weight of combat
aircraft and one-and-a-half times as much army munitions as the
United States in proportion to population, despite the fact that
American output grew enormously.

At Ministry of Supply factories along the whole range of the
engineering and allied trades, between January, 1941, and June,
1942, each worker on an average increased his output by a third
as much again.

British production of munitions of all sorts in February, 1943, was
about 40 per cent, greater than that,of February, 1942.

Aircraft production in June, 1942, was three times as great as
on the eve of the war—and much better and bigger aircraft.

Taking aircraK by structural weight, the output in 1942 was
half as much again as in 1941 and included many new types.

In October, 1942, aircraft production was four times as great as
in the first quarter of 1940.

British production of aircraft had already reached parity with
German aircraft production in April, 1942.

During 1942 the output of heavy bombers trebled and the
output of large flying boats was quadrupled.

New records were set up in the production of the Avro Lancaster
bomber. The time of construction was cut to one-third of the
time it originally took to build machines of this size. This
bomber has more than 50,000 parts and carries over 7 tons of
bombs. The speed is 300 miles per hour.

In March, 1942, our heaviest bombs were eight times as heavy as
those commonly used in 1940 ; by September, 1942, our heaviest
bombs (8,000 lb.) were sixteen times as heavy as in 1940.

British pursuit aircraft are the fastest and most efficient in the
world.

In March, 1942, Britain was producing five times as many tanks
as in July and August, 1940.

14In June, 1942, the production of tanks, jeeps and other
mechanical vehicles was at the rate of 257,000 a year.

During the 18 months ending July, 1942, the output of tanks
was trebled.

Taking armoured fighting vehicles as a whole, production in
July, 1942, was nearly four times as great as in January, 1941.

In August, 1942, the British Army had 500,000 vehicles on charge
as compared with 45,000 at the start of war.

In the last quarter of 1941 four times as much naval tonnage
was completed as in the last quarter before the war, and twice as
much merchant tonnage.

By September, 1942, all capital ships, aircraft carriers and
cruisers lost in the preceding two-and-a-quarter years had been
replaced ; losses of destroyers and submarines had been more
than replaced and a fleet of corvettes had grown up, which
numbered more than 200 by the beginning of 1943.

Since the outbreak of war, over 900 warships have been com-
pleted in British shipyards at home and overseas.

By September, 1942, 140,000,000 gross tons of merchant shipping,
or 35,000 ships, had been repaired and put back into service.

By the end of 1942, 34,000 warship repairs and refits had been
made.

The 1942 target for merchant shipbuilding was considerably
exceeded, and a substantially greater tonnage was completed
than in 1941.

In October, 1942, it was announced that output per man in
British shipyards, calculated in tons of steel, was approximately
twice that in American shipyards.

By December, 1941, the time of turnround of ships had been
reduced by nearly two-and-a-half days on average ; this equals
nearly 1,500,000 extra tons of merchant shipping.

By August, 1942, Royal Ordnance factories were producing
four-and-a-half times the number of guns they were producing in
August, 1941.

By July, 1942, British guns1—2-pounders and upwards (excluding
aircraft cannon)—were being produced at the rate of 60,000 a
year.

In July, 1942, the British Army had more 6-pounder anti-tank
guns than they had 2-pounder anti-tank guns a year before.

In August, 1942, one Royal Ordnance factory alone had a
monthly output of guns equal to three-quarters of the total monthly
output for all Britain in the First World War at the period of peak
production.

The total output of artillery in 1942 was nearly double that
of 1941.

15At the start of 1942 small arms and filled rounds of ammunition
were being produced in double quantities as compared with the
already very considerable production of six months before.

In June, 1942, we were producing ammunition for big guns at
the rate of 25 million rounds a year, and ammunition for small
arms at the rate of 2,000 million rounds a year.

150,000 items per week were dealt with by one single depot of
the Royal Army Ordnance Corps in April, 1942. In 1940 this
dealt with 30,000 items a week.

The output of filled shells and small arms ammunition in 1942
was more than twice as great as in 1941, and the output of small
arms was fifteen times greater.

In May, 1942, the current British rate of production of machine-
tools was six times normal.

Taking warlike stores as a whole, production nearly trebled
between January, 1941, and June, 1942.

In October, 1942, Britain’s production of warlike stores was
five-and-a-half times that achieved in the first quarter of 1940.

Over the whole field of war production output in 1942 was half
as much again as in 1941.

10. Are the British mobilising their man-power all they
could ?

These are the figures :

23J million British men and women are mobilised in the Services
or in vital industry ; that is excluding all voluntary workers.
(The total adult population of Britain is 33^ millions.)

Two out of every three Britishers, men and women, between the
ages of 14 and 65, are doing full-time war work. Many do more
jobs than one. (Industrial workers in Home Guard, efc.) Many
others, such as housewives, who can’t do full-time, do part-time
war work as far as they can.

Women who work less than 55 hours a week, and men who work
less than 60, 'have to do 48 hours a month of additional national
service in the Civil Defence, fire-watching or Home Guard.

In addition to the 23,500,000 in the Services and essential
industry, at least 9 million more jobs are being done by voluntary
or unpaid workers, including nearly 2 million Home Guards, over
4 million fire watchers, and some f -million voluntary collectors in
the National Savings Campaign.

Over 2\ million married women are now in employment.

Between January and May, 1942, the Ministry of Labour and
National Service placed 757,845 women in all forms of industry,
including 387,000 in the munitions industry. In December, 1942,
the Ministry was still interviewing women at the rate of 50,000 a
week.

16The increase in the number of women in industry (excluding
Civil Defence) in the three years since mid-1939 is estimated at
rather more than 1,500,000.

Women have been withdrawn from less essential industries so
that the munitions and other vitally essential industries have
altogether benefited by an increase of nearly 2,000,000 women
workers in the three years. The Ministry of Supply alone employs
5,223 women as scientific assistants.

And Britain is the only country in the world which conscripts
women for its uniformed Services. The Women’s Auxiliary Air
Force has expanded to 78 times its original size.

More than three in every four British boys (77^ per cent.), and
nearly three in every four British girls (67^ per cent.), between the
ages of 14 and 17 are doing work in vital industry.

In the engineering trade alone over 1,000,000 people were
working for the Ministry of Supply in April, 1942.

Over 1,000,000 people were working on the production of air-
craft in December 1942.

By February 1942 the labour force employed in shipbuilding
had been doubled since the start of war.

In the Royal Ordnance factories 60 per cent, of the employees
are women, 32 £ per cent, semi-skilled or unskilled men, and only
7^ per cent, skilled men.

Some British factories making big guns are staffed to over 70
per cent, by women. A great proportion of these women had never
been in a factory two years ago : now they are working 56 hours a
week at the machines ; women are doing skilled men’s jobs and
doing them well.

In the newest Royal Ordnance factory, making 6-pounder guns,
women constitute 80 per cent, of the labour on the production side.
British railways now employ 85,000 women on work formerly
done by men. One British shipyard is manned entirely by women.

When the British work they do work. The loss of working time
from industrial dispute now averages just about half-an-hour per
man per year.

In o'rder to achieve this mobilisation of manpower the British
have had to make very many sacrifices and changes in the home life
so dear to them. It has been estimated that by the end of 1941
approximately 5 million civilian adults—quite apart from the
millions in the armed forces—were living in districts other than those
in which they were resident in 1939. Up to the end of June, 1942,
there had been recorded nearly 20 million removals between
different local administrative areas.	'

1711. Granted that British industry is forging ahead, how
about British agriculture ?

British farmers are doing a vital war-job in cutting down the
import of food and relieving the strain on shipping to the utmost
by bringing back land to cultivation and improving the fertility
and output of the land by the best possible methods of‘draining
and mechanised farming.

The ploughing-up campaign in 1942 has brought 6 million
more acres under the plough than before the war. This means three
acres under the plough for every two before. That was previously
considered to be about the maximum possible achievement, but
still more acres are being ploughed in 1943.

From being 40 per cent, self-sufficient in food before the war,
Britain has now made herself nearly 70 per cent, self-sufficient.
This is an achievement unsurpassed in agriculture.

The British output of wheat, barley and oats had risen in
1941, measured by tonnage produced, by 50 per cent, since the
start of the war.

British vegetable production was raised from million tons in
1938 to nearly 4 million tons in 1941.

In 1942 something like 80 million tons of crops were harvested.

Allotments now stand at practically double the pre-war figure ;
there are over 1,750,000.

Between 2 and 3 million private garden owners contribute to
the war effort producing ^10-^15 million worth of vegetables,
thus releasing land for crops which private individuals cannot
grow.

Britain now grows her own domestic sugar ration.

In the first six months of 1942 British milk production was
10 million gallons above the pre-war average for the first six
months of the year ; this despite the great increase in ploughland.

The increase in total sales of milk in England and Wales for the
six months ending September 1942, as compared with 1941, was
over 40 million gallons. The increased milk production in the
summer of 1942 was obtained despite the fact that 50,000 fewer
cows were in milk than in the corresponding period of 1941.

About four million acres have been or are being improved
under the drainage programme.

In the first nine months of the wartime drainage programme, the
British had already achieved more than the Italians in their much-
vaunted drainage of the Pontine marshes, which took considerably
over nine years.

Britain is to-day the most highly mechanised farming country in
Europe. She is estimated unofficially to have 125,000 tractors, as
against 50,000 at the start of war. Britain now has more tractors
than the Germans, who had 70,060 at the start of war. Output

18per man in Britain, measured by food values, has gone up by
60 per cent., as compared with a mere 5 per cent, in Germany.
British agriculture is now producing per man unit nearly three
times as much as the Germans.

Even on the land Britain, in the autumn of 1942, was able to
maintain a 24-hours-a-day effort, thanks to the introduction of
night ploughing. Day and night the ploughmen toiled, the
unskilled workers being trained for daytime ploughing, and the
skilled ones working through the night.

12. How has inland transport contributed to the war effort ?

British railways have done a terrific job since the war began, and
have worked under great difficulties. Black-out reduces rail capacity
by 25 to 30 per cent. 100,000 railwaymen have been called up.
50 passenger trains have been lost in air-raids.

More than 20,000 goods trains a week are being run, and nearly
1,000,000 loaded wagons. Through one main line junction alone
3,000 wagons pass every 24 hours in each direction.

150,000 special trains for troops and their equipment have been
run since the beginning of the war. There are now more than 4,000
troop trains a month.

In peacetime there were 17,500 half-day and evening excursions
during the summer. Now there are no excursions—instead there
are 1,000 extra trains every day to carry workers to and from war
factories and 400 special train-loads of coal are moved every week.

Journeys at workmen’s rates have increased by -34 per cent.
Passenger services as a whole have gone down by 30 per cent., and
the reduced number of trains are carrying on the average twice as
many passengers per journey as before the war (two-thirds of the
passengers on long-distance trains are troops in uniform).

Amenities of travel have gone. In peacetime there were 700
dining cars in use. Now there are only 70, for the longest journeys
only.

At the time of Dunkirk, 620 emergency trains were run in eight
days, carrying 300,000 troops from seven ports in the south-east
of England. At the busiest time, 100 special trains were worked in
24 hours.

At the end of 1941, locomotives and other rolling-stock were
rushed to Persia, to speed up supplies to Russia over the Trans-
Persian Railway.

143 locomotives, specially equipped, with tenders and spare
parts, were sent, and 1,600 steel-frame 12-ton wagons were built
in record time. By working night and day, the assembling works
fitted together the 1,800 parts of each wagon so that one was com-
pleted every 37 minutes.

Preparations for the North African Expedition involved the
running of 440 special troop trains, 680 special freight trains,

19and 15,000 railway wagons by ordinary goods services, to carry
men and materials to the embarkation ports.

Rail and road transport have been co-ordinated. “ Gross-hauls ”
in transport have been cut out. Chocolates, cigarettes, fish,
groceries and provisions of all kinds which used to travel across
the country do so no longer.

Retail delivery has been rationalised, saving 34,000 road vehicles
and 25,000,000 gallons of petrol a' year, or 36 per cent, of the
amount formerly used.

Canals, too, have been brought under Governmental control.
With 6,000 boats and barges they help to reduce pressure on the
railways, carrying 1,000,000 tons a month. Half of this total is
represented by fuel, the remainder is made up of heavy bulk Cargoes
such as building materials, munitions, fertilisers and manu-
factured foodstuffs.

13. Is Britain’s economy on a proper wartime footing ?

Before the war the British Government consumed a fifth of
the nation’s resources. Now it consumes over half. In human
terms, private living standards have been slashed.

In 1941, it is estimated, about 40 per cent, of the British national
income went in taxes, including compulsory contributions for
social insurance and war risks or damage.

In 1942-3, it is estimated, the British Inland Revenue will net
in taxes nearly treble the amount collected in 1938-9—£1,522
million as against £520 million. And that relates only to the
budget of the central government. (Inland Revenue includes
Income Tax, Surtax, Estate Duties, Stamps (Inland 'Revenue),
National Defence Contributions, Excess Profits Tax, etc.)

In Britain a single person earning £500 per annum now pays
over £150 of it away in income tax ; if he earns £1,000 he pays
over £380. On unearned income the tax is even higher. A
married couple with two children and an unearned income of
£100,000 have £5,830 left after taxation—94 per cent, of their
income gone.

Besides this very heavy income tax and surtax, indirect taxation
is also most stringent. 20 cigarettes now cost 2/- in Britain ;
nearly three-quarters of the price (1/5) goes to the Exchequer in
duty.

The duty on beer, at the present reduced average strength,
accounts for more than half the price (6Jd. out of 1 id. a pint).

Even on tea, the staple drink of British working families, you
pay just over 6d. in duty on a pound costing 2 /6.

There is now no white bread in Britain ; there are no
bananas, no lemons and only a few oranges for children.

20The adult people of Britain are on small rations of meat, milk,
eggs, butter, margarine, fats, bacon, ham, sugar, tea, preserves,
sweets and chocolate.

Purchase-control by a flexible rationing system by “ points 55
further applies to canned meat, canned fish, canned beans, dried
fruit, rice, sago, tapioca, dried pulses, canned fruit, canned peas,
canned tomatoes, canned milk, breakfast cereals, oat flakes, syrup,
treacle and biscuits.

Britain is saving a great volume of shipping-space and inland
transport by using, milk and eggs in their dehydrated form.

On a wide range of luxury goods you pay a purchase tax
amounting to two-thirds of the wholesale value. And on a very
wide range of other goods for civilian consumption you pay a
purchase tax of one-third or one-sixth.

The ordinary man who cannot show urgent necessity for using
his car is allowed no petrol at all.

The manufacture of private cars has stopped altogether, and the
Government is requisitioning tyres of laid-up cars for rubber
reclamation.

Travel by rail is considerably more expensive and more restricted
than in normal times. There are no more excursions or special
holiday trains in Britain.

To a great extent the non-food retail trades in Britain have
already lost half their whole labour force.

The production of many essential articles of civilian consumption
(other than food) generally does not exceed 20-25 per cent, of the
pre-war volume.

Only 3 per cent, of Britain’s timber supply is now available for
civilian and domestic consumption.

Only standardised “ utility ” furniture may now be made.
This economical furniture conforms to specified descriptions and
measurements, and there is only enough of it to supply urgent needs.
Purchasing is only by license ; priority is given to persons who have
been bombed out, or who are setting up house for the first time.

Under 7 per cent, of Britain’s iron and steel is being used for
domestic and civilian purposes.

Britain’s present production of saucepans and kettles only
enables every household in the country, on an average, to buy
one new kettle.and one new saucepan every four years.

The supply of clothes available for British civilians is less than
half what it was before the war. Clothes are strictly rationed and
are largely cut to standard patterns.

Linen sheets are no longer made. The manufacture of quilts,
bedspreads and tablecloths is forbidden.

The quantity of paper available in Britain is about one-fifth the
pre-war supply. Newspapers aretcut accordirigly.

21In three and a half years, September, 1939—February, 1943,
people in Britain salvaged over 1,000,000 tons of waste paper, over

842.000	tons of ferrous metal, over 61,000 tons of rags, over 28,000
tons of non-ferrous metals, over 15,000 tons of rubber, over

32.000	tons of bones, over 610,000 tons of kitchen waste. And
these figures exclude all salvage sent in by the various trades
concerned.

In September, 1942, Britain was salvaging scrap metal at a rate
sufficient to save the. import of ore by millions of tons a year.

Over and above all taxes and restrictions the British are
voluntarily saving or giving nearly every penny they can.

There were over 300,000 Savings Groups in the United Kingdom
at the end of 1942. That is more than six times the number in
September, 1939.

The National Exchequer has received over £20 million in free
gifts and over £50 million in loans free of interest.

Over £469 million was raised for the war savings campaign in
War Weapon Weeks held between September, 1940, and June,
i g41. This is an approximate average of £10 per head of the
British population.

Over £545! million more was raised during Warship Weeks in
the United Kingdom between October, 1941, and March, 1942.
The amount thus raised in England and Wales alone (nearly
£478 million) represents the cost of a fleet consisting of 5 battle-
ships, 4 aircraft-carriers, 45 cruisers, 300 destroyers, 160 corvettes,
33 submarines, 267 minesweepers, 124 motor-torpedo boats,
117 depot ships, sloops, monitors, etc.

Over £5,000 million had been saved or lent free of interest to
the nation up to March, 1943. That is an average of over
£100 per head of the British population.

14. Are the British going all out to win ?

The facts and figures speak for themselves.

The British have made mistakes in the past and there have been
muddles. The British themselves are the first to admit it—and
the first to insist upon their remedy.

No shirkers in Britain ? Of course there are some shirkers.
There always are. There are exceptions to the general run of
patriotic, hard-working, war-working men and women, but they
are exceptions. People in Britain don’t tell each other much
about their unflinching will to win. That is taken for granted.
They just get on with the job.

The enemy does not leave the British in peace. 47,422 British
men, women and children had been killed in enemy air raids by
the end of February, 1943.	55s323 men, women and children

22had been seriously injured. Even in the lull during the first six
months of 1942 bombs were, on an average, being dropped by the
enemy somewhere in the British Isles every other night.

British people contrive to be cheerful even in wartime. But
they know very well by now what war means. They are veterans
at war ; have been fighting the Germans longer than anybody else
except the Poles.

The British are now in their fourth year of war with its conscrip-
tion, blackout, air-raids, fire-watching, Home Guard, national
service, long hours, few holidays, nerve-strain, food rationing,
clothes rationing, restricted travel, no private petrol, taxes, war-
savings, salvage, austerity. Yes, war is quite a serious business in
Britain.

For the British know that they can never let up till this war is
absolutely won. They know that they have done a good deal,
but that it is still nothing like enough. They feel that they have
suffered a good deal, but nothing comparable. to the agonies of
their continental allies under the German terror. People in
Britain realise only too vividly that by this comparison their trials
have been light. They feel that the only way to get right with
themselves on this is to devote themselves selflessly, as never before,
to the achievement of total victory.

While the enemy was on top the British took what was coming
to them and did not squeal. They stuck it out and went on working
to make themselves stronger. Now the British are dead-set on
handing it out to the enemy. And they are beginning to hit back.
In entering upon the new year of 1943 the British nation re-
dedicates itself to the struggle in a newly offensive determination.

The British are going all out to win.

PASSED BY BRITISH CENSOR. QUOTE No. Q.2070

(18402) Wt. 50961/P3588 36,427	4/43 K.H.K. Gp. 8/9