Wm& ■■ ■ "' - '^Vtf. . -A-. w ■'" -V * V/1' i ii aiif ^ i i .* $4 ’v , • 4 - -fti*» w I. ’ ?» . ijif; .» tt| ie“-'■ ■" fmr* ! rj/-'Jf I | a iHslik::,. i'vt | p | 1> I 7 if Ml fill if |fl itLfJ'W jg§ • 1 iii'ioS' ; ; : I > V*1-^ § f. ’§r§} ■ :;-'ir*? I BjRpM4: >i/ W- I p* :%*»v ;^w*l fe to mJ41 ill R| % * • i;JP *& ■ _______________''Mt wi. ■v^: ;'^ ■ • ^ ^ . * RESIDENCE OF JOHN B.GUM. THE FIRST COU RT HOUSE . HOTEL AND POST OFFICE IN KNOX CO.HISTORY ' 11 OF KNOX COUNTY, ILLINOIS; TOGETHER WITH SKETCHES OF THE CITIES, VILLAGES AND TOWNSHIPS ; RECORD OF ITS VOLUNTEERS IN THE LATE WAR; EDUCATIONAL, RELIGIOUS, CIVIL AND POLITICAL HISTORY; PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT PERSONS AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE SUBSCRIBERS ; HISTORY OF ILLINOIS, ABSTRACTS OF THE STATE LAWS, ETC., ETC., ETC. ILLUSTRATED. BY CHAS. C. CHAPMAN & CO. CHICAGO: BLAKELY, BROWN & MARSH, PRINTERS, 155 and 157 Dearborn Street. 1878.PREFACE. Over a half century has rolled its years away since this section of Illinois was first chosen for a home by the white man. The trials, sufferings and struggles that were experienced in converting even this fertile land from its vir- gin wildness into the luxuriant and densely populated country now existing can never be fully portrayed. Although, as in many frontier settlements, the ground was not consecrated by the blood of pioneers and their families, yet hu- man tongue or pen can never accurately 'picture the vicissitudes and trials of the advanced guard of civilization who pitched their tents in Knox county. Their labors were as trying to their mind as to the body. Physical and mental strength waste together, and the memory of names, dates and events becomes lost by the confusion of accumulating years. Events that were fresh in mem- ory ten to twenty years after their occurrence are almost if not entirely for- gotten when fifty years have passed. If not entirely obliterated from mem- ory’s tablet, they have become so dim that when we call for information con- cerning the past it is often given with many doubtings and much hesitancy ; while others were positive and often as immovable as to their correctness as Gibralter. For instance, one man insisted that the Black Hawk war was in 1830. Again, we were informed that Michael Fraker came to Lynn township in 1828. The information came from reliable sources, yet from other facts we had deemed the date incorrect and set about a careful investigation ; and after weeks of patient labor found the date of his settlement to be 1830. We refer to these to show how apt people are to let their memories betray them. The best memories will differ in the particulars of past events, some seizing upon one detail and some on another ; hence often arises hone3t difference. Many may question the dates given in this work. Indeed it is more than likely some are wrong, for it is not expected that it is so perfect as to be above criticism, for the book is yet to be published that can justly claim perfection ; but it is the Publishers’ hope, as it is their belief, that it will be found measurably cor- rect aud generally accurate and reliable. Industrious and studied care has been exercised to make it a standard book of reference as well as of interest to the general reader. If in such a multiplicity of names, dates, etc., some errors are not detected it will be strange indeed. It may be claimed that many important events of early history are omitted, or but casually mentioned. For this we can say we are not at fault. For weeks and months we btgged for information. In the very incipiency of our labor no pains were spared to interest the people of all parts of the county in the work. We published 25,000 copies of the Historic Record and sent them broadcast over the county; appeals were made through the various papers; beside these, hundreds of letters have been written and hundreds of journeys made. We have been willing and anxious to get every important scrap of history. The items gleaned from public records are full, complete and correct. We doubt if the public journals will ever be read more carefully than the perusal we gave them. From July 7, 1830, the date of the opening of the first record, to the present time, every page of the many musty old volumes was carefully read. The chain of official events was followed from the first.IV PREFACE. Every item given we were careful to have correct, and not being satisfied with our own knowledge of facts had the various articles read by responsible parties who were known to be acquainted with particular events. We have had much of the early history read and corrected by Major Thomas McKee, who every one knows is perhaps the best posted man in the county on pioneer history. We have also had Hon. W. Selden Gale, State’s Attorney J. J. Tunnicliff, County School Superintendent Miss Mary Allen West, and many others of well known authority, read manuscript and proof and make needed corrections and suggestions. Our soldiers’ list is full and was very carefully compiled. Months of labor were bestowed upon this one item ; and should there be a soldier whose name is not recorded here we believe the omission not our oversight; and investiga- tion will show him credited to some other county. It was impossible to obtain the correct spelling of some of the names. In the latter part of the work—the educational and religious history and sketches of cities and towns—we were compelled to condense more than wrc would have done could it have been avoided. As it is we give to our subscri- bers a book of 750 pages instead of one of 600 pages, which is as large as we ever promised to any one. By additional pages and smaller type we have increased the amount of matter by at least one-half. From comparison with other county histories we believe it to be more full and com- plete than any similar work published in the State, and trust, with all of its imperfections, it will prove satisfactory to all. In this confident belief we submit to the enlightened judgment of those—our subscri- bers—for whose benefit it has been prepared, in the assurance that it will be kindly received. We have avoided indulging in general reflections or mere speculations, excepting such as naturally rose out of the subject under consideration, prefer- ring to give a minute narrative, omitting no particular that was characteristic of the persons, the events or the times, and endeavoring to place every fact in such a point of view that the reader might see the county in all its various stages of progression. We have labored faithfully and conscientiously, with no thought of swindling or humbugging the people, as we believe our work will show. In conclusion we extend our heartfelt thanks for innumerable favors to Ma- jor Thomas McKee, Prop. Geo. Churchill, Prof. M. L. Comstock, Prop. J. Y. N. Standish, Geo. Davis, Hon. W. S. Gale, David Sanborn, It. L. Hannaman, Mayor John C. Stewart, Galesburg, Hon. 0. F. Price, and the county officials,—Judge Dennis Clark, County Clerk John S. Winter, Cir- cuit Clerk Geo. L. Hannaman, State’s Attorney J. J. Tunnicliff, School Superintendent Miss Mary Allen West, Sheriff A. W. Berggren and Treasurer J. L. Burkhalter ; also to Miss Emma Everest, T. Leslie McGirr, M. J. A. Meadows, and to the various newspaper editors of the county. Before closing we wish to vindicate ourselves in the statement made at the beginning,—that “ we would publish no more books than we had actual and re- liable subscriptions for.” This we have scrupulously adhered to ; and by re- ferring to our biographical sketches of subscribers, the list will be found to contain a large proportion of the people who comprise the life, enterprise and intelligence of Knox county. CHAS. C. CHAPMAN & CO. Galesburg, Nov. 1878.CONTENTS. CHAPTER. PAGE. I- Early Settlement, - - - - - - 100 First Settlers, 100—Knox County, 106—Prairie Fires, 110—The Big Snow, 116 —Going to Market, 117—Money, 119—First Celebration, 120—Militia, 121— Bee-Hunting, 121—Courts, 125. II. Important Labors of the County Commissioners’Court, - - 128 Organization, 128—First Meetings of the Court, 129—Circuit Court, 132—Rev- enue, 133—First Court House, 133—County Seat, 137—Judicious and Liberal Commissioners, 137—School Commissioner, 139—Log Jail, 140—Knoxville Named, 141—Licenses, 141—Brick Court-House, 143—Jail at Knoxville, 145— Escape of Prisoners, 145—Horse-Thieves, 146—Last Meeting, 146. III. Black Hawk War, - - - - - 149 TV. Geology of Knox County, - 161 Surface Geology, 161—Economical Geology; Stone for Building, 165—Lime- stone for Lime, 166—Coal, 166. V. Zoology and Botany, - 168 Quadrupeds, 168—Birds, 168—Fishes, 175—Trees and Shrubs, 176—Vines, 180 —Herbaceous Plants, 180. VI. Archaeology, ------ 185 VII. Pioneer Life, - - 188 Log Cabins, 188—Selections of Homes, 189—Milling, 190—Native Animals, 193—Cooking, 197—Implements, 197—Women’s Work, 199—Pleasures of Pioneer Life, 200. VIII. Underground Railroad, - - - - - 201 Black Laws, 201—Mode of Running the U. G. R. R., 202—Aunt Sukey, 203— Bill Casey, 206—Galesburg Station, 210—Ontario Station, 211—Hitchcock Station, 211—Arrest of the Rev. John Cross, 212—Rev. John Cross Again, 213. IX. Railroads, ------- 216 X. Criminal ^Record, ----.- 227 First Murder, 227—Other Murders, 228-233—Gilson Murder, 233—Horse Stealing, 240. XI. Old Settlers’ Association, ----- 241 XII. Important Labors of the Board of Supervisors, - - 247 County Court, 247—Township Organization, 249—Alms-house, 253—War Record, 262. XIII. The War—At Home, - - - - - 274 The Tocsin of War, 274—Liberality of Those at Home, 281—Soldiers’ Aid Society, 289—The Close, 302.VI CONTENTS. CHAPTER. PAOE. XIV. The War—In The Field, ----- 305 The War, 305—Stone River, 305—Prison Life, 306—Incidents of Enlisting, 308 —The 102d, 309—Knox County Volunteers, 312-379—The 4th Regiment, I. N. G., 379—Band, 381—Regimental Officers, 382—Drum Corps, 382—Com- pany A, 382—Company B, 383—Company C, 383—Members of Battery, 384. XV. Resources of the County, - - - - 385 XVI. Political, ------ 404 XVII. Personal Incidents and Miscellany, - - - - 422 Historical Items from Rev. Wright’s Journal, 422—Indian Boy Killed, 427— Big Storms, 427—Sudden Changes, 429—Cold Weather, 429—Wet Season, 430 —A Ferocious Dog, 430—Lost Children, 431—Race to Quincy, 433—Early Mill- ing, 437—Canada Thistles, 438-Bee-Raising, 439—Pop-Corn and Mustard, 440 —Prizes for Hogs, 441—Matrimonial, 442—Catamount, 44S—Wolves, 448— His First Trip, 448—An Old Hatter, 449—Aerolite, 449—Table of Distances, 450—County Funds, 450—First Things, 450. XVIII. The Bar and Officials of the County, - . - 452 The Bar, 452—County Commissioners, 460—Treasurers, 462—County Clerks, 463—Circuit Clerks, 463—Sheriffs, County Judges, County School Superin- tendents, Coroners, Surveyors, 464. XIX. Temperance, ------ 4155 XX. Township Histories, ----- 479 / Indian Point, 479—Cedar, 480—Galesburg, 483—Henderson, 484—Rio, 484— Chestnut, 486—Orange, 486—Knox, 486—Sparta, 487—Ontario, 495—Maquon, 496—Haw Creek, 497—Persifer, 498—Copley, 500—Walnut Grove, 501—Salem, 502—Elba, 503—Truro, 504—Victoria, 507—Lynn, 508. XXI. Blooded Stock, ------ 512 XXII. Manufactories, ----- 516 Frost Manufacturing Company, 516—The Steel Plow, 519—The Novelty Ma- chine Works, 521—Brown’s Corn-Planter Works, 521—Broom Factory, 529— Hemstreet Carriage Manufactory, 530—Marble Works, 530—May Brothers’ Windmill, 530—Cheese Factories, 531. XXIII. The Press, - - 533 Newspapers of Galesburg, 534—Knoxville Papers, 537-Abingdon Papers, 540 —Oneida and Maquon Papers, 543. XXIV. Education, - - » - - - - 544 Early Schools, 544—Holiday Treating, 548—The Loud School, 551—Knox College, 553—Cherry Grove Seminary, 563—Lombard University, 563—Abing- don College, 571—Hedding College, 579—St. Mary’s School, 585—Western Business College, 595—Ansgari College, 596—Knox Agricultural School, 598— Galesburg Public Schools, 602. XXV. Religious, ------- 604 Old School Baptists, 604—Methodist Episcopal, 604—Christian, 609—Presbyte- rian, 610—First Church, Galesburg, 611—Baptist, 614—Congregational, 617— Lutheran, 618—Christian of Christian Connection, 618—Universalist, 619— Catholic, 619—Protestant Episcopal, 619— United Brethren, 620—Protestant Methodist, 620—United Presbyterian, 620—Swedish Independent, 620— Galesburg City Mission, 620.CONTENTS. VII CHAPTER PAGE. XXVI. Cities and Towns, - 622 Knoxville, 622—Henderson, 623—Galesburg, 623—Maquon, 640—Hermon, 641 —Abingdon, 641—Union Town, 642—Victoria, 643—Oneida, 643—Altona, 644 —Wataga, 644—St. Augustine, 645—Summit, 645—Gilson, 645—Yates City, 645—Rio, 646. Biographical, Sketches, ..... 647 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Mound-Builders,...............,---- 17 Indians,............................ 18 French and English Rule,............ 23 County of Illinois,................. 26 Territory of Illinois,.............. 27 Illinois as a State................. 27 State Bank.......................... 32 Early Governors,.................... 33 Black Hawk War,..................... 37 Martyr for Liberty,................. 40 Mormon War,......................... 43 Mexican War,....................... 46 The War of the Rebellion,.......... 47 Senators,............"............. 50 Governors......................... 51 Dress and Manners,................. 51 Physical Features of Illinois,..... 54 Agriculture,....................... 57 Chicago,........................... 61 Massacre of Fort Dearborn,......... 62 The Great Fire,.................... 66 Commerce of Chicago................ 69 ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS. Jurisdiction of Courts,............ 73 County Courts,..................... 73 Commissioners of Highways,....... . 73 Fences,............................ 75 Eminent Domain,.................... 77 Drainage,........-............... 77 Trespass of Stock,................. 77 Estrays............................ 78 Horses,............................ 79 Marks and Brands,.................. 80 Articles of Agreement,... ..........80 General Form|of Agreement,......... 80 Deeds,............................. 81 Wills,............................. 82 Adoption of Children............... 84 Notes,............................. 84 Judgment Notes,.................... 85 Interest,.......................... 85 Days of Grace,................ ... 86 Limitation of Action,.............. 87 Receipts,.......................... 87 Exemptions from Forced Sale,...... 87 Landlords and Tenants,............. 88 Criminal Law,...................... 89 Millers, .......................... 90 Paupers,........................... 91 Public and Private Conveyances,... 92 Wagers and Stakeholders,........... 93 Sunday,............................ 93 Definition of Commercial Terms,... 94 Legal Weights and Measures,....... 9^ Game,............................ 94 Bees,.............................. 95 Dogs,.............................. 95 Cruelty to Animals,................ 95 UNITED STATES MAELS. U. S. Mails,................. 96 Registered Matter,.............. 99 Rates of Postage,............ 97 Money Orders,................... 99 Third-Class Matter,.......... 98 PORTRAITS. Allen, S. W.,................ 135 Blanchard, J.,................183 Bateman, Newton, ......... 559 Brown, G. W.,................ 523 Berggren, A. W.,............. 303 Bruner, F. M.,............... 573 Blair, Dr. J. L.,............ 291 Burkhalter, J. L.,........... 351VIII CONTENTS. Butler, J. W., 411 Lefflngwell, C. W., . ... 593 Churchill, Geo., LewiB, J. H., Clark, Dennis, 279 May, H. H., 505 Clark, Gen, Geo. R.,.... 21 Me Kee, Thomas, 123 Colton, C. S., 493 Peck, G. W., 615 Cooper, Dr. E. S., 171 Perkins, I. S., 339 Hannaman, Geo. L, 555 Reynolds, W. H 375 Hannaman, R. L., 243 St. Clair, Gen. A 29 Henderson, David, 387 Stilson, J. F., 409 Hitchcock, H., : 219 Tunnicliff, J. J Holyoke, J. M., 207 Turner, Israel, 435 Housh, David, 147 West, Miss M. A 549 Jones, Conley, 399 Wetmore, I. M., 195 Knox, James, 599 Winter, John S .. ..445 Latimer, J. F 363 ILLUSTRATIONS. Abingdon College, 570 Fort Dearborn, ... . 59 Ansgari College, 596 Chicago Exposition, 67 Hedding College, -. • 581 Chicago Water Works, .. .. 71 Knox College, 555 La Salle Street Tunnel Ill Knox Seminary, 555 Alms House, 255 Lombard University, 565 First Jail, 267 St. Marv’s School, 589 Knox County Jail, 267 Knoxville High School,... 481 Frost Factory, ,. ■ • 517 Oneida High School, 315 Brown’s Works, 527 Wataga High School, 423 M. E. Church, Galesburg, 605 Pontiac, 35 Union Hotel, Galesburg, 637 Black Hawk, 41 Frontispiece, Old Kinzie House, 55 Knox County Map, 3£= = — 1L-!_____// :z a7 o/./. x o'j.HISTORY OP ILLINOIS. MOUND-BUILDERS. Antiquarians claim that three distinct races of people lived in North America prior to its occupation by the present population. Of these, the builders of the magnificent cities whose remains are found in Central America were the most civilized. The second race, as determined by the character of their civilization, were the Mound- Builders, the remains of whose works constitute the most interesting class of antiquities found within the limits of the United States. Like the ruins of Central America, they antedate the most ancient records. They consist of the remains of what were apparently vil- lages, altars, temples, idols, cemeteries, monuments, camps, fortifica- tions, pleasure grounds, etc., etc. Their habitations must have been tents, structures of wood, or some other perishable material; other- wise their remains must have been numerous. If the Mound- Builders were not the ancestors of the Indians, who were they? The oblivion which has closed over them is so complete that only con- jecture can be given in answer to the question. Those who do not believe in the common parentage of mankind contend that they were an indigenous race of the western hemisphere; others, with more plausibility, think they came from the East, and imagine that they can see coincidences in the religion of the Hindoos and southern Tartars and the supposed theology of the Mound-Builders. They were, no doubt, idolators, and it has been conjectured that the sun was an object of adoration. The mounds were generally built in a situation affording a view of the rising sun; when inclosed with walls, their gateways were toward the east. The caves in which they were occasionally found buried always opened in the same direction. Whenever a mound was partially inclosed by a semi-circular pave- ment, it was on the east side; when bodies were buried in graves, as was frequently the case, they lay in an eastern and western direction; and, finally, medals have been found representing the sun and his rays of light. At what period they came to this country is likewise a matter of speculation. From the comparatively rude state of the arts among them, it has been inferred that the time was very remote. Their 218 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. axes were of stone ; their raiment, judging from fragments which have been discovered, consisted of the barks of the trees interwoven with feathers; and their military works were such as a people would erect who had just passed from the hunter to the pastoral state of society. What finally became of them is another query which has been extensively discussed. The fact that their works extend into Mexico and Peru has induced the belief that it was their posterity that dwelt in these countries when they were first visited by the Spaniards. The Mexican and Peruvian works, with the exception of their greater magnitude, are similar. Pelics common to all of them have been occasionally found, and it is believed that the religious uses which they subserved were the same. If, in- deed, the Mexicans and Peruvians were the progeny of the more ancient Mound-Builders, the Spanish rapacity for gold was the cause of their overthrow and final extermination. A thousand other queries naturally arise respecting these nations which now repose under the ground, but the most searching investi- gation can only give us vague speculations for answers. No historian has preserved the names of their mighty chieftains, or given an account of their exploits, and even tradition is silent respecting them. INDIANS. The third race, which, according to the ethnologists, has inhabited North America, is the present Indians. When visited by early European pioneers they were without cultivation, refinement or literature, and far behind their predecessors, the Mound-Builders, in the knowledge of the arts. The question of their origin has long interested archaeologists, and is one of the most difficult they have been called on to answer. One hypothesis is that they are an original race indigenous to the western hemisphere. Those who entertain this view think their peculiarities of physical structure preclude the possibility of a common parentage with the rest of mankind. Prom- inent among those distinctive traits is the hair, which in the red man is round, in the white man oval, and in the black man flat. A more common supposition, however, is that they are a deriva- tive race, and sprang from one or more of the ancient peoples of Asia. In the absence of all authentic history, and when even tradi- tion is wanting, any attempt to point out the particular location of their origin must prove unsatisfactory. Though the exact place of origin may never be known, yet the striking coincidence of physical organization between the Oriental type of mankind and the IndiansHISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 19 point unmistakably to some part of Asia as the place whence they emigrated. Of the several great branches of North American Indi- ans as determined by sameness of language and mental and physical type, the only ones entitled to consideration in Illinois history are the Algonquin and Iroquois. The Illinois confederacy was composed of five tribes: the Tamoroas, Michigans, Kaskaskias, Cahokas and Peorias. The ‘definition of the Indian word Illinois is real, or superior men, and is derived from the Delaware word Illini. The termination of the word as it is now used is of French origin. As early as 1670, the priest, Father Mar- quette, mentions frequent visits made by individuals of this confed- eracy to the missionary station of St. Esprit, near the western extrem ity of Lake Superior. Joliet and Marquette, in 1673, descended the Mississippi, below the mouth of the Wisconsin, on their famous voyage of discovery, and met with a band of them on the west bank of the river. The principal chief treated them with great hospitality, gave them a calumet as a pass dowm the river, and bid them a friendly farewell. The same explorers, on their return voyage up the Illinois river, discovered and stopped at the principal town of the confederacy, situated on the banks of the river seven miles below the present town of Ottawa. It was then called Kaskaskia. Marquette returned to the village in the spring of 1675, and established the mission of the Immaculate Conception, the oldest in Illinois. When, in 1679, La Salle visited the town.it had greatly increased, numbering 460 lodges, and at the annual assembly of the different tribes, from 6,000 to 8,000 souls. The Sacs and Foxes, who have figured extensively in the history of Illinois, dwelt in the northwestern portion of the State. Though still retaining separate tribal names, they had, by long residence together and intermarriage, become substantially one people. Drake, in his “Life of Black Hawk,” speaks of these tribes as follows: “The Sacs and Foxes fought their way from the waters of the St. Lawrence to Green Bay, and after reaching that place not only sustained themselves against hostile tribes, but were the most active and courageous in the subjugation, or rather the extermination, of the numerous and powerful Illinois confederacy. They had many wars, offensive and defensive, with the Sioux, the Pawnees, the Osages, and other tribes, some of which are ranked among the most fierce and ferocious war- riors of the whole continent; and it does not appear that in these conflicts, running through a long period of years, they were found wanting in this, the greatest of all savage virtues. In the late war with Great Britain, a party of the Sacs and Foxes fought under the20 JIISTOUY OF ILLINOIS. British standard as a matter ot‘ choice; and in the recent conflict between a fragment of these tribes and the United States, although defeated and literally cut to pieces by an overwhelming force, it is very questionable whether their reputation as braves would suffer by a comparison with that of their victors. It is believed that a careful review of their history will lead the inquirer to the conclusion that the Sacs and Foxes are a truly courageous people, shrewd, politic and enterprising.” These tribe§, at the time of the Black Hawk war, were divided into twenty families, twelve of which were Sacs and eight Foxes. The following were other prominent tribes occupying Illinois: the Kickapoos, Sliawnees, Mascoulins, Piaukishaws, Potawattomies, Chippewas, and Ottawas. The art of hunting not only supplied the Indian with food, but, like that of war, was a means of gratifying his love of distinction. The male children, as soon as they acquired sufficient age and strength, were furnished with a bow and arrow and taught to shoot birds and other small game. Success in killing large quadrupeds required years of careful study and practice, and the art was as sedulously inculcated in the minds of the rising generation as are the elements of reading, writing and arithmetic in the common schools of civilized communi- ties. The mazes of the forest and the dense tall grass of the prairies were the best fields for the exercise of the hunter’s skill. Ho feet could be impressed in the yielding soil but they were the objects of the most searching scrutiny, and revealed at a glance the animal that made them, the direction it was pursuing, and the time that had elapsed since it had passed. In a forest country he selected the valleys, because they were most frequently the resort of game. The most easily taken, perhaps, of all the animals of the chase was the deer. It is endowed with a curiosity which prompts it to stop in its flight and look back at the approaching hunter, who always avails himself of this opportunity to let fly the fatal arrow. Their general councils were composed of the chiefs and old men. When in council, they usually sat in concentric circles around the speaker, and each individual, notwithstanding the fiery passions that rankled within, preserved an exterior as immovable as if cast in bronze. Before commencing business a person appeared with the sacred pipe, and another with fire to kindle it. After being lighted, it was first presented to heaven, secondly to the earth, thirdly to the presiding spirit, and lastly to the several councilors, each of whom took a whiff. These formalities were observed with as much scrupu- lous exactness as state etiquette in civilized courts.GEN. GEORGE RODGERS CLARKHISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 23 FRENCH AND ENGLISH RULE. After a long contest between the French and English for the pos- session of the Northwest, the latter was finally victorious; and on the 10th of October, 1765, the ensign of France was replaced on the ram- parts of Fort Chartres by the flag of Great Britain. This fort was the depot of supplies and the place of rendezvous. for the united forces of the French. At this time the colonies of the Atlantic sea- board were assembled in preliminary congress at New York, dreaming of liberty and independence for the continent; and Washington, who led the expedition against the French for the English king, in less than ten years was commanding the forces opposed to the English tyrant. Illinois, besides being constructively a part of Florida for over one hundred years, during which time no Spaniard set foot upon her soil, or rested his eyes upon her beautiful plains, for nearly ninety years had been in the actual occupation of the French, their puny settlements slumbering quietly in colonial dependence on the far-off waters of the Kaskaskia, Illinois and Wabash. The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule; and on the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of importance in the West; and while the colonists of the East were maintaining a fierce struggle with the armies of England, their western frontiers were ravaged by merciless butcheries of Indian warfare. The jealousy of the savage had been aroused to action by the rapid extension of American settlement westward and the improper influence exerted by a number of military posts garrisoned by British troops. To prevent indiscriminate slaughters arising from these causes, Illinois became the theater of some of the most daring exploits connected with American history. The hero of these achievements by which this beautiful land was snatched as a gem from the British Grown, was George Rogers Clark, of Yirginia. He had closely watched the movements of the British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan; he also knew the Indians were not unan- imously in accord with the English, and therefore was convinced that, could the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality. Having convinced him- self that the enterprise against the Illinois settlement might easily succeed, he repaired to the capital of Yirginia, arriving November 5. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17, 1777, Bur- goyne was defeated, and the spirits of the colonists thereby greatly encouraged. Patrick Henry was Governor of Yirginia. and at once entered heartily into Clark’s plans; and after satisfying the Yirginia24 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. leaders of the feasibility of his project, received two sets of instruc- tions,—one secret, the* other open. The latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, and to serve three months after their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand, at Pittsburg, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. With these instructions Col. Clark repaired to Pittsburg, choosing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Colonel W. B. Smith to Holstein and Captains Helm and Bowman to other localities to enlist men; but neither succeeded in raising the required number. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe. With these companies and several private volunteers, Clark commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present cities of Louisville, Ky., and Hew Albany, Ind. Here, after having completed his arrangements and announced to the men their real destination, he left a small garrison; and on the 21th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, they floated down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the gar- rison, and after its capture, go to Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Mississippi river and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start, he received good items of information: one that the alliance had been formed between France and the United States, and the other, that the Indians throughout the Illinois country and the inhabitants at the various frontier posts had been led by the British believe to that the “ Long-Knives,” or Virginians, were the most fierce, blood- thirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from gratitude would become friendly, if treated with unexpected leniency. The march to Kaskaskia was made through a hot July sun, arriving on the evening of the 4th ot July, 1778. They captured the fort near the village, and soon afterward the village itself, by surprise, and without the loss of a single man and without killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently working on the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at perfect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take which- ever side of the great conflict they would; also he would protect themHISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 25 against any barbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect; and the inhabitants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlooked-for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms; and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of Jul}T, they accompanied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered and gladly placed themselves under his protection. In the person of M. Gibault, priest of Kaskaskia, Clark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain posses- sion of the northwest, and treat successfully with the Indians, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, b}r persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connec- tion with England. Clark gladly accepted this offer, and on the 14tli of July, in company with a fellow-townsman, Gibault started on his mission of peace. On the 1st of August he returned with the cheer- ful intelligence that everything was peaceably adjusted at Vincennes in favor of the Americans. During the interval, Colonel Clark estab- lished his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, success- fully re-enlisted his men, sent word to have a fort (which proved the germ of Louisville) erected at the falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Rocheblave, who had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner ot war to Ttichmond. While the American commander was thus negotiating with the Indians, Hamilton, the British Governor of Detroit, heard of Clark’s invasion, and was greatly incensed because the country which he had in charge should be wrested from him by a few ragged militia. He therefore hurriedly collected a force, and marching by way of the Wabash, appeared before the fort at Vincennes. The inhabitants made an effort to defend the town, and when Hamilton’s forces arrived, Captain Helm and a man of the name of Henry were the only Americans in the fort. These men had been sent by Clark; the latter, charging a cannon, placed it in the open gateway, and the Captain standing by it with a lighted match cried out, as Hamilton came in hailing distance, “ Halt! ” The British officer, not knowing the strength of the garrison, stopped, and demanded the surrender of the fort. Helm exclaimed, “No man shall enter here till I know the terms.” Hamilton responded, “You shall have the honors of war.” The entire garrison consisted of one officer and one private. Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was contending, gave up his intended campaign for the winter, sent his four26 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he saw that immediate and decisive action was neces- sary, and that unless he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would cap- ture him. Clark received the news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 5th set out for Yincennes; and after incredibly hard marching through much mud, the ground being thawed by the inces- sant rains, on the 22d he reached the fort, and at once commenced the attack. The aim of the American backwoodsman was unerring, and on the 21th the garrison surrendered. The French were treated with great kindness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement. During his command of the British frontier forts he offered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of the Americans they could bring him, and earned in consequence thereof the title “ Hair-buyer General,” by which he was ever afterwards known. Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterpris- ing Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry, being apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforce- ments, and Clark concluded to wait until he could capture and suffi- ciently garrison the posts. Had Clark failed in this bold under- taking, and Hamilton succeeded in uniting the western Indians for the next spring’s campaign, the West would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Alleghany mountains, and the great blow struck which had been contemplated by the British from the com- mencement. Had it not been for this small army of fearless Virgin- ians, the union of all the tribes from Maine to Georgia against the colonies might have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed. COUNTY OF ILLINOIS. In October, 1778, after the successful campaign of Colonel Clark, the assembly of Virginia erected the conquered country, embracing all the territory northwest of the Ohio river, into the County of Illi- nois. It embraced all that part of Virginia north of the Ohio river, and was doubtless the largest county in the world, exceeding in its dimensions the whole of Great Britain and Ireland. To speak more definitely, it embraced the territory included in the great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. On the 12th of December, 3778, John Todd was appointed Lieutenant CommandantHISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 27 ot this county by Patrick Henry, then governor of Virginia, and accordingly was also the first governor of Illinois. TERRITORY OF ILLINOIS. Illinois continued to form a part of Virginia until March 1, 1784, when that State ceded the Northwestern Territory to the United States. Immediately the general government proceeded to establish a form of government for the settlers in the territories thus ceded. The government of this county as then established continued until the passage of the ordinance of 1787, for the government of the North- western Territory. On October 5, Major General Arthur St. Clair was, by Congress, elected governor of this vast territory. St. Clair was born in Scotland, and emigrated to America in 1755. He served in the French and British war, and was major-general in the Revolution. In 1786 he was elected to Congress, and chosen president of that body. After the division of this territory, Illinois became one of the counties of the Territory of Indiana, from which it was separated by an act of Congress February 3,1809, forming the Territory of Illinois, with a population estimated at 9,000. It was divided, at that time, into two counties—St. Clair and Randolph. John Boyle, of Ken- tucky, was appointed Governor by the President, James Madison, but declining, Ninian Edwards, of the same State, was then appointed, and served with distinction; and after the formation of Illinois as a State, he served in the same capacity, being the third governor of the State. ILLINOIS AS A STATE. The Territory of Illinois was formed into a State by an act of Con- gress April 18, 1818. In July and August of the same year, a con- vention was held at Kaskaskia for the purpose of drafting a constitu- tion. This constitution was not submitted to a vote of the people for their approval or rejection, it being well known that they would approve^it. It was about the first organic law of any State in the Union to abolish imprisonment for debt. The first election under the constitution was held on the third Thursday and the two succeeding days in September, 1818. Shadrach Bond was elected Governor, and Pierre Menard Lieutenant Governor. Their term of office extended four years. December 3, 1818, Congress by a resolution declared Illinois to be “one of the United States of America, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States, in all respects.” At this time the State was divided into fifteen counties,2S HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. the population being about 40,000. Of this number bjr far the lar- ger portion was from the Southern States. The salary of the Governor was $1,000, while that of the Treasurer was $500. The Legislature re-enacted, verbatim, the Territorial Code, the penalties of which were unnecessarily severe. Whippings, stocks and pillory were used for minor offenses, and for arson, rape, horse-stealing, etc., death by hang- ing was the penalty. These laws however were modified in 1821. The Legislature convened at Kaskaskia, the ancient seat of empire for more than one hundred and fifty years, both for the French and Americans. Provisions were, however, made for the removal of the seat of government by this Legislature. A place in the wilderness on the Kaskaskia river was selected and named Yandalia. From Van- dalia it was removed to Springfield in the year 1837. In 1820 occurred the first duel ever fought in Illinois. This took place in St. Clair county between Alphonso Stewart and William Bennett. It was intended to be a sham duel, to turn ridicule against Bennett, the challenging party. Stewart was in the secret, but Bennett was left to believe it a realty. Their guns were loaded with blank cartridges. Bennett, suspecting a trick, put a ball into his gnu, without the knowledge of his seconds. The word “ fire ” was given, and Stewart fell mortally wounded. Bennett made his escape, but was subsequently captured, convicted of murder and suffered the penalty of the law by hanging. In an early day, when the great lead mines of Galena were being worked, men would run up the Mississippi river in steamboats in the spring, work the lead mines, and in the fall return, thus establishing, as was supposed, a similitude between their migratory habits and those of the fishy tribe called “suckers.” For this reason the Illi- noisans have ever since been called “ Suckers.” In 1831 the criminal code was first adapted to penitentiary punish- ment, ever since which time the old system of whipping and pillory for the punishment of criminals has been disused. From 1818 to the breaking out of the Black Hawk war in 1832, little occurred beyond the ordinary routine of events in a newly settled country. The most prominent of these were the treaties made with the Indians by the United States, by which the whole State of Illinois was purchased from them. In tracing wars between the Indians and the whites to their sources, we find them invariably originating in the intrusion of the latter on the lands of the former. This was the cause of the conspiracy of Pontiac, the hostilities of Little Turtle, the battles with Tecumseh, and the war with Black Hawk.GEN. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR.HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 31 The most desperate single-handed combat with Indians ever fought on the soil of Illinois, was that of Tom Higgins, August 21, 1814. Higgins was 25 years old, of a muscular and compact build, not tall, but strong and active. In danger he possessed a quick and discerning ■judgment, and was without fear. He was a member of Journey’s rangers, consisting of eleven men, stationed at Hill’s Fort, eight miles southwest of the present Greenville, Putnam county. Discovering Indian signs near the fort, the company, early the following morning, started on the trail. They had not gone far before the}r were in an ambuscade of a larger party. At the first fire their commander, Journey, and three men fell, six retreated to the fort in flight, but Higgins stopped to “have another pull at the red-skins,” and, taking deliberate aim at a straggling savage, shot him down. Higgins horse had been wounded at the first fire, as he supposed, mortally; but coming to, he was about to effect his escape, when the familiar voice of Burgess hailed him from the long grass, “Tom, don’t leave me.” Higgins told him to come along, but Burgess replied that his leg was smashed. Higgins attempted to raise him on his horse, but the animal took fright and ran away. Higgins then directed Burgess to limp off as well as he could; and by crawling through the grass he reached the fort, while the former loaded his gun and remained behind to protect him against the pursuing enemy. When Burgess was well out of the way, Higgins took another route, which led by a small thicket, to throw any wandering enemy off the trail. Here he was confronted by three savages approaching. He ran to a little ravine near for shelter, but in the effort discovered for the first time that he was badly wounded in the leg. He was closely pressed by the largest, a powerful Indian, who lodged a ball in his thigh. He fell, but instantly rose again, only however to draw the fire of the other two, and again fell wounded. The Indians now advanced upon him with their tomahawks and scalping knives; but as he presented his gun first at one, then at another, from his place in the ravine, each wavered in his purpose. Neither party had time to load, and the large Indian, supposing finally that Higgins’ gun was empty, rushed forward with uplifted tomahawk and a yell; but as he came near enough, was shot down. At this, the others raised the war-whoop, and rushed upon the wounded Higgins, and now a hand-to-hand con- flict ensued. They darted at him with their knives time and again, inflicting many ghastly flesh-wounds, which bled profusely. One of the assailants threw his tomahawk at him with such precision as to sever his ear and lay bare his skull, knocking him down. They now rushed in on him, but he kicked them off, and grasping one of their32 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. spears thrust at him, was raised up by it. He quickly seized his gun, and by a powerful blow crushed in the skull of one, but broke his rifle. His remaining antagonist still kept up the contest, making thrusts with his knife at the bleeding and exhausted Higgins, which he parried with his broken gun as well as he could. Most of this desperate engagement was in plain view of the fort; but the rangers, having been in one ambuscade, saw in this fight only a ruse to draw out the balance of the garrison. But a Mrs. Pursely, residing at the fort, no longer able to see so brave a man contend unaided for his life, seized a gun, and mounting a horse, started to his rescue. At this the men took courage and hastened along. The Indian, seeing aid coming, fled. Higgins, being nearly hacked to pieces, fainted from loss of blood. He was carried to the fort. There being no surgeon, his comrades cut two balls from his flesh: others remained in. For days his life was despaired of; but by tender nursing, he ultimately regained his health, badly crippled. He resided in Fayette county for many years after, and died in 1829. STATE BANK. The Legislature during the latter years of territorial existence, granted charters to several banks. The result was that paper money became very abundant, times flush, credit unlimited, and everybody invested to the utmost limit of his credit, with confident expectation of realizing a handsome advance before the expiration of his credit, from the throng of immigrants then pouring into the country. By 1819 it became apparent that a day of reckoning would approach before their dreams of fortune could be realized. Banks everywhere began to waver, paper money became depreciated, and gold and silver driven out of the country. The Legislature sought to bolster up the times by incorporating a new “ Bank of Illinois,” which, with several branches, was created by the session of 1821. This bank, being wholly supported by the credit of the State, was to issue one, two, three, five, ten and twenty-dollar notes. It was the dujy of the bank to advance, upon personal property, money to the amount of $100, and a larger amount upon real estate. All taxes and public salaries could be paid in such bills; and if a creditor refused to take them he had to wait three years longer before he could collect his debt. The people imagined that simply because the government had issued the notes, they would remain at par; and although this evidently could not be the case, they were yet so infatuated with their project as actually to request the United States Government to receive them in payment for their public lands! Although there were not wantingHISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 33 men who, like John McLean, the Speaker of the House ot Represent- atives, foresaw the dangers and evils likely to arise from the creation of such a bank, by far the greater part of the people were in favor of it. The new bank was therefore started. The new issue of bills by the bank, of course, only aggravated the evil theretofore so griev- ously felt, of the absence of specie, so that the people were soon compelled to cut their bills in halves and quarters, in order to make small change in trade. Finally the paper currency so rapidly depre- ciated that three dollars in these bills were only considered worth one in specie, so that the State not only did not increase its revenue, but lost full two-thirds of them, and expended three times the amount required to pay the expenses of the State government. EARLY GOVERNORS. In the year 1822 the term of office of the first governor, Shadrach Bond, expired. Two parties sprung up at this time,—one favorable, the other hostile, to the introduction of slavery, each proposing a candidate of its own for governor. Both parties worked hard to secure the election of their candidate; but the people at large decided, as they ever have been at heart, in favor of a free State. Edward Coles, an anti-slavery man, was elected, although a majority of the Legisla- ture were opposed to him. The subject of principal interest during his administration was to make Illinois a slave State. • The greatest effort being made in 1824, the proposition was defeated at the polls by a majority of 1,800. The aggregate vote polled was 11,612, being about 6,000 larger than at the previous State election. African slaves were first introduced into Illinois in 1720 by Renault, a Frenchman. Senator Duncan, afterwards governor, presented to the Legislature of 1824-5 a bill for the 'support of schools by a public tax; and William S. Hamilton presented another bill requiring a tax to be used for the purpose of constructing and repairing the roads,—both of which bills passed and became laws. But although these laws con- ferred an incalculable benefit upon the public, the very name of a tax was so odious to the people that, rather than pay a tax of the smallest possible amount, they preferred working as they formerly did, five days during the year on the roads, and would allow their children to grow up without any instruction at all. Consequently both laws were abolished in 1826. In the year 1826 the office of governor became again vacant. Ninian Edwards, Adolphus F. Hubbard and Thomas C. *Sloe were candidates. Edwards had made himself many enemies by urging strict inquiries to be made into the corruption of the State bank, so 334 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. that had it not been for his talents and noble personal appearance he would most probably not have been elected. Hubbard was a man of but little personal merit. Of him tradition has preserved, among other curious sayings, a speech on a bill granting a bounty on wolf- scalps. This speech, delivered before the Legislature, is as follows: “ Mr. Speaker,—I rise before the question is put on this bill, to say a word for my constituents. Mr. Speaker, I have never seen a wolf. 1 cannot say that I am very well acquainted with the nature and habits of wolves. Mr. Speaker, I have said that I had never seen a wolf; but now I remember that once on a time, as Judge Brown and I were riding across the Bonpas prairie, we looked over the prairie about three miles, and Judge Brown said, ‘ Hubbard, look! there goes a wolf;’ and I looked, and I looked, and I looked, and I said, ‘Judge, where?’ and he said, ‘There!’ And I looked again, and this time in the edge of a hazel thicket, about three miles across the prairie, I think I saw the wolf’s tail. Mr. Speaker, if I did not see a wolf that time, I think I never saw one; but I have heard much, and read more, about this animal. I have studied his natural history. “By the bye, history is divided into two parts. There is first the history of the fabulous; and secondly, of the non-fabulous, or un- known age. Mr. Speaker, from all these sources of information, I learn that the wolf is a very noxious animal; that he goes prowling about, seeking something to devour; that he rises up in the dead and secret hours of night, when all nature reposes in silent oblivion, and then commits the most terrible devastation upon the rising generation of hogs and sheep. “Mr. Speaker,I have done; and I return tny thanks to the house for their kind attention to my remarks.” The primitive naivete and wonderful ingenuity as displayed in this remarkable speech, show better than anything ela&.the state of civili- zation then existing in Illinois. The Indians became troublesome in 1827. The Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes and other tribes had been at war for more than a hundred years. In the summer of 1827 a war party of the Winnebagoes sur- prised a party of Chippeways, and killed 8 of them. Four of the murderers were arrested and delivered to the Chippeways, by whom they were immediately shot. This was the first irritation of the Win- nebagoes. Bed Bird, a cliipf of this tribe, in order to avenge the execution of the four warriors of his own people, ;ttf tacked the Chippeways, but was defeated; and being determined to satisfy his thirst for revenge by some means, surprised and killed several white men. Upon receiving intelligence of these murders, the whites whoPONTIAC. THE OTTAWA CHIEF.HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 37 were working the lead mines in the vicinity of Galena formed a body of volunteers, and, re-inforced by a company of regular United States troops, marched into the country of the Winnebagoes. To save their nation from the miseries of war, Red Bird and six other men of his nation voluntarily surrendered themselves. Some of the number were executed, some of them imprisoned, and destined, like Red Bird, ingloriously to pine away within the narrow coniines of a jail, when formerly the vast forests had proven too limited for them. In August, 1830, another gubernatorial election was held. The candidates were William Kinney, then lieutenant governor, and John Reynolds, formerly an associate justice of the Supreme Court, both Jackson democrats. The opposition brought forward no candidate, as they were in a hopeless minority. Reynolds was the successful can- didate, and under his administration was the famous BLACK HAWK WAR. In the year 1804 a treaty was concluded between the United States and the chiefs of the Sac and Fox nations. One old chief of the Sacs, however, called Black Hawk, who had fought with great bravery in the service of Great Britain during the war of 1812, had always taken exceptions to this treaty, pronouncing it void. In 1831 he established himself, with a chosen band of warriors, upon the disputed territory, ordering the whites to leave the country at once. The settlers com- plaining, Governor Reynolds dispatched General Gaines, with a company of regulars and 1,500 volunteers, to the scene of action. Taking the Indians by surprise, the troops burnt their villages, and forced them to conclude a treaty, by which they ceded all lands east of the Mississippi, and agreed to remain on the western side of the river. Necessity had compelled the proud spirit of Black Hawk into submission, which made him more than ever determined to be avenged upon his enemies. Having rallied around him the warlike braves of the Sac and Fox nations, he crossed the Mississippi in the spring of 1832. Upon hearing of the invasion, Governor Reynolds hastily collected a body of 1,800 volunteers, placing them under the command of Brig.-Gen. Samuel Whiteside. The army marched to the Mississippi, and having reduced to ashes the Indian village known as “ Prophet’s Town,” proceeded for several miles up the river to Dixon, to join the regular forces under General Atkinson. They found at Dixon two companies of volunteers, who, sighing for glory, were dispatched to reconnoiter the enemy. They advanced under command of Major Stillman, to a creek afterwards called “Stillman’s run;” and while encamping there, saw a party of38 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. mounted Indians at the distance of a mile. Several of Stillman’s party mounted tlieir horses and charged the Indians, killing three of them; but, attacked by the main body under Black Hawk, they were ronted, and by their precipitate flight spread such a panic through the camp that the whole company ran off to Dixon as fast as their legs could carry them. On their arrival it was found that there had been eleven killed. A regiment sent to spy out the country between Galena and Rock Island, was surprised by a party of seventy Indians, and was on the point of being thrown into disorder when General Whiteside, then serving as a private, shouted out that he would shoot the first man who should turn his back to the enemy. Order being restored, the battle began. At its very outset General Whiteside shot the leader of the Indians, who thereupon commenced a hasty retreat. In June, 1832, Black Hawk, with a band of 150 warriors, attacked the Apple River Fort, .near Galena, defended by 25 men. This fort, a mere palisade of logs, was erected to afford protection to the miners. For 15 consecutive hours the garrison had to sustain the assault of the savage enemy; but knowing very well that no quarter would be given them, they fought with such fury and desper- ation that the Indians, after losing many of their best warriors, were compelled to retreat. Another party of 11 Indians murdered two men near Fort Ham- ilton. They were afterwards overtaken by a company of twenty men and every one of them was killed. A new regiment, under the command of General Atkinson, assem- bled on the banks of the Illinois in the latter part of June. Major Dement, with a small party, was sent out to reconnoiter the move- ments of a large body of Indians, whose endeavors to surround him made it advisable for him to retire. Upon hearing of this engage- ment, General Atkinson sent a detachment to intercept the Indians, while he, with the main body of his army, moved north to meet the Indians under Black Hawk. They moved slowly and cautiously through the country; and having passed through Turtle village, marched up along Rock river. On their arrival news was brought of the discov- ery of the main trail of the Indians. Considerable search was made, but they were unable to discover any vestige of Indians save two who had shot two soldiers the day previous. Hearing that Black Hawk was encamped on Rock river, at the Mani- tou village, they resolved at once to advance upon the enemy; but in the execution of their design they met with opposition on the part of their officers and men. The officers of General Henry handed to him a written protest; but he, a man equal to any emergency, ordered theHISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 39 officers to be arrested and escorted to General Atkinson. Within a few minutes after the stern order was given, the officers all collected around the General’s quarters, many of them with tears in their eyes, pledging themselves that if forgiven they would return lo duty and never do* the like again. The General rescinded the order, and they at once resumed duty. General Henry marched on the 15th of July in pursuit of the Indians, reaching Rock river after three days’ journey, where lie learned Black Hawk was encamped further up the river. On July 19th the troops were ordered to commence their march. After having made 50 miles, they were overtaken by a terrible thunder-storm, which lasted all night. Nothing cooled, however, in their courage and zeal, they inarched again 50 miles the next day, encamping near the place where the Indians had encamped the night before. Hurry- ing along as fast as they could, the infantry keeping up an equal pace with the mounted force, the troops on the morning of the 21st crossed the river connecting two of the four lakes, by which the Indians had been endeavoring to escape. Finding, on their way, the ground strewn with kettles and articles of baggage, which the hurry of their retreat had obliged the Indians to throw away, the troops, inspired with new ardor, advanced so rapidly that at noon they fell in with the rear guard of the Indians. The troops, who closely pursued them, were saluted with a sudden fire of musketry by a body of Indians who had concealed themselves in the high grass of the prairie. A most desperate charge was made upon the Indians, who, unable to resist, retreated obliquely, in order to out-flank the volunteers on the right; but the latter charged the Indians in their ambush, and expell- ing them from their thickets at the point of the oayonet, dispersed them. Night set in and the battle ended, having cost the Indians 68 of their bravest men, while the loss of the Illinoisans amounted to but one killed and 8 w'onnded. Soon after this battle Generals Atkinson and Henry joined their forces and pursued the Indians. General Henry, having struck the main trail, left his horses behind, and forced an advance guard of eight men, he marched forward upon their trail. When these eigh men had come within sight of the river, they "were suddenly fired upon and five of them killed, the remaining three maintaining their ground till General Henry came up, when the Indians, charged upon with the bayonet, fell back upon their main force. The battle now became general; the Indians fought with desperate valor, but were furiously assailed by the volunteers with their bayonets, cutting many of the Indians to pieces and driving the rest into the river. Those40 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. who escaped from being drowned took refuge on an island. On hearing the frequent discharge of musketry, indicating a general engagement, General Atkinson abandoned the pursuit of the 20 Indians under Black Hawk himself, and hurried to the scene of action, where he arrived too late to take part in the battle. He immediately lorded the river with his troops, the water reaching up to their necks, and landed on the island where the Indians had secreted themselves. The soldiers rushed upon the Indians, killing several of them, taking others prisoners, and chasing the rest into the river, where they were either drowned or shot before reaching the opposite shore. Thus ended the battle, the Indians losing 300, besides 50 prisoners; the whites but 17 killed and 12 wounded. Black Hawk, with his twenty men, retreated up the Wisconsin river The Winnebagoes, desirous of securing the friendship of the whites, went in pursuit and captured and delivered them to General Street, the United States Indian Agent. Among the prisoners were the son of Black Hawk and the prophet of the tribe. These, with Black Hawk, were taken to Washington, D. C. By order of the President, they were set free on the 4th day of June, 1833. Black Hawk died on the 3d of October, 1840, at the age of 80 years, and was buried on the bank of the Mississippi, where he had spent his life which had been so dear to him. MARTYR FOR LIBERTY. At the general election of 1834 Joseph Duncan was elected gov- ernor. His principal appointment was ex-Lieutenant Governor Kin- ney. Duncan wa£ elected by a handsome majority. The year 1837, under Duncan’s administration, is memorable for the death of the first martyr for liberty in the State. Elijah P. Lovejoy was shot by a mob in Alton, on the night of the 7th of November of that year. He was at the time editor of the Alton Observer, and advocated anti-slavery principles in its columns. For this practice three of his presses had been destroyed, and it was in connection with the arrival of a fourth that the tragedy occurred which cost him his life. In anticipation of its arrival, a series of meetings were held in which the friends both of freedom and of slavery were represented. The object was to effect a compromise, but it "was one in which liberty was to make concessions to oppression. In a speech made at one of these meetings Lovejoy said: “I plant myself down on my un- questionable rights, and the question to be decided is, whether I shall be protected in those rights. You may hang me, as the mob hung the individuals at Vicksburg; you may burn me at the stake, as theyBLACK HAWK, THE SAC CHIEF.HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 43 did old McIntosh at St. Louis; or, you may tar and feather me, or throw me into the Mississippi as you have threatened to do; but you cannot disgrace me. I, and I alone can disgrace myself, and the deepest of all disgrace would be at a time like this to deny my Maker by forsaking his cause. He died for me, and I were most unworthy to bear his name should I refuse, if need be, to die for him” Im- mediately after, Mr. Lovejoy was shot; his brother Owen, being pres- ent on the occasion, kneeled down on the spot beside the corpse, and sent up to God, in the hearing of that very mob. one of the most eloquent prayers ever listened to by mortal ear. He was bold enough to pray God to take signal vengeance on the infernal institution of slavery, and he then and there dedicated himself to the work of over- throwing it, and hoped to see the day when slavery existed no more in this nation. He died, March 24, 1864, nearly three months after the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln took effect. Thus he lived to see his most earnest and devout prayer answered. But few men in the nation rendered better service in overthrowing the institution of slavery than Elijah P. and Owen Lovejoy. Thomas Carlin, democrat, was elected governor in 1838, over Cyrus Edwards, whig. In 1842 Adam W. Snyder was nominated for governor on the democratic ticket, but died before election. Thomas Ford was placed in nomination, and was elected, ex-Gov- ernor Duncan being his opponent. During Ford’s administration occurred the MORMON WAR. In April, 1840, the “ Latter-Day Saints,” or Mormons, came in large numbers to Illinois and purchased a tract of land on the Missis- sippi river. Here they commenced building the city of Nauvoo. A more picturesque or eligible site for a city could not have been selected. The origin, rapid development and prosperity of this religious sect are the most remarkable and instructive historical events of the pres- ent century. That an obscure individual, without money, education, or respectability, should persuade hundreds of thousands of people to believe him inspired of God, and cause a book, contemptible as a lit- erary production, to be received as a continuation of the sacred reve- lation, appears almost incredible; yet in less than half a century, the disciples of this obscure individual have increased to hundreds of thou- sands ; have founded a State in the distant wilderness, and compelled the government of the United States practically to recognize them as an independent people.44 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. The founder of Mormonism was Joseph Smith, a native of Vermont, who emigrated while quite young with his father’s family to western New York. Here his youth was spent in idle, vagabond life, roaming the woods, dreaming of buried treasures, and exerting himself to learn the art of finding them by the twisting of a forked stick in his hands, or by looking through enchanted stones. Both he and his father be- came famous as “water wizards,” always ready to point out the spot where wells might be dug and water found. Such was the character of the young profligate when he made the acquaintance of Sidney Higdon, a person of considerable talent and information, who had conceived the design of founding a new religion. A religious romance written by a Presbyterian preacher of Ohio, then dead, sug- gested the idea, and finding in Smith the requisite duplicity and cun- ning to reduce it to practice, it was agreed that he should act as prophet; and the two devised a story that gold plates had been found buried in the earth containing a record inscribed on them in unknown characters, which, when deciphered by the power of inspiration, gave the history of the ten lost tribes of Israel. After their settlement in Hancock county, great depredations were committed by them on the “ Gentiles.” The Mormons had been re- ceived from Missouri with great kindness by the people of this State, and eveiy possible aid was granted them. The depredations com- mitted, however, soon made them odious, when the question of get- ting rid of them was agitated. In the fall of 1841 the governor of Missouri made a demand on Governor Carlin for the arrest and deliv- ery of Joe Smith as a fugitive from justice. An executive warrant, issued for that purpose was placed in the hands of an agent to be executed, but was returned without being complied with. Soon after- ward the governor handed the same writ to his agent, who this time succeeded in arresting Joe Smith. He was however discharged by Judge Douglas, upon the grounds that the writ upon which he had been arrested had been once returned before it had been executed, and was officio. In 1842 Governor Carlin again issued his writ, Joe Smith was arrested again, and again escaped. Thus it will be seen it was impossible to reach and punish the leader of this people, who had b ce driven from Missouri because of their stealing, mur-* dering and unjust dealing, and came to Illinois but to continue their depredations. Emboldened by success, the Mormons became more arrogant and overbearing. Many people began to believe that they were about to set up a separate government for themselves in defiance of the laws of the State. Owners of property stolen in other counties made pursuit into Nauvoo, and were fined by the Mormon courts forHISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 45 daring to seek tlieir property in the holy city. Blit that which made it more certain than anything else that the Mormons contemplated a separate government was, that about this time they petitioned Con- gress to establish a territorial government for them in Nauvoo. To crown the whole folly of the Mormons, in the spring of 1844 Joe Smith announced himself as a candidate for President of the United States, and many of his followers were confident he would be elected. Smith soon began to play the tyrant over his people. The first act of this sort was an attempt to take the wife of William Law, one of his most talented disciples, and make her his spiritual wife. He established, without authority, a recorder’s office, and an office to issue marriage licenses. He proclaimed that none conld deal in real estate or sell liquor but himself. He ordered a printing office demolished, and in many ways controlled the freedom and business of the Mor- mons. Joe Smith, and Hiram, his brother, were arrested on the charge of treason, and taken to Carthage, Hancock county, and confined in the jail there. The citizens assembled from Hancock, Schuyler and McDonough counties, armed and ready to avenge the outrages that had been committed by the Mormons. Great excitement prevailed at Carthage. The force assembled at that place amounted to 1,200 men, and about 500 assembled at Warsaw. Nearly all were anxious to march into JSTauvoo. This measure was supposed to be necessary to search for counterfeit money and the apparatus to make it, and also to strike a salutary terror into the Mormon people by an exhibition of the force of the State, and thereby prevent future outrages, murders, robberies, burnings, and the like. The 27th of June was appointed for the march; but Governor Ford, who at the time was in Carthage, apprehended trouble if the militia should attempt to invade Nauvoo, and disbanded the troops, retaining only a guard to the jail. Governor Ford went to Nauvoo on the 27th. The same morning about 200 men from Warsaw, many being disguised, hastened to Carthage. On learning that one of the companies left as a guard had disbanded, and the other stationed 150 yards from the jail, while eight men were left to guard the prisoners, a communication was soon estab- lished between the Warsaw troops and the guard; and it was arranged that the guard should have their guns charged with blank cartridges and fire at the assailants when they attempted to enter the jail. The conspirators came up, jumped the fence around the jail, were fired upon by the guard, which, according to arrangement, was over- powered, and the assailants entered the prison, to the door of the room46 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. where the two prisoners were confined. An attempt wras made to break open the door; but Joe Smith, being armed with a pistol, fired several times as the door was bursted open, and three of the assailants were wounded. At the same time several shots were fired into the room, bv some of which John Taylor, a friend of the Smiths, received four wounds, and Hiram Smith was instantly killed. Joe Smith, at- tempting to escape by jumping out of a second-story window, was so stunned by the fall that lie'was unable to vise. In this position he was despatched by balls shot through his body. Thus fell Joe Smith, the most successful impostor of modern times. Totally ignorant of almost every fact in science, as well as in law, he made up in construc- tiveness and natural cunning whatever in him was wanting of instruc- tion. After the holy prophet had thus met his untimely fate, the govern- ment of the church was confided to the twelve apostles, with Brigham Young at their head. In the spring of 1846 the leaders, satisfied that it would not do for the Mormons to remain any longer in the State, began to prepare for removal. By the middle of May about 16,000 Mormons crossed the Mississippi on their march to Utah, having made 12,000 wagons the previous winter for this purpose. Shortly after, almost the entire Mormon population was driven from the State. MEXICAN WAR. During the month of May, 1846, the President called four regi- ments of volunteers from Illinois for the Mexican war. This was no sooner known in the State than nine regiments, numbering 8,370 men, answered the call, though only four of them, amounting to 3,720 men, could be taken. These regiments, as well as their officers, were every- where foremost in the American ranks, and distinguished themselves by their matchless valor in the bloodiest battles fought throughout the campaign. General Hardin, at the battle of Buena Yista, attacked and routed a bodjr of Mexican infantry and lancers five times the num- ber of his own, deciding by his gallant charge the victory for the Americans, which was won at the expense of his own life and that of many of his bravest men. At the same battle Lieutenant Colonel Weatherford, with his men, during the whole day stood the fire of the Mexican artillery without being allowed to advance near enough to return it. Warren, Trail, Bissell and Morrison distinguished them- selves by their intrepid valor at the same battle; Shields, Baker, Har- ris and Coffey are illustrious names indissolubly connected with the glorious capture of Yera Cruz, and the not less famous storming of Cerro Gordo. In this latter action, when, after the valiant GeneralHISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 47 Shields had been placed hors de combat, the command of his force, consisting of three regiments, devolved upon Colonel Baker. This officer, with his men, stormed with unheard of prowess the last strong- hold of the Mexicans, sweeping everything before them. Such, in- deed, was the intrepid valor and daring courage exhibited by Illinois volunteers during the Mexican war that their deeds should live in the memory of their countrymen until those latest times when the very name of America should have been forgotten. In 1846 the democratic candidate for governor, Augustus C. French, won an easy victory over the whig nominee, Thomas M. Kilpatrick. The office having expired by the adoption of the new constitution of 1848, French was re-elected, and went out of office in January, 1853. In 1852, at the November election, Joel A. Matteson, democrat, was chosen governor over the whig candidate, E. B. Webb. From 1852 to 1856 the republican party was organized. In the latter year they elected W. H. Bissell over W. A. Richardson, demo- crat. During the year 1858 occurred the memorable contest between Lin- coln and Douglas for the senate, and which secured for them the nom- inations for President two years later. In 1860 the “War Governor,” Richard Yates, was elected by the republican party. His opponents were J. C. Allen, democrat; Thomas M. Hope, Breckinridge, democrat; and John T. Stuart, of the Bell-Everett part}’. He occupied the chair of State during the most critical period of our country’s history, and discharged his duty with patriotic fidelity to the cause of the nation. THK WAR OF THE REBELLION. Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated President of the United States in 1861. At the time of his accession to power several members of the Union claimed they had withdrawn from it, and styling them- selves the “Confederate States of America,” they organized a separate government. This action, and the firing upon Fort Sumter, rendered it necessary to call for troops to suppress this outbreak and open re- bellion. Accordingly a call was issued bv the President. Simultane- ously with the call enlistments commenced in this State, and within ten days 10,000 volunteers offered service, and the sum of $1,000,000 was tendered by patriotic citizens. Of the volunteers who offered their services, only six regiments could be accepted under the quota of the State. These were designated by numbers, commencing with seven, as a mark of respect for the six regiments which had served in48 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. the Mexican war. Illinois put into her own regiments for the United States government 256,000 men, and into the army through other States enough to swell the number to 290,000. This far exceeds all the soldiers of the federal government in all the war of the Revolu- tion. Her total years of service were over 600,000. She enrolled men from 18 to 45 years of age, when the law of Congress in 1864—the test time—only asked for those from 20 to 45. Her enrollments were otherwise excessive. Her people wanted to go, and did not take the pains to correct the enrollment; thus the basis of fixing the quota was too great, and the quota itself, at least in the trying time, was far above any other State. The demand on some counties, as Monroe, for example, took every able-bodied man in the county, and then did not have enough to fill the quota. Moreover, Illinois sent 20,844 men for 100 days, for whom no credit was asked. She gave to the country 73,000 years of service above all calls. With one-thirteenth o the population of the loyal States, she sent regularly one-tenth of all the soldiers, and in the perils of the closing calls, when patriots were few and weary, she sent on^-eighth of all that were called for by her loved and honored son in the white house. Of the brave boys Illinois sent to the front, there were killed in action, 5,888; died of wounds, 3,032; of disease, 19,496; in prison, 967; lost at sea, 205; aggregate, 29,588. As upon every field and upon every other page of the history of this war, Illinois bore her part of the suffering in the prison pens of the South. More than 800 names make up the awful column of Illinois’s brave sons who died in the rebel prison of Andersonville, Ga. Who can measure or imagine the atrocities which would be laid before the world were the panorama of sufferings and terrible trials of these gallant men hut half unfolded to view? But this can never be done until new words of horror are invented and new arts discovered by which demoniacal fiendishness can be portrayed, and the in tensest anguish of the human soul in ten thou- sand forms be painted. On the 15th of November, 1864, after the destruction of Atlanta, and the railroads behind him, Sherman, with his army, began his march to the sea-coast. The almost breathless anxiety with which his prog- ress was watched by the loyal hearts of the nation, and the trembling apprehension with which it was regarded by all who hoped for rebel success, indicated this as one of the most remarkable events of the war; and so it proved. Of Sherman’s army, 45 regiments of infant- ry, 3 companies of artillery, and 1 of cavalry were from this State. Lincoln answered all rumors of Sherman’s defeat with, “ It is impos- sible: there is a mighty sight of fight in 100,000 western men.”HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 49 Illinois soldiers brought home 300 battle flags. The first United States flag that floated over Richmond was an Illinois flag. She sent messengers and nurses to every field and hospital to care for her sick and wounded sons. Illinois gave the country the great general of the war, U. S. Grant. One other name from Illinois comes up in all minds, embalmed in all hearts, that must have the supreme place in this sketch of our glory and of our nation’s honor: that name is Abraham Lincoln. The analysis of Mr. Lincoln’s character is difficult on account of its symmetry. In this age we look with admiration at his uncompro- mising honesty; and well we may, for this saved us. Thousands throughout the length and breadth of our country, who knew him only as “ Honest Old Abe,” voted for him on that account; and wisely did they choose, for no other man could have carried us through the fearful night of war. When his plans were too vast for our compre- hension, and his faith in the cause too sublime for our participation; when it was all night about us, and all dread before us, and all sad and desolate behind us; when not one ray shone upon our cause; when traitors were haughty and exultant at the South, and fierce and blas- phemous at the North; when the loyal men seemed almost in the minority; when the stoutest heart quailed, the bravest cheek paled; when generals were defeating each other for place, and contractors were leeching out the very heart’s blood of the republic; when every- thing else had failed us, we looked at this calm, patient man standing like a rock in the storm, and said, “ Mr. Lincoln is honest, and we can trust him still.” Holding to this single point with the energy of faith and despair, we held together, and under God he brought us through to victory. His practical wisdom made him the wonder of all lands. With such certainty did Mr. Lincoln follow causes to their ultimate effects, that his foresight of contingencies seemed almost prophetic. He is radiant with all the great virtues, and his memory will shed a glory upon this age that will fill the eyes of men as they look into history. Other men have excelled him in some points; but, taken at all points, all in all, he stands head and shoulders above every other man of 6,000 years. An administrator, he saved the nation in the perils of unparalleled civil war; a statesman, he justi- fied his measures lry their success; a philanthropist, he gave libertv to one race and salvation to another; a moralist, he bowed from the summit of human power to the foot of the cross; a mediator, he exercised mercy under the most absolute obedience to law; a leader, he was no partisan; a commander, he was untainted with blood; a ruler in desperate times, he was unsullied with crime; a man, he has 450 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. left no word of passion, no thought ot malice, no trick of craft, no act of jealousy, no purpose of selfish ambition. Thus perfected, without a model and without a peer, he was dropped into these troubled years to adorn and embellish all that is good and all that is great in our humanity, and to present to all coming time the repre- sentative of the divine idea of free government. It is not too much to say that away down in the future, when the republic has fallen from its niche in the wall of time; when the great war itself shall have faded out in the distance like a mist on the horizon; when the Anglo-Saxon shall be spoken only by the tongue of the stranger, then the generations looking this way shall see the great President as the supreme figure in this vortex of history. The rebellion was ended with the surrender of Lee and his army, and Johnston and his command, in April, 1865. Our armies at the time were up to their maximum strength, never so formidable, never so invincible; and, until recruiting ceased by order of Secretary Stanton, were daily strengthening. The necessity, however, for so vast and formidable numbers ceased with the disbanding of the rebel forces, which had for more than four years disputed the supremacy of the government over its domain. And now the joyful and welcome news was to be borne to the victorious legions that their work was ended in triumph, and they were to be permitted “ to see homes and friends once more.” Richard J. Oglesby was elected governor in 1864 by the republican party, in opposition to James C. Robinson, democrat. In 1868 John jVI. Palmer won an easy victory over John R. Eden, democrat. Richard J. Oglesby was again elected in 1872, and in 1876 Shelby M. Cullom, republican, was elected, and is the present incumbent. SENATORS. The following are the names of all the persons that have repre- sented this State, since its organization, in the United States Senate: Jtsse B. Thomas Ninian Edwards. John McLean... . E. K. Kane.... John McLean.... D. J. Baker... J. M. Robinson.. W. L. D. Ewing. R. M. Young--- S. McRoberts— James Semple... Tear 8. .1818 to 1829 .1818 “ 1824 .1824 “ 1825 .1825 “ 1835 .1829 “ 1830 .1830 1 mo. .1830 to 1841 .1835 “ 1837 .1837 “ 1843 .1841 “ 1843 .1843 “ 1847HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 51 Sidney Breese........ Stephen A. Douglas.... James Shields........ Lyman Trumbull....... O. H. Browning....... William A. Richardson. Richard Yates........ John A. Logan........ Richard J. Oglesby... David Davis.......... .1843 to 1849 .1847 “ 1861 .1849 “ 1855 .1855 “ 1873 .1861 “ 1863 .1863 “ 1835 .1865 “ 1871 .1871 “ 1877 .1873 “ 1879 .1877 “ 1883 GOVERNORS. The following are the names of all the Governors of the State: Tears. Shadrach Bond. ... .............................................1818 to 1822 Edward Coles....................................................1822 “ 1826 Ninian Edwards (formerly Governor of the Territory).............1826 “ 1830 John Reynolds...................................................1830 “ 1834 Joseph Duncan...................................................1834 “ 1838 Thomas Carlin...................................................1838 “ 1842 Thomas Ford.....................................................1842 “ 1846 Augustus C. French..............................................1846 “ 1853 The office having expired by the adoption of the new constitution of 1848, he was re-elected, and went out of office in January, 1853. Joel A. Matteson.............................................January, 1856 to 1857 William H. Bissell, died while in office..............................1857 “ 1860 Lieut.-Gov. John Wood................................................I860 “ 1861 Richard Yates........................................................1861 - 1865 Richard J. Oglesby. ...................................................1865 “ 1869 John M. Palmer.........................................................1869 “ 1873 Richard J. Oglesby (elected United States Senator) ......................... “ 1873 JohnL. Beveridge, vice Oglesby...................................... 1873 “ 1877 Shelby M. Cullom, present incumbent..................................1877 “ 1881 DRESS AND MANNERS. The dress, habits, etc., of a people throw so much light upon their conditions and limitations that in order better to show the circum- stances surrounding the people of the State, we will give a short exposition of the manner of life, of our Illinois people at different epochs. The Indians themselves are credited by Charlevoix with being “very laborious,”—raising poultry, spinning the wool of the buffalo and manufacturing garments therefrom. These must have been, however, more than usually favorable representatives of their race. “The working and voyaging dress of the French masses,” says Reynolds, “was simple and primitive. The French were like the52 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. lilies of the valley [the Old Ranger was not always exact in his quotations],—they neither spun nor wove any of their clothing, but purchased it from the merchants. The white blanket coat, known as the capot, was the universal and eternal coat for the winter with the masses. A cape was made of it that could be raised over the head in cold weather.” “ In the house, and in good weather, it hung behind, a cape to the blanket coat. The reason that I know these coats so well is, that I have worn many in my youth, and a working man never wore a better garment. Dressed deer-skins and blue cloth were worn commonly in the winter for pantaloons. The blue handkerchief and the deer-skin moccasins covered the head and feet generalljT of the French Creoles. In 1800, scarcely a man thought himself clothed unless he had a belt tied around his blanket coat, and on one side was hung the dressed skin of a pole-cat, filled with tobacco, pipe, flint and steel. On the other side was fastened, under the belt, the butcher-knife. A Creole in this dress felt like Tam O’Shanter filled with usquebaugh: he could face the devil. Checked calico shirts were then common, but in winter flannel was frequently worn. In the summer the laboring men and the voyagers often took their shirts off in hard work and hot weather, and turned out the naked back to the air and sun. ‘‘Among the Americans,” he adds, “ home-made wool hats were the common wear. Fur hats were not common, and scarcely a boot was seen. The covering of the feet in winter was chiefly moccasins made of deer-skins, and shoe packs of tanned leather. Some wore shoes, but not common in very early times. In the summer the greater portion of the young people, male and female, and many of the old, went barefoot. The substantial and universal outside w^ear was ^he blue linsey hunting-shirt. This is an excellent garment, and I have never felt so happy and healthy since I laid it off. It is made of wide sleeves, open before, with ample size so as to envelop the body almost twice around. Sometimes it had a large cape, which answers well to save the shoulders from the rain. A belt is mostly used to keep the garment close around the person, and, nevertheless, there is nothing tight about it to hamper the body. It is often fringed, and at times the fringe is composed of red, and other gay colors. The belt, frequently, is sewed to the hunting-shirt. The vest was mostly made of striped linsey. The colors were made often with alum, copperas and madder, boiled with the bark of trees, in such a man- ner and proportions as the old ladies prescribed. The pantaloons of the masses were generally made of deer-skin and linsey. Coarse blue cloth was sometimes made into pantaloons.HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 53 “ Linsey, neat and fine, manufactured at home, composed generally the outside garments of the females as well as the males. The ladies had linsey colored and woven to suit their fancy. A bonnet, com- posed of calico, or some gay goods, was worn on the head when they were in the open air. Jewelry on the pioneer ladies was uncommon; a gold ring was an ornament not often seen.” In 1820 a change of dress began to take place, and before 1830, according to Ford, most of the pioneer costume had disappeared. “The blue linsey hunting-shirt, with red or white fringe, had given place to the cloth coat. [Jeans would be more like the fact-.] The raccoon cap, with the tail of the animal dangling down behind, had been thrown aside for hats of wool or fur. Boots and shoes had sup- plied the deer-skin moccasins; and the leather breeches, strapped tight around the ankle, had disappeared before unmentionables of a more modern material. The female sex had made still greater progress in dress. The old sort of cotton or woolen frocks, spun, woven and made with their own fair hands, and striped and cross-barred with blue dye and turkey red, had given place to gowns of silk and calico. The feet, before in a state of nudity, now charmed in shoes of calf-skin or slippers of kid; and the head, formerly unbonneted, but covered with a cotton handkerchief, now displayed the charms of the female face under mail}' forms of bonnets of straw, silk and leghorn. The young ladies, instead of walking a mile or two to church on Sunday, carry- ing their shoes and stockings in their hands until within a hundred yards of the place of worship, as formerly, now came forth arrayed complete in all the pride of dress, mounted on fine horses and at- tended by their male admirers.” The last half century has doubtless witnessed changes quite as great as those set forth by our Illinois historian. The chronicler of to-day, looking back to the golden days of 1830 to 1840, and comparing them with the present, must be struck with the tendency of an almost monotonous uniformity in dress and manners that comes from the easy inter-coin in unication afforded by steamer, railway, telegraph and newspaper. ’ Home manufacturers have been driven from the house- hold by the lower-priced fabrics of distant mills. The Kentucky jeans, and the copperas-colored clothing of home manufacture, so familiar a few years ago, have given place to the cassiiqpres and cloths of noted factories. The ready-made-clothing stores, like a touch of nature, make the whole world kin, and may drape the charcoal man in a dress-coat and a stove-pipe hat. The prints and silks of Eng- land and France give a variety of choice, and an assortment of colors and shades such as the pioneer women could hardly have dreamed of.54 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Godey, and Demorest, and Harper’s Bazar are found in our modern farm-houses, and the latest fashions of Paris are sometimes brought into queer contrast with the garments of the older mode in some of onr more remote communities. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF ILLINOIS. In area the State has 55,410 square miles of territory. It is about 150 miles wide and 400 miles long, stretching in latitude ffom Maine to North Carolina. The climate varies from Portland to Richmond. It favors every product of the continent, including the tropics, with less than half a dozen exceptions. It produces every great food of the world except bananas and rice. It is hardly too much to say that it is the most productive spot known to civilization. With the soil full of bread and the earth full of minerals; with an upper surface of food and an under layer of fuel; with perfect natural drainage, and abundant springs,and streams, and navigable rivers; half way between the forests of the North and the fruits of the South; within a day’s ride of the great deposits of iron, coal, copper, lead and zinc; and con- taining and controlling the great grain, cattle, pork and lumber mar- kets of the world, it is not strange that Illinois has the advantage of position. There are no mountains in Illinois; in the southern as wTell as in the northern part of the State there stre a few hills; near the banks of the Illinois, Mississippi, and several other rivers, the ground is elevated, forming the so-called bluffs, on which at the present day may be found, uneffaced by the hand of Time, the marks and traces left by the water which was formerly much higher; whence it may be safe to conclude that, where now the fertile prairies of Illinois ex- tend, and the rich soil of the country yields its golden harvests, must have been a vast sheet of water, the mud deposited by which formed the soil, thus accounting for the present great fertility of the country. Illinois is a garden 400 miles long and 150 miles wide. Its soil is chiefly a black, sandy loam, from 6 inches to 60 feet thick. About the old French towns it has yielded corn for a century and a half without rest or help. She leads all other States in the number of acres actu- ally under plow. Her mineral wealth is scarcely second to her agri- cultural powea. She has coal, iron, lead, zinc, copper, many varieties of building stone, marble, tire clay, cuma clay, common brick clay, sand of all kinds, gravel, mineral paint,—in fact, everything needed for a high civilization.OLD KINZIE HOUSE.HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 57 AGRICULTURE. If any State of the Union is adapted for agriculture, and the other branches of rural economy relating thereto, sucli as the raising of cattle and the culture of fruit trees, it is pre-eminently Illinois, whose extremely fertile prairies recompense the farmer at less trouble and expense than he would be obliged to incur elsewhere, in order to obtain the same results. Her rich soil, adapted by nature for imme- diate culture, only awaits the plow and the seed in order to mature, within a few months, a most bountiful harvest. A review of statistics will be quite interesting to the reader, as well as valuable, as showing the enormous quantities of the various cereals produced in our prairie State: In 1876 there was raised in the State 130,000,000 of bushels of corn,—twice, as much as any other State, and one-sixth of all the corn raised in the United States. It would take 375,000 cars to transport this vast amount of corn to market, which would make 15,000 trains of 25 cars each. She harvested 2,747,000 tons of hay, nearly one- tenth of all the hay in the Republic. It is not generally appreciated, but it is true, that the hay crop of the country is worth more than the cotton crop. The hay of Illinois equals the cotton of Louisiana. Go to Charleston, S. C., and see them peddling handfuls of hay or grass, almost as a curiosity, as we regard Chinese gods or the cryolite of Greenland; drink your coffee and condensed milk; and walk back from the coast for many a league through the sand and burs till you get up into the better atmosphere of the mountains, without seeing a waving meadow or a grazing herd; then you will begin to appreciate the meadows of the Prairie State. The value of her farm implements was, in 1876, $211,000,000, and the value of live stock was only second to New York. The same year she had 25,000,000 hogs, and packed 2,113,845, about one-half of all that were packed in the United States. She marketed $57,000,000 worth of slaughtered animals,—more than any other State, and a seventh of all the States. Illinois excels all other States in miles of railroads and in miles of postal service, and in money orders sold per annum, and in the amount of lumber sold. Illinois was only second in many important matters, taking the reports of 1876. This sample list comprises a few of the more important: Permanent school fund; total income for educational purposes; number of publishers of books, maps, papers, etc.; value of farm products and implements, and of live stock; in tons of coal mined.58 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. The shipping of Illinois was only second to New York. Out of one port during the business hours of the season of navigation she sent forth a vessel every nine minutes. This did not include canal- boats, which went one every five minutes. No wonder she was only second in number of bankers or in physi- cians and surgeons. She was third in colleges, teacher sand schools; also in cattle, lead, hay, flax, sorghum and beeswax. She was fourth in population, in children enrolled in public schools, in law schools, in butter, potatoes and carriages. She was fifth in value of real and personal property, in theological seminaries, and colleges exclusively for women, in milk sold, and in boots and shoes manufactured, and in book-binding. She was only seventh in the production of wood, while she was the twelfth in area. Surely that was well done for the Prairie State. She then had, in 1876, much more wood and growing timber than she had thirty years before. A few leading industries will justify emphasis. She manufactured $205,000,000 worth of goods, which placed her well up toward New York and Pennsylvania. The number of her manufacturing estab- lishments increased from 1860 to 1870, 300 per cent.; capital employed increased 350 per cent.; and the amount of product increased 400 per cent. She issued 5,500,000 copies of commercial and financial news- papers, being only second to New York. She had 6,759 miles of railroad, then leading all other States, worth $636,458,000, using 3,245 engines, and 67,712 cars, making a train long enough to cover one- tenth of the entire roads of the State. Her stations were only five miles apart. She carried, in 1876, 15,795,000 passengers, an average of 36tj- miles, or equal to taking her entire population twice across the State. More than two-thirds of her land was within five miles of a railroad, and less than two per cent, was more than fifteen miles away. The State has a large financial interest in the Illinois Central rail- road. The road was incorporated in 1850, and the State gave each alternate section for six miles on each side, and doubled the price of the remaining land, so keeping herself good. The road received 2,595,000 acres of land, and paid to the State one-seventh of the gross receipts. The State received in 1877, $350,000, and had received up to that year in all about $7,000,000. It was practically the people’s road, and it had a most able and gentlemanly management. Add to the above amount the annual receipts from the canal, $111,000, and a large per cent, of the State tax was provided for.OLD FORT DEARBORN,HISTORY OF ILLINOIS 61 CHICAGO. While it is impossible in this brief space to give more than a meager sketch of such a city as Chicago, yet we feel the history of the State would be incomplete without speaking of its metropolis, the most wonderful city on the globe. In comparing Chicago, as it was a few years since, with Chicago of to-day, we behold a change whose veritable existence we would be inclined to doubt, were it not a stern, indisputable fact. Rapid as is the customary development of places and things, in the United States, the growth of Chicago and her trade stands without a parallel. The city is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan at the month of the Chicago river. It lies 14 feet above the lake, having been raised to that grade entirely by the energy of its citizens, its site having originally been on a dead level with the water of the lake. The city extends north and south along the lake about, ten miles, and westward on the prairie from the lake five or six miles, embracing an area of over 40 square miles. It is divided by the river into three distinct parts, known as the North, West and South Divisions, or “ Sides,” as the popular phrase is. These are connected by 33 bridges and two tunnels. The first settlement of Chicago was made in 1804, during which Fort Dearborn was built. At the close of 1830 Chicago contained 12 houses, with a population of about 100. The town was organized in 1833, and incorporated as a city in 1837. The first frame building was erected in 1832, and the first brick house in 1833. The first vessel entered the harbor June 11, 1834; and at the first official census, taken July 1, 1837, the entire population was found to be 4,170. In 1850 the population had increased to 29,963; in 1860, to 112,172; and in 1870, to 298,977. According to the customary mode of reckoning from the number of names in the City Directory, the population of 1878 is over 500,000. It has been often remarked that the first white man who became a resident of Chicago was a negro. His name was Jean Baptiste Point au Sable. He settled there in 1796 and built a rude cabin on the north bank of the main river, and laid claim to a tract of land sur- rounding it. He disappeared from the scene, and his claim was “jumped” by a Frenchman named LeMai, w7ho commenced trading with the Indians. A few years later he sold out to John Kinzie, who was then an Indian trader in the country about St. Joseph, Mich., and agent for the American Fur Company, which had traded at Chicago with the Indians for some time; and this fact had, probably more than any other, to do with the determination of the government to estab-62 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS, lisli a fort there. The Indians were growing numerous in that region, being attracted by the facilities for selling their wares, as well as be- ing pressed northward by the tide of immigration setting in from the South. It was judged necessary to have some force near that point, to keep them in check, as well as to protect the trading interests. Mr. Kinzie removed his family there the same year Fort Dearborn was built, and converted the Jean Baptiste cabin into a tasteful dwelling. For about eight years things rolled along smoothly. The garrison was quiet, and the traders prosperous. Then the United States be- came involved in trouble with Great Britain. The Indians took the ■war-path long before the declaration of hostilities between the two civilized nations, committing great depredations, the most atrocious of which was the MASSACRE AT FORT DEARBORN. During the war of 1812, between the United States and England, the greatest, as well as the most revolting, massacre of. whites that ever occurred in Illinois, was perpetrated by the Pottawatomie Indi- dians at Fort Dearborn. This fort was built by the Government, on the south side of the Chicago river, in 1804, and was garrisoned by 54 men under command of Captain Hathan Herald, assisted by Lieu- tenant Helm and Ensign Honan; Dr. Yoorhees, surgeon. The only residents at the post at that time were the wives of officers Herald and Flelm, and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadians. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on the most friendly terms with the Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, the princi- pal tribes around them. On the 7th of August, 1812, arrived the order from General Hull, at Detroit, to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and distribute all United States property to the Indians. The Indian chief who brought the dispatch advised Captain Herald not to evacuate, and if he should decide to do so, that it be done immediately, and by forced marches elude the con- centration of the savages before the news, of which they were yet ignorant, could be circulated among them. To this most excellent advice the Captain gave no heed, but on the 12th held a council with the Indians, apprising them of the orders received, and offering a liberal reward for an escort of Pottawatomies to Fort Wayne. The Indians, with many professions of friendship, assented to all he pro- posed, and promised all he required. The remaining officers refused to join in the council, for they had been informed that treachery had been designed,—that the Indians intended to murder those in the council, and then destroy those in the fort. The portholes wereHISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 63 open, displaying cannons pointing directly upon the council. This action, it is supposed, prevented a massacre at that time. Mr. Kinzie, who knew the Indians well, begged Captain Herald not to confide in their promises, or distribute the arms and muni- tions among them, for it would only put power in their hands to destroy the whites. This argument, true and excellent in itself, was now certainly inopportune, and would only incense the treacherous foe. But the Captain resolved to follow it, and accordingly, on the night of the 13th, after the distribution of the other property, the arms were broken, and the barrels of whisky, of which there was a large quantity, were rolled quietly through the sally-port, their heads knocked in and their contents emptied into the river. On that dark night the lurking red-skins had crept near the fort, and discovered the destruction of the promised booty going on within. The next morning the powder was seen floating on the surface of the river, and the Indians asserted that such an abundance of “ fire-water ” had been destroyed as to make the river taste “ groggyt” Many of them drank freely of this. On the 14th the desponding garrison was somewhat cheered by the arrival of Captain Wells, with 15 friendly Miamis. He had heard at Fort Wayne of the order to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and knowing the hostile intentions of the Indians, had made a rapid march through the wilderness to protect, if possible, his niece, Mrs. Herald, and the officers and the garrison from certain destruction. But he came too late. Every means for its defense had been destroyed the night before, and arrangements were made for leaving the fort on the fol- lowing morning. The fatal morning of the 15th at length dawned brightly on the world. The sun shone in unclouded splendor upon the glassy waters of Lake Michigan. At 9 A. M. the party moved out of the southern gate of the fort, in military array. The band, feeling the solemnity of the occasion, struck up the Dead March in Saul. Captain Wells, with his face blackened after the manner of the Indians, led the advance guard at the head of his friendly Miamis; the garrison with loaded arms, and the baggage wagons with the sick, the women and children, followed, while the Pottawatomie Indians, about 500 in number, who had pledged their honor to escort in safety to Fort Wayne, brought up the rear-. The party took the road along the lake shore. On reaching the range of sand-hills separating the beach from the prairie, about one mile and a half from the fort, the Indians defiled . to the right into the prairie, bringing the sand-hills between them and the whites. This divergence had scarcely been effected when Captain64 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Wells, who had kept in the advance with his Indians, rode furiously back and exclaimed, “ They are about to attack us; form instantty, and charge upon them! ” These words had scarcely been uttered be- fore a volley of balls from Indian muskets was poured in upon them. The troops were hastily formed into line, and charged up the bank. One veteran of 70 fell as they ascended. The Indians were driven back to the prairie, and then the battle was waged by 54 soldiers, 12 civilians, and three or four women—the cowardly Miamis having fled at the outset—against 500 Indian warriors. The whites behaved gallantly, and sold their lives dearly. They fought desperately until two-thirds of their number were slain; the remaining 27 surrendered. And now the most heart-rending and sickening butchery of this calamitous day wyas committed by a young savage who assailed one of the baggage wagons containing 12 children, every one of which fell beneath his murderous tomahawk. When Captain Wells, who with the others had become prisoner, beheld this scene at a distance, he exclaimed in a tone loud enough to be heard by the savages, “ If this be your game, I can kill, too;” and turning his horse, started for the place where the Indians had left their squaws and children. The Indians hotly pursuing, he avoided their deadly bullets for a time. Soon his horse was killed, and he severely wounded. With a yell the young braves rushed to make him their prisoner and reserve him for torture. But an enraged warrior stabbed him in the back, and he fell dead. His heart was afterwards taken out, cut in pieces and dis- tributed among the tribes. • Billy Caldwell, a half-breed Wyandot, long well known in Chicago afterward, buried his remains the next day. Wells street, in Chicago, perpetuates his memory. In this fear- ful combat women bore a conspicuous part. A wife of one of the soldiers who had frequently heard that the Indians subjected their prisoners to tortures worse than death, and resolving not to be taken alive, continued fighting until she was literally cut to pieces. Mrs. Herald was an excellent equestrian, and an expert in the use of the rifle. She fought bravely, receiving several wounds. Though faint from loss of blood, she managed to keep in her saddle. A savage raised his tomahawk to kill her, when she looked him full in the face, and with a sweet smile and in a gentle voice said, in his own language, “Surely you will not kill a squaw.” The arm of the savage fell, and the life of this heroic woman was saved. Mrs. Helm had an encounter with a stalwart Indian who attempted to tomahawk her. Springing to one side, she received the glancing blow on her shoulder, and at the same time she seized the savage round the neck, and endeavored to get his scalping-knife which hungHISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 65 in a sheath at his breast. While she was thus struggling, she was dragged from his grasp by another and an older Indian. The latter bore her, struggling and resisting, to the lake and plunged her in. She soon perceived it was not his intention to drown her, because he held her in such a position as to keep her head out of the water. She recognized him to be a celebrated chief called the Black Partridge. When the tiring ceased, she was conducted up the sand-bank. The prisoners were conducted back to the Indian camp, when a new scene of horror wTas enacted. The wounded not being included in the terms of surrender, as it was interpreted by the Indians, and the British general, Proctor, having offered a liberal bounty for Ameri- can scalps, nearly all the wounded were killed and scalped, and the price of the trophies was afterwards paid by the British general. That evening, about sundown, a council of chiefs was held to decide the fate of the prisoners, and it was agreed to deliver them to the British commander at Detroit. After dark, many warriors from a distance came into camp, who were thirsting for blood, and were deter- mined to murder the prisoners regardless of the terms of surrender. Black Partridge, with a few of his friends, surrounded Kinzie’s house to protect the inmates from the tomahawks of the bloodthirsty sav- ages. Soon a band of hostile warriors rushed by them into the house, and stood with tomahawks and scalping-knives, awaiting the signal from their chief when they would commence the work of death. Black Partridge said to Mrs. Kinzie: “ We have done everything in our powrer to save you, but all is now lost; you and your friends, together with all the prisoners of the camp, will now be slain.” At that mo- ment a canoe was heard approaching the shore, when Black Partridge ran down to the river, trying in the darkness to make out the new comers, and at the same time shouted,* “Who are you?” In the bow of the approaching canoe stood a tall, manly personage, with a rifle in his hand. He jumped ashore exclaiming, “I am Sau-qu-nash.” “Then make all speed to the house; our friends are in danger, and you only can save them.” It was Billy Caldwell, the half-breed Wyandot. He hurried forward, entered the house with a resolute step, deliberately removed his accouterments, placed his rifle behind the door, and saluted the Indians: “ How now, my friends! a good- day to you. I was told there were enemies here, but am glad to find only friends.” Diverted by the coolness of his manner, they were ashamed to avow their murderous purpose, and simply asked for some cotton goods to wrap their dead, for burial. And thus, by his presence of mind, Caldwell averted the murder of the Kinzie family and the prisoners. 566 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. THE GREAT FIRE. In 1837 Chicago became a city, and from that period to the date of the great fire the onward march of the great city is well known to the world. We have no space to recount its marvelous growth in popu- lation, wealth, internal resources and improvements, and everything that goes to make up a great and mighty city. Its progress aston- ished the world, and its own citizens stood almost appalled at the work of their own hands; and Chicago was great, prosperous, and happy when time brought that terrible October night, and with it the great fire, memorable as the greatest fire ever occurring on earth. The sensa- tions conveyed to the spectator of this unparalleled event, either through the eye, the ear, or other senses or sympathies, can not be adequately described, and any attempt to do it but shows the poverty of language. As a spectacle it was beyond doubt the grandest as well as the most appalling ever offered to mortal eyes. From any elevated standpoint the appearance was that of a vast ocean of flame, sweeping in mile-long billows and breakers over the doomed city. Added to the spectacular elements of the conflagration—the intense and lurid light, the sea of red and black, and the spires and pyramids of flame shooting into the heavens—was its constant and terrible roar, drowning even the voices of the shrieking multitude. And ever and anon—for awhile as often as every half-minute—resounded far and wide the rapid detonations of explosions, or falling walls. In short, all sights and sounds which terrify the weak and unnerve the strong abounded. But they were only the accompaniment which the orches- tra of nature were furnishing to the terrible tragedy there being enacted. The total area burned over, including streets, was nearly three and a third square miles. The number-of buildings destroyed was 17,450; persons rendered homeless, 98,500; persons killed, about 200. Not including depreciation of real estate, or loss of business, it is estimated that the total loss occasioned by the fire was $190,000,000, of which but $14,000,000 was recovered on insurance. The business of the city was interrupted but a short time; and in a year after the fire a large part of the burned district was rebuilt, and at present there is scarcely a trace of the terrible disaster, save in the improved char- acter of the new buildings over those destroyed, and the general better appearance of the city,—now the finest, in an architectural sense, in the world. One of the features of this great city worthy of mention, is the exposition, held annually. The smoldering ruins were yet smoking2! H W 7i »■ ci H r1 K) -d o ip § pOHISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 69 when the exposition building was erected, only ninety days being consumed in its construction. The accompanying engraving of the building, the main part of which is 1,000 feet long, will give an idea of its magnitude. COMMERCE OF CHICAGO. The trade of Chicago is co-extensive with the world. Everywhere the. trade-marks of her merchants are seen. Everywhere Chicago stands prominently identified with the commerce of the continent. A few years ago grain was hauled to the place in wagons: now more than 10,000 miles of railroad, with hundreds of trains heavily laden with the products of the land, center there. Enormous elevators, capable of holding 15,000.000 bushels of grain,, stand as monuments of the vastness of her grain trade. The cash value of the produce handled in a year is $215,000,000, and the produce weighs 7,000,000 tons, or would make 700,000 car loads. This handles thirteen and one-half tons each minute during the entire year. As far as regards the grain, lumber and stock trade, Chicago has surpassed all rivals, and to-day, in each of those branches, has no peer in the world. Pier manufacturing interest has grown enor- mously. In 1876 her manufactories employed 60,000 operators. The products manufactured in 1875 amounted to $177,000,000. In re- viewing the shipping interests of Chicago we find it equally enormous. So considerable, indeed, is the commercial navy of Chicago, that in the season of navigation one vessel sails every nine minutes during the business hours; add to this the canal-boats that leave one every five minutes during the same time, and you will see something of the magnitude of her shipping. In 1852 the commerce of the city reached the hopeful sum of $20,- 000,000; since then one firm has sold that amount in one year. In 1870 it reached $400,000,000. In 1871 it went $450,000,000, and in 1877 it touched nearly double that amount. In 1831 the mail system was condensed into a half-breed, who went on foot to Niles, Mich., once in two weeks, and brought back what papers and news he could find. As late as 1846 there was often but one mail a week. A postofiice was established in Chicago in 1833, and the postmaster nailed up old boot legs upon one side of his shop to serve as boxes. It has since grown to a daily average of 7,000 pounds. In 1844 the quagmires in the streets were first pontooned by plank roads. The wooden-block pavement appeared in 1857. In 1840 water was delivered by peddlers in car.sor by hand. Tlien, a twenty-70 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. five horse power engine pushed it through hollow or bored logs along the streets till 1854, when it was introduced into the houses by new works. The first fire-engine was used in 1S35, and the first steam fire-engine in 1859. Gas was utilized for lighting the city in 1850. The Young Men’s Christian Association was organized in 1858. Street cars commenced running in 1854. The museum was opened in 1863. The alarm telegraph adopted in 1864. The opera-house built in 1865. One of the most thoroughly interesting engineering exploits of the city is the tunnels and water-works system, the grandest and most unique of any in the world; and the closest analysis fails to detect any impurities in the water furnished. The first tunnel is five feet two inches in diameter and two miles long, and can deliver 50.000,000 gallons per day. The second tunnel is seven feet in diameter and six miles long, running four miles under the city, and can deliver 100,- 000,000 gallons per day. This water is distributed through 410 miles of water mains. Chicago river is tunneled for the passage of pedestrians and vehi- cles from the South to the "West and North divisions. There is no grand scenery about Chicago except the two seas, one of water, the other of prairie. Nevertheless, there is a spirit about it, a push, a breadth, a power, that soon makes it a place never to be for- saken. Chicago is in the field almost alone, to handle the wealth of one-fourth of the territory of this great republic. The Atlantic sea- coast divides its margins between Portland, Boston, New York, Phil- adelphia, Baltimore and Savannah, but Chicago has a dozen empires casting jdieir treasures i.nto her lap. On a bed of coal that can run all the machinery of the world for 500 centuries; in a garden that can feed the race by the thousand years; at the head of the lakes that give her a temperature as a summer resort equaled by no great city in the land; with a climate that insures the health of her citizens; sur- rounded by all the great deposits of natural wealth in mines and for- ests and herds, Chicago is the wonder of to-day, and will be the city of the future.icago Water Works—The Crib—Two Miles FromABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. 73 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. JURISDICTION OF COURTS. Justices have jurisdiction in all civil cases on contracts for the recovery of moneys for damages for injury to real property, or taking, detaining, or injuring personal property; for rent; for all cases to recover damages done to real or personal property by railroad com- panies, in actions of replevin, and in actions for damages for fraud in the sale, purchase, or exchange of personal property, when the amount claimed as due is not over $200. They have also jurisdiction in all cases for violation of the ordinances of cities, towns or villages. A justice of the peace may orally order an officer or a private person to arrest any one committing or attempting to commit a criminal offense. He also, upon complaint, can issue his warrant for the arrest of any person accused of having committed a crime, and have him brought before him for examination. COUNTY COURTS Have jurisdiction in all matters of probate (except in counties hav- ing a population of one hundred thousand or over), settlement of estates of deceased persons, appointment of guardians and conserva- tors, and settlements of their accounts; all matters relating to appren- tices; proceedings for the collection of taxes and assessments; and in proceedings of executors, administrators, guardians and conservators for the sale of real estate. In law cases they have concurrent juris- diction with Circuit Courts in all cases where justices of the peace now have, or hereafter may have, jurisdiction when the amount claimed shall not exceed $1,000; and in all criminal offenses where the punishment is not imprisonment in the penitentiary or death, and in all cases of appeals from justices of peace and police magistrates; excepting when the county judge is sitting as a justice of the peace. Circuit Courts have unlimited jurisdiction. COMMISSIONERS OF HIGHWAYS. The commissioners of highways in the different towns have the care and superintendence of highways and bridges therein. They have the power to lay out, vacate, regulate and repair all roads, build and repair bridges, and divide their respective towns into as many road districts as they shall think convenient. This is to be donen ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. annually, ancTten days before the annual town meeting. In addition to the above, it is their duty to erect and keep in repairs at the forks or crossing-place of the most important roads, post and guide-boards with plain inscriptions, giving directions and distances to the most noted places to which such roads may lead; also to make provisions to prevent thistles, burdock, cockle-burs, mustard, yellow dock, In- dian mallow, and jimson weed from seeding, and to extirpate the same as far as practicable, and to prevent all rank growth of vegeta- tion on the public highways, so far as the same may obstruct public travel; and it is in their discretion to erect watering places for public use, for watering teams at such points as may be deemed advisable. Every able-bodied male inhabitant, being above the age of twenty-one years and under fifty, excepting paupers, idiots, lunatics, trustees of schools and school directors, and such others as are exempt by law, are required to labor on highways in their respective road districts, not less than one nor more than three days in each year. Three days’ notice must be given by the overseer of the time and place he requires such road labor to be done. The labor must be performed in the road district in which the person resides. Any person may commute for such labor by paying the equivalent in money. Any person liable for work on highways, who has been assessed two days or more and has not commuted, may be required to furnish team, or a cart, wagon or plow, with a pair of horses or oxen and a man to man- age them, for which he will be entitled to two days’ work. Eight hours is a day’s work on the roads, and there is a penalty of twenty- five cents an hour against any person or substitute who shall neglect or refuse to perform. Any person remaining idle, or does not work faithfully, or hinders others from doing so, forfeits to the town $2. Every person assessed and duly notified who has not commuted, and refuses or neglects to appear, shall forfeit to the town for every day’s refusal or neglect the sum of $2; if he. was required to furnish a team, carriage, man or implements, and neglects or refuses to comply, lie is liable to the following fines: 1st, For wholly failing to comply, $4 each day; 2d, For omitting to furnish a man to manage team, $2 each day; 3d, For omitting to furnish a pair of horses or oxen, $1.50 each day; 4th, For omitting to furnish a wagon, cart or plow, 75 cents each day. The commissioners estimate and assess the highway labor and road tax. The road tax on real and personal property can not exceed forty cents on each hundred dollars’ worth. The labor or road tax in villages, towns or cities is paid over to the corporate authorities of such, for the improvement of streets, roads and bridges within their limits.ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. 75 Overseers.—Their duties are to repair and keep in order the high- ways in their districts; to warn persons to work out their road tax at such time and place as they think proper; to collect fines and com- mutation money, and execute all lawful orders of the commissioners of highways; also make list, within sixteen days after their election, of the names of all inhabitants in his road district liable to work on highways. For refusal to perform any of his duties, he is liable to a fine of $10. As all township and county officers are familiar with their duties, it is here intended only to give the points of law with which the public should be familiar. The manner of laying out, altering or vacating roads, etc., will not be here stated, as it would require more space than can be spared in a work like this. It is sufficient to state that the first step is by petition, addressed to the commissioners, setting out what is prayed for, giving the names of the owners of the lands, if known (if not known, so state), over which the road is to pass, giving the general course, its place of beginning, and where it termin- ates. It requires not less than twelve freeholders residing within three miles of the road who shall sign the petition. Public roads must not be less than fifty nor more than sixty feet wide. Roads not exceeding two miles in length, if petitioned for, may be laid out not less than forty feet wide. Private roads for private and public use may be laid out three rods wide, on petition of the person directly interested: the damage occasioned thereby shall be paid by the prem: ises benefited thereby, and before the road is opened. If not opened in two years, the order shall be considered rescinded. Commissioners in their discretion may permit persons who live on or have private roads, to work out their road-tax thereon. Public roads must be opened in five years from date of filing order of location, or be deemed vacated, FENCES. The town assessor and commissioners of highways shall be fence viewers. A lawful fence is four and one-half feet high, and in good repair, consisting of rails, timbers, boards, stones, hedges, or any other mate- rial the fence viewers may deem sufficient. The electors at any annual town meeting may determine what shall constitute a legal fence in the town. Division fences shall be made and maintained in just proportion by the adjoining owners, except where the owner shall choose to let his land lie open; but after a division fence has been built by mutual76 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. agreement or otherwise, it shall not be lawful for either party to remove his part of said fence, so long as he may crop or use such lands for farm purposes, or without giving the other party one year’s notice in writing, of his intention to move his portion of the fence. Adjoining owners should endeavor, if possible, mutually to agree as to the proportion that each shall maintain of the division fence between their adjoining lands; and the agreement should be reduced to writing, each party taking a copy. When any person shall inclose his land upon the inclosure of another, he shall refund the owner of the adjoining lands a just proportion of the value at that time of such fence. The value of such fence, and the proportion thereof to be paid by such person, and the proportion of the division fence to be made and maintained by him, in case of his inclosing his land, shall be determined by two fence viewers of the town. Such fence viewers have power to settle all disputes between owners as to fences built or to be built, as well as concerning repairs to be made. Each party chooses one of the viewers, but if the other party neglects, after eight days’ notice in writing, to make his choice, then the other party may select both. It is sufficient to notify the tenant or party in possession, when the owner is not a resident of the town in which such fences are situated. The two fence viewers chosen, after viewing the premises, shall hear the statements of the parties. In case they can’t agree they shall select another fence viewer to act with them, and the decis- ion of any two of them shall be final. The decision must be reduced to writing, and should plainly set out a description of fence and all matters settled by them, and must be filed in the office of the town clerk. If any person who is liable to contribute to the erection or repara- tion of a division fence, shall neglect or refuse to make or repair his proportion of such fence, the party injured, after giving sixty days’ notice, in writing, that a new fence should be erected, or ten days’ notice, in writing, that the repair of such, fence is necessary, may make or repair the same at the expense of the party so neglecting or refusing, to be recovered from him, with costs of suit; and the party so neglecting or refusing, after notice in writing, shall be liable to the party injured for all damages which shall thereby accrue, to be determined by any two fence viewers. Where a person shall conclude to remove his part of a division fence and let his land lie open, and having given the year’s notice required, the adjoining owner may cause the value of said fence to be ascertained by fence viewers as before provided; and on payment or tender of the amount of such valuation to the owner, it shall prevent the removal. A party removABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. T7 ing a division fence without notice is liable for the damages accruing thereby. Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mis- take, the owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material within six months after the division line has been ascer- tained. Where the material to build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material to the owner of the land from which it was taken; nor shall such a fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose the crops of the other party: a reasonable time must be given beyond the six months to remove crops. The compensation of fence viewers is one dollar and fifty cents a day each,to be paid in the first instance by the party calling them; but in the end all expenses, including amount charged by the fence viewers, must be paid equally by the parties, except in cases where a party neglects or refuses to make or maintain a just proportion of a division fence, when the party in default shall pay them. „ EMINENT DOMAIN Is a power to take private property for public use, which exists only in cases where public convenience or necessity demands its exercise. This right may be exercised upon both corporeal property, as land, and incorporeal, as franchises. Eminent domain is distinguished from public domain, which is property owned absolutely by the State in the same manner as an individual holds his property. DRAINAGE. Whenever one or more owners or occupants of land desire to con- struct a drain or ditch through another man's land, the right can be had only under legislative authority, or is granted or exists by pre- scription or by consent of the owner. Dripping water from one house upon another can be allowed onlv where the owner has acquired the right by grant or prescription; and no one has a right to construct his house so as to let the water drip over his neighbor’s land. TRESPASS OF STOCK. Where stock of any kind breaks into any person’s inclosure, the fence being good and sufficient, the owner is liable for the damage done; but where the damage is done by stock running at large con- trary to law, the owner is liable where there is not such a fence.78 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. Where stock is found trespassing on the inclosure of another as afore- said, the owner or occupier of the premises may take possession of such stock and keep the same until damages, with reasonable charges for keeping and feeding, and all costs of suit, are paid. Any person taking or rescuing such stock so held without his consent, shall be liable to a fine of not less than three nor more than five dollars for each animal rescued, to be recovered by suit before a justice of the peace for the use of the school fund. Within twenty-four hours after taking such animal into his possession, the person taking it up must give notice of the fact to the owner, if known; or if unknown, notices must be posted in some public place near the premises. ESTRAYS. Stray animals are those whose owner is unknown,—any beasts, not wild, found on one’s premises, and not owned by the occupant. Any animals found straying at any time during the year, in counties where such animals are not allowed to run at large, or between the last day of October and the 15th day of April in other counties, the owner being unknown, may be taken up as estrays. A party who wishes to detain property as an estray, must show an exact compliance with the law. In order to vest the property of the stray in him, such acts must appear in detail on the record. No person not a householder in the county where the estray is found, can lawfully take up an estray, and then only upon or about his farm or place of residence. Estrays should not be used before advertised, except animals giving milk, which may be milked for their benefit. Notices must be posted up within five days, in three of the most public places in the town or precinct in which the estray was found, giving the residence of the taker-up, and a particular descrip- tion of the estray, its age, color, and marks natural and artificial, and stating before what justice of the peace in such town or precinct, and at what time, not less than ten nor more than fifteen days from the time of posting such notices, he will apply to have the estray ap- praised. If the owner of an estray shall not have appeared and proved ownership, and taken the same away, first paying the taker- up his reasonable charges for taking up, keeping, and advertising the same, the taker-up shall appear before the justice mentioned in above notice, and make an affidavit as required by law. All subsequent proceedings are before the justice who is familiar therewith; therefore we omit them here. Any person taking up an estray at any other place than about or upon his farm or residence, or without complying with the law, shallABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. 79 forfeit and pay a fine of ten dollars with costs. Ordinary diligence is required in taking care of estrays, but in case the}' die or get away, the taker-up is not liable for the same. If a man finds estrays in his field, he is not bound to retain them for the owner, but may drive them off into the highway without being liable to an action. But a person who chases a horse out of his field with a large, fierce dog, commits an unlawful act, and is liable for any injury which the act occasions. A person who takes an estray to keep for the owner, but does not pursue the course prescribed by statute, is not liable to an action unless he uses the same or refuses to deliver it on demand. Biding a horse to discover the owner is not “use.” HORSES Are animals of a domestic nature. Under the age of four years they are called colts. A borrower of a horse is liable for negligence, mis- use, or gross want of skill in use. The lender is liable in case the ani- mal lent is unfit or dangerous, as he thus may occasion injury. The animal should be used only for the purpose and to the extent stipu- lated, and not by a servant. If he dies from disease, or is killed by inevitable accident, the bor- rower is not liable. Defects which are manifest, open and plain to an ordinary observer, and those also which are known to the buyer, are not usually covered by a general warranty. The former requires no skill to discover them, and the latter may be objected to or acquiesced in at the time of the purchase. In the case of latent defects exist- ing in such a condition that they could not be detected by the buyer, and are known to the seller, who fails to disclose them to the buyer, the latter practices a constructive fraud, unless the animal is sold “ with all faults.” By consenting to purchase the horse “ with all faults,” the purchaser takes upon himself the risk of latent or secret defects, and calculates the price accordingly. But even this kind of a purchase would be voidable if the seller had purposely, and to deceive the purchaser, covered, filled up, patched, plastered, or otherwise prac- ticed fraud to conceal any defects, and he would be liable. Hiring out a horse and carriage to perform a particular journey, carries with it the warranty of the person letting the horse and car- riage, that each of them is fit and competent for such journey; but, if a horse is hired for one purpose, and is used for another and is in- jured the hirer is liable for the damage sustained. The hirer is in all cases, answerable for ordinary neglect. If he uses the hired horse as a prudent man would his own, he is not liable for any damage which the horse may receive. If, however, he keeps the hired horse80 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. after a stipulated time, or uses it differently from his agreement, he is in any event liable. If the hirer sells the horse, the owner may recover its value of the purchaser, though the purchaser had in good faith given the hirer full value for it, as the hirer could give no bet- ter title than he had himself. Mischievous animals render their owners liable when known to them to be so, and they are responsible whefi they permit them to go at large, for the damage they may do. Any person may justify the killing of ferocious animals. MARKS AND BRANDS. Owners of cattle, horses, hogs, sheep or goats, may have one ear- mark and one brand, which shall be different from his neighbors’, and may be recorded by the county clerk of the county in which such property is kept. The fee for such record is fifteen cents. The record of such shall be open to examination free of charge. In cases of disputes as to marks or brands, such record is prima-facie evidence. Owners of cattle, horses, hogs, sheep or goats, that may have been branded by former owners may be re-branded in presence of one or more of his neighbors, who shall certify to the facts of the marking or branding being done, when done, and in what brand or mark they were re- branded or re-marked, which certificate may also be recorded as before stated. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. An agreement is virtually a contract by which a certain person (or persons) agrees or contracts to perform certain duties within a speci- fied time. Good business men always reduce an agreement to writ- ing, which nearly always saves misunderstandings and a long and expensive lawsuit. Ho particular form is necessary, but the facts must be closely and explicitly stated; and there must be a reasonable con- sideration, else the agreement is void. Unless it is expressly stipulated that the agreement is binding for a longer time, the contract expires at the end of one year. Every agreement should state most distinctly the time within which its conditions are to be complied with. A discovery of fraud, or misre- presentation by one party to the agreement, or changing of the date, renders the contract void. Each party should retain a copy of the agreement. GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. This Agreement, made the third day of November, 1878, between Damon Clarke of Macomb, county of McDonough, State of Illinois, of the first part, and William Hays, of the same place, of the second part—ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. Witnesseth, that the said Damon Clarke, in consideration of the agreement of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to and with the said William Hays, that he will deliver, in good and marketable condition, at the city of Galesburg, 111., during the month of December of this year, nine hundred bushels of corn, in the following lots, and at the following specified times, namely: one hundred bushels by the fifth of December, three hundred bushels by the fifteenth of December, and the balance by the thirtieth of December. And the said William Hays, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment of this contract on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees with the said Damon Clarke, to pay for said corn fifty cents per bushel, as soon as delivered. In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereby stipu- lated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other one hundred dollars as fixed and settled damages. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written. Damon Clarke. William Hats. DEEDS. A deed is a sealed instrument in writing, on paper or parchment, conveying lands and appurtenances thereon from one person to another, duly signed, sealed and delivered. The law in this State provides that an acknowledgment must be made before certain per- sons authorized to take the same. These officers are : master in chancery, notary public, circuit or county clerk, justice of the peace, United States Commissioner, or any court of record having a seal, or any judge, justice, or clerk of any such court. The instrument shall be attested by the official seal of the officer taking the acknowledg- ment. The deed takes effect upon its delivery to the person author- ized to receive it. To render a deed valid, there must be a sufficient consideration. To enable a person to legally convey property to another, the follow- ing requisites are necessary: 1st. he or she must be of age ; 2d. must be of sane mind; and, 3d, he or she must be the rightful owner of the property. Any alterations or interlineations in the deed should be noted at the bottom of the instrument, and properly witnessed. After the acknowledgment of a deed, the parties have no right to make the slightest alterations. An alteration after the acknowledgment in favor of the grantee vitiates the deed. The maker of a deed is called the “grantor;” the person or party to whom the deed is delivered, the “ grantee.” The wife of the grantor must acknowledge the deed, or else, after the death of her husband, she will be entitled to a one-third interest in the property, as dower, during her life. Her acknowledg- ment of the deed must be of her own free will and accord. By a general warranty deed the grantor engages to secure the grantee in any right or possession to the property conveyed against all persons whatsoever. A quit-claim deed releases what interest the grantor may have in the land, but does not warrant and defend against82 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. others. We do not give any form for a deed, as printed forms are used by all. Deeds should be recorded without delay. WILLS. The legal declaration of a person’s mind, determining the manner in which he would have his property or estate disposed of after his death, is termed a will. No exact form of words is necessary in order to make a will good at law, though much care should be exercised to state the provisions of the will so plainly that its language may not be misunderstood. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age of eighteen years, of sound mind, can make a valid will. It must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his oi- lier presence and by his or her direction, and attested by two or more credible witnesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. The person making a will may appoint his or her executors; but no person can serve as such executor if he or she be an alien at the time of proving the will, if he be under twenty-one years of age, a convict, a drunkard, a lunatic, or an imbecile. Persons knowing themselves to have been appointed executors, must, within thirty days after the death of deceased, cause the will to be proved and recorded in the proper county, or present it and refuse to accept. In case of failure to do so, they are liable to forfeit the sum of twenty dollars per month. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within three months from date of letters testament- ary or administration. The person making a will is termed the “ testator” (if a female, the “ testatrix”). A will- is of no force and effect until the death of the testator, and can be canceled or modified at any date by the maker. The last will made annuls the force of all preceding wills. A will made by an unmarried woman is legally revoked by mar- riage; but she can take such legal steps in the settlement of her property before marriage as will empower her to dispose of the same as she may choose after marriage. No husband can make a will that will deprive the wife of her right of dower in the property; but the husband can will the wife a certain amount in lieu of her dower, stat- ing it to be in lieu thereof. Such bequest, however, will not exclude her from her dower, provided she prefers it to the bequest made in the will. Unless the husband states distinctly that the bequest is in lieu of dower, she is entitled to both.ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. 83 In case a married woman possesses property and dies without a will, lier husband is entitled to administer upon such property in preference to any one else, provided he be of sound mind. Notice requiring all claims to be presented against the estate shall be given by the administrator within six months after being qualified. Any person having a claim and not presenting it at the time fixed by said notice, is required to have summons issued notifying the execu- tor of having filed his claim in court. Claims should be filed within two years from the time administration is granted on an estate, as after that time they are forever barred, unless other estate be found that was not inventoried. Married women, infants, persons insane, imprisoned, or without the United States, in the employment of the United States, or of this State, have two years after their disabilities are removed to file claims. Claims are classified and paid out of the estate in the following manner: 1st. Funeral expenses. 2d. The widow’s award, if there is a widow; or children, if there are children and no widow. 3d. Expenses attending the last illness, not including the physi- cian's bill. 4th. Debts due the common school or township fund. 5th. All expenses of proving the will and taking out letters test- amentary or of administration, and settlement of the estate, and the physician’s bill in the last illness of the deceased. 6th. Where the deceased has received money in trust for any purpose, his executor or administrator shall pay out of his estate the amount received and not accounted for. 7th. All other debts and demands of whatsoever kind, without regard to quality or dignity, which shall be exhibited to the court within two years from the granting of letters. Award to the widow and children, exclusive of debts and legacies or bequests, except funeral expenses: 1st. The family pictures and wearing apparel, jewels and orna- ments of herself and minor children. 2d. School books and the family library to the value of $100. 3d. One sewing-machine. 4th. Necessary beds, bedsteads and bedding for herself and family. 5th. The stoves and pipe used in the family, with the necessary cooking utensils; or in case they have none, $50 in money. 6tli. Household and kitchen furniture to the value of $100. 7th. One milch cow and calf for every four members of her family.84 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. 8tli. Two sheep for each member of her family, and the fleeces taken from the same, and one horse, saddle and bridle. 9th. Provisions for herself and family for one year. 10th. Food for the stock above specified for six months. 11th. Fuel for herself and family for three months. 12th. One hundred dollars’ worth of other property suited to her condition in life, to he selected by the widow. The widow, if she elects, may have in lieu of the said award, the same personal property or money in place thereof as is or may be ex- empt from execution or attachment against the head of a family. ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Children may be adopted by any resident of this State, by filing a petition in the circuit or county court of the county in which he resides, asking leave to do so; and if desired, may ask that the name of the child be changed. Such petition, if made by a person having a husband or wife, wflll nut be granted unless the husband or wife joins therein, as the adoption must be by them jointly. The petition shall state name, sex, and-age of child, and the new name, if it is desired to change the name; also, the name and residence of the pa- rents of the child, if known, and of the guardian, if any, and whether the parents or guardians consent to the adoption. The court must find, before granting decree, that the parents of the child, or the survivors of them, have deserted his or her family or such child for one year next preceding the application; or if neither is living, that the guardian (if no guardian, the next of kin in this State capable of giving consent) lias had notice of the presentation of the petition, and consents to such adoption. If the child is of the age of fourteen or upwards, the adoption can not be made without its con- sent. NOTES. A note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and time of payment are mentioned. The following is a good form: $100. Chicago, III., Oct. 15, 1878. Thirty days from date I promise to pay to F. M. Chapman, or order, one hundred dollars, for value received. S. T. Lewis. To make a note payable in anything else than money, insert the facts instead of the sum of money alone. Unless paid when due, it is payable in money. No defense can be made against a negotiable instrument (assigned before due) in the hands of the assignee, without notice, except fraud was used in obtain- ing tbe same. To hold an indorser, due diligence must be used by suit, in col- lecting of the maker, unless suit would have been unavailing. Notes payable to person named or to order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be in-ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. 85 dorsed by the payer. Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payable, every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of payment, unless otherwise expressed. The limit of time in which action may be brought on a note is 10 years. The following is a form of JUDGMENT NOTE. For value received, I promise to pay to Andrew Sherman, of Chicago, or order, two hundred dollars, with interest, on the first day of January next. And further, I do hereby empower any attorney of the Court of Common Pleas, of Cook county, or of any Court of Record in Illinois, or elsewhere, to appear for me, and after a declara- tion tiled therefor, to confess a judgment against me in the above sum, as of last, next, or any other subsequent term, with cost of suits, release of errors, etc., with stay of execution until said first day of January next. Witness my hand and seal at Chicago, 111., this first day of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight. A. *L. Stover. Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of [seal.] Ekastus Child. S. B. Nelson. A note is void when founded upon fraud. Thus a note obtained from a per- son when intoxicated, or obtained for any reason which is illegal, cannot be collected. A note given upon Sunday is also void. If the note is payable to a person or order, or to a person or bearer, to a person or his assigns, or to the cashier of an incorporated company, such notes are negotiable. When transferring a note, the indorser frees himself from responsibility, so far as the payment is concerned, by writing on the back, above his name, with- out recourse to me in any event. INTEREST. Interest is the compensation which is paid by the borrower of money to the lender for its use. When the debtor expressly under- takes to pay interest, he is bound to pay it; but if a party has ac- cepted the principal, he cannot recover interest in a separate action. During the course of dealings between parties, a promise to pay is implied, and the debtor is bound to pay. So also on an account stated, whenever the debtor knows precisely what he is to pay and when he is to pay it, after a demand of payment; but interest is not due on a running account, even when the items are all on one side, unless other- wise agreed upon. Where the terms of a promissory note are that it shall be paid by installments, and on the failure of any installment, the wrhole is to become due, interest on the whole becomes payable from the first default. Where, by the term of a bond or promissory note, interest is to be paid annually, and the principal at a distant day, the interest may be recovered before the principal is due. Interest is collectible in the following cases: For goods sold and delivered after the stipulated term of credit has expired; if there be86 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. no credit, then from the time of sale; on judgment debts, from the rendition of judgment; on money obtained by fraud, or where it has been wrongfully detained (for whoever receives money not his own, and detains it from the owner unlawfully, must pay interest therefor: hence a public officer retaining money wrongfully is liable for the in- terest); on money paid by mistake, or recovered on a void execution; on money lent or laid out for another’s use; and rent, from the time that it is due. When the rate of interest is specified in any contract, that rate con- tinues until full payment is made. A debt barred by the statute of limitations and revived by an acknowledgment bears interest for the whole time. Computing Interest.—In casting interest on notes, bonds, etc., upon which partial payments have been made, every payment is to be first applied to discharge the interest; but the interest is never allowed to form a part of the principal, so as to carry interest. When a partial payment is made before the debt is due, it cannoc be apportioned part to the debt and part to the interest, but at the end interest shall be charged on the whole sum, and the obligor shall receive credit for the interest on the amount paid until the interest becomes due. The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree in writing on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten percent, is contracted for, the penalty is a forfeiture of the entire interest, and only the principal can be recovered. In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a month, a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes bear interest only when so expressed; but after due they draw the legal interest, six per cent., even if not stated. Notes payable on demand or at sight draw no interest until after presentation or demand of the same has been made, unless they pro- vide for interest from date on their face. If “ with interest” is in- cluded in the note, it draws the legal rate from the time it is made. If the note is to draw a special rate of interest, higher than the legal, but not higher than the law allows, the rate must be specified. DAYS OF GRACE. No check, draft, bill of exchange, promissory note, order, or nego- tiable instrument, payable at sight or on demand, or on presentment, shall be entitled to days of grace. All other bills of exchange, drafts or notes are entitled to three days of grace. All the above mentioned paper falling due on Sunday, New Year’s Day, the Fourth of July,ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. 87 Christmas, or any day appointed or recommended by the President or the United States or the Governor of the State as a day of fasting or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day previous; and should two or more of these days come together, then such instrument shall be treated as due on the day previous to the first of said days. LIMITATION OF ACTION. The limit of time in which action may be brought on certain things is as follows: Open accounts, five years; notes and written contracts, ten years; judgments, twenty years; partial payments or new promise in writing, within or after said period, will revive the debt; absence from the State deducted, and when the cause of action is barred by the law of another State, it has the same effect here; assault, slander, libel, replevin, one year; personal injuries, two years; to recover land or make entry thereon, twenty years; and sealed and witnessed instruments, as action to foreclose mortgage or trust deed, within ten years. All persons in possession of land, and paying taxes for seven consecutive years, with color of title, and all persons paying taxes for seven consecutive years, with color of title, on vacant land, shall be held to be the legal owners to the extent of their paper title. RECEIPTS. Receipts should always state when received and what for; and if receipt is in full it should be so stated. We give two forms: FOR MONEY ON ACCOUNT. Received, Knoxville, 111., Nov. 10, 1878, of J. C. Cover, sixty dollars, on account. $60. J. H. Franklin. FOR MONEY ADVANCED ON A CONTRACT. $100. Galesburg, III., June 9, 1868. Received of Fernando Ross, one hundred dollars, in advance, on contract to build for him a brick house at No 76, Kellogg street. David Anderson. EXEMPTIONS FROM FORCED SALE. The following personal property and home worth $1,000,—Lot of ground and buildings thereon, occupied as a residence by the debtor, being a householder and having a family, to the value of $1,000. Exemption continues after the death of the householder for the benefit of widow and family, some one of them occupying the homestead until the youngest shall become twenty-one years of age, and until the death of the widow. There is no exemption from sale for taxes, assessments, debt or liability incurred for the purchase or improvement ot said homestead. No release or waiver of exemption is valid unless in writing and subscribed by such householder and88 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. wife (if he has one), and acknowledged as conveyances of real estate are required to he acknowledged. The following articles of personal property owned hy the debtor are exempt from execution, writ of attachment, and distress for rent: The necessary wearing apparel, Bibles, school-books and family pic- tures of every person; and one hundred dollars’ worth of other prop- erty, to be selected by the debtor, and in addition, when the debtor is the head of a family and resides with the same, three hundred dol- lars’ worth of other property to be selected by the debtor,—provided that such selection and exemption shall not be made by the debtor or allowed to him or her from any money, salary or wages due him or her from any person or persons or corporations whatever. When the the head of a family dies, deserts, or does not reside with the same, the family shall be entitled to and receive all the benefit and privilege which are by this act conferred upon the head of a family residing with the same. No personal property is exempt from execution when judgment is obtained for the wages of laborers or servants. Wages of a laborer who is the head of a family cannot be garnisheed except for the sum due him in excess of $25. LANDLORDS AND TENANTS. The principal obligation on the part of the landlord, which is in fact always to be implied as a necessary condition to his receiving any rent, is, that the tenant shall enjoy the quiet possession of the premises,—which means, substantially, that he shall, not be turned out of possession of the whole or any material part of the premises by any one having a title paramount to that of the landlord, or that the landlord shall not himself disturb or render his occupation un- comfortable by the erection of a nuisance on or near, the premises, or otherwise oblige him to quit possession. But if he be ousted by a stranger,—that is, by one having no title,—or after the rent has fallen due, or if the molestation proceeds from acts of a third person, the landlord is in neither case responsible for it. Another obligation which the law imposes on the landlord, in the absence of any express stipulation in the lease, is the payment of all taxes chargeable upon the property, or any ground rents or interest upon mortgages to which it may be subject. Every landlord is bound to protect his ten- ant against all paramount claims. And if a tenant is compelled, in order to protect himself in the enjoyment of the land in respect of which his rent is payable, to make payment which ought, as between him- self and his landlord, to have been made by the latter, he may call upon the landlord to reimburse him, or he may deduct such paymentABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. 89 from the rent due or to become due. But the landlord is under no obligation to make repairs, or to rebuild in case the premises should be burned; nor does he guaranty that they are reasonably fit for the purpose for which they were taken. And it is not in the power of a tenant to make repairs at the expense of his landlord, unless there be a special agreement between them authorizing him to do so; for the tenant takes the premises for better or worse, and cannot involve the landlord in expense for repairs without his consent. Even if the premises have become uninhabitable by fire, and the landlord, having insured them, has recovered the insurance money, the tenant cannot compel him to expend the money so recovered in rebuilding, unless he has expressly engaged to do so; nor can he in such an event pro- tect himself from the payment of rent during the unexpired balance of the term, unless exempted therefrom by statute or the terms of the lease. The uninhabitableness of a house is not a good defense to an action for rent. If the landlord expressly covenanted 1o repair, the tenant cannot quit and discharge himself of rent because the re- pairs are not made, unless there is a provision to that effect; and if a landlord is bound by custom or by express agreement to repair, this obligation, and the obligation of the tenant to pay rent, are inde- pendent of each other, so that the refusal or neglect of the landlord to repair is no answer to a demand for rent. The tenant is answer able for any neglect to repair highways, fences, or party walls, it being generally sufficient, except where a statute otherwise provides, to charge a man with such repairs by the name of ‘‘occupant.” He is also liable for all injuries produced by the mismanagement of his ser- vants, or by a nuisance kept upon the premises, or by an obstruction of the highways adjacent to them, or the like; for as a general rule, where a man is in possession of property, he must so manage it that other persons shall not be injured thereby. One of the principal obligations which the law imposes upon every tenant, independent ot any agreement, is to treat the premises in such a manner that no sub- stantial injury shall be done to them, and so that they may revert to the landlord^at the end of the term unimpaired by any willful or neg- ligent conduct on his part. CRIMINAL LAW Is that branch of jurisprudence which treats of criminal offenses. The extreme importance of a knowledge of criminal law is self-evi- dent; for a mistake in point of law, which every person of discretion not only may know, but is bound and presumed to know, is in crimi- nal cases no defense. This law is administered upon the principle90 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. that every one must be taken conclusively to know it, without proof that he does know it. This doctrine has been carried so far as to in- clude the case of a foreigner charged with a crime which was no offense in his own country. And further, the criminal law, whether common or statute, is imperative with reference to the conduct of in- dividuals; so that, if a statute forbids or commands a thing to be done, ail acts or omissions contrary to the prohibition or command of the statute are offenses at common law, and ordinarily indictable as such. When a statute punishes a crime by its legal designation without enumerating the acts which constitute it, then it is necessary to resort to the common law for a definition of the crime with its distinctions and qualifications. So, if an act is made criminal, but no mode of prosecution is directed or no punishment provided, the com- mon law (in the absence of a statute to the contrary) furnishes its aid, prescribing the mode of prosecution by indictment, and its mode of punishment by fine and imprisonment. So far, therefore, as the rules and principles of common law are applicable to the administra- tion of the criminal law, and have not been altered or modified by legislation or judicial decisions, they have the same force and effect as laws finally enacted. The following are some of the leading principles of the criminal law: 1. Every man is presumed to be innocent till the contrary is shown; and if there is any reasonable doubt of his guilt, he is entitled to the benefit of the doubt. 2. In general, no person can be brought to trial till a grand jury on examination of the charge has found reason to hold him to trial. 3. The prisoner is entitled to trial by a jury of his peers, who are chosen from the body of the people with a view to impartiality, and whose decision on questions of fact is final. 4. The question of his guilt is to be determined without reference to his general character, previous history, or habits of life. 5. The prisoner cannot be required to criminate himself, nor be compelled even to exculpate himself by giving his own testimony on trial. 6. He cannot be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense. 7. He cannot be punished for an act which was not an offense by the law existing at the time of its commission; nor can a severer punishment be indicted than was declared by law at the time of its commission. MILLERS. The owner or occupant of every public grist-mill in this State shall grind all grain brought to his mill in its turn. The toll forABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. 91 both steam and water mills, is, for grinding and bolting wheat, rye, or other grain, one-eighth part; for grinding Indian corn, oats, barley, and buckwheat not required to be bolted, one-seventh part; for grind- ing malt, and chopping all kinds of grain, one-eighth part. It is the duty of every miller, when his mill is in repair, to aid and assist in loading and unloading all grain brought to his mill to be ground; and he is also required to keep an accurate half-bushel measure, and an accurate set of toll dishes or scales for weighing the grain. The pen- alty for neglect or refusal to comply with the law is $5, to the use of any person suing for the same, to be recovered before any justice of the peace of the county where the penalty is incurred. Millers are ac- countable (except it results from unavoidable accidents) for the safe- keeping of all grain left in their mill for the purpose of being ground, with bags or casks containing same, provided that such bags or casks are distinctly marked with the initial letters of the owner’s name. PAUPERS. Every ppor person who shall be unable to earn a livelihood in con- sequence of any bodily infirmity, idiocy, lunacy or unavoidable cause, shall be supported by the father, grandfathers, mother, grand- mothers, children, grandchildren, brothers or sisters, of such poor person, if they or either of them be of sufficient ability; but if any of such dependent class shall have become so from intemperance, or other bad conduct, they shall not be entitled to support from any re- lation except parent or child. The children shall first be called on to support their parents, if they are able; but if not, the parents of such poor person shall then be called on, if of sufficient ability; and if there be no parents or children able, then the brothers and sisters of such dependent person shall be called upon; and if there be no brothers or sisters of sufficient ability, the grandchildren of such per- son shall next be called on; and if they are not able, then the grand- parents. Married females, while their husbands live, shall not be liable to contribute for the support of their poor relations except out of their separate property. It is the duty of the State’s attorney to make complaint to the County Court of his county against all the relatives of such paupers in this State liable to support, and prosecute the same. In case the State’s attorney neglects or refuses to com- plain in such cases, then it is the duty of the overseer of the poor to do so. The person called upon to contribute shall have at least ten days’ notice of such application, by summons. The court has the power to determine the kind of support, depending upon the cir- cumstances of the parties, and may also order two or more of the different degrees to maintain such poor person, and prescribe the pro-92 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. portion of each, according to his or her ability. The court may specify the time for which the relatives shall contribute: in fact it has con- trol over the entire subject matter, with power to enforce its order. Every county is required to relieve and support all poor and in- digent persons lawfully resident therein. “Residence” means the actual residence of the party, or the place where he was employed; or in case he was in no employment, then it shall be the place where he made his home. When any person becomes chargeable as a pauper who did not reside in the county at the commencement of six months immediately preceding his becoming so, but did at the time reside elsewhere in this State, then the county becomes liable for the expense of taking care of such person until removed; audit is the duty of the overseer to notify the proper authorities of the fact. If any person shall bring and leave anj' pauper in any county in this State where such pauper had no legal residence, knowing him to be such, he is liable to a fine of $100. In counties under township organization, the supervisors in each town are ex-officio overseers of the poor. The overseers of the poor act under the directions of the County Board in taking care of the poor and granting temporary re- lief; also, in providing for non-resident persons not paupers who may be taken sick and not able to pay their way, and, in case of death, causing such person to be decently buried. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONVEYANCES. When practicable from the nature of the ground, persons traveling in any kind of vehicle must turn to the right of the center of the road, so as to permit each carriage to pass without interfering with the other. The penalty for a violation of this provision is $5 for every offense, to be recovered by the party injured; but to recover, there must have occurred some injury to person or property resulting from the violation. The owners of any carnage traveling upon any road in this State for the conveyance of passengers, who shall employ or continue in their employment as driver any person who is addicted to drunken- ness, or the excessive use of spirituous liquors, after he has had notice of the same, shall pay a forfeit at the rate of $5 per day; and if any driver, while actually engaged in driving any such carriage, shall be guilty of intoxication to such a degree as to endanger the safety of passengers, it shall be the duty of the owner, on receiving written notice of the fact, signed by one of the passengers, and certified by him on oath, forthwith to discharge such driver. If such owner shall have such driver in his employ within three months after such notice,ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. 93 he is liable for $5 per day for the time he shall keep said drivers in his employment after receiving such notice. Persons driving any carriage on any public highway are prohibited from running their horses upon any occasion, under a penalty of a fine not exceeding $10, or imprisonment not exceeding sixty days, at the discretion of the court. Horses attached to any carriage used to convey passengers for hire must be properly hitched, or the lines placed in the hands of some other person, before the driver leaves them for any purpose. For violation of this provision each driver shall forfeit twenty dollars, to be recovered by action commenced within six months. It is understood by the term “carriage’" herein to mean any car- riage or vehicle used for the transportation of passengers, or goods, or either of them. WAGERS AND STAKEHOLDERS. Wagers upon the result of an election have always been considered as void, as being contrary to sound policy, and tending to impair the purity of elections. Wagers as to the mode of playing, or as to the result of any illegal game, as boxing, wrestling, cockfighting, etc., are void at common law. Stakeholders must deliver the thing holden by them to the person entitled to it, on demand. It is frequently questionable who is en- titled to it. In case of an unlawful wager, although he may be justi- fied for delivering the thing to the winner, by the express or implied consent of the loser, yet if before the event has happened he has been required by either party to give up the thing deposited with him by such party, he is bound so to deliver it; or if, after the event has hap- pened, the losing party gives notice to the stakeholder not to pay the winner, a payment made to him afterwards will be made to him in his own wrong, and the party who deposited the money or thing may recover it from the stakeholder. SUNDAY. Labor of whatever kind, other than the household offices of daily necessity, or other work of charity and necessity, on the first day of the week, commonly called Sunday, is in general under penalty pro- hibited; but all persons do not come under prohibition. If a con- tract is commenced on Sunday, but not completed until a subsequent day, or if it merety grew out of a transaction which took place on Sunday, it is not for this reason void. Thus, if a note is signed on Sunday, its validity is not impaired if it be not delivered on that day.94 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States currency. £ means pounds, English money. @ stands for at or to/ ft> for found; bbl. for barrel; and for per or by the. Thus, butter sells at 20@30c. ft), and flour at $6@10 ^ bbl. °l0 stands for per cent., and # for number. In the example “ May 1—wheat sells at $1.05@1.10, seller June,” seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privi- lege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. “ Sell- ing short” is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock at a fixed price within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling “short” to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the “shorts” are termed “ bears.” LEGAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the contrary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to wit: Apples, dried........ Barley.............. Beans, wliite....... Beans, castor....... Buckwheat............ Bran................. Blue-grass seed..... Broom-corn seed..... Coal, stove......... Corn, in the ear.... Corn, shelled....... Corn meal........... Clover seed........ Flax seed........... lbs. lbs. 24 Hemp seed.......................... 44 48 Hair (plastering).................... 8 60 Lime, unslacked..................... 80 46 Onions.............................. 57 52 Oats............................... 32 20 Potatoes, Irish..................... 60 14 Peaches, dried...................... 33 46 Potatoes, sweet......................55 80 Rye................................. 56 70 Salt, fine.......................... 55 56 Salt, coarse........................ 50 48 Turnips............................. 55 60 Timothy seed.........................45 56 Wheat............................... 60 GAME Consists of birds and beasts of a wild nature, obtained by fowling and hunting. It is unlawful to hunt, kill or in any manner to inter- fere with deer, wild turkey, prairie chickens, partridge or pheasants between the first day of January and the fifteenth day of August; or any quail between the first day of January and the first day of Oc- tober; or any wild goose, duck, Wilson snipe, brandt or other water fowl, between the fifteenth day of April and the fifteenth day of Au- gust, in each and every year. Penalty: Fine not less than $10 nor more than $25, and cost of suit, and shall stand committed to a county jail until fine is paid, but not exceeding ten days. It is unlawful toABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. 95 hunt with gun, dog or net within the inclosed grounds or lands of another without permission. Penalty: Fine not less than $3 and not exceeding $100, to be paid into the school fund. Fish are animals of a wild nature. No one has any property in them until they are captured, and, like other wild animals, if, having been taken, they escape and regain their liberty, the captor loses his property in them. A person has no right to fish in the waters of an- other, and acquires no property in the fish caught except by the own- er’s consent. BEES. Bees, while unreclaimed, are by nature wild animals. Those which take up their abode in a Ijree belong to the owner of the soil in which the tree grows, if unreclaimed; but if reclaimed and identified they belong to their former owner. If a swarm has flown from the hive of A, they are his so long as they are in sight, and may easily be taken; otherwise they become the property of the first occupant. Merely finding on the land of another person a tree containing a swarm of bees, and marking it, does not vest the property of the bees in the finder. They do not become property until actually hived. DOGS. Dogs are animals of a domestic nature. The owner of a dog has such property in him that he may maintain an action for an injury to him, or to recover him when unlawfully taken away and kept by another. When, in consequence of his vicious propensities, a dog becomes a common nuisance, the owner may be indicted, and where one com- mits an injury, if the owner had knowledge of his mischievous pro- pensities, he is liable for the injury. A man has a right to keep a dog to guard his premises, but not to put him at the entrance of his house, because a person coming there on lawful business may be injured by him, though there may be another entrance to the house. But if a dog is chained and a visitor incautiously goes so near him that he is bitten, he has no right of action against the owner. CRUELTY TO ANIMALS. Whoever shall wilfully overdrive, overload, overwork, torture, tor- ment, beat, deprive of necessary and proper food, drink, or shelter, or cruelly kill any such animal, or work an old, maimed, sick or dis- abled animal, or keep any animal in an unnecessarily cruel manner, for each and every offense shall be liable to a fine of not less than $3 or more than $200, to be recovered on complaint before any justice of96 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. the peace, or by indictment. The word “ animal ” used shall be taken to mean any living creature. UNITED STATES MAILS. The following suggestions and rulings of the Post Office Department in regard to the sending of matter through the United States mails will be found valuable. By giving careful attention to and closely following them, almost perfect security from all delaj’S and losses, and the many little vexatious inquiries generally made by the public will be avoided. Make the address legible and complete, giving the name of the post- office, county and state; the name of the street and the number of the house, also, should always be given on letters addressed to cities where letter-carriers are employed. Letters intended for places in foreign countries should have the name of the country as well as the post- office given in full. See that every letter, newspaper or other packet sent by mail is se- curely folded and fastened. Avoid using as much as possible cheap envelopes made of thin paper, especially when containing more than one sheet of paper. Never send money or any other article of value through the mail, except by means of a money order or in a registered letter. Every letter sent should contain the full name and address of the writer, with the county and State, in order to secure its return if the person to whom it is directed cannot be found. Persons who have large corre- spondence lind it most convenient to use “ special, request envelopes,” but those who only mail an occasional letter can avoid the trouble by writing a request to “return if not delivered,” etc., on the envelope. Postage stamps should be placed upon the upper right hand corner of the addressed side of all mail matter. Written matter in unsealed envelopes prepaid with only a one-cent postage stamp will be held for postage. Diplomas, commissions, certificates, etc., having written signatures attached, circulars, having anything written thereon, are subiect to postage at the rate of three cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof. Stamps cut from stamped envelopes, mutilated postage stamps, and internal revenue stamps, will not be accepted in payment for postage. Letters deposited in a postoffice having such matter affixed are held for postage. To use, or attempt to use, in payment of postage a postage stamp, or stamped envelope, or any stamp cut from such stamped envelopes,ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. 97 which has been before used in payment of postage, is punishable with a fine of fifty dollars. In using postal cards, be careful not to write or have anything printed on the side to be used for the address, except the address; also be careful not to attach anything to them. They are unmailable as postal cards when these suggestions are disregarded. ]STo cards are “postal cards ” except such as are issued by the Post Office Department. In no case will unclaimed cards be returned to the wriler or sent to the Dead Letter Office. If not delivered within sixty days from time of receipt they will be burned by the post-master. To insure a letter being forwarded in the mails it must have not less than three cents in postage stamps affixed. After a letter has passed from the mailing office the delivering of it cannot be delayed or prevented by the writer; but, if the writer request the return of the letter, which has not left in the mail, the post-master may deliver it, if he is satisfied that the party applying is the writer. A subscriber to a newspaper or periodical who changes his residence and postoffice should at once notify the publishers of the change. Printed matter, merchandise and other third-class matter cannot be forwarded from the. office to which it is addressed unless postage is furnished for such purposes. A request to return indorsed on such matter will not be regarded unless postage is furnished for the pur- pose. A request to return written on such matter subjects the pack- age to letter postage. All packages mailed at less than letter postage should be wrapped so that their contents can be readily ascertained without destroying the wrapper. Matter contained in sealed envelopes, notched at the ends, is sub- ject to letter postage. The sender of any article of the third class may write his or her name or address therein, or on the outside thereof, with the word “ from ” above or preceding the same, pr may write or print on any package the number and name of articles inclosed. All losses should be promptly reported. Packages of any description of mail matter may weigh not exceed- ing four pounds. RITES OF POSTAGE. On letters, sealed packages, mail matter, wholly or partly in writ- ing, except book manuscript and corrected proofs passing between au- thors and publishers, and except local or drop letters, or postal cards;98 ABSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS. all printed matter so marked as to convey any other or further infor- mation than is conveyed by the original print, except the correction of mere typographical errors; all matter otherwise chargeable with letter postage, but which is so wrapped or secured that,it cannot be conveniently examined by the post-masters without destroying the wrapper or envelope; all packages containing matter not in itself chargeable with letter postage, but in which is enclosed or concealed any letter, memorandum, or other thing chargeable with letter post- age, or upon which is anv writing or memorandum; all matter to which no specific rate of postage is assigned; and manuscript for pub- lication in newspapers, magazines or periodicals, three cents for EACH HALF OUNCE OR FRACTION THEREOF. On local or drop letters, at offices where free delivery by carriers is> established, two cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof. On local or drop letters, at offices where free delivery by carriers is not established, one cent for each half ounce or fraction thereof, RATES OF POSTAGE ON THIRD-CLASS MATTER. By act of July 12, 1876, third-class matter is divided as follows: One cent for two ounces.—Almanacs, books (printed), calendars, catalogues, corrected proofs, hand-bills, magazines, when not sent to regular subscribers, maps (lithographed or engraved), music (printed sheet), newspapers, when nut sent to regular subscribers, occasional publications, pamphlets, posters, proof-sheets, prospectuses, and regu- lar publications designed primarily for advertising purposes, or for free circulation, or for circulation at nominal rates. One cent for each ounce.—Blank books, blank cards, book manu- script, card boards and other flexible materials, chromo-lithographs, circulars, engravings, envelopes,flexible patterns, letter envelopes, let- ter paper, lithographs, merchandise, models, ornamented paper, postal cards, when sent in bulk and not addressed, photographic views, pho- tographic paper, printed blanks, printed cards, sample cards, samples of ores, metals, minerals, and merchandise, seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots and scions, and stereoscopic views. Any article of mail matter, subject to postage at the rate of one cent lor each ounce or fraction thereof, which may be enclosed in the same package with items subject to the rate of one cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof, will subject the entire package to the high- est rate, viz.: one cent for each ounce or fraction thereof. The following articles are unmailable: Packages containing liquids, poisons, glass, explosive chemicals, live animals, sharp pointed instruments, flour, sugar, or any other matter liable to deface or destroy the cintents of the mail, or injure the per-ABSTRACTS OF STATK LAWS. 99 son of any one connected with the service. ’All letters upon the en- velope of which, or postal card upon which indecent, lewd, obscene, or lascivious delineations, epithets, terms or language maybe written or printed, or disloyal devices printed or engraved, and letters or cir- culars concerning illegal lotteries so called, gift concerts or other simi- lar enterprises offering prizes, or concerning schemes devised and in- tended to deceive and defraud the public. Also, all obscene, lewd or lascivious books, pamphlets, pictures, papers, prints or other publica- tions of an indecent character. REGISTERED MATTER. The fee for registering a letter going anywhere in the United States is fixed at ten cents in addition to the regular postage. Post-masters are required to register all letters properly presented for that pur- pose, but no letters are to be registered on Sunday. Registered letters will never be delivered to any person but the one to whom they are addressed, or to one whom the post-master knows % to be authorized to receive them. MONEY ORDERS. The money-order system is intended to promote public convenience and to secure safety in the transfer through the mails of small sums of money. The principal means employed to attain safety consists in leaving out. of the order the name of the payee or person for whom • the money is intended. In this respect a money-order differs from an ordinary bank draft or check. An advice or notification contain- ing full particulars of the order is transmitted without delay by the issuing post-master to the post-master at the office of payment. The latter is thus furnished, before the order itself is presented, with in- formation which will enable him to prevent its payment to any per- son not entitled thereto, provided the remitter complies with the regu- lation of the Department, which prohibits him from sending the same information in a letter inclosed with his order. Under no circumstances can payment of an order be demanded on the day of its issue. The fees or charges for money-orders will be as follows: On orders not exceeding $15....................................10 cents On orders over $15 and not exceeding $30.......................15 cents On orders over $30 and not exceeding $40.......................20 cents On orders over $40 and not exceeding $50.......................25 cents "When a larger sum than $50 is required, additional orders to make it up must be obtained. But post-masters are instructed to refuse to issue in one day, to the same remitter and in favor of the same payee, more than three monej’-orders payable at the same postoffice.100 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. CHAPTER I. EARLY SETTLEMENT. A little over a half century ago the territory now embraced within the limits of Knox county was in a state of nature. Scarcely a white man, except hunters and traders, had ever crossed its fertile prairies. It was a wild region and uninhabited save, by the wild beasts of forest and prairie, and roving bands of Indians, whose trails were found here and there over prairie and through timber, from village to vil- lage, of wigwams. Herds of deer, packs of wolves and other wild animals roamed at will. The buffalo had been driven by the Indians farther west, although their bones were found here and there scattered over the prairie. Since then wonderful and unparalleled have been the changes that have taken place. Fifty years have passed since Daniel and Alexander Robertson, Richard Mathews, Jacob Gum and his sons, John B., James and Zephaniah, Riggs Pennington, Stephen Osborn, Eaton and Robert Nance, Benjamin Coy, Alexander Frakes, Robert Greenwell, Thomas Sheldon, Nicholas Yoiles, Mrs. Jennie Yaughn, and John, her son, Jesse D. Gum, James Reynolds, Andrew and Alexander Osborn, M. D. Coy and Thomas McKee came to this county to found homes, all of them settling in Henderson township. Of this number but two are living in the county at the present time; and as there were no wTritten records kept, as a natural consequence, a great many early in- cidents of local importance at the time of their happening are lost, to the memory of the oldest surviving settlers; or, if not entirely lost, have become so confused with the multiplicity of accumulating cares, that to extricate an accurate account of them from time’s rubbish, and preserve them in printed pages, so they may be seen now as they were then, will require a most critical exercise of mind and pen. As near as is possible ever to obtain, we give a correct sketch, taking great care properly to secure names, dates and locations, and we be- lieve the early history of the county is as full and complete as could have been compiled.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 101 Daniel and Alexander Robertson, and their brother-in-law, Richard Mathews, were the first to locate in the county of Knox. The two former were single men, but remained so but a short time, as we find the first marriage license issued, by the Clerk of the county, was to Daniel Robertson. Alexander was married shortly afterward, and in 1848 died. His daughter is the wife of John Junk, and has resided all her life on the farm where her father settled and died and where she was born. Richard Mathews remained here but a short time, and then returned to Morgan county, settling near Urnsville, where in 1876 he died. The Robertson brothers first settled on the northeast quarter of section 15, Henderson township, where the soil of Knox county was first cultivated by a white man. At present Daniel lives on the southwest quarter of section 11 of the same township. He was un- able to get legal possession of the land originally settled upon, and was compelled to remove. In the early settlement of the Military Tract great annoyance was experienced by the pioneers from parties having tax titles, grants, patents, etc., of the land. Thus it was with the piece of land Mr. Robertson first located. A man by the name of Baker, whose wife’s father had an interest in or a claim upon this land, came along one evening and asked to stay over night. This' privilege was cheerfully granted him. On the following morning he' asserted his right to the land. He refused to leave the house. In an altercation which Daniel Robertson had with him over this land Baker shot at Robertson, but fortunately missed him. Robertson ran to the house after his gun, but his wife, fearing something fatal, kept it from him. It would seem that with such vast expanse of wild land there would be no difficulty in regard to a small field. Daniel Robertson, the first settler of the county, and who at pres- ent is hale and stout, and does considerable work on his farm, was born in Scotland, June 12, 1804. He was brought by his parents to the United States when only four weeks old. They settled near Lake George, New York. In 1820 his father came to the newly organized State of Illinois, settling in Madison county. In 1821 hfs went to Morgan county, from whence in a few years his two sons Daniel and Alexander went into Schuyler county, where they followed the busi- ness of raising hogs. The Galena trail went through Schuyler a,nd Knox counties, and travelers were passing to and fro much of the time. Some of them told the Robertsons of the fine country in this county. They reported it as the best through which the trail passed. Time has since verified the assertion of these early miners. The winter of 1827--8, acting upon the advice of strangers, they concluded102 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. to remove here. After some preparations they set out, in the latter part of February, 1828, for the unsettled country, with two yoke of oxen to their “ prairie schooner” wagon, and with SO head of hogs. Arriving after a weary journey, they pitched their tent and com- menced farming. Among the few rude implements they brought with them was a plow, the first to turn the soil of Knox county so far as known, except the still more rude implements of the Indians, who had cultivated little fields here and there over the county. This plow is still in the possession of Mr. Daniel Robertson, in a good state ot preservation, and a relic worthy of more than a passing notice. IIow different is this antique implement from those in use at the present time! It was made after the most improved pattern, and at the time was a model worthy of imitation. It is what is known as the “Bar- share” plow, and in construction consumed a great amount of timber. The beam is 8-| feet long and 16 inches in circumference. The wooden mold-board is 3 feet 4 inches long, about 10 inches wide and 4 inches thick, and is made of oak. The wrought-iron share, about the only piece of iron about it, is 4 feet, 4 inches long, although cut- ting but a 16-inch furrow. To make it more unique it is only from 14 to 16 inches high. With this ancient plow they prepared a few acres of ground and planted corn, which yielded forty bushels to the acre, thus enabling them to supply the immigrants as they came, and to “ give the hogs a taste now and then,” as Mr. Robertson remarked to us. These animals subsisted raostlj’’ upon acorns and other nuts found in the timber. Considerable trouble was at first experienced with the Indian dogs, which would kill the pigs and make the hogs “ homesick.” These dogs were similar in many respects to the wolf, and were quite as mischievous and troublesome. Of the pioneers of 1828 Daniel Robertson and Thomas McKee are the only two now residents of Knox county. Almost all the others have finished their earthly career, and their names and deeds deserve much honor from each citizen of the county, for they each and all as early settlers endured the trials and hardships of a new and wild country, to lay the foundation for future greatness and make a more beautiful, cultivated county. Their memories should be perpetuated and handed down to posterity, who, when the country’s age is told by centuries and its population by hundreds of thousands, will read with greater interest of those that opened the way for them to ad- vance in learning, culture, wealth and other ways. Future gener- ations should fully know and appreciate those who began the work of settling and changing a wild, unsettled and uncultivated county as Knox once was, to what it now is.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 103 Jacob Gum and his sons settled upon sections 32 and 33. Jacob was a minister of the gospel, and seldom failed to preach on Sunday; and although we may know his congregation was not large, nor did they assemble in a beautifully frescoed auditorium with cushioned pews and floor richly carpeted, yet the truth was just as earnestly preached and as gratefully received as to-day, for Elder Gum was an earnest worker and in his day wielded much influence for good. He was a member of the Regular Baptist Church, but finally united with the Christian Church, in which denomination he remained a de- voted member and an earnest, zealous laborer in his Master’s cause, until called to dwell with Him on the shores of eternity, his death occurring many years ago in this county. His sons Jesse and Zephaniah died in Missouri; John died in Cali- fornia; but James is living in that State at the present time. Riggs Pennington settled on section 10, from which place he moved to sec- tion 27, from thence to Texas in T836, where he died. Stephen Os- born settled on section 23. He died at Henderson. Alexander Frakes and the Nance brothers settled on section 9. Frakes after- ward moved to Oregon, where he died. Eaton Nance is living in Missouri, but his brother Robert died in Cass county, Illinois. Ben- jamin Coy settled on section 31, and died in this county. M. D. Coy died in Iowa. Robert Green well settled on section 15, but afterward removed to Missouri, where he died. Nicholas Yoiles settled on sec- tion 22, but moved to Texas, where he died about 1852. Mrs. Vanghn, familiarly known as “ Aunt Jennie,” lived on section 33, and died in this county. John, her son, is still living, having no permanent home. James Reynolds died in this county. Alexander Osborn is still living, with his wife, whom he married in 1829,— theirs being the first marriage in Knox county. They are now re- siding in Kansas. Andrew Osborn also resides in the same State. Thomas Sheldon resided in this county blit one winter, when he went to Rock Island, where he died in June, 1829. He left a widow and four small children. In a wild, uncultivated country, where physical labor is required, a woman with a family of small children would undergo much suffering. The settlers of Knox soon heard of the death of Mr. Sheldon, and immediately two of their number went to ascertain the condition of the family. In September they con- cluded to bring his widow to their own settlement at Henderson that they might care for her, and accordingly sent Thomas McKee with two yoke of oxen to bring her and her effects. The few settlers of Rock Island had been very kind to the widow, and had provided her with provisions for the winter,—among which was a barrel of flourHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 101 and a barrel of meat. Thomas McKee was at the time but nineteen years of age, but was a hardy frontier boy, and scarcely knew what hardships were; but he certainly experienced many on this trip of four days. He came to Hock river on his return, and there being no bridges or ferries, it must be forded. This he did, which without guide was a dangerous task. He came on to Mill creek, crossing it safely, but a little this side his wagon sunk so deep in the mud that his oxen in a desperate atteinpt to pull it out broke the neck-yoke. This was very discouraging, but young McKee immediately started back for Rock Island afoot fur another yoke. This lie obtained, and soon returned, reaching his wagon about dark. They were obliged to remain there all night, when a heavy rain fell and the water rose up nearly to the bed of the wagon. The following morning he unloaded his wagon and “ pulled out.” He says, to-day, it is a great wonder to him how he ever managed to load the barrel of meat, as the lady was in a condition which unfitted her for lending any assistance in lifting. They came on farther and stalled again, and again unloaded every article. At Edwards river he stuck again, the oxen being un- able to get up the rather steep embankment. He again unloaded every article, and then had to carry and roll each up the bank to the wagon. Coming on into Rio township, this county, about dark, he came to a slough, where he remained over night. He finally arrived home, after a most laborious journey of four days. We speak of this trip in detail, to illustrate the manner and mode of traveling in the time of the early settlement of the county. Without road or guide the pioneers roamed the prairies and timber with their slow but faithful oxen. At this time there was but one traveled road in the County, the one running from Peoria to Galena, through Vic- toria and Walnut Grove townships. This was the old “ Galena trail” or “ State road,” by which terms it was familiarly known. Mrs. Sheldon and family returned to Kentucky the following year. Thomas McKee is a resident of Galesburg, where he holds the offices of Justice of the Peace and Supervisor; and although a strong Demo- crat and the recognized leader of that party in this county, his per- sonal popularity is so great that even in the Republican stronghold of Galesburg he scarcely finds opposition. There is perhaps no citi- zen of the county so well and favorably known as he, and but few if any whose acquaintance is so extensive. In 1829 but few additions were made to the spare settlement at Henderson. How and then a new-comer would be welcomed. Among the number were Dr. Charles Hansford* and John G. San- burn.* The former was the first physician in the county, and for many * See biographical sketches.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 105 years perhaps the most popular man of the coutny; and the latter opened the first stock of general merchandise, and also became one of the’most popular men the county ever knew. There also came James and William McMurtry, Jonathan Reed, William Lewis, Solomon Davis and Thomas Maxwell; all of whom prominently figured in the early history of the county, and one of whom afterward received the greatest official honors ever conferred upon a citizen of Knox county. Mrs. Elizabeth Owen, a widow lady, with her son Parnach, and two daughters, came in the fall of this year, 1829, and settled in Haw Creek township. These were the first settlers to locate' outside of Henderson, save a rather singular genius named Palmer, who stopped south east of Maquon in 1828. It cannot be claimed for Palmer that he was really a settler, for he did not expect to remain, and he never fenced or made any effort to improve the land. He was a profes- sional bee-hunter, and as such traveled in advance of civilization. He lived at the place referred to but a short time, when he went farther west; but while near Maquon he cultivated the hills made by the Indians the year previous on the bottom lands of Spoon river. It may seem strange that a widow lady should be the first to locate in a large region of country where the foot of white man had scarcely trod. It was the strong attachment she had for her son that led her to the western wilds of Knox county. He was determined to seek a home in the new country, and rather than see him go alone she joined him and located here. She died in Knoxville in 1839. Her two daughters are still living.—one the widow of the late John G. Sanburn, residing in Knoxville, the other the wife of Dr. E. D. Rice of Lewistown. Parnach Owen took an active part in the early history of the county. He did the first local surveying, and was one of the contractors for the construction of the first court-house. He went from this to McDonough county, thence to Iowa, and he died in Allamakee county in that State in 1845. In 1830 the population increased rapidly. Fraker, Owen and Fitch settled fn Lynn township, in the edge of a beautiful grove which since has been known as Fraker’s Grove. These were the first settlers in the northeastern part of the county. Mr. Fraker had pur- chased several quarter sections before coming to the country, upon a portion of which he discovered an Indian town. His coming naturally aroused the Indians, and a great controversy arose between them con- cerning the possession of the land, the Indians claiming that their title came directly from God Almighty, while Mr. Fraker based his claim on patents he held from the Government. The Indians, however, after much parleying, concluded to leave. They moved to Indian Creek, some106 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. seven miles east, and built another village. They remained quite friendly with Mr. Fraker, and often came over to visit him, who was al- ways glad to see even an Indian. Soon the Indians adopted the habit of coming to the grove in the spring to make sugar and raise their squaw corn and vegetables, and then would return west in the fall to new hunting-grounds. Some travelers passed by Mr. Fraker’s, going northwest through Walnut Grove, where they saw Jones and De Hart, two settlers who came here shortly after the Frakers settled in Lynn. They were in- formed by the travelers of the settlers at Fraker’s Grove, who were not aware of having neighbors nearer than Henderson; and the Frakers, Fitches and Frasiers were greatly surprised on the following Sunday morning upon seeing Mr. De Hart, his wife and two children drive up in their two-wheeled cart, with a dry-goods box on, and drawn by oxen. These were the first white visitors except travelers that ever called at the settlement. Mrs. Fraker had not seen a white woman, except those of their own company, after coming to the grove. KNOX COUNTY. In 1830 it was thought that a sufficient number of inhabitants were living in this section to have the county organized, which accordingly was accomplished without any unnecessary delay. The'law required a county to contain 350 legal voters before an organization could be effected, yet there were scarcely that number even of individuals within the boundaries of Knox county when organized. On the ad- mission of Illinois into the Union, what is now Knox county was a part of Madison county. Afterwards by an act of the Legislature, approved June 30, 1821, it \vas placed within the boundaries of Pike, which is the oldest county in the Military Tract. It then em- braced the whole country north and west of the Illinois river. By a subsequent act, approved February 10, 1826, its present boundaries wTere determined, and it was attached to Fulton county for judicial and recording purposes. On the 3d day of July, 1830, by an order of Judge Young, an election was held for the purpose of selecting three commissioners, and on the 7th they met and completed the organiza- tion of Knox county, for a detailed account of which we refer our readers to the following chapter. We will state in this connection that, when the county was organ- ized in 1830, townships 12 and 13 north, range 5 east, were included within the boundaries of Knox county. This act of the Legislature was approved January 15, 1831. In 1837, when Stark county was or-HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 107 ganized, these two townships were severed from this county and included in that. The town of La Fayette, Stark county, is located within this section, and consequently was originally in Knox county. It was through the instrumentality of Higgs Pennington that the two townships referred to were attached to this county. There was a beautiful grove within the territory, which he thought would add materially to the wealth of the county, and be a counterpart to the delightful forest in Lynn township, subsequently known as Fraker’s Grove. Pennington was almost a regular attendant upon the Legis- lature, although not a member. He wielded no little influence among the Representatives, and therefore when he wanted the section alluded to attached to his county his request was granted without delay. In 1837 an attempt was made to divide Knox county for the forma- tion of Coffee county. But little interest was taken in the matter by the people residing in the western portion of the county, as it was a move especially concerning the residents of the eastern section. On the 10th day of April of that year, an election was held to vote for or against the division of the county, and the formation of Coffee county. There were 263 votes cast, 77 of which were for the measure, and 186 against it. The “ Military Tract” comprises all the land between the Illinois and the Mississippi rivers, south of the north line of Bureau and Henry counties. It is so called because much of it was “ patented” by the Government, in quarter sections, to soldiers of the war of 1812. There was scarcely a soldier in that early day who counted his land of much value, and ever thought to occupy it himself; but immi- grants came in, entered Government lands and “squatted” on “patent” or military land, improved it, and thus rendered it valuable. It was seldom that a “patentee” could be found at the time of settle- ment, and many of the early settlers presumed that the owner never would be known; but in many instances, after a patent quarter-sec- tion was made valuable by improvement, the original patent would be brought on by some one, who would oust the occupant and take pos- session, sometimes paying him something for his improvements and sometimes not. Many holders of patents had no pity. This con- dition of affairs presented a temptation to merciless “land-sharks,” who would come into this section and work up cases, ostensibly for the original patentees, but really for their own pockets. The most notorious of these was one Toliver Craig, who actually made it a business to forge patents and deeds. This he carried on extensivel)' from 1847 to 1S54, especially in Knox and Fulton coun- ties. He had 40 bogus deeds put on record in one day at Knoxville.IDS HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. He was arrested in New York State in 1S5J, by II. M. Boggess of Monmouth, and taken to the jail at Cincinnati, Ohio, where lie at- tempted suicide by arsenic; but at the end of a year lie was released on bail. When the Military Tract was laid off into counties, most of them were named in honor of military heroes of the nation. This count}7 was christened in honor of the brave statesman-general, Henry Ivnox. The following is a brief personal sketch of him whose name this county now” wears: Henry Knox, an American general and statesman, commander of the artillery during the Revolution, and Secretary of War under Wash- ington, wTas born in Boston, July 25, 1750, and died in Thomaston, Me., October 25, 1806. He was of Scotch and Irish Presbyterian stock, and his father came from St. Eustatius, one of the British West India islands.. He received the common school education of his time in Boston, and was remarked as a youth of fine abilities and generous disposition, fond of the heroic examples of former ages, and, accord- ing to Dr. Eliot (who w7as nearly his cotemporary), giving constant prestige of future eminence. General Knox played a most important part in the revolutionary struggle for liberty, and was admired and beloved by Washington, and like him, after a long, active, and eminently successful public career, retired to private life. Gen. Knox was large in person, of a robust and athletic frame, enterprising and resolute in character, of a generous, buoyant and social disposition, cordially appreciated and beloved by friends, possessing unquestionable integrity, unsurpassed energy, and a mind liberally cultivated by study. Knox County is about equally divided between timber and prairie land, the northern tier of townships being mainly prairie, while the southeastern, along Spoon river, is chiefly timber. In sketches of townships this feature will be noticed more at length. It is situated on the very height of the divide between the Mississippi and the Illi- nois rivers, with the 41st parallel of north latitude running very nearly through its center. It is well drained by streams running east and west from the central divide, and perhaps contains more high, dry and exceedingly rich and fertile lands, susceptible of producing all the grains and fruits common to this latitude, than the same number of acres lying in a body anywhere on the face of the globe. The soil is underlaid with a good quality of coal and building stone, and for a healthy climate Knox county has no superior and few equals. The large prairies of the county presented a most beautiful sight before they wTere settled. The following very descriptive lines onHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 109 “ The Prairies*>f Illinois.” by Captain Basil Hail, portrays their beauty in their wild and native state: “The charm of a prairie consists in its extension, its green, flowery carpet, its undulating surface, and the skirt of forest whereby it is surrounded; the latter feature being of all others the most significant and expressive, since it characterizes the landscape, and defines the form and boundary of the plain. If the prairie is little, its greatest beauty consists in the vicinity of the encompassing edg§ of forests, which may be compared to the shores of a lake, being intersected with many deep, inward bends, as so many inlets, and at intervals project- ing very far, not unlike a promontory or protruding arm of land. These projections sometimes so closely approach each other that the traveler passing through between them, may be said to walk in the midst of an alley overshadowed by the forest, before he enters again upon another broad prairie. Where th^ plain is extensive, the delin- eations of the forest in the distant background appear as would a misty ocean beach afar off. The eye sometimes surveys the green prairie without discovering on the illimitable plain a tree or bush, or any other object, save the wilderness of flowers and grass, while on other occasions the view is enlivened by the groves dispersed like islands over the plain, or by a solitary tree rising above the wilderness. The resemblance to the sea which some of these prairies exhibited, was really most striking. In the spring, when the young grass has just clothed the soil with a soddy carpet of the most delicate green, but especially when the sun, rising behind a distant elevation of the ground, its rays are reflected by myriads of dew drops, a more pleas- ing and more eye-benefiting view cannot be imagined. “ The delightful aspect of the prairie, its amenities, and the absence of that sombre awe inspired by forests, contributes to forcing away that sentiment of loneliness, which usually steals upon the mind of the solitary wanderer in the wilderness; for, although he espies no habitation, and sees no human being, and knows himself to be far off from every settlement of man, he can scarcely defend himself from believing that he is traveling through a landscape embellished by hu- man art. The flowers are so delicate and elegant as apparently to be distributed for mere ornament over the plain; the groves and groups of trees seem to be dispersed over the prairie to enliven the landscape, and we can scarcely get rid of the impression invading our imagina- tion, of the whole 6cene being flung out and created for the satisfac- tion of the sentiment of beauty in refined men. “In the summer the prairie is covered with tall grass, which is coarse in appearance, and soon assumes a yellow color, waving in the110 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. wind like a ripe crop of corn. In the early stages of its growth it resembles young wheat, and in this state furnishes such rich and suc- culent food for cattle that the latter choose it often in preference to wheat, it being no doubt a very congenial fodder to them, since it is impossible to conceive of better butter than is made while the grass is in this stage. “In the early stages of its growth the grass is interspersed with little flowers,—the violet, the strawberry-blossom, and others of the most delicate structure. When the grass grows higher these disap- pear, and taller flowers, displaying more lively colors, take their place; and still later a series of still higher but less delicately formed flowers appears on the surface. While the grass is green these beautiful plains are adorned with every imaginable variety of color. It is impossible to conceive of a greater diversity, or discover a predominating color, save the green, which forms a beautiful dead color, relieving the splen- dor of the others. In the summer the plants grow taller, and the colors more lively; in the autumn another generation of flowers arises which possesses less clearness and variety of color and less fragrancy. In the winter the prairie presents a melancholy aspect. Often the Are, which the hunters annually send over the prairies in order to dis- lodge the game, will destroy the entire vegetation, giving to the soil a uniform black appearance, like that of a vast plain of charcoal; then the wind sweeping over the prairie will find nothing which it might put in motion, no leaves which it might disperse, no haulms which it might shake. No sooner does the snow commence to fall than the animals, unless already before frightened away by the fire, retire into the forests, when the most dreary? oppressive solitude will reign on the burnt prairies, which often occupy many square miles of territory.” PRAIRIE FIRES. Annual prairie fires would visit the prairies in the autumn. The settlers who had pushed out from the timber took great precaution to prevent their crops, houses and barns from being destroyed, yet not always did they succeed. Many incidents are related of prairie fires. In 1831 Thomas Maxwell had succeeded in getting his wheat threshed and stored into a rail pen, when a prairie fire came along and totally destroyed his grain. ITis son, Henry, in attempting to save it by “burning ahead,” or “back-firing,” got his back badly scorched. A more serious case was that of Mr. "William Lake, of FrakeHs Grove, who was returning from the mill at Hennepin, Putnam County, when he was overtaken by a prairie fire, llis horses turned and run with the fire. Mr. Lake, seeing he could not save his team, as they hadSECTIONAL VIEW OF LA SALLE STREET TUNNEL, CHICAGO.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 113 become unmanageable, jumped from his wagon upon the burnt and blackened ground-. He ran on to recover the horses if possible, and, after going some two or three miles, came up to them and found one horse dead, and the other so badly burned that his usefulness was greatly impaired. His wagon and its contents were entirely consumed. The lire, though presenting a scene of sublimity, was as if the de- stroying angel had flown abroad, crying in terror-stricken tones while breathing tempests of fire and smoke from his nostrils, changing a scene of so much brilliance, which the prairies presented but a few minutes before, into a dark, charred mass. The great conflagrations were caused either accidentally, or design- edly from wantonness, or with a view of bewildering the game. We find on the Circuit Court records that David Ogden and Mathew Her- bert were indicted on the 21st day of December, 1845, for burning prairies. The following day John Matlock and Nelson Case were in- dicted for the same offense. Bail was given to the amount of $100 each. Herbert jumped his bail, but was subsequently brought to trial, and with the other three fined $5 and costs. This was not an uncommon offense for which men were brought before the court to answer. The fire often spread further than it was intended it should. Where- ever were extensive prairie lands, one-half was burned in the spring and the other half in the autumn, in order to produce a more rapid growth of the naturally exuberant grass, destroying at the same time the tall and thick weed stalks. Violent winds would often arise and drive the flames with such rapidity that riders on the fleetest steeds could scarcely escape. On the approach of a prairie fire the farmer would immediately set about “ burning back,”—that is, burning off the grass close by the fences, that the larger fire upon arriving would become extinguished for want of aliment. In order to be able, how- ever, to make proper use of this measure of safety, it was very essen- tial that every farmer should encompass with a ditch those of his fences adjoining the prairie. When known that the conflagration could cause no danger, the settler, though accustomed to them, could not refrain from gazing with admiration upon the magnificent specta- cle. Language cannot convey, words cannot express, the faintest idea of the splendor and grandeur of such a conflagration during the night. It was as if the pale queen of night, disdaining to take her accus- tomed place in the heavens, had dispatched myriads upon myriads of messengers to light their torches at the altar of the setting sun until all had flashed into one long and continuous blaze.114 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. “ O, fly to the prairies and in wonder gaze, As o’er the grass sweeps the magnificent blaze: The earth cannot boast so magnificent a sight,— A continent blazing with oceans of light.” The following graphic description of prairie fires was written by a traveler through this region in 1849: “ Soon the fires began to kindle wider and rise higher from the long grass; the gentle breeze increased to stronger currents, and soon fanned the small, flickering blaze into fierce torrent-flames, which curled up and leaped along in resistless splendor; and like quickly raising the dark curtain from the luminous stage, the scenes before me were sud- denly changed, as if by the magician’s wand, into one boundless am- phitheater, blazing from earth to heaven and sweeping the horizon round,—columns of lurid flames sportively mounting up to the zenith, and dark clouds of crimson smoke curling away and aloft till they nearly obscured stars and moon, while the rushing, crashing sounds, like roaring cataracts mingled with distant thunders, were almost deaf- ening; danger, death, glared all around; it screamed for victims; yet, notwithstanding the imminent peril of prairie fires, one is loth, irres- olute, almost unable to withdraw or seek refuge.” The following poem appeared in the Knoxville Journal of March 27, 1850. It was written for that paper by “Flora” of Alstead, IN. H., on seeing a notice of a railroad meeting, in the Journal of De- cember 12, 1849. It so beautifully and vgraphically pictures the grandeur, the magnificence and splendor of the vast prairies of Knox county as they were when cultivated by nature’s hand, and being pre- pared especially for that excellent pioneer paper, and as it also refers to llie building of the first railroad over the fertile prairies of Knox, we deem it well to give it in full. It is entitled RECOLLECTIONS OF THE WEST. Tlio’ many a lingering year has passed away Since last I saw thee, yes, and many a day Of grief, yet mem’ry still retains a zest Of thee, ye lovely prairies of the West! I’ve often rambled o’er thy verdant lawns, Where bound the wild deer with the playful fawns; Where, every breeze wafts fragrance and delight, And every prospect charms the wandering sight; I’ve seen thee clothed in thy rich, vernal dyes; At every step new beauties met my eyes, From where the sun first darts his morning rays, To where he sinks in yonder deep, blue haze; As on I stroll’d, through a long, bright day,HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 115 Before me still, tliou stretchest far away, Beyond the utmost limits of my ken; Perhaps, methought, beyond the haunts of men, Save the wild savage, and his wilder steed, Who courses o’er thee with the lightning speed, Pursuing still his wonted daily sport, Where’er the timorous, harmless deer resort, With murd’rous weapons, and a murd’rous heart, An eagle eye, he hurls the deadly dart, And brings the fated victim to the ground. Poor,helpless creature! thou hast thine death-wound; Oh, cruel sport! could I thy life defend, (Like Cowper’s hare,) thou too should’st have a friend. But I have wander’d. Say, ye fairy grounds, Where is your termination ? where your bounds ? No dense, dark forest, hill, or deep ravine, Obstructs thy progress, naught to intervene Thy ouward course. Where’er I turn my eyes There springs a lily; here the wild pink vies With clustering roses, and the rich blue bell, The morning glories, and the daffodil, And countless others; how and whence they came, I leave for botanists to tell and name; Ye lay before me, spreading far and wide, From Illinois to Mississippi’s t de, One boundless picture, drawn by nature’s skill; ’Tvvere vain to imitate, let try who will. I’ve lingered long amid your magic scenes, Which savor’d more of truth than poets’ dreams. But list, ye liow’rets, there’s a secret plot, To mar your beauty and to spread a blot O’er your fair features, now so fresh with bloom, Breathing on all around your sweet perfume; Beauty is potent, and perchance you doubt it, But mark my words, there’s no mistake about it; Tho’ thou hast laid thy scenes far from the ocean, Thy Sucker friends have took the Yankee notion Of making railroads all the wide world over, That he who chooses soon may be a rover; Fame say's the tune has turned, and we believe her, Your Western folks have caught the Eastern lever; Tho’ now you grow in wild and sweet profusion, Yet soon they’ll put their plan in execution. The whole fraternity are now array’d To crush your freedom, and your rights invade; For men who love to ride the iron rod, Will lay you lifeless soon beneath the sod; They’ll crush you with the ponderous, iron railing, In spite of all your weeping and your wailing. Ye rural beauties, you must disappear; Yield your possessions to the engineer. Henceforth no more the wild and playful deer S!116 HISTOKY OF KNOX COUNTY. Shall o’er your meadows bound; But rattling, rumbling cars, with ceaseless steam, And magic speed, propelled by Vulcan’s team, Whose whips and spurs are fire and smoke and steam, Shall occupy your ground. THE BIG SNOW. The big snow of 1830 will be vividly remembered by all the old settlers. This was the heaviest snow ever known to have fallen in this State. The snow began falling on the night of the 29th of December, and continued to fall for three days and nights, until it reached an average depth of about four feet, but drifting in places as high as from eighteen to twenty feet. Great suffering was experienced in conse- quence. The settlers relied for their daily food upon the Indian corn which they were enabled to raise, together with wild game, which was abundant at that time. Plenty of the former was raised to sup- ply the wants of all until the next season’s crop; but when the snow fell very little had been gathered. Game could not be had. The great depth of snow was a barrier to all travel, and it may well be imagined the sufferings of the people were very great indeed. Just previous to the falling of this snow John G. San burn and Parnach Owen went to Yandalia, then the State capital. Owen had not made such preparations at home before he left that would permit him to remain away any extended time, so lie set out to return for this county on horseback. In company^ with him was a Mr. Wright, of Canton, and a member of the Legislature at the time. The snow was so deep, and every trail so completely obliterated, that they got lost. They could not turn back and retrace their steps, as no indication whatever remained of their track five minutes after passing along. No house or shelter of any description was near, and the perils of the night, which was fast approaching, were almost certain death if they remained there. To make their situation more appalling, when com- ing across a large prairie in Fulton county their horses suddenly gave out, utterly refusing to move a step. To remain there would be only to freeze to death; so they determined to proceed on foot, and, taking the saddles off their wearied animals, they laid them on the snow and started on. The snow was so deep and the crust so thin that they would often break through, making progress slow and tiresome; but probably this action was the only thing which prevented them from freezing to death. At last Canton was reached, but not until the feet of Owen were very badly frozen; indeed, his boots were frozen so tightly to his feet that they could not be taken off until bathed in water for some time. The following morning a man was dispatchedHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 11? after the horses, and they were found standing in the same positions and places in which they were left the day before. Owen was com- pelled to remain at Canton for several days, when, after his feet were in a fit condition, he came to his home near Knoxville on snow-shoes, that being almost the only mode of travel practicable at that time. The snow lay on the ground until about the first of April; and we have little doubt that many a weary one during that long winter sighed for the comforts of the “old home;” still, notwithstanding its great dreariness and the greater sufferings of the people, none became disheartened, for we find them in the spring of 1831 as determined as ever to carve out for themselves a home in this truly beautiful country. GOING TO MARKET. The early settlers experienced great trouble in marketing their pro- duce. Grain was generally carted to Chicago, especially from the northern part of the county, until the introduction of railroads. Peoria was also a market, but more particularly from the western and southern parts of the county; yet grain and hogs have been marketed in Chicago from all parts of the county. Of course it took several days to make the trip; and as there were few good hotels along the route, the farmers generally slept in their wagons and prepared their own meals along the road. Their cooking utensils consisted usually of a frying-pan and a coffee-pot, and their bill of fare would be hot coffee, bread and fried bacon. At that time Chicago was nothing better than a great, overgrown village, set down in what ap- peared to be the lowest and muddiest spot in creation. The farmers unloaded into a hopper, and the elevators were no better than will usually be seen in most country towns. At times when roads were good and prices a little up there was often a big rush; and as they slowly unloaded and advanced the length of one team at a time, the unlucky farmer would sometimes be delayed several hours before he could get his grain into the hopper and the cash therefor into his pocket. The price for wheat in Chicago ranged from forty cents to a dollar and twenty cents a bushel, but it seldom reached as high as a dollar: it generally ranged at fifty or sixty cents. The farmers were not in any danger of becoming suddenly rich by selling their wheat at these prices and carting it to Chicago; yet all enjoyed such trips, for many things occurred on the way that make the old men, in now rehearsing them, wish they were young again, and could once more repeat them as of old. About 1842, while Jonathan Gibbs with several others were on their118 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. way to Chicago with wheat, and were sleeping in and about their wagons, they were awakened before break of day by a man on his re- turn trip, who called out, as he came in sight of the sleepers: “ Ho! all ye who are drawing wheat to Chicago for forty-seven cents a bushel, you should be up and rolling on your way.” Gaddial Scott, John Martz, Andrew Osborn, a Mr. Field and others, made a trip to Chicago one fall. They could get but twenty-live cents a bushel for their wheat in this county; so they thought they would try the Chicago market, which was considerably better for them, as they received sixty-live cents a bushel, which they then regarded as a large price, although they were eleven days and a half in making the trip. Allowing thirty bushels to the load, we find they received $19.50 for the wheat, which, calculating the time spent in marketing, is less than $1.70 a day for man and team. But when we reckon the time and labor spent in growing, harvesting, threshing and cleaning it, especially with their antique and much inferior machinery, we find the compensations received for labor in those days were meager indeed. Several little incidents occurred during the trip of the above men- tioned gentlemen. Mr. Scott had never visited the city before, and when they came in sight of it, noticing the masts of the ships which lay in the river, he thought they were a strip of dead timber. On reaching the city and when near the river, driving along on one of the busy streets, he was so much interested in the tall masts of the shipping that he forgot to notice his team, which run into the one ahead of him, smashing the feed-box, which was always carried on the rear end of the wagon bed. A dog they had along became so bewil- dered at the sights of the city that it forgot to follow its master closely, and was accordingly lost. Several days afterward, however, it returned home, with no desire whatever to take another trip to Chicago. Mr. Scott brought three barrels of salt home with him, for which he paid $1.50 per barrel; the price for that article here being $3 per bushel. Jonathan Gibbs says he paid that price for salt in 1838, get- ting fifty-six pounds to the bushel. One cause for this staple article being so high was that the Illinois river was so shallow that naviga- tion on it was prevented. In the winter of 1841 Judge R. L. Hannaman drove 1,300 head of hogs from Knoxville to Chicago. For these he paid $2 per hundred pounds net. He had them slaughtered and packed in that city, and shipped to New York and Boston. In the enterprise, which at the time was a'stupendous one, Mr. Hannaman lost $5,000. He had six- teen boys employed to drive the stock, and consumed sixteen days’HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 119 hard work to reach the city. Considerable trouble was experienced in securing places to stop over night, as the number, both of boys and hogs, was so large that but few settlers along the route could accom- modate them. One night Mr. Hannaman and his whole company re- mained with John H. Bryant, a brother of the poet, who was then living in a comfortable dwelling on a fine farm near Princeton. In Chicago he stopped at the “ Illinois Hotel,” kept by Colonel Beaubien, a Frenchman, who was quite extensively known through, Northern Illinois. In relating the incidents of the trip, the Judge remarked: “ At that early day Chicago gave no hint or suspicion that she would ever become the great commercial metropolis of the Northwest. She was then a small town, situated in the midst of miry swamps, any quantity of which I could have bought for almost nothing, but would not have accepted as a gift.” In the winter of 1812-3 Jonathan Gibbs went to Peoria to sell his pork; but the highest offer made him was by Cortennis & Griswold, large packers, which was 1-J- cents per pound for dressed hogs, and 3£ cash or 4 cents in trade, for green hams, and the same for lard.' Over a fire-place in Mr. Gibbs’ log cabin sixteen barrels of lard were tried out that fall. Such a stupendous job of work would scarcely be un- dertaken by any family at the present time. MONEY. Money was an article little known and seldom seen among the earlier settlers. Indeed, they had but little use for it, as all business was transacted by trading one article for another. Great ingenuity was developed in the barter of their commodities, and when this failed long credits contributed to their convenience. But for taxes and postage neither the barter nor credit system would answer, and often letters were suffered to remain a considerable time in the post- office for want of 25 cents, which was then the postage on all letters from any great distance; nor were they carried on the fast express or mail trains. It was only every week or so that a lone horseman, with mail bag thrown astride, would ride into a settlement or village. If, however, the village was on the Tine of a stage route, the old stage coach would make its appearance as often. It was not common then for persons to get many letters; indeed, one or two a month was considered a large mail. Nor did three cents pay the postage upon a letter at that day. It,seldom took less than twenty-five cents, or two “bits,” as Kentuckians would say. Mr. Giles Cook, of Victoria., doubtless very vividly remembers120 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. the old price of letter postage. He received notice that there was a letter for him at the postoffice, which at that time was located at the residence of Mr. Bradford, about seven miles east of Knoxville. Mr. Cook accordingly called for his letter, but as the postage was due, and the post-master would not permit him to open it until it was paid, which he could not do, he was unable to get it. He at once set about to earn the required amount; and after five or six weeks’ extra exertion, succeeded in raising enough to pay the postage on that one letter. When he opened the hard-earned epistle, he found therein a check for $50, which was abundant compensation for half a year’s labor. While money was so exceedingly difficult to obtain that but little was ever accumulated, yet the pioneers really needed but little. They seldom received a letter, and their taxes were light. For instance, the first year after arrival, A. 0. Higginspaid taxes to the amount of five cents. This was on a silver watch he carried, it being the only taxa- ble property he then possessed. In 1836 Gaddial Scott paid his taxes, which amounted to $1,374-, with a wolf scalp and 374- cents in money, being three silver pieces of 124-cents each, or three “bits,” as they were called in that early day. This was the full amount of taxes upon about $1,100 worth of property. FIRST CELEBRATION. The 4th of July, 1836, was the first national anniversary day es- pecially celebrated in Knox county. The exercises were held in Sanburn’s Grove, near Knoxville, and were attended by between 600 and 700 people,—one dollar a couple being charged for the dinner, which was sumptuously served. The meat, which consisted of beef, veal, mutton and pork, was roasted in a pit in the ground, by Harrison Bell. Col. Herman Knox was very enthusiastic over the affair and took an active part, furnishing from his store the dishes used. Hot being able to clean off the tables that night, as doubtless all wanted to partake and not miss any of the pleasures of the festive occasion, “ Old Black Joe” was hired to stand guard over them until next morning. This was a memorable celebration, and for its magnitude at the time many thought it would scarcely ever be surpassed. Indeed, one of the prominent men in addressing another said, “ If you live here for 20 years, you will never see this beaten.” Elder Gardner Bartlett made the opening prayer, and Hon. James Knox delivered the oration, after which the audience formed in line and marched to the tables spread under the boughs of a large tree.IIISTOKY OF KNOX COUNTY. 121 MILITIA. For many years in the early history of the county the “ State militia” organizations held their regular semi-annual drills, which was always a source of much pleasure, and a gala day for all. The company drills were held in the spring in various portions of the county, but in the fall all of the militia-men assembled at one place, when regimental exercises were observed. During the meantime the officers had their drill muster, when instructions were given. Thomas McKee was chosen Major in 1878, and for several years held the office. In 1846, when the war between the United States and Mexico commenced, Major McKee gave orders to his captains to have the men assemble at Knox- ville on a certain day. The captains informed the non-commissioned officers, and they in turn circulated the call among the rank and file. Upon the appointed day about 1,500 of the militia men assembled. After the usual preliminary forming and marching the Major formed them into a hollow square; then mounting a wagon which stood in the centre, he addressed them on the subject of enlisting in the ser- vice of their country in the war with Mexico. After his stirring speech, which aroused and fired the patriotism of the men, the martial band took up the call and in musical strains discoursed from the drum and fife many of the soul-stirring national airs of the day, which raised their patriotic spirits to a still higher pitch. When the Major at the head of the band called out as they marched off, “ Kow, gentlemen, all you that want to go to Mexico, come along,” immedi- ately 109 men joined him, showing thereby their willingness to go to the front. It was the Major’s desire to start right off that night for Springfield to have the company accepted; but many of the older men thought him too'hasty; that he had not considered matters sufficiently; that such a course would be rash and uncalled for: so at their solici- tation he sent the report of his company having been raised, by mail. As the quota of the State was only six regiments, of course it was soon filled; so, when the letter from Major McKee reached Springfield, every company asked for had been furnished and no more would be accepted, which completely dampened the military ardor of the Major and his men. They remained, however, in readiness to answer a call at a moment’s warning, but happily for them none was ever made, as they were not needed. BEE-HUNTING. During the early settlement of this part of the State, one of the prevailing customs of the pioneers was “bee-hunting.” Often a122 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. small company would travelniany miles into a wild, unsettled country, in search of the sweet-flavored honey of the wild bee. Large trees, containing many gallons, and often a barrel, were frequently found by bee-hunters. The little, busy bees would be carefully’ watched as they flew heavily laden with the richest extract of the flowers that were purely native and unknown to the present generation. They always took a “bee line” for their homes. This was a correct guide to the sturdy hunter, who had studied with care the ways of the bee and by their knowledge took advantage of the little insect. Once on the trail, good bee-hunters were almost certain to capture the rich prize. After the bee tree was discovered it was no trouble to get possession of the honey. The tree was felled, and the hunters would rush for their booty ere it was lost by running out upon the ground. In 1827 Andy Osborn, Andrew Scott, John Slatten and Gaddial Scott, four sturdy young men from Sangamon county, made a tour through this country in search of honey. They pushed ahead, over prairie and through timber, until Henderson Grove in this county was reached. Here they discovered two well filled trees, and with- out trouble were soon possessors of their delicious contents. This little company camped on the land now owned by John Miles, on the Warren and Knox county line. They remained for one week, during which time they met neither white man nor negro. The only persons these explorers met, from the time of their leaving Sangamon county until they returned, were a Mr. Atwood and his son, who lived south on the old Galena road. When we remember that all of this section of the country was not inhabited save by the red man and wild beasts of forest and prairie, one will certainly come to the conclusion that the Sangamon county boys were great lovers of honey, or else were fearless of danger and cared not for hardship. Mr. Gaddial Scott seemed to have formed a good impression of Knox county, tor we find him moving here a few years after. These men were the first, so far as we know, who crossed the prai- ries of Knox county. Hunters and travelers had previously been here, but when, or who they were, is not known. Mr. Scott and Mr. Osborn subsequently came to the county to live, and the former is at the present time an active citizen. Knox county seems to have been especially favored in quantity ol honey produced by the wild bees. Trees containing them were in great abundance. Indeed, the county was known as a land flowing with honey. There were men living within its boundaries who fol- lowed no other business than gathering honey and the honeycomb.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 125 They made their regular trips to market, disposing of their stock. The wax was the principal article, however, that they marketed. While John G. Sanburn was in the mercantile business at Henderson, he sent to St. Louis several barrels of strained honey at one time, to- gether with a large quantity of beeswax. The price generally paid for honey was 37£ cents per gallon. Parnach Owen took nine gallons of strained honey and twenty-two pounds of wax from one tree, which, although often excelled, was an extra good tree. Casks were often made of hollow bass-wood logs, from one to three feet long, with a bottom set in. These were made watertight and were used for years. COURTS. Although the early settlers were peaceable, neighborly and law- abiding, yet sessions of the Circuit Court were necessary to be held. At the first and second sessions, however, the grand jury found no violation of law coming under their province. Of course the usual preliminary business was attended to. For a more minute sketch of the first sessions of court held in the county we refer our readers again to Chapter II. The following incident illustrates the habits of the people and the hardships of the legal gentlemen during those times: Judge Richard M. Young and State’s Attorney Thomas Ford traveled together throughout their judicial circuit, which included all the northern portion of the State. On a trip (which was about the first) from Galena to Knoxville, they wandered from the main trail, and soon became lost. On they traveled, yet they failed to reach their destination. Night came on, finding them in a wild country without food or shelter. They concluded they might as well become resigned to their situation, and accordingly lay down upon the grass- carpeted earth in the wild forest and passed the night. On the fol- lowing morning they pursued their journey7, yet again failed to come to the little log court-house in the newly laid out town of Knoxville. They kept on and finally brought up at Mrs. Elizabeth Owen’s cabin in Haw Creek township. From there they were directed to the right road for Knoxville. Rut let us go with the two gentlemen still farther. Although both possessed giant minds, yet the difference'of their stature was very great, and when seen together approached al- most the ludicrous. Judge Young was an extraordinarily tall and slimly built man, while Governor Ford was uncommonly small. While holding court at Knoxville, they put up with Landlord New- man, who kept a store and hotel in his two-roomed log house that126 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. stood on the west side of the square of that city. Besides the room (to the rear of the store-room) in which the family lived and which was dining-room, kitchen, sleeping-room, parlor, etc., there was a small loft above, the ceiling of which was very low, and the sides extending but two logs above the ceiling of the main story. There were no pre- tensions of this loft being furnished, save a pallet made on rough-hewed boards. This apartment was reached by a ladder which stood in one corner of the store-room. The two statesmen were assigned the loft as their sleeping-room. At night they ascended the ladder, and groping around finally deposited their forms upon their rude couch for a night’s rest. Yes, these great men, one of whom afterward served with dis- tinction in the United States Senate, and the other filled the Guber- natorial chair of a great State, once had no better accommodations than those described above, which are not at all overdrawn. A landlord from the East, who came to keep the hotel in Knoxville, being accustomed to see judges robed in their judicial gowns, with attendants and considerable pomp manifested, made great preparations on the arrival of Judge Ralston to hold court. He had not seen the Judge, and of course did not know him. ISToon arrived, and the land- lord had dinner spread and waiting for the arrival of his distinguished guest. He patiently watched and waited for him, supposing he would come attended by the sheriff and bailiff. So engaged was he in watching that he did not notice a common, every-day sort of a man pass in by him and take his seat at the table without even so much as removing his hat. This individual was none other than the eminent Judge. After much delay the landlord made some inquiries of the gentleman seated at the table, respecting the arrival of the Judge, and great was his amazement when the same gentleman informed him that he was the Judge himself. Even though such great and extra prepara- tions had been made for the reception of the honored Judge, he had about finished the sumptuous dinner spread for him before the land- lord knew who he was; and he was not long in learning afterward that Western jurists made no unnecessary display in matters of dress and manners, but indeed were as other men. To convey to Springfield the money collected for State taxes, was one of the most risky and dangerous duties the earliest treasurers of the county had to perform. There was one treasurer especially troubled over taking this annual trip to the State capital. He greatly feared being robbed on the way, and therefore contrived an ingenious plan to secrete the money. He had a large, heavy pair of boots made. They were much larger than he usually wore, and in the soles of these he secreted the money, where he thought the unsuspecting high-HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 127 wayman would never think of looking. He took the stage-coach in company with a prominent official and proceeded to Springfield. During this journey and during all of this time the Knox county Treasurer never once rested his feet by pulling off his boots. In ford- ing a swollen stream he was greatly frightened, as the water came high up into the coach. To prevent his boots from getting wet, and con- sequently the money, he held his feet above his head, and even in this position he felt sure the water was running up his boots, to the great amusement of his fellow passengers, who could see more fun than danger in the dampening of his cow-hide. The money however was in no wise damaged, as the water, like “ snakes in boots,” was merely imaginary, and he arrived safety in Springfield with his treasure, after so perilous a journey by water and by land.128 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. CHAPTER II. IMPORTANT LABORS OF THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS’ COURT. ORGANIZATION. In the spring of 1830, two years after the first white man had lo- cated in the county of Knox, it was thought there was a sufficient number of inhabitants to justify an organization. Accordingly a public meeting was held at the store of Samuel S. White, in Hen- derson township, May 15, 1830. This store stood near the resi- dence of John B. Gum, and in the early days was known as a tavern, but at present such a place would be commonly known as a saloon. The building was a one-story log cabin, about 16 feet square, and contained but one room. Riggs Pennington was chosen Chair- man and John G. Sanburn Secretary. The original minutes of the meeting are still extant, and in the possession of Mr. F. G. Sanburn, of Knoxville, who kindly loaned them to us. Among the pioneers present at this the first meeting looking forward to the organization of one of the wealthiest, most beautiful counties of the State, were Riggs Pennington, John G. Sanburn, Philip Hash, Stephen Osborn, Dr. Charles Hansford, Henry Bell, Jacob Gum, Nicholas Voiles and John B. Gum. Dr. Hansford, Riggs Pennington and John G. Sanburn were ap- pointed to draft a petition addressed to the Honorable Richard M. Young, Judge of the Fifth Judicial District, praying for the organi- zation of the county. Another committee was appointed to present this petition to the Judge and address him in the interests of the or- ganization. This committee was composed of Pennington, Hash, Hansford and Osborn. These gentlemen shortly afterward proceeded to Lewistown, Fulton county; and while the Circuit Court was in ses- sion, laid their petition before the Judge, who, believing the county contained 350 inhabitants, the number required by law, and that the majority desired the organization, did, on the 10th day of June, de- clare, by virtue of the power invested in him, the said county of Knox to be organized and entitled to the same rights and privileges as the other counties in the State. This step was soon supplemented by another of equal importance; for there must necessarily be official heads to conduct the publicHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 129 affairs of the newly organized community. Accordingly, at Galena, shortly afterward, Judge Young issued an order for an election for the purpose of choosing three commissioners. This election was held on the 3d day of July, 1830, being the first election ever held in Knox county. Riggs Pennington, Philip Hash and Dr. Charles Hansford were elected County Commissioners without opposition. The judges and clerks of the election were Jacob Gum, Nicholas Yoiles, Stephen Osborn, William McMurtry and Jonathan Reed. These gentlemen, for services rendered at this election, were paid each 75 cents. FIRST MEETINGS OF THE COURT. Four days after the election the Commissioners held their first meet- ing. But little business was transacted beyond organizing the Court and electing John B. Gum Clerk. This session was held at the resi- dence of John B. Gum, on section 32, Henderson township, about 4 miles northwest of Galesburg. This house was a-one-story, double log cabin, each division containing but one room. This was the tem- porary seat of justice until the log court-house was built at Knox- ville. The first term of the Circuit Court was also held there, with the generous and eminent jurist, Judge Young, presiding. At no distant day the citizens of Knox county will note with pride the erection of a magnificent court-house. Then will a comparison with the little log cabin, used as a dwelling, court-house, hotel and post- office, that stood near the south edge of Henderson Grove, be most striking. At the second meeting of the Commissioners'' Court, held at the same place on the 9th, two days after their first session, John G. San- burn was appointed Clerk, John B. Gum declining the honors. He was, however, on the same day appointed Treasurer of the county. A bond of $500 was required of him, which seems very small when com- pared with that of the present incumbent, J. L. Burkhalter, who is held under bonds to the amount of $240,000. Mr. Sanburn may prop- erly be considered as the first County Clerk. He filled the office to the greatest satisfaction of every resident of the county for many years; and not only the office of County Clerk, but also those of Circuit Clerk, Recorder, Probate Judge, Notary Public and Postmaster. The latter office, it was often said, he carried around in his hat. The Court ordered that an election be held on the 1st day of August, 1830. The entire county, which was at that time larger than at present, constituted but one election precinct. Jacob Gum, Nicholas Voiles and Thomas Maxwell were appointed judges of this election. The general use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage prevailed130 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. throughout the country then, as now. There was nothing, however, in the custom of drinking peculiar to this county. Many of the pioneers, no doubt, drank freely from the contents of the “little brown jug,” which they regarded the elixir of life. One of the first acts of the Court was to grant to Samuel S. White a license to keep a tavern, or saloon, on payment of $2 and clerk’s fee. They also established the following TAVERN RATES FOR THE REGULATION OF SAMUEL S. WHITE. For a half pint of whisky......... .....................................12% cents. For a half pint of brandy...............................................18% cents. For a half pint of wine.................................................25 cents. For a meal of victuals..................................................25 cents. For lodging for one person one night....................................12% cents. For a feed of corn or oats for a horse..................................12% cents. For feed and stabling for a horse, one night............................25 cents. For many years every person taking out a tavern license was regu- lated by a special act of the Court. Samuel S. White was at that time a young man of bright intellect and withal a shrewd business fellow. He was a native of this State, came to this county in the spring of 1830, and opened his tavern on section 33, Henderson township. The principal object in taking out a tavern license was that he might legally sell liquors. It is true that occasionally a traveler would come along who would prefer sleeping in a house, but this was only the exception, for in most cases they would camp out. But White did not expect to make his money by keeping an inn, but rather from the profits derived from the sale of liquors. He left the county in 1834 and went to Iowa, where during the same year he laid out the present flourishing city of Burlington. While Major McKee was in that place a short time after, he met Mr. White, who offered him ten choice lots for four horses and a wagon the Major had with him. In 1848 White went to Oregon, taking with him more than $10,000 in money. Thus we have a brief sketch of the first saloon-keeper of Knox county. Although letter postage was exceedingly high, and the few settlers seldom received any mail, yet they deemed it necessary to have a post- office established in the county. Accordingly, the Commissioners ordered the Clerk to notify the Postmaster General “ that the county of Knox is organized and that the seat of justice for said county is at the house of John B. Gum, Esq., and request him to supply the said county with a mail as soon as may be practicable.” Another special term of the County Commissioners’ Court was heldHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 131 July 17th. At this session the county was divided into two districts for the election of justices of the peace and constables, in each. The first, or Henderson District, included all that portion of the county lying north of the line separating Galesburg from Cedar township, and contained 14 townships. The second, or “ Spoon River ” District, included all that portion of the county lying south of the same line, and contained eight townships. The house of John B. Gum was chosen as the place to hold the election in Henderson District. Jacob Gum, Nicholas Voiles and Thoma* Maxwell were appointed judges of said election, which was to be held August 7, this being the date on which the regular State election was held. The election in Spoon River District was held at the house of Abraham Swartz. Abraham Swartz, Hiram Palmer and Parnach Owen were appointed judges. Until the organization of the county it was attached, for judicial purposes, to Fulton county, which had been organized some years previous. The assessment of taxes in the county had been made by Fulton county: but now that Knox had been organized, the liberty- loving spirit of the Commissioners enkindled a desire to collect their own taxes. Accordingly they addressed a “ memorial ” to the Com- missioners of Fulton county asking to be allowed to collect all taxes for the past year, the assessment of which had been made by that county. The request was granted, and accordingly Sheriff Osborn collected such personal taxes. He returned to the Treasurer the full amount collected, deducting his commission of $1.56f. Although the total amount of taxes collected was exceedingly small, yet this allow- ance seems a very meager compensation for riding over a large county in its state of native wildness. Mr. Osborn returned $19.32 as the sum total collected as personal taxes for the year 1830. At the election held August 7, 1830, Riggs Pennington, Philip Hash and Alexander Frakes were elected County Commissioners. The new Court convened September 7th and proceeded to the election of grand and petit juries for the October term of the Circuit Court, being the first term. It required about two-thirds of all the legal voters in the county to constitute these juries. For grand-jurymen the following gentlemen were chosen: Abraham Swartz, Hiram Palmer, Azel Dorsey, Perry Morriss, Parnach Owen, William Palmer, Benjamin Coy, Matthew D. Coy, James Reynolds, John B. Gum, Sol- omon Davis, William Lewis, John Vaughn, Charles Hansford, Wil- liam McMurtry, James McMurtry, Alexander Robertson, Daniel Rob- ertson, Robert Green well, Solomon Denbow, Alexander Osborn, Jacob132 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Gum and Wilson Brown. The petit-jurymen selected were: Nich- olas Voiles, Urban Reynolds, Thomas Maxwell. Zephaniah Gum, Jonathan C. Reed, Jesse D. Gum, James Gum, Morton McCarver, Peter Bell, Rees Jones, John D. Rountree, Josiali Fuqua, James Goff, John Norton, Andrew Osborn, Turner R. Rountree, John»Mont- gomery, Nicholas Rice, Humphrey Finch, Thomas Finch, Berryman Jennings, William Consland, Robert Nance and Michael Tybast. William McMurtry was chosen foreman of the grand jury. CIRCUIT COURT. * On Friday, the first day of October, 1830, the first term of the Circuit Court was held. There were present in attendance on the Court, Honorable Richard M. Young, Judge; John G. Sanburn, Clerk; Stephen Osborn, Sheriff*. In the absence of Thomas Ford, State’s Attorney, James M. Strode was appointed jpro tem. This term lasted but one dajq and was held in the house of John B. Gum, tem- porary county-seat of Knox county. But little business was transr acted, the grand and petit juries being discharged without performing any duties. At the next term of the Circuit Court, which was held in June, 1832, the grand jury returned into Court the report “ that they had no business before them, and knew of no violation of the law, which it was made their duty to notice.” This report is certainly highly complimentary to the pioneers; for, even without the refining and elevating influence of schools and churches, without wealth or aristoc- racy, they lived in peace, in strict obedience to law; and by the most charitable and neighborly acts and universal good-will for mankind they won the love and respect of all who knew them. It is true,' they occasionally had their fights, but the animosity toward each other disappeared long before the scars and effects of the blows and scratches. They had their encounters, all enjoyed them, and when over, the principals shook hands, all took a drink and the trouble was thought of no more. For many years the only cases before the justices of the peace were of assault and battery. These dignitaries enjoyed the fights as much as others, but the law must be enforced, so they, in their dignity as officers, sat in judgment upon the participants, and usually imposed a severe penalty. The first case before the Circuit. Court of Knox county was a bill for divorce. This action was brought by Rhoda Tanner against her hus- band, John Tanner, who at that time was not a resident of the State of Illinois. After a long process of law a divorce was granted to the complainant. Her attorney was James "YV. Whiting, who by theHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 133 order of the Court was to prosecute her case without any fees, charge or reward. REVENUE. In December, 1830, the Commissioners’Court held another session, beginning Monday the 6th. The Commissioners, as the supreme officials of the county, did not appropriate to themselves exorbitant salaries. Indeed, we find the compensations received for their public services were quite small, even for that early time. For instance, at this meeting the sum of $3 was allowed Philip Hash for attendance at four terms of the Commissioners’ Court; $1.50 to Charles Hansford for his attendance at three terms; to Riggs Pennington as payment in full for his services at the several terms, including the present, $4.50, and to Alexander Frakes $3. Stephen Osborn, as Sheriff, was paid $3 for attendance at all the terms of the Court. John G. Sanburn declined to accept any compensation for his services as Clerk previous to the present term. Nor did Mr. Gum charge an extravagant price for the use of his cabin for public purposes. The sum of $4 was appro- priated as payment in full to him for the use of his house for Circuit Court, Commissioners’ Court and election purposes to the year 1831. The source of the largest revenue at that time was from the State. The tax on personal property was at the rate of £ of 1 per cent. The following very interesting report was made by Treasurer Gum, March 7, 1831, and is the first one ever made by a Treasurer of Knox County. The County of Knox, in Account with John B. Gum, Cr. By specie received of Samuel S. White for tavern license..............$ 2 00 By amount of the revenue received from the State Treasury for the year 1830, being the specie received in exchange for the same............. 320 00 By amount received from the Sheriff, being the amount collected by him for taxes on personal property for the year 1830................... 19 32 Total ...........................................................$341 32 The county of Knox debtor to seven county orders of 75 cents each, one for $1 50 and one for $4 00...............................Total, $ 10 75 Balance remaining in County Treasury this 7th day of March, 1831.$330 57 FIRST COURT-HOUSE. The citizens of the county soon aspired to the erection of a court- house and the building of a town. They accordingly procured from the Legislature an act defining the location of the county-seat and authorizing the Commissioners to lay off the town. The location of 9134 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. the town in which the court-house should be built was on the south- west quarter of section 28, township 11 north, 2 east, Knox township. This place was christened “Henderson” by the Legislature, at the same time; but in two years thereafter it was changed by that body to “ Knoxville,” in honor of General Knox of Revolutionary fame. This act, which also defined the boundary lines of the county, was approved by Governor Reynolds, January 15, 1831. How that the location of the county-seat had been determined, the Commissioners, with the same energy and enterprise which has since marked the great strides of both public and private improvements of this county, proceeded to lay off the town and build the court-house. At a special meeting held March 12, 1831, they submitted the plans to the public, setting forth that the contract would be let to the low- est responsible bidder, The first contract for the erection of the build- ing was let to William Lewis for $78. The second, for the com- pletion, was given to Parnach Owen, his bid being $100. The total cost of this, the first court-house of Knox county, and its furniture, was: Erection of building....................................$ 78 00 Completion of same................................. ... 100 00 Six extra windows. ... -................................. 6 00 Chinking, daubing and underpinning........................ 37 50 Upper floor............................................... 18 00 Judges’ stand, tables, benches, and fitting window. 43 00 Stove and pipe............................................ 38 00 Laying floor, stairway, and window shutters............... 74 93 Total.................................................$395 43 This court-house was rather an imposing structure for the time, being two stories in height and containing several large windows. True, the architecture was not of ancient grandeur or elegance, nor of our more modern style; but we doubt not, when the building was completed, it was looked upon with as much pride as the people of to-day view the showy structures built after the latest and most ap- proved plans. The site selected was the southwest corner of lot 10 in block 5, fronting south on Main street, or more intelligibly speaking, just to the rear or west of the First National Bank building, standing on the northwest corner of West Main street and the Square. Appar- ently the contractors did not have the means to carry on the work, fur we find the Commissioners paid .one-third of the amount of all con- tracts before the work began. The contractors, however, were re- quired to furnish bonds in the penal sum of double the amount of contract price.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 137 COUNTY SEAT. The contract for furnishing posts and stakes for laying out the new town was let to Andrew Osborn for the sum of $15. Parnach Owen was employed to make the survey, for which he received the sum of 12£ cents per lot of one-quarter acre each. The full compensation he received for laying off the town of Henderson (Kuoxville) was $18.25, and as payment for this amount he was obliged to take town lots. The State Legislature had designated the quarter section upon which the county-seat should stand, but that body had not the power to convey to the county of Knox the title to this land, being what was known as “Congress land.” The United States Government alone had the power to make such conveyance. It could, however, be- pre-empted by the County Commissioners for county purposes. In order to comply with or take advantage of this right and privilege, Rees Jones was appointed to go to the land office at Springfield, and in behalf of the county pre-empt the said quarter section. The price of this, as of all other Government land, was $1.25 per acre. Thus the county purchased the land upon which the business and much of the residence portion of the city of Knoxville now stands, for the sum of $200. Rees Jones was paid $8 for making the trip to Springfield as agent for the county. He was compelled to give bonds for the faithful performance of his mission. The new town having been surveyed, large, hard-wood stakes were driven, designating the corner of each lot, and being also the only guide to the location of streets. Everything was then in readiness for a grand sale. Satur- day, April 23, 1S31, was the day appointed for the sale of lots at pub- lic auction. The settlers assembled from all parts of the county upon the site of the proposed village, each anxious to become the owner of a town lot. Lots seem to have met with a ready sale at fair prices, which is the best evidence that the pioneers were not only enthusi- astic in sentiment in relation to the bright prospects and future great- ness of the town they were about to found, but were also willing to lend all the material aid in their power to the consummation of the much desired end. At this sale there were 79 lots sold, for an aggre- gate of $1,256. The highest price received for a single lot was $61, and the lowest was $2. JUDICIOUS AND LIBERAL COMMISSIONERS. The Commissioners werej evidently liberal and hospitable. They would not invite the people to a wild, uncivilized place to attend the sale without providing refreshments. This they did, and at their138 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. next meeting paid out of county funds $1.75 to Morton Carver for providing the same. We imagine that corn-dodgers and whisky were the luxuries furnished on this memorable occasion. Not only would we call them hospitable, but also wise and judicious, for they clearly adhered to what they believed to be for the best interests of the whole people. They paid out but little money. Indeed, we find that many bills were paid in town lots. So judicious were they, and so carefully did they use the public purse, that even with the exceedingly small revenue at command, they were enabled, as early as 1835, to ac- cumulate and loan the sum of $900. In a new country, where it was necessary to survey and make all roads, to bridge streams, build ferries, to erect public buildings, and to provide many other public conveniences, this showing is surely creditable to the business ability and personal integrity of the Commissioners. Undoubtedly the pub- lic affairs were as judiciously managed by these rough and sturdy pioneers as they would have been by a more refined^and cultured people. They read the law, accepting a plain, common-sense inter- pretation. They did not attempt to manipulate the wording into various meanings, nor place upon it a construction to suit their own particular views. They could construe it but one way. The plain statement of law had to them but one meaning, and that must be strictly followed. Everything was done as the law required, as nearly as they could comprehend it. As an illustration showing that these were the cardinal principles of the early fathers, we refer to one especial act, taken from the records of the Commissioners’ Court. Roads were laid out by the county, as required by the people of various sections. A resident would present a petition, signed by “ sundry citizens,” for a road, on depositing $10, to defray the ex- pense of viewing. Should the road prove not to be of general utility, a commission was appointed to ‘‘view out” the desired road. They then made a report to the Court whether or not the road was required. In 1832 a petition was presented by some of the citizens for a road from Henderson toward Rock Island, as far as the county line. Viewers were appointed, who, after carefully examining the proposed route and surroundings, made a report to the Commissioners recom- mending the laying out of the road. Indeed, they urged that the road would be of the greatest possible utility^. On that point, however, the Commissioners were fully satisfied, but after a close examination of the report they decided that it was not made out according to law, and the law must be rigidly followed. The people all with one accord de- sired the road, but as the report failed to comply with the strict letter ot“ the law in its construction, the Court refused to grant the request.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 139 For making the assessment of taxes for 1831, John G. Sanburn re- ceived $8, which is only about one-tenth the amount now paid for assessing a single township. The city of Galesburg alone pays nearly eighty times that sum for assessing its own taxes. The total amount of taxes collected for that year was $43.47; for the year 1877 the amount -was $340,000. Sheriff Osborn collected 15 cents unjustly from Joseph Hoff, who was a resident of Warren county. The Com- missioners ordered the Treasurer to return 15 cents to the Sheriff, and gave him public instructions to convey the same to Hoff. The unfortunate and helpless ones of our race appeared in the county simultaneously with civilization; and that spirit of charity which is so nobly evinced to-day by the people of this county in the care of its poor and helpless, was implanted in the hearts of the fathers, and as far back as 1831 manifested itself in noble and generous deeds. On the 2d day of May of that year first mention of a pauper is made on the public records. Joshua Stinson was that day let out to Stephen Osborn, “he being the lowest bidder.” The benevolence, the desire to relieve the sufferings of man, that was displayed in the infancy and poverty of the county has kept pace with its wonderful progress in public improvements, in wealth and fin refinement. SCHOOL COMMISSIONER. By an act of Congress the 16th section of land in each township was set apart, and the proceeds of its sale used, for common-school purposes. A Commissioner was accordingly appointed in each county to superintend the sale of such land and take charge of its proceeds. On the 5th of September, 1831, Abraham Swartz received the ap- pointment from the County Commissioners as Commissioner of school lands. Although fully as remunerative as any other official position in the county, evidently Mr. Swartz did not desire it, for we find he did not furnish the required bond. This he could have easily done, no doubt. The Commissioners who appointed him would have as willingly become his bondsmen. A little over a year elapsed before anything further was done in regard to this office. Then (September, 1832) William McMurtry, long one of the most popular citizens of the county, was appointed to fill the position. He served in that capacity for many years, and by his excellent judgment and personal integrity, together with the studious attention he gave to the advance- ment of our coinmon-echool system, much good was done for the pro- gress of the educational interests of the county, and a large revenue derived from the sale of school lands. He gave bonds in the sum of140. HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. $12,000, this being the largest furnished by any official for several years. That elections were not as expensive in the earlier years as at pres- ent is plainly shown by the cost of the election in 1832. The expense for the entire county was but 50 cents. The general elections were held in August during the first few years of the county’s existence, or until 1849. dSTo tickets were used, each voter casting his “ ballot” in the old viva voce way. LOG JAIL. Necessarily, as faithful historians, we must mar the pleasant progress of this chapter by reference to prison bars. Among the pioneers there were wicked and vicious people,—those who wantonly violated law and order, thus making themselves odious and dangerous to the com- munity. Such characters must be restrained and punished. To ac- complish this a place of confinement must be erected wherein they might be incarcerated. Accordingly, Sept. 14, 1832, a contract was entered into with John G. Sanburn to build a jail, the stipulated price being $250. However, for some unexplained reason, the Commis- sioners deducted $5.25 from the original amount. The building was not accepted and the money paid over until June 7, 1838, although it had been completed and in use for several years. This primitive prison was constructed of logs, and was about 20 feet square. It stood on the west side of the square, north of the court-house. After the old brick jail at Knoxville was erected the log structure was abandoned, and some years afterward was moved into the country on the northwest quarter of section 20, Knox township, owned by Chris. Burrell, and used for a corn-crib. This old jail served in its day as well perhaps as the modern and much more costly structure. It is.quite certain, however, that the experienced criminals of. to-day would be confined in its wooden walls but a short time ere they would effect their liberty. Various attempts were made by prisoners to make their escape from this, the first jail building in the county. One effort, long remem- bered by the earlier residents of Knoxville, was made by a Mr. Din- gle, a blacksmith, who had been incarcerated unjustly for the alleged crime of obtaining cattle under false pretenses, at Henderson. It was on Sunday forenoon, while a majority of the people of the quiet little village of Knoxville were attending religious services. Rev. William Clark, an old soldier of the Cross, now residing at Abingdon, was preaching. During the discourse the alarm of fire was given; the jail was burning. Everybody rushed from the meeting. Dingle, in order to liberate himself, had set fire to the wooden door, and in theHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 141 attempt he came near losing his life, besides making confusion of the peace and quietude of the religious services. KNOXVILLE NAMED. Apparently the people soon grew to dislike the name by which thpir county-seat had been christened. Perhaps, however, it was not be- cause they really disliked the name “Henderson,” but .because they had greater love for another which they desired their town should wear. Steps were taken as early as 1832 to make this change. Dur- ing December of that year an act was passed by the Legislature, and approved the 22d, chauging the name of the town of “Henderson” to that of “Knoxville.” Since that time the little log settlement has grown into a neat and beautiful city. The first mention, however,, of the new name on the records does not occur until Monday, March 4, 1833. LICENSES. The rate of tavern or saloon license was advanced in 1834 to $5, while the price of whisky was reduced from 12£ cents to cents per half pint. This seems, without explanation, to be an injustice to the vendors of ardent spirits; but the sagacious Commissioners evidently saw in the traffic too great profit, and with the same fidelity to the in- terests of the county always manifested they deemed it well to make this change. While it might appear to the reader that the fathers acted from personal motive in making this reduction, yet a glance at their past official acts would convince the most skeptical that the county’s interests were above personal gain. License for peddling clocks was raised in 1835 from $12.50 per year to $50 a quarter. The Commissioners no doubt thought this class of dealers were imposing upon their constituency, and evidentl}7 charged this exorbitant license fee for the purpose of keeping them out of the county entirely. Dealers in general merchandise paid $8 per year for the privilege of supplying the people with the necessities of life, that being the standard price for this license (excepting the first year, when it was $10) until 1837, when all traffic and trade was commenced to be car- ried on without license. Even “taverns”—the saloons of early days —were not restricted by any county enactments. The ’amount charged for ferry license was small, being only $2. It was the mini- mum of all licenses ever issued excepting those granted to run taverns the first year. There being no bridges over the streams, there was a large field for the ferry business. With each license the Commission-142 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. ers made special rates. In doing this they took into consideration the location, the amount of travel, etc. As a specimen tariff for ferries we copy from the records the one regulating Asa Crook’s ferry on Rock river near Prophetstown: “ Wagons with 4 horses or 4 oxen, $1. Wagons with two horses, 75 cents. Wagon or carriage with 1 horse, 50 cents. Man and 1 horse, 25 cents. One person, 12£ cents. Cattle 5 cents a head. Sheep 3 cents a head.” It was one of the curious provisions of the law, in the times of which we are writing, that each person could let his cattle and hogs run at large, and that he could identify them by certain ear-marks, which were to be recorded in a book kept by the County Clerk. The vast prairies were then in their native condition, free from fences, cul- tivation or any sort of improvement. By many they were thought to be worthless for all practical farming purposes, except to furnish grazing for stock. Horses and cattle often wandered intoadjoining counties. There was, however, means by which such stock might be recovered. In each county-seat was an estrav pen wherein all un- claimed and unknown stock was confined. Notice was made quite often of the number, kind and marks, of the stock taken up. In 1832 an estray pen was built upon the same lot on which the court- house stood, at a cost of $17.50. For many years, or until 1837, Henry county was attached, for ju- dicial purposes, to this county. It was much larger then than at present, including, as it did, a greater portion of Whiteside county. All taxes were assessed and collected over this large territory by Knox county authorities. Elections were ordered and judges appointed by the Commissioners of this county. Licenses were granted, roads opened and all other matters were attended to by them. In 1835, owing to high water, the Assessor of Henry county was unable to reach Knox county with his books within the legally required time. They were, however, accepted on arrival. The house of Asa Crook on Rock river was generally, if not always, appointed as the place for holding the elections. Crook was allowed mileage for 60 miles travel, at 5 cents a mile (this being pay for but one way), for bringing election returns from his house to Knoxville. He, living near Prophetstown, Whiteside county, then known as Prophet’s village, Henry county, ran a ferry-boat across Rock river* about 20 miles below the present city of Sterling. The license being issued to him by the Commissioners of Knox county, they also granted to William A. Cushman the privilege of running a ferry across the same river, on section 19, township 19 north, 4 east, being some miles below Crook’s ferry.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 143 Thus we see the Commissioners, although unlearned in law and unacquainted with science and literature, had jurisdiction over a large territory, and that they conducted the public affairs rightly, and built a firm and solid foundation upon which the future prosperity and greatness of this portion of our beloved State should rest. This is plainly evident from the unparalleled strides made in agricultural and mechanical progress; from the more than 100,000 busy inhabitants now dwelling within this territory; and from the vast stores of wealth accumulated solely from resources within it. Those great and un- concealed wonders reflect honor and credit each day upon their found- ers; and as days and years multiply, when the same territory over which they presided shall be teeming with millions of earnest and energetic people, then will greater honors and more exultant praise and adoration be expressed for the brave, sturdy pioneers who ex- plored and opened up a region so prolific, and founded a community that for genius, enterprise and wealth will in the near future out rank many older settled countries, and indeed will vie with many kingdoms of the earth. Then these vast prairies will be cultivated as a garden. Every forest tree and woodland will be utilized, and populous cities with numerous factories and vast stores of commerce may be numbered by the score. Then will the modes of travel be superior to the remarkable railroad facilities of to-day, and transport the increased products with greater facility. Indeed, everything shall then be as different and as superior to what they are at present as the things of to-day are as compared with those of fifty years ago. Our readers may regard this as wild and unreasonable speculation—as wholly visionary; but they are only the conclusions deduced from a careful study of history,—of a comparison of what has been accom- plished, with certain advantages, with the results that the superior advantages now enjoyed will as certainly accomplish. BRICK COURT-HOUSE. By 1836 the county had become quite populous; at least it was then so regarded, for so many new comers had arrived that several of the earlier pioneers concluded they were becoming too greatly crowded, and accordingly pushed further westward. However, as early as these years the people began to regard the old log court-house as wholly inadequate for the increasing business, and also unworthy of this fair county. They now aspired to a more pretentious structure in which to transact the public business, and consequently began the agitation of building a new court-house. September 6, 1836, the Commission- ers ordered the clerk to advertise for plans for a new court-house. On144 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. the 10th day of March, 183S, the contract was let to Alvah Wheeler and Zelotes Cooley of Hancock county, Illinois, the consideration being $15,4:50, and the contractors stipulating that they would com- plete the building, by May 1, 1840. According to the original plan, the building would contain no cupola. The Commissioners however, in January, ordered that one be erected, at a cost of $725. They also decided to paint the walls? selecting cream color as the most appropriate. Eldert Runkie, a Commissioner, was appointed inspector, whose duty it was to inspect all material which entered into the construction of the building, and to see that the work was performed according to contract. This court-house was erected in the center of the northern portion of the public square at Knoxville, where it still stands. It is a two-story brick structure, 42 feet 5 inches by 62 feet 5 inches in size, and con- tains six rooms and a hall. In earlier times it was considered one of the finest court-houses in the State, and indeed it was a building of more than ordinary pretentions; and, although more than forty years have passed since it was begun, it is yet a good and substantial build- ing. Since the county-seat has been removed from Knoxville it has been used as an opera-house and office building. Now that the new court-house was about ready for occupation, some disposition must be made of the faithful log building which had sheltered the official heads of the county for ten years. At a meeting of the Commissioners, March 7, 1840, the Clerk was ordered to give notice that it would be sold on the first day of April. On that day it was bid off to Alvah Wheeler for the sum of $89.50, giving' him the privilege of letting it remain upon the lot for two years. It was then moved one mile and a half west of Knoxville, upon the farm of Alvah Wheeler, now owned by Chris. Burrell, and converted into a dwelling- In 1836 the court-house was removed from its original site to a lot on the corner of South and West streets, near the present location of the barn in the rear of the residence of John Cams, Esq. Charles Price took the contract of moving the building for the consideration of $67.50. In November of the same year the lot upon which the log court-house originally stood, being lot 10, block 5, was subdivided into nine lots. Eight of these were sold for an aggregate of $3,901- The adjoining lot, at the first sale, brought $37.50. This advance in value of real estate was marvelous, and scarcely has a parallel. Reck- oning its value upon the basis of the price of lots, at the first sale, we find the enormous increase of 10,000 per cent, within five years, or an average of 2,000 per cent, each year. While the price of property had advanced rapidly, yet this is an exceptional case, and does not fairlyHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 145 represent the increase. The advance during these five years ranged from 300 to 1,000 per cent. JAIL AT KNOXVILLE. The new court-house had scarcely been completed before it was thought best to build a new jail. At the January term of the Com- missioners’ Court in 1841 they let the contract for erecting the pro- posed prison to Zelotes Cooley for $8,724. This contract, however, was rescinded shortly afterward and re-let to Alvah Wheeler, who in 1845 completed the building. Lot 3 of the subdivision of lot 10, block 5, the lot upon which the jail stood, together with the jail build- ing, was exchanged some time before this to Jonathan Rice for the south half of lot 1, block 5, which is at the northwest corner of the square. Upon this lot the new brick and stone jail was erected. It is no longer used for the purpose for which it was built, but as a ten- ement house. It is a two-story brick, 30 by 50 feet in size, and con- tained six cells. It appears that the new jail was scarcely more secure than the log one, and that the people soon wanted it replaced by one more sub- stantial, as evinced by the following article taken from the “Knox Republican” of Wednesday, March 18, 1857: ESCAPE OF PRISONERS. “ On Saturday evening,while the Sheriff was from home on business, five persons escaped from our insecure county jail. The prisoners were all locked up in their cells at dark. The gentleman in charge examined the lock that was put on the door,—one of the best locks about the jail and the most difficult to be picked,—and found it all safe, and left the premises for a little while ; and on returning found a door opened, which he had left fastened; and, on entering the prison, found that all the doors had been opei^ed, the prisoners had fled, and no traces of them could be found. The night was exceedingly dark. The only conjecture we can form from an examination of the circum- stances and the premises is, that one of the prisoners must have had a false key and unlocked the door with his left hand, and then pro- cured the keys from a table in the dwelling, and with them must have unlocked the rest of the doors and let his fellow prisoners free. If the county intends to hold the prisoners taken for crimes, and secure the citizens from the marauding thief, they must elect such supervi- sors as will have the courage to build a new and substantial jail. As some parts of the jail could not be used, from their insecurity, the146 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Sheriff was compelled to put two into one cell and three into another, together; and when thus permitted to associate, they were able to concoct and execute their deliverance.” HORSE-THIEVES. The earlier settlers were greatly troubled with marauding bands of thieves. Horses were generally the desired booty. So numerous and bold had these desperadoes become that to protect themselves the citizens banded together, forming the “ Knox County Society for the Detection of Thieves.” Yearly meetings of this society were held in June. The Commissioners, in order to aid this society and to shield the people, in 1845 offered a reward of $50 for the detection of a per- son stealing a horse. LAST MEETING. Taxes were very light in 1845, being only 10 cents on the $100. This is perhaps the minimum per cent, of taxation ever reached in this county. The last meeting of the county Commissioners’ Court was held October 12, 1849. Manyweather Brown, Alfred Brown and Amos Ward, being members, were all present. After the transaction of such business as properly came before them, they adjourned “until court in course,” but never re-assembled. And so passed away the time-honored and economical system of county management by three commissioners.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 149 CHAPTER III. BLACK HAWK WAR. Happily for the few settlers of Knox county, the atrocities com- mitted during the war with the Indians in 1832 were all enacted with- out its boundaries. There were, however, so many depredations committed in adjoining counties that great fear was manifested by the settlers here lest their own homes would be the scene of similar mas- sacres. It must be remembered that at this time all the country lying north of this county extending to Rock river was under the jurisdiction of the Commissioners of Knox county, and therefore virtually a portion of the county, which had the tendency to make the murders committed there seem the nearer. Upon Rock river the bloody battles were fought between the Indians and whites. Yarious and terrible depredations were committed on peaceable whites, which tended more than the war to horrify the pioneers here. A settler was shot by six Indians just over the line in Warren county. One man was killed near Princeton; another in Buffalo Grove; another be- tween Fox River and the Illinois, and two near Ottawa. A party of about 70 Indians made a descent upon a small settlement on Indian creek, a tributary of Fox river, and massacred 15 persons,—men, women and children,—and took two young women prisoners,—one 15, the other 17 years old. These people, composing three families, lived in one house. The Indians approached the house in the day time, and entered suddenly, with but little notice. Some of the inmates were immediately shot down, others were pierced through with spears or dispatched with the tomahawk. The Indians afterwards related, with an infernal glee, how the women had squeaked like geese when they were run through the body with spears, or felt the tomahawk entering their heads. All the victims were carefully scalped; their bodies were mutilated and mangled; the little children were chopped to pieces with axes; and the women were tied up by the heels to the walls of the house. The two young ladies were hurried by forced marches beyond pursuit. After a long and fatiguing journey with their Indian conductors, through a wilderness country, with but little to eat, and being subjected to a variety of fortune, they were at last rescued, $2,000 being given as a ransom.150 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. As early as 1831 trouble was feared, and even expected, with the Indians. To learn positively the condition of affairs, the few families at Henderson sent Thomas McKee, Thos. Maxwell, Joseph Rowe, and Robert Greenwell to Rock Island to consult with Gen. Gains, who was commander of the military post on Rock Island. The General assured the gentlemen that no danger need be apprehended. He also wrote a letter to the people telling them they need not fear any trouble from the Indians. This communication had the tendency to dispel the uneasiness the settlers had experienced for their safety. On making this trip, after crossing Pope creek the messengers struck an Indian trail which soon led them upon cpiite a band of mounted Indian warriors. As soon as seen by.the savages half of them defiled to either side, thus sur- rounding the pioneers. McKee, being able to address them in their own language, told them the}7 meant no harm, and showed them they had no guns; but still the Indians were in doubt, and took them to be spies. Finally McKee told them they were on their way up to trade with Davenport. The name of Davenport carried with it a charm for the Indian; soon this occasion, the statement had the de- sired effect, and they were permitted to pass peaceably on, but were closely watched. Passing through the Indian headquarters on Rock river, Prophet’s village, they saw hundreds of Indians. They reached the fort in safety, and started on their return trip only to encounter more dangers. Coming to Rock river, Mr. McKee, without investigating, rode in on his faithful horse, thinking he could ford the stream without trouble, as be had done before. Soon the horse went under; the saddle-bags, filled with shelled corn, floated off down the stream; a struggle ensued. Finally, Mr. McKee, seeing the animal could not gain the shore, turned him, and after an ex- haustive struggle, reached the shore he left. A squaw and young In- dian got in a canoe and recovered his saddle-bags, for which he gave them the contents. They then gave an Indian 25 cents to show them a shallow ford. The Indians were suspicious of these messengers and sent one of their number to follow them as far as Pope creek. For a time no danger was felt; but early in the spring of 1832, when Black Hawk recrossed the Mississippi, the feelings of fear were again kindled among the isolated settlers, and now many of them deter- mined for their safety to leave the country where they were liable to be slaughtered any day and return to older settlements, for in their defenseless condition they could afford no security to their families. Thomas McKee, then a young man, strongly objected to any move- ment which would lead to abandonment of their homes. He held forth the idea that if the settlers all were armed they could protectHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 151 themselves from invasion by the Indians, and it was his belief that arms could be obtained bv applying to the commander of Fort Arm- strong. Many of the settlers thought not, and, being desirous of leaving, naturally opposed any attempt that might be made to secure guns. The}7 thought it wise and best to return to their old towns. There was, however, one man, F. Y. Barber, formerly a lieutenant in the regular army, who with Mr. McKee thought arms could be ob- tained on application. Mr. McKee resolved to make the attempt at all hazards, and, accordingly, in company with James McMurtry and Fantelroy Freeman, set out for Rock Island. After a long and weary journey through a wild, uninhabited country, they reached the fort, where, without delay or trouble, they secured 100 guns with accou- trements. These were sent down the river to Oquawka, and from there brought in wagons to this county, where they were distributed among. 72 men living in Knox and Warren counties, which at the time included almost every man in this county. Major McKee and his companion were more fortunate than were Mr. St. Yrain with a few other men who were sent to Rock Island by General Atkinson about this same time. On their way they fell in with a party of Indians led by a chief well known to St. Yrain, who was an Indian agent. This chief was called “The Little Bear.” He had been a par- ticular friend of the agent, and had adopted him as a brother. Mr. St. Yrain felt no fear of one who was his friend,—one who had been an inmate ; On- tario, $173.29; Maquon, $92.94; Victoria, $23.81; Elba, Orange and Rio, no claims; Sparta, $263.24; Henderson, $152.74; Walnut Grove, $73.78; Lynn, $20.95; Indian Point, $271.23; Copley, $65.58; Truro, $25.83; Salem, $66.54; Persifer, $8. Total, $2,583.52. The com- mittee, which was composed of Geo. A. Charles, M. B. Mason and J. P. Parsons, attached the following recommendation to their report: “We recommend such bills be allowed, as corrected, and in future no relief be given to persons who are not actual residents of the county. We also recommend, as we see charged in most of the bills, if not all, for articles which appear small in their amount, but make a large proportion of the aggregate sum, such as nutmegs, allspice, ginger, tea, coffee, etc., that Supervisors, in giving orders, should specify the articles proposed to be drawn on such orders. And we further rec- ommend, as we know mauy of the taxpayers in consequence of high taxes and hard times have discarded altogether the use of coffee and tea, that Supervisors also discard the use of these articles in giving relief contemplated in the former resolutions passed by this Board.” Large bills of the same nature were audited and ordered paid at each meeting of the Board for several years. Sometimes the aggre- gate would amount to over $12,000. Although the committee recom- mended a less liberal use of many necessary luxuries, yet at each session of the Board bills were presented fully as large, showing that those for whom they were made were not stinted. At a special meet- ing of the Board of Supervisors held July 31, 1861, petitions were read from the people assembled in mass meeting and from the city councils of Knoxville and Galesburg, asking an appropriation of $25,- CH>0 for bounty purposes. The resolution passed by the mass meeting is as follows: “Resolved, By the people of Knox county, in mass meeting assembled, that, to encourage enlistments into the volunteer service, the Board of Supervisors of Knox county, now in session at the court-house, are hereby petitioned and recommended to appropri-284 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. ate the sum of $25,000, to be expended as bounty money to enlisted men from Knox count}r under the recent call of the President.” The following resolutions were passed by the City Council of Gales- burg July 19, 1861: “ Whereas, At a meeting of the citizens of Gales- burg, convened at Dunn’s Hall on the 17th, to take into consideration the call of the Government for more troops to take the field immedi- ately, at which meeting the following resolution was unanimously adopted: Resolved, That in the judgment of this meeting the City Council should appropriate a liberal bounty to each resident of the city who will volunteer for three years, or during the war, and the Council is requested to take the matter under consideration as soon as practicable ; and, "whereas, the condition of the country calls for immediate action to make it more effective; therefore, “Resolved,, By the Board of Aldermen of the city of Galesburg, that they recommend to the Board of Supervisors to meet and appropriate the sum of $25,000 for -war purposes, and out of that sum they offer as a bounty to each able-bodied man volunteering for three years, or for the war, the sum of $50, to be paid to them when mustered into the service.” At a special meeting of the Common Council of Knoxville, Tues- day evening, July 29, on motion of Alderman A. W. Martin, the fol- lowing paper upon the same subject was unanimously adopted: “In view of the recent call ol' the President for troops, and evident necessity of getting a large number of men into the field at an early day, and considering that the existence of the United States Government is in peril, and that in the absence of a stable government there can be neither personal security nor security in the possession and enjoy- ment of property; and believing that the people are fully alive to the necessity pressing on their Government, and that they are willing to contribute any amount of money necessary to subdue the existing rebellion; “ The Mayor and Common Council of the City of Knoxville do re- spectfully request the Board of Supervisors of Knox county to appro- priate a sum of money not less than $25,000, to be expended in bounties to volunteers and in the support of their families, in such manner as the Board may deem fit.” The Board was convened for the purpose of receiving and passing upon these resolutions. Meetings had been held in every town, patriotic speeches made, resolutions of duty and devotion to their country read and passed with shouts. But the above resolutions and petition were passed by a large mass meeting, and by the City Councils of the two largest cities in the county, and so unanimous were the great mass thatHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 285 the Board could not help but regard them; indeed, the}T wished to. Supervisor Gale, from the committee appointed to report a plan of action for the Board in accordance with the preceding petitions, re- ported by offering the following resolutions: “Resolved, That the Board of Supervisors will pay to each of the first 500 soldiers enlist- ing for the war, recruited in Knox county for Knox county compa- nies or to fill up all regiments, or who may have enlisted in any com- pany organizing or forming in this county under the President’s call for 300,000 men, during the month of August next, a bounty of $50, and an additional bounty to as many of them as shall have enlisted before the 15th of said month of $20; “ That a committee of three be appointed by the Board, whose duty it shall be to audit all claims for such bounty, and on presentation of suitable proof that such claimant has fulfilled the condition, and been duly enlisted and received, to issue suitable certificates, which shall entitle the bona-fide holder or owner thereof to demand and receive at any future meeting of this Bc#rd within one year from its date a county order; and it shall be the duty of such committee to file with the Clerk of this county a statement of all certificates issued.” This resolution was voted upon and defeated by one vote. Supervisor Le Baron then offered the following as a substitute for the report of the committee, which after much parleying was ac- cepted : Whereas, The citizens of Knox county, in mass meeting assembled, have passed a resolution requesting the Board of Super- visors to appropriate the sum of $25,000 to be expended in additional bounties to volunteers, and thus secure at the earliest day possible the full quota of Knox county of the 300,000 men called for by the Pres- ident to aid in suppressing the rebellion, and restoring peace and the re-union of the States; and whereas, similar petitions have been re- ceived from the cities of Galesburg and Knoxville, from their respective City Councils, and such recommendations meeting with our hearty ap\ iroval ; therefore, Resolved, 1st, That for the purpose of aiding in the enlistment of volunteers for the United States service to be raised in the county of Knox, there be appropriated a sum not exceeding $25,000. 2nd, That out of the sum so appropriated there shall be paid to each volunteer of the first 500 who shall enlist in such service on or before August 15, 1862, the sum of $50. The said sum shall be paid to said volunteers when and as soon as they are legally mustered in to the service of the United States. The right of the party entitled to the above named bounty shall be decided by the committee having charge of the appropriation, upon presentation to them of his certifi-286 HISTORY OF KNOX. COUNTY. cate of enlistment, and such other vouchers, as may be required, pro- vided that volunteers in any company now forming, or parti}' or- ganized, shall be entitled to the same bounty and that the bounty hereby authorized shall only be paid to such volunteers as have not received an equal or greater amount from any other source than the United States as a bounty. And whenever any volunteer shall have received any bounty from any other source than the U. S., the amount so received, if less than hereby authorized, shall be con- sidered as part of their bounty. 3rd, That a War Fund Committee of the Board of Supervisors be appointed to disburse said appropriations, under such rules and regu- lations as shall be prescribed by the Board. That the committee be authorized and required to make the necessary arrangements with volunteers enlisted under this act, for the purpose of securing such portion of their pay as they are willing to appropriate towards the support of their families. 4th, That all orders on the Treasurer, under the authority of these resolutions, shall be receivable for the payment of the tax levied for this appropriation. 5th, That the committee hereby appointed be required to make the necessary arrangements for the redemption at par of such county orders as may be issued under these resolutions, and be authorized in the name of the county to borrow the necessary sum of money at a rate of interest not exceeding ten per cent. 6th, That said committee be authorized to pay such bounty to such ■person or persons only as have been or shall be enlisted at a recruit- ing office in this county, in answer to the call of the President for 300,000 troops, unless the committee having this fund shall be able to make arrangements with the Governor of this State to have duly credited to this county on such call such men as shall enlist to fill up companies previously organized in this county. 7th, That this Board at its September meeting will levy such a tax under an act of the Legislature entitled “An act to encourage the for- mation and equipment of volunteer companies,” sufficient to meet all expenditures under the foregoing resolutions. The plan promulgated by Supervisor LeBaron proved practical, and accordingly during the remaining years of the rebellion all busi- ness pertaining to the military of the county were conducted in accor- dance with them. A War Fund Committee was immediately selected, and two days thereafter this committee advertised in the county papers for volunteers, offering $50 bounty, and also for a loan of $25,000 as a bounty fund. This committee was composed of the chairman, Hon.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 287 J. M. Holyoke, W. R. LeBaron and Cephas Arms. The County- Clerk prepared some elaborate parchment bonds, or certificates, which were bought by the following gentlemen without delay: C. H. Mathews, $2,000; J. F. Dunn & Co., $5,000; Phillips & Bro., $5,000; Timothy Moshier, $3,000; Geo. A. Charles, $2,000; John W. Cams; $2,000; Daniel Fuqua, $600; P. H. Sanford, $500; Miles & Bro., $1,- 000; C. Runkle, $2,500; Miles Smith, $800; Geo. Woodmansee, $500; total, $24,900. This committee borrowed in September of the .same year, $33,710. To January 12,1863, they had paid 1,123 bounties and 36 more due. At a meeting of the Board May 12, 1862, the committee to whom was referred the bills for the relief of the wives and families of volun- teers, reported that they had examined the bills presented by the several supervisors, and ‘‘have recommended the passage of orders for the foregoing amounts; and we further recommend that in future the appropriations for the said purpose be suspended.” On the following day Supervisor Jackson offered tl>e following resolution in harmony with the recommendation of the committee: “Resolved, That no assistance be hereafter rendered by the Board of Supervisors to the wives and families of volunteers, after the said volunteers have been in the service of this State, or of the United States, for the period of three months; but in lieu of such assistance the Board recommend that each township take such action and make such provision for the assistance of said families, residing in such townships respectively, as to them shall seem meet.” This being an important question the yeas and nays were demanded on voting for its adoption. The vote resulted as follows : Yeas—Messrs. Jackson, Godfrey, Hamrick, Lotts, Robertson and Woods; nays —Messrs. Meek, McKinnie? Finch, Newell, Arms, LeBaron, Miles, McCornack, Buffum, Wilson, Copley and Gibbs. The resolution was thus defeated by a vote of six to twelve. At a meeting of the Board of Supervisors May 9th, 1864, Super- visor Holyoke moved that a committee of three be appointed to audit the claims for the support of the wives and families of volunteers; which was adopted. The chair appointed Messrs. Holyoke, Stewart and Knable said committee. Supervisor Potter offered the follow- ing resolution : “Resolved, That all discharged soldiers, from any cause, be assisted in the same manner and under the same regulation as aid is ren- dered to the families of volunteers, for the next nine months,” to which motion Supervisor Stewart offered the following amendment: “ Resolved, That we understand the resolution passed at the May288 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. meeting, 1861, embraced the cases of deceased and discharged soldiers, if their families are actually in need of assistance.” After some dis- cussion Mr. Potter withdrew his motion. The Governor made a call for soldiers for one hundred days, and with the same liberality always manifested by the honorable Board they voted the boys a bounty ot $25. Not only did the Board want the boys from Knox county to have bounty, but it was their earnest wish that every one enlisting from the State should receive a liberal bounty. Accordingly the following resolution was offered by Supervisor Arms January 9, 1865, and adopted : “Resolved, That our Senator and Representative in the General As- sembly of this State be requested to use every effort to procure the passage of a law, at this session of the State Legislature, giving to every volunteer who may be credited to the quota of this State, under this or any succeeding draft, the sum of $300, as a State bounty.” Call after call had been made for troops, and every time promptly filled, and still treason was not crushed. The President issued another. Knox county had always filled her quota quickly, but now it was ap- parent without some extra inducement a draft must be made. Ac- cordingly at a meeting of the Board of Supervisors Jan. 10, 1865, Supervisor Gray offered a resolution that the county pay a bounty of $200 to each volunteer. For this resolution Supervisor LeBaron offered the following substitute, which was adopted: Whereas, The President has issued a call for 300,000 men, and a draft has been ordered to take place on the 15th day of February next for the pur- pose of filling said call; therefore, Resolved, That Knox county will pay a bounty of three hundred dollars for each acceptable recruit, to make up the deficiency of any town in Knox county,, to be paid on the certificate of the Provost Marshal of the 5th district that said re- cruit is accepted and duly credited to some town in this county. Resolved, That any town in said county that may have furnished, or shall furnish any recruit, by town authority or association, to fill deficiency of said town, such town shall be entitled,, from the county treasury, to the sum of $300 bounty for each recruit so furnished. On motion, the foregoing resolutions were unanimously adopted. At a special meeting of the Board of Supervisors January 27, 1865, Supervisor Stewart offered the following resolution: Resolved, That the soldiers now in the field, or those who may here- after volunteer, the widows of deceased soldiers, and widows who have sons in the army, or who may hereafter volunteer from the county of Knox, shall be exempt from the payment of the bounty tax levied, or to be levied, to pay the bounty authorized by the Board of SupervisorsHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 289 at the regular January meeting of this Board, was amended so as to read, “Provided, it does not conflict with the Constitution and laws of the State of Illinois.” Unanimously adopted as amended. Richmond had fallen, the war ended, yet there were soldiers who never returned to their families; others came crippled, broken in health. Such must be provided for, and the families of those who died on Southern soil. This subject elicited the following resolutions, offered by Supervisor Dunlap at a meeting of the Board May 1, 1866: “ Resolved, That this Board adopt and ratify the resolution passed at its last meeting, refusing further aid to families of volunteers by the county, from and after this date.” Supervisor Yaughn offered the following as an amendment: “ Resolved, That the Supervisor of each town be and is hereby au- thorized to extend aid to the families of volunteers who are still in the service of the United States, or who have died or been disabled in such service, when such families are really in need of such aid; and although the families of any deceased soldiers may receive a pension from the Government, of eight dollars per month, this shall be no bar to such aid when absolutely needed, any resolution of the Board to the con- trary notwithstanding;” which was adopted. soldiers’ aid society. The people were liberal as well as patriotic; and while the men were busy enlisting, organizing and equipping companies, the ladies were no less active. The continued need of money to obtain comforts and necessaries for the sick and wounded of our army, suggested to the loyal women of the North many and various devices for the raising of funds. Every city, town and village had its fair, festival, picnic, excursion, con- cert, which netted more or less to the cause of hospital relief, accord- ing to the population of the place and the amount of energy and patriotism displayed on such occasions. The Soldiers’ Aid Society of Knox county did a noble, generous work; and one of the brightest pages in the county’s history is that which records their efforts in behalf of the soldiers. Their devotion to the loyal principles of the national government was undying, and its defenders were objects of their deepest sympathy. We believe it not an exaggerated statement when we say that the women of no county in any of the States of the Union-loving North made a brighter record during the dark and trying days of the Rebellion than the patriotic ladies of Knox county. In their efforts to palliate the suf-290 IIlSTt)KY OF KNOi; COUNTY. fierings ofi their brotliers u])on the Southern fields ofi carnage, they were actuated by heroic love ofi country, devotion to kindred, and sympathy for those in distress. Though physically incapacitated to share with them the toil and perils of battle, yet before its smoke and the echoes of its artillery passed away, the offerings of their hands would relieve their pain, and inspire them with holier ardor fur the cause thejr were defending. The number of weary sufferers on the field of battle and in the lonely hospital relieved by their bounty and cheered by their presence, none but the Recording Angel can tell. Among the many noble women whose names will be forever en- shrined with those of the brave defenders of our country, none will shine with greater luster than that of Mrs. Bickerdyke, who among the soldiers was generally known as “ Mother Bickerdyke.” She was one of the most constant, earnest, determined and efficient laborers in the hospital and in the field that ever relieved the wants and soothed the pains of soldiers. In August, 1861, she was sent from Galesburg to Cairo to ascertain what the troops stationed at that point needed ; and after remaining there for some time she returned home, where she barely continued long enough to put her household in order for a more prolonged ab- sence. At Donelson and at Pittsburg Landing she was untiring in her efforts to alleviate the sufferings of the wounded. After the bat- tles of Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain she remained in the field 30 days, and for four weeks was the only female attendant upon the wounded of the former battle. At Vicksburg she undertook the difficult task of correcting abuses in the use of sanitary supplies, and naturally was not at all times a welcome guest to the officers in charge of such goods. One of the officers applied to “ headquarters ” to have a woman removed from his hospital, on the complaint of improper in- fluence. “ Who is she?” inquired the General. “A Mrs. Bicker- dyke,” replied the Major. “Oh, well,” said the General, ushe ranks me: you must apply to President Lincoln.” This distinguished com- mander was none other than General Grant. We give another of Mother Bickerdykc’s operations, as it is con- nected with the history of Knox county. Her re-organization of the Memphis hospital is historic,—how she transformed the filthy, uncom- fortable Gayoso into a model of neatness and comfort. But she found it impossible to obtain milk, butter and eggs for her boys, and these were prime necessities. “ I know where I can get them,” said this indomitable woman; “ the farmers of Knox county have plenty of cows and chickens, and they will give them to me if I ask them.” Accord- ingly she came north, and one dismal day burst in upon the “ Soldiers’HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 293 Aid Society” like a tlmnder-clap, seized the Secretary and marched her off with no explanation further than, “I have need for you.’ Away they went, through the storm and the gathering blackness of night, to Ontario, where a meeting was convened to listen to a re- turned soldier. There Mrs. Bickerdyke told her story in her own rough way, but eloquent with the heart back of it. A number of cows 'were pledged immediately. The next morning the two ladies started out, calling at the farm-houses through the neighborhood, and on the route home, telling at each the story of the needs of our sick and wounded boys. The result was that in less than a week Mrs, Bickerdyke was returning to Memphis triumphant, with two hundred cows and a thousand hens on her train. Such a lowing and a cackling was never before heard in that city. It so jarred the sensitive nerves of the secessionists that they complained, to the .commanding General of Mrs. Bickerdyke and her noisy flocks and herds as a nuisance. Grant assigned her President’s Island, where her chickens cackled to their hearts’ content and laid eggs proportionately, and her cows grew fat and poured out milk in abundance. Here they remained till the hospitals were closed, when they were—almost all of them we believe—distributed among the poor contrabands, who had proven their fidelity by efficient service during the war. The history of some of these cows is so romantic and full of interest that it deserves to be preserved. Often after, when Mother Bickerdyke went south, she made inquiries after her cows. Distinguished, from the outset of her efforts, by her practical good sense, firmness in maintaining the rights of the soldiers and an un- ceasing energy, she was soon known among all western soldiers as one of their best and most faithful friends. After the war Mrs. Bickerdyke moved to the "West, often returning to her old home in Galesburg, where she had buried her husband and where she had so many warm friends. During the famine in Kansas a few years ago her generous heart prompted her again to engage in her labor of providing for the suffering. She came to Galesburg, and in the county raised and shipped to Kansas ten car-loads of provision, much clothing and considerable money. This noble woman resides in Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, where she is engaged in a missionary and charitable work. Scarcely a hamlet or even a house in the whole county which did not send something from its stores to hospital or battle field, and in the larger towns were well organized soldiers’ aid societies working systematically and continuously from the beginning of the war till its close. Many of them failed to record their own good works, but291 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. the record is written in heaven and in the hearts of grateful soldiers. Each did a noble work. We give a sketch of the Galesburg society, whose secretary’s books have been placed at our disposal for this pur- pose, as illustrating the work of all: At the first call for troops by President Lincoln, a company of vol- unteers for the 17th Regiment was raised in Galesburg. The ladies offered to make up their clothing, which offer was accepted by Govern- ment, and the work satisfactorily completed. Much other work for the soldiers was done during the summer by the ladies, but a permanent organization was not effected until Oct. 26, 1861. From this time till the close of the war the history of this society is that of “patient con- tinuance in well doing,’; days and nights of hard work, with little of romance to brighten the page, but with plenty of self-sacrifice to hal- low it. A few figures may give some idea of the money value of their work. This society disbursed for soldiers and soldiers’ families during 1862 ....................................................$ 2,397.82 1863 ....................................................... 2,686.66 1861......................................................... 5,806.89 till August, 1865............................................ 2,691.76 Total.............................................$13,586.13 During the same time Galesburg sent to the Christian and Sanitary Commissions, aside from this society.......$ 6,611.73 For soldiers’ and freedmen’s reading................... 2,199.10 and paid in bounties and in city aid to soldiers’ families 39,950.00 - Making....................;.......................$62,310.16 from this one township alone. At first the work of the society was mainly that of making cloth- ing, preparing lint and bandages. Soon, however, the need for anti- scorbutic tood in the army became so pressing that great exertions were made to secure and forward fresh vegetables, pickles and fruits. Could we set in array the barrels of pickles and boxes of canned fruit forwarded by this society, they would stretch in continuous line from one end of the county to the other. These supplies were sent some- times direct to the boys in the field by trusty agents; sometimes to the St. Louis or Chicago Branch of the Sanitary Commission; to Miss MarySafford, Cairo, “The Angel of the Gunboats,” as the boys called her; by Mrs. Cunningham, who accompanied some of our Illi- nois regiments; by Mother Bickerdyke. After its organization a large proportion of stores were sent through the Illinois State Commission,HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 295 whose agents, Col. Williams and Mr. C. T. Chase, at Cairo, took the greatest pains in distributing these supplies. From the battle field of Pittsburg Landing two boat loads of wounded were sent up to Quincy. No notice of their coming had been given; no preparations made to receive them. They were car- ried to a warehouse, which happened to be empty, and laid on the floor until beds could be improvised for them. This was the com- mencement of the Quincy hospitals. The good people of that city did what they could to alleviate the suffering of these poor men, but the task was too great for them and they telegraphed for aid. The Gales- burg society responded promptly and generously, and from that time till the fall of 1865, when those hospitals were closed, scarcely a week passed in which stores of some kind were not sent to them,—clothing, reading matter, pickles, dried and canned fruit, besides perishable goods, such as green vegetables and butter, that could not be sent fur- ther south. These were all sent to Mother Liebriech, who distributed them personally to the patients. Hundreds of letters from those men testify their gratitude for these supplies. Nor were like expressions lacking from more distant fields: the secretary has now case after case of letters from the boys in blue telling of good done them through the work of this society. Often the boys brought their thanks in person. One day, in answer to a knock at her door, the secretary opened it and saw standing there a blue-coated figure leaning heavily upon two crutches; the face was so thin and pale that she failed to recognize it, though it proved to be that of one of her own scholars. “Don’t you know your Charlie?” he said, so pathetically that the tears sprang to her eyes. After resting awhile on the sofa, he told his story: “ You saved my life,” he said. “I came to tell you so.” In answer to her question- ing, incredulous look, he told how he had been sorely wounded at Chattanooga, and while lying helpless on the battle field was struck again and again by rebel balls. At last he was carried to the rear, unconscious, and so severely wounded there seemed no hope of his re- covery. Here* Mrs. Jeremy Porter found him and brought him back to life. “The first thing I can remember,” said Charlie, “was Mrs. Porter holding some cordial to my lips and saying, ‘Drink it; it will do you good; it came from home.’ It did do me good in more ways than one; for as soon as I was able to hold it, Mrs. Porter placed the bottle in my hands, and on it I read, ‘Galesburg S. A. Society. I recognized the label as in your hand-writing; the sight of it, with the thought that the dear ones at home were working and praying for us, as I knew you were, brought me back to life again.”296 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. The preparation of this blackberry cordial was a specialty with the Galesburg societ}7, and from nothing did they receive more grati- fying returns. They prepared it by the gallon, the cask, and at the suggestion of Mr. C. T. Chase, put it up in pocket flasks and sent it to the front to be used just as it was in Charles’ case. He wrote that from personal knowledge he believed it had saved hundreds of lives. How was the money raised for carrying on this work? In many ways; but underlying all was the “willing heart that gave freely, whether from abundance or from penury.” Membership fees in the Society (twenty-five cents annually) brought in a small amount, dona- tions swelled the sum; but the chief reliance was upon entertainments and the one great fair which netted over four thousand dollars for three days’ work. Whenever a great battle or any other emergenc}7 made unusual de- mands, appeals were made through the paper, and were never made in vain. All classes vied with each other in responding. Again and again ayd again did the men in Brown’s shops and in the railroad shops take up collections among themselves and pay into the treasury one or two hundred dollars at a time. Other mechanics and the teachers of the county often devoted a day’s wages to this cause. Merchauts, bankers, artists, professional men all joined in the good work. While doing so much at home, they were not unmindful of the calls abroad. Articles valued at $280.45, donations of citizens generally? were sent to the Chicago Sanitary Fair. In connection with the State Agricultural Fair of 1864 was a sanitary department, to which Knox county contributed more liberally than did any other county in the State. Circulars were sent to some responsible person in every township in the county, asking for contributions in money or in any- thing that could be turned into money, and pledges of hospital stores to be sent direct to the field as needed. The response was most gener- ous. One farmer would give a horse, another a cow, another a hog, another a load of hay, and so on down to a dozen of eggs. All these donations were sold, and added to the money contributed and that re- ceived from sale of articles at the fair, netted nearly $1,000; hospital stores pledged at this time and forwarded afterward amounted to $3,000 more. Two ladies from Galesburg and one from Knoxville went to Decatur and remained during the fair, superintending the department where these contributions were sold. This department, ostensibly de- voted to fancy articles, contained something more substantial; for example, a corn-planter given by G. W. Brown, another by his em- ployees, a sugar-mill from Frost’s M’f’g. Co., and many other likeHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 297 tilings. The ladies had such good success in selling these that Mr. Deere of Moline told them he would donate his fine plow on exhibi- tion at the fair if they would sell it. They did so, and several other manufacturers followed his example. George W. Brown then con- cluded he could put the splendid corn-planter he had made expressly for exhibition at the State Fair to no better use, and he gave that also, making the third he had given to the cause. But this effort, great as it was, was exceeded by the Galesburg San- itary Fair, held July 3d, 4th, and 5th, 1864. All who remember the histor}r of that time know how fearful was the strain of that closing year of the war. Grant was tightening his death grip on the Confed- eracy; thousands of men were required to do it; the battle line stretched from Chattanooga to the sea, from Vicksburg to the Gulf. All these thousands must be cared for, and they needed many things the Government could not suppty. Demands for all sorts of anti- scorbutic food were never more urgent. But potatoes were a dollar and onions from two to three dollars a bushel. The usual ways of raising money were not adequate to the demand. So it was decided to have a grand fair. To enumerate all who contributed to the suc- cess of this enterprise would be to give the census of Galesburg and the surrounding country. The fair was held in the old Academy building, then standing where the Union Hotel now stands, with din- ing rooms in Colton’s Block near by. It netted in cash $4,089. Be- fore the month closed, hundreds of dollars of this money, transmuted into life-giving stores, were making glad the hearts of our brave boys at the front. By the close of the year all was thus expended, or used in relieving destitution among soldiers’ families at home. As the war progressed, the care of soldiers’ families became an im- portant part of the work of soldiers’ aid societies. The city govern- ment of Galesburg expended $16,000 in this work; the Aid Society also expended large sums in this way, and did much for these families that no city government could do, visiting and comforting them, caring for them in sickness and helping them in a thousand ways which tender, sympathetic womanhood alone understands. A great deal was also done in the way of assisting disabled soldiers to secure pensions, tracing out records, looking up lost papers and the like. From its favorable position for shipping stores, as well as its ability to raise the money, Galesburg became a center for sanitary operations for much of the county. Smaller towns and neighborhoods would tender their services to this society, offering to makeup bolts of cloth, if they could be sent to them, or to fill barrels with pickles, if barrels of vinegar and spices were furnished. Very many bolts of cloth298 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. were thus sent out and returned in garments ready for the packing box, and hundreds of barrels of pickles were put up by generous-hearted farmers’wives. Hundreds—probably thousands—of one-gallon jugs of tomatoes were also put up by them and by the ladies of Galesburg, and many hundred dollars’ worth of blackberries, dried, canned, or in cordial, sent on their mission of mercy. Do these statistics seem dry and commonplace? To some they may, but when the despised onion saved the dear one from scurvy, or a draught of blackberry cordial brought him back from the jaws of death, not the spices of Araby seem more fragrant than they. With all the hard work this society performed was mingled many things which live pleasantly in the memory. The work itself was a great reward, in the feeling it* gave that, thus weak women as they were, they were doing something for the redemption of the nation. Often the privilege was given them of ministering personally to regi- ments passing through Galesburg, and no such opportunity was al- lowed to pass unimproved. If there were time for but a cup of coffee handed in through the car window, that cup was given, and be as- sured it was the best that even Galesburg ladies could make; if time allowed, a sumptuous meal was prepared for those whose daily rations were liard-tack and bacon. Then the entertainments, whose primary object was to raise money, afforded much social enjoyment and drew hearts very close to each other. And this working together for a common cause was a bond of union, uniting not the ladies of Galesburg alone, but of all the county together. We have seen how the lines of labor, marked by prosaic bolts of cloth and barrels for pickles, radiated from this center throughout the county. Occasionally the workers came together that they might see eye to ejm, and gain inspiration from the light of each other’s faces. The most notable occasion of this kind was June 4, 1863, when, in response to an invitation from the Galesburg society, a county con- vention of ladies assembled in Dunn’s Hall, where reports were re- ceived from the various bands of workers throughout the county, plans for increased efficiency discussed and adopted. The crowning feature of the day was a “ talk” of an hour and a half by Mrs. Mary A. Liv- ermore. She had just returned from her visit to the camps around Yicksburg, and her heart was full of the scenes witnessed there. She spoke with a thrilling pathos which will never be forgotten. After she closed, an address to our soldiers, which had been prepared by order of the society, was read and unanimously adopted. It was after- wards printed and sent to Knox county soldiers, as “from the women of Knox county to their brothers in the held.” It was a noble, soul-HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 299 inspiring message, and kindled anew the intenesst love for home, country, and a determination to crown the stars and stripes with vic- tory. As showing the patriotism burning in the hearts of these noble, devoted women, we give the address in full: “You have gone out from our homes, but not from our hearts. Never for one moment are you forgotten. Through weary march and deadly conflict our prayers have ever followed you; your sufferings are our sufferings, your victories our great joy. “ If there be one of you who knows not the dear home ties, for whom no mother prays, no sister watches, to him especially we speak. Let him feel that though he may not have one mother he has many / he is the adopted child and brother of all our hearts. Not one of you is beyond the reach of our sympathies; no picket-station so lonely that it is not enveloped in the halo of our prayers. “During all the long, dark months since our country called you from us, your courage, your patient endurance, your fidelity, have awakened our keenest interest, and we have longed to give you an ex- pression of that interest. “ By the alacrity with which you sprang to arms, by the valor with which those arms have been wielded, you have placed our State in the front ranks; you have made her worthy to be the home of our noble President. For thus sustaining the honor of our State, dear to us as life, we thank you. “ Of your courage we need not speak. Fort Donelson, Pea Ridge, Shiloh, Stone River, Yicksburg, speak with blood-bathed lips of your heroism. The Army of the Southwest fights beneath no defeat- shadowed banner; to it, under God, the nation looks for deliverance. “ But we, as women, have other cause for thanks. We will not speak of the debt we owe the defenders of our Government; that blood-sealed bond no words can cancel. But we are your debtors in a way not often recognized. You have aroused us from the aimlessness into which too many of our lives had drifted, and have infused into those lives a noble pathos. We could not dream our time away while our brothers were dying for us. Even your sufferings have worked together for our good, by inciting us to labor for their alleviation, thus giving us a work worthy of our womanhood. Everything that we have been permitted to do for your comfort has filled our lives so much the fuller of all that makes life valuable. You have thus been the means of developing in us a nobler type of womanhood than with- out the example of your heroism we could ever have attained. For this our whole lives, made purer and nobler by the discipline, will thank you.300 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. k£This war will leave none of us as it found us. We cannot buffet the raging wave and escape all trace of the salt sea’s foam. Toward better or toward worse we are hurried on with fearful haste. If we at home feel this, what must it be to you! Our hearts throb with agony when we think of you wounded, suffering, dying; but the thought of no physical pain touches us half so deeply as the thought of the temptations which surround you. We could better give you up to die on the battle-field, true to your God and to your country, than to have you return to us with blasted, blackened souls. When temptations assail fiercely, you must let the thought that your mothers are praying for strength enable you to overcome them. But fight- ing for a worthy cause worthily ennobles one; herein is our confidence that you will return better men than you went away. ££By all that js noble in your manhood; by all that is true in our womanhood; by all that is grand in patriotism; by all that is sacred in religion, we adjure you to be faithful to yourselves, to us, to your country, and to jmur God. Never were men permitted to fight in a cause more worthy of their blood. Were you fighting for mere con- quest, or glory, we could not give you up; but to sustain a principle, the greatest to which human lips have ever given utterance, even your dear lives are not too costly a sacrifice. Let that principle, the cor- ner-stone of our independence, be crushed, and we are all slaves. Like the Suliote mothers, we might well clasp our children in our arms and leap down to death. “ To the stern arbitrament of the sword is now committed the honor, the very life of this nation. You fight not for yourselves alone; the eyes of the whole world are on you; and if you fail our Nation’s death-wail will echo through all coming ages, moaning a requiem over the lost hopes of oppressed humanity. But you will not fail, so sure as there is a God in Heaven. He never meant this richest ar- gosy of the nations, freighted with the fears of all the world’s tyrants, with the hopes of all its oppressed ones, to flounder in darkness and death. Disasters may come, as they have come, but they will only be, as they have been, ministers of good. Each one has led the nation upward to a higher plane, from whence it has seen with a clearer eye. Success could not attend us at the West so long as we scorned the help of the black hand, which alone had power to open the gate of redemption; the God of battles would not vouchsafe a victory at the East till the very foot-prints of a McClellan were washed out in blood. “ But now all things seem ready; we have accepted the aid of that hand; those foot-steps are obliterated. In his His own good time weHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 301 feel that God will give us the victory. Till that hour comes we bid you fight on. Though we have not yet attained that heroism, or decision, which enables us to give you up without a struggle, which can pre- vent our giving tears for your blood, though many of us must own our hearts desolate till you return, still we bid you stay and fight for our country, till from this fierce baptism of blood she shall be raised complete; the dust shaken from her garments purified, a new Memnon singing in the great Godlight.” Stirring meetings were held at various times and great enthusiasm prevailed. At a meeting held in the old First Church, Galesburg, Chaplain McCabe gave reminiscences of Libby Prison. He then called for contributions, when nearly two thousand dollars were pledged as fast as the names could be written. The prominent part taken by the misses of Galesburg in the for- mation of the “Juvenile Soldiers’ Aid Society” deserves especial notice. About 48 little girls held regular meetings and worked very industriously for many months in preparing and making articles for the use and comfort of sick and wounded soldiers in the hospital. In May of 1863 they sent a box of their handiwork, with books and papers, and delicacies for the sick lying in Hospital Ho. 1, Quincy, Ills., for which they received the following kind letter signed by James Wise of the 37th Indiana Regiment, and 31 others. Hospital No. 1, Quincy, Ills. May 14, 1863. The undersigned sick and wounded soldiers acknowledge the receipt of a box from your society, containing articles we so much need, and in return we send our kind regards and sincere thanks for your kindness to us, who have been disabled for a time in the service of our country. We can not find words to express our gratitude for your kindness and generosity, so you will have to take the thought for the deed ; and you may rest assured that you will not soon be forgotten by the soldiers you have done so much to make happy. Accept our best wishes for the welfare of your good society, with the hope that it may flourish to see Ireason driven from our land and peace restored to our once happy country, and happiness to the Little Ones. Many of the little girls of that society are doubtless living in the county at this time and enjoy many pleasant recollections of the good work they so heartily engaged in for the good of their country. The women of Knox county were not only willing to help the brave boys to fight for their country, but would not countenance treason under any circumstances, as the following true incident will show: An amiable and interesting young lady of Knoxville, daughter of one of the leading men of the county, was engaged to be married to a gentleman of Galesburg, but who at that time was in Missouri trad- ing in stock. Naturally many letters passed between them. In May, 1861, she received a letter from her devoted lover, stating his deter- mination to join the rebel army. This she showed to her father, ask-302 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. ing him “ what he thought of that,” at the same time saying, “ We are done forever; for,” said she, “ a man reared in the North, with all its advantages, that will forsake his home and country is not worthy of me.” THE CLOSE. The war ended and peace restored,the Union preserved in its integrity, the sons of Knox who had volunteered their lives in defense of their government, and who were spared to see the army of the Union vic- torious, returned to their homes to receive grund ovations and tributes of honor from friends and neighbors who had eagerly and zealously followed them wherever the fortunes of war called. Exchanging their soldiers’ uniforms for citizens’ dress, most of them fell back to their old vocations, — on the farm, at the forge, the bench, in the shop, and at whatever else their hands found to do. Brave men are honorable always, and no class of citizens are entitled to greater re- spect than the volunteer soldiery of Knox county, not alone because they were soldiers, but because in their associations with their fellow men their walk is upright, and their honesty and character without reproach. Their country flust, their glory and their pride, Land of their hopes, land where their fathers died; When in the right, they’ll keep their honor bright, When in the wrong, they’ll die to set it right.SHERI FF.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 305 CPAPTER XIV. IN THE FIELD. THE WAR. There were only seven counties in the State that furnished a larger number of soldiers than Knox county and none that filled her quotas more promptly. She was called upon to furnish 3,842 men, but finally credited by the Adjutant General of the State with only 3,837. There were many who left the county to enlist in foreign regi- ments, and the colored troops to the number of from 25 to 5Q were never credited to Knox county. Besides the filling of her quota of the regular calls of the Presi. dent, she furnished 326 men in answer to the Governor’s call for 100 day men, making a total of at least 4,200 men. These were distribu- ted among 82 regiments, and in 190 different companies. Of this number 123 were killed in action, 168 wounded and 344 died; 96 suffered the horrors of prison life, some of whom died at Anderson- ville and Libby. STONE RIVER. The battle of Stone River with its fearful perils, persistent fighting and deeds of desperate daring, furnished a rare opportunity for the troops of Illinois to further distinguish themselves. Nor was it misimproved, as the proud record of their skill and bravery in the midst of the most appalling dangers abundantly prove. Many of the Illinois regiments were, however, placed in situations where over- powering rebel assaults in greatly superior numbers rendered success frequently impossible. Yet there is associated with the stern resist- ance offered a moral sublimity that almost surpasses the glory of vic- tory itself, especially when we remember the patriotism which prompt- ed, and the adverse circumstances attending it. There were no soldiers in the battle that evinced more intrepid courage, nor rendered greater service than the Knox county soldiers. After the battle of Stone River, General Forrest with about 9,000 men attacked Colonel Hardin’s Regiment, and were repulsed by about six hundred men. About two o’clock A. M., Feb. 3, the Union forces learned the Rebels intended an attack. They were supplied with306 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. only eight rounds of ammunition. The Rebels sent in a flag of truce asking Col. Hardin to surrender, and while so doing planted three bat- teries in close proximity. Col. Hardin replied that he was there to defend the fort, and not to surrender it. At this the Rebels opened a heavy fire. Capt. Wilson, with his sixty-five brave boys from Knox county, was stationed near a large siege gun which they used for some time in reply to the firing of the Rebels ; but soon all firing stopped on both sides, and the Rebel cavalry, about 600, came up within 20 paces of the gun, and three men rode forward, one drawing his re- volver said, “ Damn you ! we have your gun now.” “ But you have got the wrong end,” one of the artillerymen replied, as he touched it off. It having in a double load of canister and the men being so near they with their horses were literally torn to pieces. The Rebels were dismayed, and at this point Capt. Gilson with his stentorious voice ordered his few men who were hid ""behind a little work to charge. This put the enemy to flight, and the sixty-five men pursued, killing many and taking several prisoners. The smoke of the guns, and the sudden onslaught with fire led the Rebels to believe their force too small to cope with them. One brave Confederate lieutenant, who was wounded and taken prisoner, said he had been in 16 battles, but never before did he see his trooj>s so dis- mayed. A. Anderson of Victoria, and one of the company, struck off after the Rebs and ran across six men in a log cabin, and ordered them to surrender, which they gladly did. One of them, badly frightened staggered out and was seen by a Union soldier who, shot him down, not knowing that Anderson was present. Anderson brought in two other Rebels, taking them from within a few yards of the Rebel works. This was one of the most complete victories, considering the two armies, on record. PRISON LIFE. "We give the following incidents of life in Rebel prisons to show the sufferings and hardships many of the brave boys of Knox county were called upon to pass through. Captain Orville Powell was wounded and taken prisoner at Cliica- mauga Sept. 20, 1863. He was taken to Libby prison, Richmond. From there he was transferred to Macon, Georgia ; thence to Savan- nah ; afterwards to Charleston, S. C.; and finally to Columbus, Ga.; where he boldly made his escape. It would be vain to attempt t0 convey to the reader the suffering endured during these transits and while in the prison pens, especially4for a wounded man. At Columbus he determined to effect his escape, if at all possible. AccordinglyHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 307 about noon one day he drew his blanket around his shoulders and fear- lessly walked out by the guard. Joining three other escaped prisoner they started for Knoxville, Tenn., but unfortunately one of them was captured. The suffering passed through on this trip seems almost beyond human endurance. They were four days in the mountains without any other food than browse. They were twenty-eight days in making the journey ; and on the way they were solicited to join the Rebel army. One evening about dusk they came to a plantation and waited in the fence corner for night to come on. The planter with a companion suddenly appeared coming along the road. Although the escaped prisoners lay close to the ground, they were seen by the owner of the land, who wanted to know what they were doing there. They coolly replied that they were resting. Captain Powell boldly stepped up to them and told them they were escaped prisoners from Columbus. The planter invited them down to the house to take supper, remarking at the same time, “The old woman’s very anxious to see a live Yan- kee.” The}7 readily complied with the request, for they were nearly starved, and would take almost any risk for a meal. The host and his companion soon left the house, and the “ old woman ” was so deeply interested in seeing and talking with the “ live Yankees ” that she re- mained in the room where they were all the time, and made no effort to set their supper. The soldiers were suspicious, and concluded not to remain for supper, for they surmised that the planter had gone to some of his neighbors for help to recapture them. Before leav- ing, however, they took two loaves of bread. It was then dark. They hurried on, and soon met an old negro who told them his mas- ter had gone for help. He volunteered to pilot them by the shortest and best route to the river, which was some nine miles distant. They gladly accepted his services, although it was apparently great labor for him to hobble along, one leg being shorter than the other. But so anxious was this old negro to save the brave Union soldiers that he fairly bounded along in his irregular, limping gait, rendering it difficult for them to keep up with him. The merciless planter was soon on their track with a pack of blood-hounds. The soldiers hurried along after the wavering outline of their faithful leader, through tim- ber and underbrush, over fences, across streams and swamps. The baying of the hounds sounded louder and louder, sending a shudder through the Captain and his companion as each knell pierced the air. Soon they saw it was useless to attempt to effect their escape by flight, so they decided to secrete themselves. The negro, who was familiar with the ways of the hounds, and also the country, took the soldiers through a cow-yard, thus throwing the dogs off their trail. They then308 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. hid in the timber ; and often tlie hounds would come near them but could scent them no farther than the barn-yard. That night the brave men were hunted like wild beasts ; but seemingly through a Providential interference they were preserved, and finally effected their escape. O. P. Cooley, in speaking of prison life in rebel prisons, relates an incident of the killing of a fellow prisoner while at Castle Morgan prison. This unprovoked murder goes to show upon what slight pretexts the lives of Union prisoners were sacrificed. As a Union soldier was walking along a narrow passage, he came near the “dead line,” but not quite to it. The guard murderously ran his bayonet through the prisoner, killing him almost instantly. It was said that the guard would get a thirty days’ furlough for this noble act. About one hundred prisoners made their escape from Libby prison through a tunnel made by them. While tunneling, they struck a rock which they were obliged to go under. Colonel Stout was among the number and he being a very large man, it was only with the ut- most difficulty that he squeezed through. Some took him by the hands and pulled, while others pushed him. When he came to the rock he stuck fast, but after much tugging, pushing, turning and twisting they brought him through. INCIDENTS OF ENLISTING. In the fall of 1861 Colonel Winslow, of Princeton, was engaged in raising a regiment of infantry. At the same time General P. C. Smith was recruiting an artillery company at Galesburg. Winslow sent for Smith to see about uniting the two. After some delaj', being encour- aged by the liberal promises of the Colonel, the Galesburg boys went to Princeton. This company did not, however, give up the idea of handling the heavy guns. Soon Colonel Berge came to Princeton and held out inducements for the regiment to go with him and form a regiment of sharp-shooters. His proposition was favorably received by the men, but nothing definite done in that direction, only that Smith’s men positively refused to join with them. The Colonel told them he would put them in irons as deserters; but they did not yield nor did he execute his threats. General Smith returned to Galesburg leaving everything quiet in camp at Princeton; but one morning he received a telegram from his men to hasten there. He did so, and on arriving found his men with a few cavalry in camp alone. Colonel Winslow had marched off with his men. He had ordered the Knox county soldiers to fall into ranks, but they refused to do so. The camp was about one mile south of town, where the Colonel’s residenceHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 309 was situated. Winslow, at the head of his troops as they filed through the streets, was proud and happy. He must bid his wife and children farewell before departing for the field of glory; so “halt” was sounded along the line. The Colonel dismounted and entered his house for the last time, perhaps, as he thinks. He had no sooner dis- appeared than the command of “ Forward, march ” was given, in smothered tone, and the halting columns moved on. Soon “ Quick march ” rang out on the clear morning air. “ What does this mean?” enquired one of another. There were few who knew. Colonel Wins- low had lost his regiment. Soon the gallant Colonel steps from his house and mounts his steed to place himself at the head of his regi- ment, but to his utter amazement his men were gone. In hot haste he pursued and soon overtook them and attempted to take his place at the head, but he finds it and his authority usurped by an emissary from Colonel Berge, who flatly refused to yield; and Colonel Wins- low is coolly informed that by virtue of the unanimous choice of the line officers he had been chosen commander to conduct the regiment to the rendezvous of Colonel Berge’s sharp-shooters. Winslow re- turned to his camp an angry and sorrowing man, where he played Colonel with none but the disobedient Knox county company. Smith, seeing that his plan of raising a full company was questionable, and it being the wish of his men to engage in the artillery service, he no- tified them that he would be on the midnight train bound for Chi- cago, and that he had transportation for all who desired to go. The officer of the guard for that night was friendly to the movement; so such disposition of the guard was made as would be most favorable to the stampede. At midnight General Smith stepped on board the train; at the same time, from the side opposite to the depot, every Knox county man in the Princeton camp jumped on. They went in a body to Camp Douglas and joined Captain A. C. Waterhouse’s bat- tery, Company E, Light Artillery. Colonel Winslow appeared at the camp and demanded that the men should be returned; but it was never done. The 102nd. At a meeting of the officers and soldiers of the 102nd Infantry, well known as the regiment of the u Old Democratic War-Horse,” on the 17th of March, 1863, at Gallatin, Tenn., the following resolu- tions were read and unanimously adopted by the entire regiment, without one dissenting voice, as expressive of their true feelings in regard to the war, its conduct, and the acts of the government to carry it on.310 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. We, the officers and soldiers of the 102nd Regiment Ills. Vols., assembled in our camp at Gallatin, Tenn., on the 17th of March, 1863, to our loyal brethren in arms, throughout our country, and to our friends at home, greeting. First, Resolved, That we are fully determined in our “ innermost heart of hearts” that the government of our fathers and the union of our States must and shall be triumphantly sustained and perpetuated to our children; Second, Resolved, That while we are having a large share of sympathy and kindly feeling towards many brave men in the South, who are the dupes of lying demagogues, and misled by traitors whom ambition hath made mad, still we must meet them with the only weapons they will regard, the implements of war; Third, Resolved, That we regard the leaders of the rebellion at the South as the “ spawn of hell itself,” for whom no justice, human or divine, can be too severe; that neither in abolitionism at the North, nor in their own unbridled thirst for power, is there the least semblance of justification for their course; and they are they whom God and history will hold responsible for this war in which we are engaged; Fourth, Resolved, That the thought of tlieir succeeding in their infamous schemes no true patriot will entertain even for a moment; that to prevent it no sacrifice of property or blood can be too great; that, to yield to them while there is any one left to fight would entitle us justly to the scorn and contempt of mankind, and be an insult to the memory of our fathers and a mockery of our dead brothers who have already fallen; Fifth, Resolved, That any call for peace, for armistice, or compromise witli armed men who sneer at any terms except the destruction of our government, is to ensnare, to beguile, and to cheat; Sixth, Resolved, That though it may be that for our sins God in His wrath is passing us through the baptism of fire, still we cannot believe He will allow us to be utterly consumed; for not with blasphemous pomp, but reverent faith, we exclaim, “ Into thy hands, O God, we commend our cause;” Seventh, Resolved, That we are not politicians, but citizen soldiers fighting for the best interests of the human race, and against those who upon the destruction of our now free government would establish a tyrannical oligarchy, depending upon force for its maintenance, and fatal to all human freedom, independent of color or race; Eighth, Resolved, That there is as much good sense in making the inferior negro help us in our struggle for free government in any way which his capacity will admit of as there is in the rebels using him in theirHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 311 struggles for despotism, and we will not weaken our struggle for American freedom, from any squirmisli regard to the desire that rebels may have,—that nobody shall use negroes but themselves; Ninth, jResolved, That, though happily desertions are few, we regard it the duty of our friends at the North to discountenance by all practical means all desertions, and to use all available means to have deserters returned to their respective commands; Tenth, Resolved, That we are amidst enemies, with our numbers constantly diminishing by the casualties of war; therefore we hear with de- light of the efforts of the government to fill the decimated ranks of our armies, upon whose efficiency alone the safety of our government de- pends. Hence we regard the passage of the late conscript law as eminently wise, expedient and just; Eleventh, jResolved, That we utterly repudiate those public presses of the North which persistently vilify our officers in the field, and by constant carping at the government seek to weaken its hold upon the affec- tions of the people, and thus injure us mere than they could with arms in their hands in open warfare; Twelfth, Resolved, That for ourselves, come weal or come woe, we will fight treason to the bitter end; that by every consideration dear to man we will sustain our country in this struggle for life, or we will perish with her.KNOX COUNTY VOLUNTEERS ABBREVIATIONS. Adjt Art Col Capt Corpl Comsy Com Con Cav Capd Desrtd Dis Disch., Ex E Hos......................Hospital. Inf......................Infantry. Kid......................Killed. Lieut..............:.....Lieutenant. Maj......................Major. MO ......................Mustered Out. Pris.....................Prisoner. Pro......................Promoted. Regt.....................Regiment Re-E.....................Re-Enlisted. Res. ....................Resigned. Sergt.............'......Sergeant. Trans.................... Transferred. Vet......................Veteran. Wd.......................Wounded. 7th IX FAX TRY, Privates, COMPANY D. First Lieutenant, Solomon F. Flint, Galesburg, e. July 25,1864, m. o. July 9, 1865. COMPANY E. Walton, James H., Yates City, e. Feb. 12,1862. COMPANY I. Jarnagin, Spencer L., Oneida, e, Oct. 1,1861, died Mound City, Dec. 15, 1862. Lynch, Francis M., Oneida, e. Oct. 1, 1861. Morman, Michael, Oneida, e. Oct. 1, 1861. Pitts, Francis G., Oneida, e. Oct. 1,1861, died Mon- terey, Tenn., June 14, 1862. Shannan, Samuel, Oneida, e. Oct. 1,1861. 8th IXFAXTRY. Graybam, Robt., Knoxville, e. Sept. 22, 1864, dis- charged Sept. 21, 1865. Brittian, J., Galesburg, e. April 17, 1865, m. o. May 11,1865. Doyle, Michael, Galesburg, e. April 17, 1865. Green, J„ Galesburg, e. April 17, 1805. Harvey, Wm., Altona, e. Aug. 10, 1861, discharged Aug. 10, 1865. lOIlt IKFANTRY. COMPANY B. Gill, Henry, Knoxville, e. Feb. 23, 1864- COMPANY C. Musician. Benj. F. Patrick, Galesburg, e. Aug. 17, 1861, dis- charged Nov. 21,1862, disability. Codding, Geo. S., Galesburg, e. Aug. 17,1861, m. o. Aug. 31,1864. Ferry, James H., Galesburg, e. Aug. 17,1861, vet., m. o. July 4.1865. Huffmire, Wm. B., Galesburg, e. Aug. 17,1861. Hubbard, E. R , Galesburg, e. Aug. 17, 1861, trans. to regular army Dec. 25, 1862 James. Wm. D., Galesburg, e. Aug. 17, 1861, dis- charged Sept. 12,1862. disability. Morris, Wm., Galesburg, e. Aug. 17, 1861, vet., died Feb. 3,1865, of wounds. Nixon, P. O. .C,, Galesburg, e. Aug. 17, 1861, vet., m. o. July 4, 1865, corpl. Pettingill, Samuel C., Galesburg, e. Aug. 17, 1861, vet., m. o. July 4, 1865, corpl. Randall, Orville, Galesburg, e. Aug. 17, 1861, vet., m. o. July 4, 1865, corpl. Skevin, Jacob C., Galesburg, e. Aug. 17,1861. Schneider, Henry, Galesburg, e. Aug. 17. 1861, m. o. July 4, 1865. Ford, Wm., Galesburg, e. June 1, 1864, vet., sick in hospital at m. o. of regt. Hall, Harmon W., Galesburg, e. Aug. 17, 1861, vet., m. o. July 4, 1865. Lewis, James W., Galesburg, e. Aug. 17,1861, vet., m. o. July 4, 1865. Craft, T. H., Galesburg, e. Sept. 13, 1861, died Feb. 21, 1803. Gee, Henry, Knoxville, e. Feb. 23, 1804. m. o. July 4. 1865. Goodell, Benj., Knoxville, e. Feb. 24, 1804, m. o. July 4, 1865. Girrard, John L., Knoxville, e. Feb. 24.1864, m. o. July 4. 1865. Howard, Wm., Galesburg, e. Sept. 15.1861. Hankey, C. F., Galesburg, e. Sept. 12, 1861, vet., pro. 2d lieut., m. o. July 4. 1865. James, W. D., Galesburg, e. Feb. 23, 1864, dlsch. Jan. 27,1865, disability. Lewis, J, W., Galesburg, e. Sept. 5, 1861, vet., m. o. July 4, 1805. 312HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 313 Moon, Job, Knoxville, e. Feb. 22, 1864, m. o. July 4, 1865. Middleton, J. A , Knoxville, e. Sept. 7, 1861, trans. toreg. army. Packard, W. W., Knoxville, e. Feb. 23, 1861, m. o. June 26, 1865. St. Clair, A., Knoxville, e. Feb. 23, 1864, m. o. July 4,1865. 14th IXFAXTRY. (Reorgan- ized.) COMPANY C. Privates. Atherton. Win. B., Lynn, e. Feb. 21,1865. Bell, G. W..Trnro, e. Feb. 22,1865, m o. July 31,’65. Baldwin. G., Lynn, e. Feb. 24,1865, m. o. June 13, 1865. Caldwell, H.. Indian Pt., e. Feb. 21, 1865. m. o. Sept. 16. 1865. Jones. J. E., Indian Pt., e. Feb. 21, 1865, m. o. Sept. 16. 1865, Johnson, Wm., Lynn, e. Feb. 28.1865. Kinmouth, O. F., Lynn, e. Feb. 27,1865, m. o. Sept. 16, 1865. Harper. James, Rio, e, March 16,1865. Rakestraw, R., Indian Pt., e. Feb. 21, 1865, m. o. Sept. 1,1865 Stuckey, J., Sparta, e. Feb. 21,1865, m. o. Sept. 16, 1865. Shepherd, Jas., Rio, e. March 16,1865. White, W.. Indian Pt., e. Feb. 21,1862, m. o. May 29, 1865, Welch, I., Lynn, e. Feb. 24,1865, m. o. May 23,1865. Harris, Jas. A., Ontario, e Feb. 16, 1665, m. o. Aug. 8, 1865. Harsh, Jacob W., Salem, e. Feb. 15, 1865, m. o. Sept. 16, 1865. Hogan. Timothy J., Haw Creek, e. Feb. 13,1865. Hall, James, Truro, e. Feb. 13.1865. Johnson, Harmon, Sparta, e. Feb. 16, 1865. Kirtner, David H.. Sparta, e. Feb. 16, 1865, discb, July 17, 1865, disability. Kock. Geo., Salem, e. Feb. 15,1865, m. o. June 19, 1865. lynch, John, Haw Creek, e. Feb. 13,1865. Noel, Jackson, Sparta, e. Feb, 16,1865. Norris, Edward, Haw Creek, e. Feb. 13,1865. Oltman. Geo., Sparta, e. Feb. 16,1865, m. o. Sept. 16.1865. Ries, Michael, Ontario, e. Feb. 16,1865, m. o. Sept. 16, 1865. Rotterman, Frank, Orange, e. Feb. 16, 1865, m. o. Sept. 16,1865. Shutts, James, Copley, e. Feb. 16,1865, m. o. July 19.1865. Strattan, Wm., Orange, e. Feb. 16,1865, m. o. June 20, 1865. Schneider, Joseph, Ontario, e. Feb. 16, 1865, died March 6, 1865. Strasberger, Jacob, Orange, e. Feb. 16,1875, m. o. Sept. 16, 1865. Sands, John H., Sparta, e. Feb. 16,1865. Smith, William, Salem, e. Feb. 16,1865. Woodruff, J. H., Salem, e. Feb. 16, 1865, m. o. Sept. 16.1865. White, Wm. L., Haw Creek, e. Feb. 16,1865. COMPANY H. First Lieutenant. COMPANY F. Heflin, Martin, Galesburg, e. Jan. 1,1864, vet., o. Sept. 16, 1865. COMPANY G. Corydon P. Snow, Sparta, e. Feb 21,1865, m. o. Sept. 16,1865. Musician. W. H. Brown, Galesburg, e. Feb. 17, 1865, m. o. Sept. 16,1865. First Sergeant. Wm. H. Bramell, Copley, e. Feb. 16,1865, pro. 2d liaut, m. o. Sept. 16, 1865. Corporals. Sergeant. Emerson J. Price, Cedar, e. Feb. 21, 1865, m. o. June 19, 1865. Corporals. George F. Hurlburt, Salem, e Feb. 15, 1865, m. o. Sept. 16,1865, sergt. John Fry, Orange, e, Feb. 16,1865. John Kelly, Sparta, e. Feb. 16,1865, m. o. Sept. 16, Wm. G. Vincent, Lynn,e. Feb. 27,1865, pro. sergt. m. o. Sept. 16. 1865. Michael Sweely. Victoria, e. Feb. 18, .1865, m. o. Sept. 16,1866. Privates. Privates. Bowen, George G., Sparta, e. Feb. 16, 1865, pro. corpl, m. o. Sept. 16, 1865. Beck, Jacob, Walnut Grove, e. Feb. 17,1865, m. o. June 19,1865. Baker, Geo. W., Ontario, e. Feb. 16, 1865, m. o. Sept. 16, 1865. Bell. George, Ontario, e. Feb. 16, 1865, discharged July 17,1865. Bruninger. G , Orange, e. Feb. 16,1865, m. o. Sept. 16, 1865 Bleikner. Henry, Orange, e. Feb. 16.1865. Brown, Henry, Copley, e. Feb. 16,1865. Chapman, Wm. H., Sparta, e. Feb 16, 1865. Denln. Peter, Haw Creek, e. Feb. 13, 1865. Doty. J. W , Elba. e. Feb. 16,1865, disch. July 17, 1865. disability. Derby. J. W., Orange, e. Feb. 16, 1865, m. o. Sept 16, 1865, corpl. Doering. D. J., Copley, e. Feb. 16, 1865, m. o. Sept. 16, 1865. Flshback, Killian, Orange, e. Feb. 16,1865. Astell, N. J., Cedar, e. Feb. 21, 1835, m. o. Aug. 8. 1865. Hammar, Sam'l J., Cedar, e. Feb. 21, 1865, died March 31, 1865: Parker, Chas. W., Cedar, e. Feb. 21, 1865, m. o. May 23. 1865. Peters, Julius, Victoria, e. Feb. 18, 1865, m. o. Sept. 16,1865. Yocum, Wm. M., Knox, e. Feb. 17,1865, m. o. June 26,1865. 16th OFAXTRY. COMPANY A. Spencer, Brainard T., Galesburg, e. Feb. 2, 1864, absent on furlough at m. o. ol regt. COMPANY F. Recruit. Blue, Harrison, Knoxville, e. Feb. 18, 1861.314 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 17th INFANTRY. The 17th Reg. Ill Inf. Vols. was mustered into the United States service at Peoria, 111., on the 24th day of May, 1861. Left for Alton, 111., late in July, proceeded to St. Charles, Ihence to Warrenton, Mo., where it remained about two weeks. The regi- ment left Warrenton for St. Louis and embarked on transports for Bird’s Point, Mo.; ihence to Sulphur Springs Landing; debarking, went to Pilot Knob, Mo., in pursuit of Gen. Jeff Thompson, and joined Prentice’s command at Jackson, Mo., thence to Kentucky and aided in the construction of Fort Holt. Was then ordered to Cape Girardeau and were again sent in pursuit of Jeff Thompson; participated in the engagement near Greenfield; returned to Cape Girardeau and performed provost duty until Feb. 1862. Were then ordered to Fort Henry; participated in that engagement and Fort Donelson, losing several men killed, wounded, and taken prisoners. Soon after, went to Pittsburg Landing and was assigned to the army of West Tennessee; engaged in the battle of the 6th and 7th of April, suffering great loss in killed and wounded; was in the advance to Cornith; after the evacuation of Corinth, marched to Jackson, Tenn.; remained until July, when they were ordered to Bolivar, where they remained until Nov. 1862, participating during the time in the expedition to Iuka to reinforce Gen. Rosecrans, where they -were engaged in the battle of the Hatchie; marched to Lagrange, Tenn.; the middle of November reporting to Gen. John A. Logan, and were assigned to duty as provost guard. Early in December marched to Holly Springs, via Abbyville and Oxford. After the battle of Holly Springs were assigned to Gen McPherson’s command, then proceeded to Moscow, Colliervil'e and Memphis, and were assigned to duty at the navy yard, remaining until June 16, then embarking for Vicksburg, re-embarking for Lake Providence, La, where they remain- ed until the investment of Vicksburg began. Went to Millikin’s Bend, May 1, com- menced the march across the Delta to Pekin’s Landing, advanced with McPherson’s command to the final investment of Vicksburg. After the surrender of that city, remained there, making frequent incursions into the enemy’s country until May, 1864, the term of service expiring on the 24th of May of that year. The regiment was ordered to Springfield, 111., to muster out, when those who had not re-enlisted as veterans received their final discharge. A sufficient number not having enlisted to entitle them to retain their regimental organization, were consoli- dated with the 8th 111. Inf., and were finally mustered out with that regiment in the Spring of 1866. There were 131 men from this county in the 17th, 4 were killed, 3 wounded, 8 died, 1 taken prisoner. Lieutenant- Colonel. Francis M. Smith, Galesburg, e. 1861, term expired June, 1864. Chaplain. Corporals. A. Curtiss Mathews, Altona, e. May 25, 1861, pro- ls‘ lieut,. resinned Feb. 18. 1863. John VV. Davw, Wataga, e.May 25,1861, discharged May 13, 1862. Sanford A. Kingsbury, Galesburg, e. Dec. 23,1861, term expired June, 1864. Musicians. Barnett M. Pippin, Oneida, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged March 29, 1862, disability. Company C. Privates. Allen, Cyrus, St. Augustine, e. May 25.1861, pro 2d lieut.. term expired June, 1861. Babbett, Joel, St Augustine, e. May 25. 1861. Combs, John T, Maquon,e. May 25. 1861. Fry, John, Maquon, e. May 25, 1861, discharged Aug. 7, 1862. Hughes, George, Maquon, May 25.1861. McGrew, John L., Maquon, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged June 12, 1862. Robinson,Barney J., St. Augustine, e. May 25,1861. Recruits. Ruble, George, MaquoD, e. June 1, 1861. Stinyard, Augustus. Yates City, e. June 1. 1861, discharged Sept. 30, 1861, disability. Company D. Sergeant. Sanford M. Green, Oneida, e. May 23, 1861, dis- charged April 28, 1862, disability. Privates. Brooks, Benjamin F,Victoria, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged Oct. 25, 1862. disability. Beggs. Adouijah, Oneida, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged June 13, 1862. disability. Flemsburg. Henry, Altona, May 25. 1861, died May 19, 1862. Guliher. Jason D, Knoxville, e. May 25. 1861. Harrington. Isaac J., Victoria, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged April :.0. 1862, disability. Harvey .John C., Altona, e. May 25,1861, discharged Oct 24, 1862, disability. Jewell, Charles. Victoria, e. May 25. 1861, dis- charged May 15.1862. disability. Kellogg, Charles. Oneida, e M«y 25. 1861. acci- dental y killed March 18. 1862. McVicker. Alexander. Altona. e. May 25. 1661. Moore. William, Altona. e. May 25. 1861. Mitchell, Joseph H., Altona. e. May 25. 1861. Newton, Orlo C, Altona, e. May 25, 1861. Olson, William C., Oneida, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged Sept. 4, 1862 wounds. Rieling.Samuel. Altona, e. May 25, 1 861, killed at Fort Donelson, Feb. 13, 1862.'Sz.rrv Ji _______—....\ WWl ONEIDA HIGH SCHOOL.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 317 Rogers, Jackson J., Oneida, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged May 2, 1862, disability. Reynolds, John W., Victoria, e. May 25,1861, dis- charged Nov. 4,1861, disability. ■ Strong,John C., Altona,e. May25,1861, discharged May 13, 1862. Teter,David W„ Altona, e. May 25,1861, discharged Dec. 20, 1862, disability. Wales, Otis A., Altona, e. May25, 1881. Wyman, Cornelius, Victoria, e. May 25, 1861. vet., transferred to Co. E, 8th infantry. Walrath, Abraham E., Altona, e. May 25,1861,dis- charged June 14, 1862, disability. Wedge, D. A., Victoria, e. May 25, 1861, vet. Recruits. Harvey, William H., Altona, Aug. 10, 1861, term expired Aug. 10, 1865. Johnson, Jonas, Wataga, e. Jan. 22, 1864, dis- charged June 3, 1865, disability. Ruch,Phillip J.. Altona, e. May 25,1861,transferred to Co. E, 8th inf. pro corp’l, m. o. May 4, 1866. Teter, Solomon C, Altona, e. June 17, 1861, m. o. June 21, 1864. W ales, Edwin M., Altona, e. Nov. 20, 1861, vet., transferred to Co. F, 8th inf., pro sergt, m. o. May 4,1866. Company E. Captains. Francis M. Smith, Galesburg, e. April 19,1861, pro. to lieutenant-colonel. Roderick R. Harding, Galesburg, e. May 20, 1861, resigned May 15,1862. George C. Smith, Galesburg, e. May 15, 1862, re- signed Feb. 16, 1863. William J. Merrill, Galesburg, e. Feb. 16,1863, term expired June,1864. First Lieutenants. James C. Beswick. Galesburg, e. May 20, 1861. David Clough, Galesburg, e. Feb. 16, 1863, term expired June, 1864. Second Lieutenant. John H. Wells, Galesburg, e. Feb. 16, 1863, term expired June, 1861. First Sergeant. Harlan P. Sumner, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged March 29, 1862, disability. Sergeants. Cbas. F. Matteson, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861. George B. Willard, Gilson, e. May 25, 1861, vet., transferred to 3th infantry. Corporals. John C. Ewing, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged April 24, 1862, disability. Dolan Dorman, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861. Emerson Brand, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged May 12, 1862. Horace Burtch, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861. Wesley Hughes. Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861. Theodore A. Smith, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1871. Nelson P. Norene, GaleBburg, e. May 25, 1861. Musician. Addison J. Fllmore, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861. Privates. Andrews,Samuel J. M., Galesburg, e. May 25,1861, m. o. June 17,1865. Boam, Benjamin E.. Galesburg, e. May 25. 1861. Butler, Solon, Abingdon, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged Nov. 1, 1801, disability. Brothers, Franklin M., Henderson, e. May 25,1861, vet., transferred to Co. E, 8th Infantry. Benton, George W., Henderson, e. May 25, 1861, died April 9. 1862, wounds. Beam, Samuel D., Abingdon, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged May 16, 1862. Baker, Torralio, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861. Brown, Henry C., Galesburg.e. May 25, 1861, killed at Vicksburg, July 4, 1863. Beswick, William, Galesburg, e. May 25,1861. Busby, Thomas B., Galesburg, e. May 25.1861. Carson, Edward, Galesburg, e. May 25.1861. Courtney, George, Galesburg, e. May, 25, 1861, dis- charged June 17,1862, disability. Colville, Robert, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged May 16,1862, disability. Colbourn, John, Galesburg, e. May 25,1861, killed at Fort Donelson, Feb. 13. 1862. Coe. EdwardfD., Galesburg, e. May 25,1861. Dunham, Mu I ford E., Galesburg, e. May 25,1861, killed at Fort Donelson, Feb. 13,1862. Erickson, Oloff, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged May 16,1862. Frantz, Christian, Galesburg, e. May 25,1861. Griffer, Joseph, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged Dec. 20, 1862. Graham, Joseph, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged July 24. 1861. Goddard,E. Miles, Galesburg, e. May 25; 1861, vet., m. o. May 28, 1866. Gallant, Lloyd, Galesburg, e. May 25. 1861. Gillett, W. Jasper, Abingdon, e. May 25. 1861. Hughes, George, Galesburg, e. May 25. 1861. Hughes, Albert S., Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861. Hicks, Mason M., Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged May 16, 1862. Johnston, John C., Henderson, e. May 25,1861. Judson, Franklin, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861. Jackson, William R., Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861, died April 8, 1862. Lock, Alfonzo, Galesburg, e. May 25,1861. Lane, Elias F., Henderson, e. May 25, 1861. Landon, Merrill R.. Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861. Lanni, August, Galesburg, e. May 25,1861. Leran, Charles, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged March 31, 1862. Miles, John A.. Galesburg, e. May 25,1861. Moore, Rufus H.. Galesburg, e. May 25,1861, dis- charged April 21,1862, disability. Ostron, John H., Galesburg, e. May 25,1861, trans- ferred to gun-boat service, Feb. 2,1862. Olson, Charles, Galesburg, e. May 25,1861. Potter, .Andrew J., Oneida, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged July 30, 1862. Samuels. Jno. L., Henderson, e. May 25, 1861, drowned Nov. 21,1861. Simcox. Robert, Henderson, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged June 13, 1862. Stokes, Horace, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged Dec. 13,1862. Swanson, A. Swan, Oneida, e. May 25,1861, dis- charged April 28, 1862. Spinner, Joseph F., Oneida, e. May 25, 1861, dis- charged Aug. 2, 1862, Thompson. Alexander, Galesburg, e. May 25,1861. discharged May 16,1862, disability. Temple, John, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861. VanBremer, Benjamin, Galesburg, e. May 25,1861. Vertrees, Chas. M., St. Augustine, e. May 25,1861. West, Julius B., Galesburg, e. May 25,1861. Woolen, Robert, Galesburg, e. May 25,1861, trans- ferred to gun-boat Feb. 2,1862. Recruits. Barrell. George W., Galesburg, e. March 28, 1862. Booten, John W., Abingdon, e. Dec. 11, 1863. traDS. to Co. B. 8th inf., m.o. May 4, 1866. Carpenter, Benjamin F., Galesburg, e. Dec. 4,1861, died April 12, 1862. Fitch, Harman, Galesburg, e. Dec. 4. 1861. Graham, Joseph, Henderson Grove, e. Peb. 6,1862. Kilpatrick, Joseph. Oneida, e. June 15, 1861, dis- charged April 30. 1862, disability. Levin, Charles. Galesburg, e. Jan. 5, 1864, m. o. May 28, 1866. Lawson, William, Galesburg, e. Jan. 5,1864, trans. lo Co. B, 8lh inf died Oct. 1, 1865.318 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Linn, James H., Gilson, e. May 25.1861. vet., trans. to Co. E. Sth inf., m.o. May 28. 1866. Long, Edwin G., Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861, died Feb. 21, 1862, wounds. Moore, James H., Galesburg, e. Dec. 4,1861, dis- charged Aug. 14.1862. Rose, Albert, Galesburg, e. May 25, 1861. Stokes, Horace, Galesburg, e. May 25. 1861. Slouson. Rufus L., Galesburg, e. May 25,1861, dis- charged June 17, 1862. Wells, John H., Galesburg, e. June 15, 1861. Walker, Thomas R., Galesburg, e. May 25,1861. Parsons, Freeman, Galesburg, e. Dec. 4, 1861, pris- oner of war, m o. Feb. 22, 1865. Flowers, William H.. Galesburg, e. Dec. 2. 1863. trans. to Co. B,8ihinf., died April 13, 1865. COMPANY I. First Lieutenant. Theodore Glancey, Abingdon, e. May 25, 1861, term expired June, 1864. Privates. McGrath, Joseph V., Galesburg, e. Jan. 5, 1864, trans. to Co. A, 8th inf., pro. corpl., m. o. May 4, 1866. Miles, Isaac O., North Henderson, e. Aug. 12,1861, trans. to Co. A, 8th inf., disch. Aug. 11, 1864. 28th IKF1XTRY. COMPANY Cl. Coates, Nathan,.Truro, e. March 13, 1865, m. o. Aug. 14.1865. Martin, William H., Rio, e. March 14.1865. McCarty, Edward, Rio, e. March 14, 1865. McLean, David. Rio, e. March 14,1865. Powers, James, Rio. e. March 14, 1865. Riley, Charles. Rio, e. March 14, 1865. Slow, John, Douglass, e. March 4, 1865, m. o. March 4, 1866. Lowery, Albert H., Henderson,Co. H., e. March 13, 1865, m. o. March 13, 1866. 30th INFANTRY. COMPANY A. Sergeant. Abner L. Titus. Knox Co., e. Aug. 12, 1861, dis- charged at Paducah, Feb. 27, 1862, wounds. Privates. Alexander, R., Abingdon, e. Aug. 12. 1861,vet., m. o. July 17,1865. Goodnoch, E. C., Abingdon, e. Aug. 16,1861, vet. m. o. July 17, 1665, sergt. Graw, E.. Galesburg, e. Aug. 24, 1861, vet. m. o. July 15, 1865. Hanson, L. D.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 16, 1861, vet. m. o. July 17,1865, sergt. Rodgers, Albert, Abingdon, e. Aug. 21, 1861, m. o. Sept. 3, 1861. Smith, John, Abingdon, e. Aug. 27,1861, died Feb. 3,1862. Valentine, J., Abingdon, e. Aug. 12, 1861, dis- charged May 3, 1862, disability. Roe. Silas J.. Indian Pt., e. Sept. 27, 1864, m. o. June 4, 1865. COMPANY CL First Lieutenant. John McClure. Abingdon, e. Sept. 30,1861, resigned Sept. 15, 1864, Captain. David H. Wolf, Abingdon, e. Sept. 30.1861,vet. m. o. July 17, 1865. Corporals. Benj. F. Miller, Abingdon, e. Sept. 30,1861, m. o. 1st sergt. James A. Logan, Abingdon, e. Sept. 30, 1861, pro- moted 1st lieut. H. H. Hurst, Abingdon, e. Sept. 30, 1861, m. o. July 17, 1865, let sergt. Privates. Dodeon, R., Abingdon, e Sept. 30,1861, discharged April 15, 1862, disability. Purdue. J. W., Abingdon, e. Sept. 30,1861, died at Ft. Donelson, April 4,1862. Ditts, J. W., Abingdon, e. Nov. 28,1861. Patterson. Aaron, Abingdon, e. Dec. 1.1861. Willett, D. B., Abingdon, e. Jan. 6, 1861, vet. m. o. July 17, 1865. Willett, T.,Abingdon, e. Jan. 6,1861,vet. m.o. July 17, 1865. 33d INFANTRY. Was organized at Camp Butler in 1861. Sept. 20, moved to Ironton, Mo., remained during the winter. March, 1862, moved with the command of Gen. Steele, south- ward, passing into Arkansas at Pitman’s Ferry, and marching via Pocahontas and Jachsonport to Batesville, where it joined Gen. Curtis’ army; thence via Jackson- port, Augusta and Clarendon, to Helena. Was engaged in the battle of Cache, and in many skirmishes. At the battle of Cotton Plant, Co. A., on skirmish line, met and checked a charge of 2,000 Texan Rangers. During July and August were camped 20 miles south of Helena, and engaged in eight expeditions up and down the river. Sept. 1, was moved up the river to Sulphur Springs, and thence to Pilot Knob. Nov. 15, moved to Van Buren, Ark. Made win- ter campaign in Southeast Missouri. Was ordered to Ste. Genevieve, Mo., where, with the command, it embarked for Milliken’s Bend, La. Attached to the 1st Brig., 1st Div., 13th Army Corps, it was engaged in all its bailies, participating in Ihe battles of Foit Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, assault and siege of Vicksburg and the siege of Jackson. In August, moved to New Orleans with 13th Corps. In October engaged in the campaign up the Bayou Teche. Returned to New Orleans in November. Thence ordered to Brownsville, Texas, but, before land- ing, was ordered to Arkansas Pa«s. Disembarked on St. Joseph’s Island, marched up St. Joseph’s' and Matagorda Islands to Saluria, participating in the capture of Fort Esperanza. Thence moved to Irdianola and Port Lavaca. June 1, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and March 14 reached Bloomington, 111., and receivedHISTORY O'F KNOX COUNTY. 319 veteran furlough. April 10, 1864, was re-organized at Camp Buller, and proceeded to New Orleans, arriving 29th and camping at Carrollton. May 17, ordered (oBrashear City, La. Soon after its arrival the regiment was scattered along the line of road as guard. Sept. 17, 1864, the non-veterans, were started home, via New York city with rebel prisoners in charge. March 2, 1865, ordered to join the 16th Army Corps. Near Boutte Station ihe train was thrown from the track, and 9 men killed and 70 wounded. 18th Regiment embarked on Lake Ponchartrain for Mobile expedition. Moved, via Fort Gaines and Navy Cove, landed on Fish River, Ala., and marched with Gen. Canby’s army up east side of Mobile Bay. March 27, arrived in front of Spanish Fort, the main defense of Mobile, and until its capture, April 8, was actively engaged. After the surrender of Mobile, marched for Montgomery, Ala. Here it received the news of Lee and Johnson’s surrender. Moved to Vicksburg, April 14, 1865. Mustered out of service Nov. 24, 1865. The 83d Regiment had 106 men from Knox county; 2 were killed, 13 died, 5 were wounded, and 4 were prisoners. COMPAJtY A. Privates. Scott, Alexander E., Maquon. e. Aug. 21,1861. Scott, Thomas, Maquon, e. Aug. 21,1861. COMPANY B. Loud, Silas J., Galesburg, e. Feb. 6,1864, sick at Nashville at m. o. McQueen, Wm. W., Galesburg, e. Feb. 8,1864, m. o. Nov. 24, 1865. Parkinson, Jacob N., Galesburg, e. Feb. 6, 1864, sick at m. o. regt. Swanson, Neltz, Galesburg, e. Feb. 8,1864, pris- oner of war at m. o. regt. Lang, Isaac N., Galesburg, e. Feb. 13,1862. COMPANY E. Captain. William H. Bryan, Galesburg, e. Aug. 27, 1861, vet. m. o. Nov. 24,1865. First Lieutenant. Clarendon A. Stone, Galesburg, e. Sept. 18,1861, resigned June 18, 1862. Edward Marsh, Abingdon, e. June 22, 1863, re- signed June 6, 1864. Sergeant. George A. Clarke, Galesburg, e. Aug. 14,1861, dis- charged Dec. 6,1862, disability. Corporals. George H. Munroe, Galesburg, e. Aug. 19,1861, discharged Dec. 22, 1862, disability. Henry C. Ward. Galesburg, e. Aug. 15, 1861, dis- charged Dec. 22,1862, disability. Privates. Anderson, Abram P„ Galesburg, e. Aug. 14,1861. discharged Feb. 20, 1803. disability. Butler, James N., Galesburg, e. Aug. 12,1861. Burner, John M., Galesburg, e. Aug. 27.1861, pro. corporal, discharged Dec. 10, 1862, disability. Burlingame. Spencer, Galesburg, e. Aug. 6, 1861, re-enlisted as vet., died at Brashear City, July 14.1864. BurliDgame, William D., Galesburg, e. Aug. 19, 1861, wounded at Vicksburg, May 22.1863. Davis. James H., Abingdon, e. Aug. 26,1861, killed at Vicksburg, May 22.1863. Davis, John W., Abingdon, e. Aug. 27,1861. Davis, Frank M., Galesburg, e. Aug. 19, 1861, died at St. Louis, Oct. 19. 1862. Irland, William, Galesburg, e. Aug. 16,1861, died at St. Louis, Nov. 11, 1862. Moore, William B.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 24,1861. transferred to Co. H. Overstreet, Mitchell E.,Galesburg, e. Aug. 28, 1861, discharged Nov. 27,1862, disability. Pisley, Prince W., Abingdon, e. Aug. 28,1861, dis- charged Nov. 17, 1662. wounds. Pratt, Charles W., Abingdon, e. Aug. 23,1861, re- enlisted as vet., m.o. Nov. 24,1865, as 1st ser- geant. White, George F., Galesburg, e. Aug. 20,1861, re- enlisted as vet., discharged May 13, 1865, as corporal, disability. Porter. John M., Galesburg, e. Aug. 23,1861, re- enlisted as vet., m.o. Nov. 24,1865, as corporal. Plecker, James H., Abingdon, e. Aug. 23.1861, re- enlisted as vet., discharged Nov. 29, 1864, dis. Wiley. Walter S., Galesburg, e. Aug. 6, 1861, re- enlisted as vet., m.o. Nov. 24,1865, as corporal. Recruits. Abbott, George W., St. Augustine, e. Nov. 6,1861, transferred to inf. corps, Jan. 15,1864. Simmons. Madison, St. Augustine, e. Nov. 6,1861. Watson. Jason L., Galesburg, e. Sept. 21, 1861, killed at Vicksburg, May 22,1863. Walson, James H., Galesburg, e. Oct. 6.1861, re- enlisted as vet., m.o. Nov. 24, 1865, as corp’l. Taylor, George W., Galesburg, e. Jan. 4, 1861, m. o. Nov. 24, 1865. COMPANY F. Lewis, James M., Galesburg, e. Feb. 9, 1864, pris- oner war at m.o. regiment. Swanson, August, Galesburg, e. Feb. 19, 1864, prisoner war, m.o. regiment. COMPANY H. Captains. James A. McKenzie, Galesburg, e. Sept. 18,1861, resigned March 10, 1863. George E. Smith, Galesburg, e. March 10, 1863, m. . o. Nov. 24, 1865. First Lieutenant. Robert P. Williams, Galesburg, e. Sept. 18, 1861, resigned July 1, 1863. Emmet B. Chambers. Knoxville, e. Sept. 19, 1861, m. o. Nov. 21,1865. Second Lieutenant. John M. Ryland, Galesburg, e. Sept. 19,1861, re- enlisted as vet. John M. Follett, Galesburg, e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 24, 1865. Privates. Allen, Jesse, Maquon, e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 24, 1865. Barrer, Thomas, Galesburg, e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 24,1865. as 1st sergeant. Bay, James M., Abingdon, e. Sept. 19,1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 24, 1865.320 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Bay, Robert. Abingdon, e. Sept. 19, 1861, m. o. Oct. 11, 1864. Beare, John, Galesburg, e. Sept. 19,1861. Boatman, Aaron, Galesburg, e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 24.1865, corporal. Cameron, John, Galesburg, e. Sept. 19, 1861, died at Ironton. Mo., Jan. 7, 1863. Carnes, Edward M., Galesburg, e. Sept. 19, 1861, discharged Sept. 29,1863, disability. Chapman, Grove L., Victoria, e. Sept. 19,1861, vei. discharged May 18,1865. sergeant, wounds. Conant, Reuben H., Galesburg, Sept, 19, 1861, vet. m. o. Nov. 24, 1865, as sergeant. Converse, Elbur A.. Galesburg, e. Sept 19, 1861, vet. m. o. Nov. 24, 1865. Davis, James B., Maquon, e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet. discharged July 13, 1865, wounds. Davis, William H., Maquon. e. Sept.119, 1861, died at Arcadia, Mo., Dec. 19,1861. Ellison, James M., Abingdon, e. Sept. 19,1861, discharged Jan. 18,1863’, disability. Fauble, Josiah F., Galesburg, e. Sent. 19, 1861, discharged Nov. 16, 1862, disability. Ferris, Frederick H., Galesburg, e. Sept. 19,1861. vet. promoted 2d lieutenant 74th U. S. col. inf. Freeze, Joseph, Abingdon, e. Sept. 19, 1861, dis- charged May 30,1862, disability. Hatch, John F., Oneida, e. Sept. 19,1861, corporal, traDS. Miss., marine brig., Feb. 22. 1863. Hayes, Festus C., Victoria, e. Sept. 19,1861, trans. to vet. res. corps., March 15, 1864. Hicks, Lauren Myron. Victoria, e. Sept. 19,1861, died at Oldtown, Ark., Sept. 21, 1862. Howe, Charles, Galesburg, to Miss, marine brig. F Hitt. Loren. Galesburg, e. Sept. 19,1861. m. o. Oct. 11,1864. Hyde, Jedediah S., Galesburg, e. Sept. 19,1861, corporal, died at Helena, Aug. 19, 1861. Ingle, John, Maquon, e. Sept. 19, 1861, discharged Feb. 26. 1863, disability. Jackson, Eli F., Galesburg, e. Sept. 19, 1861. vet. discharged Sept. 1, ’65, as corporal, disability. Jackson, Henry C., Galesburg, e. Sept. 19, 1861, m. o. Oct. 11, 1864. as corporal. Jackson, James F, Galesburg, e. Sept. 19,1861, m. o. Oct. 11, 1864, as sergeant. Jones, William, Knoxville, e. Sept. 19,1861, died at Ironton, Mo., Dec. 28,1862. Keyes, Asahel, Galesburg, e. Sept. 19, 1861, dis- charged Feb. 9,1863, disability. Martin, Arthur, Victoria, e. Sept. 19,1861, died at Terre Banne, La., Sept. 1,186^. Martz, Alexander, St. Augustine, e. Sept. 19, 1861. McOay, Lewis R., Maquon. e. Sept. 19, 1861. McHenry, Daniel, Maquon, e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet. m. o. Nov. 24, 1865. Mills, Joseph, Abingdon, e. Sept. 19,1881, died at Ironton, Mo., Nov. 25,1862. Mott. George W., Galesburg, e. Sept. 19,1861, dis- charged Oct. 15,1861, disability. Morgan, Albert W., Galesburg, e. Sept. 19, 1861, trans. to vet. res. corps., March 15. 1864. Reed. Matthew, St. Augustine, e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet. pro. corporal. Rodecker, William H., Abingdon, e. Sept. 19, 1861, trans. to Miss, marine brig, Feb. 22, 1863. Smith, Samuel W., Maquon, e. Sept. 19,1861, vet. m. o. Nov. 21, 1865. Steel, Henry. Galesburg, e. Sept. 19, 1861, m. o. Oct. 11, 1864. Steel, Samuel F., Abingdon, e. Sept. 19, 1861, dis- charged Sept. 30, 1862, disability. Tripp, Augustus J., Victoria, e. Sept. 19, 1861, corporal, died at Ironton, Dec. 2, 1861. Recruits. Brothers, Francis, Galesburg, e. Feb. 3, 1863, died at St. Louis, Nov. 20, 1862. Beoington, Hyrcann, Galesburg, e. Oct. 7. 1861. Cemer, William H., Galesburg, Oct. 7, 1861, vet. died at Cairo, Nov. 14. 1864. Fremole, William. Maquon, e. Oct. 7, 1861, vet. m. o. Nov. 24.1865, as corpora). Fletcher. Samuel, Galesburg, e. March 11, 1863. Goddard, George V. R.. Galesburg, e. Oct.10,1861, vet. m.o. Nov. 24,1865, as corporal. Feb. 4. 1812. trans, brig.'Feb. 22. 1863. Miller, Swan, Galesburg, e. March 11, 1862, m.o. March 11, 1865. Miller, Jacob, Abingdon, e. Oct. 10,1861, vet. m.o. Nov. 21, 1865. Mott. Avin K . Galesburg, e. Feb. 24, 1854, m. o. Nov. 24. 1855. Mitchell, Alexander, Rio. e. Feb. 1, 1865, died at Vicksburg. SeDt. 17. 1865. Swazze, Benoni H.. Abingdon, e. Oct. 7, 1861, dis- charged March 29, 1863. disability. Swanson, Andrew. Galesburg, e. Feb. 3,1832, dis- charged Aug. 31. 1862, disability. Treadwell, Charles, Galesburg, e. Oct. 10, 1861, discharged Nov. 26, 1862, disability. Vanderwalker, Edward, Galesburg,e. Feb. 15,1864, m.o. Nov. 24, 1865. Woolsey, Isaac, Maquon. e. Oct. 7, 1861, disch. Jan. 22,1862, disability. COMPANY I. Coe, Robert B., Galesburg, e. Sept. 5, 1861, vet. m.o. Nov. 24, 1865, as sergeant. Coe. David P.. Galesburg, e. Sept. 5. 1861, disch. Jan. 27. 1863, wounds. Davis, Daniel W., Galesburg, e. Aug. 18,1861, dis- charged Aug. 18. 1862, disability. Kerrigan, Frank, Galesburg, e. April 7, 1865. 36th INFANTRY. COMPANY A. Boggs, Elijah, Victoria, e. Sept. 27, 1864, m. o. June 15, 1865. Brott, Chas. E., Copley, e. Sept. 27, 1864, m. o. June 15,1865. Cams, John N., Copley, e. Sept. 27, 1864, m. o. June 17, 1865. e. Sept. 27, 1864, m. o. England, George, Copley, June 10, 1865. Harrison, Jacob H., Copley, e. Sept. 27,1864, m. o. June 15, 1865. Hurr, Edwin L.. Victoria, e. Sept. 27, 1864, m.o. June 15, 1865. McDowell, Mathew H., Victoria, e. Sept. 27,1864, m. o June 15, 1865. Phillips, William, Victoria, e. Sept. 27, 1864, m. o. June 15,1865. Todd, Wardeld ' B., Victoria, e. Sept. 27, m. o. June 15, 1865. Warrenford, James, Persifer, e. Sept. 27,1864, m. o. June 15, 1865. Wagher, Albert C., Copley, e. Sept. 27, 1864, m. o. June 15,1865. COMPANY D. Bassinger, John, Elba, e. Sept. 27, 1S64, m. o. June 14, 1865. Crawford, Robt. R., Truro, e. Sept. 27, 1864, killed at Franklin, Tenn.. Nov'. 30, 1861. Kimler, William, Truro, e. Sept. 27, 1664, died Jeffersonville. Jan. 25, 1865, wounds. Kimler. Walker, Elba, e. Sept. 27, lc64, m. o. Jun 14. 1865. Lapham, Leroy. Truro, c. Sept. 27, 1861, m. o. June 14. 1865. Lapham, Edward. Truro, e. Sept. 27, 1864, killed at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 16, 1864. Patten, David M.. Elba, e. Sept. 27, 1864, disch. May 29, 1865. wounds. Russell. Robt., Elba. e. Sept. 27. 186 4. disch. June 14. 1865, pris. war. Roath, Robt., Elba, e. Sept. 27, 1861, m. o. May 29.1865. Tucker. John, Truro, e. Sept. 27, 1864, m. o. June 14. 1865. Temple, John, Truro, e. Sept. 27,1864, m. o. June 30, 1865. Zimmerman, Andrew J.. Elba, e. Sept. 27, 1864, m. o. June 14, 1865.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 321 COMPANY F. 37ftHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 341 Heagy James F., Galesburg, e. Feb. 9,1864, died Newman, P. S. L„ Knoxville, e. Aug. 22, 1862, m. _ at Baton Rouge, La., July 18. 1864. o. May 13, 1865. Standiford. DeWitt C.. Knoxville, e. Aug. 22, _ . , July 18. 1864. Hope, C. C., Galesburg, e. Jan. 4. 1864, m. o. June 17, 1865. Judson, Alfred M., Galesburg, e. Feb. 27, 1864, m. o. Aug. 15.T865. Kay, Robert, Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1864, m. o. Aug. 15 1865. Meadows, C. H., Galesburg, e. Feb. 15,1864, trans- ferred to V. R. C. May, Charles, Galesburg, e. Feb. 12, 1864, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. Martin, F. M., Galesburg, e. Feb. 18, 1864, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. Mather, James, Knoxville, e. Nov. 9, 1863, m. o. June 17, 1865. - Ott, Samuel, Orange, e. Nov. 18, 1863, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. Perkins, Theodore, Persifer, e. Nov. 30, 1863, m. o. June 17, 1865. Price, C. W ., Galesburg, e. Nov. 9, 1864, pro. in 107th U. S. C. troop. Rambo, J. S., Haw Creek, e. Dec. 30, 1863, m. o. June 17,1865, pris. war. Rambo, Joseph, HaW Creek, e. Dec. 30, 1863, dis- charged July 1, 1864, wounds. Read, C. W., Galesburg, e. Feb. 9, 1864, m. o. Aug. 15,1865. Smith, William, Gilson, e. Dec. 30, 1863, m. o. June 17, 1865, pris. war. Smith, C. B.. Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1864, m, o. Aug. 15, 1865. Spidle, Alfred, Pereifer, e. Feb. 10, 1865, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. Tree, Wm. S., Persifer, e. Dec. 30, 1863, died at Tyler, Texas, July 22,1864, pris. war. Wallace, E. A., Galesburg, e. Feb. 32,1864, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. Wentworth, M. H., Galesburg, e. Feb, 6, 1864, m. 1862, mo. June 2, 1865. Thurman, Thomas, Elba, e. Aug. 22, 1862, m. o. June 17, 1865. Thomas, G. W., Elba, e. Aug. 22, 1862,m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. Recruits. Adams, J. W„ Yates City, e. Dec. 29, 1863, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865,. Hamerick, J. D., Yates City, e. Dec. 25,1863, m. o. June 17, 1865. Lutkieweiz, J., Persifer, e. Feb. 10, 1865, m. o' Aug. 15,1865. COMP AMY G. Wagoner. Jacob Alderdice, Eugene, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. July 10, 1865. Privates. Collister, William, Eugene, e. Aug. 14, 1862, m. o. June 17, 1864. Ensley, Joseph D., Truro, e. Aug. 14, 1862, m. o. July 10, 1865. Ensley, Isaac, Truro, e. Aug. 14, 1862, m. o. July 10,1865. Fetters, J. H„ Yates City, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. July 10,1865. German, L. A., Truro, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m, o. July 10, 1865. Jacques, H., Truro, e. Aug. 5,1861. Martin, Elias, Eugene, e. Aug. 12, 1862, reported died of wounds received April 8,1864. Uknw u’ ’ M Witherellf Geo. W., Galesburg, e. Feb. 11,1864, m. Niles, A. B., Eugene, e. Aug. 5, 1862, pro. hospital o Aug 15 1865 steward. Wills, Benj, p'„ Persifer, e. Dec. 30, 1863, m. o. Tuc£er’ 9-' Engene, e. Aug. 10, 1862, discharged Aug. 9. 1865. Wallack, Jacob, Persifer, e. Feb. 10, 1865, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. Feb. 18, 1863. Hummel, Casper, Yates City. Stewart, Robert H., Elba, e. Feb. 19, 1864, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. COMPAMY F. Captain. James A. Secord, Yates City, e. Sept. 2, 1862, m. o. July 10, 1865. First Lieutenant. Geo. C. Kenyon, Knoxville, e. Aug. 1, 1862, pro. captain, m. o. Aug. 15,1865. Musician. Charles Nixon, Gileon, e. Aug. 22, 1862, killed at Vicksburg, June 22, 1863. Privates. Coe, J. S., Knoxville, e. Aug. 22, 1862, m. o. June 17, 1865, corporal. Fowler, William, Gilson, e. Aug. 22, 1862, m. o. June 17, 1865, corporal. Hummell, Casper, Yates City, e. July 28, 1862. IrwlD, T. A., Knoxville, e, Aug. 7,1862, discharged Aug. 18, 1864, disability. Johnson, N. E., Knoxville, e. Aug. 22, 1862, dis- charged May 30,1863, disability. Kent, James F., Yates City, e. Aug. 22,1862, m. o. July 10, 1865. Lawrence, Geo,. Knoxville, e. Aug. 22, 1862, m. o. June 17, 1865, sergeant. Lockbaum, D., Knoxville, e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. o. July 10, 1865. Miner, James, Knoxville, e. Aug. 22,1862, m. o. June 17,1865. Macey, D. B., Yates City, e. Aug. 22,1862, m. o. June 17. 1865. Miner, J. W„ Knoxville, e. Aug. 11, 1862, dis- charged June 10, 1863, disability. COMP AMY I. First Lieutenants. Thomas C. Mathews, Salem, e, Aug. 14,1862, pro. captain, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865, Abraham Hull, Salem, e. Aug. 22, 1862, m. o. July 10,1865. Privates. Anderson, L. D., Salem, e. Aug. 22, 1862, m.o. July 10, 1865. Benton, R., Salem, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Cox, Wm. M., Salem, e. Aug. 15,1862, died at Ben- ton Barracks, Mo., Feb. 2, 1862. Dixon, Geo. M., Salem, e. Aug. 21, 1862, m.o. June 17.1865. Finch, Geo. T., Salem, e. Aug. 14, 1862, m. o. July 10.1865. Hill, J. C., Salem, e. Aug. 18, 1862, m. o. July 10, 1865. lildebrandt, P. A., Elba, Aug. 14,1862, discharged Aug. 19, 1863, disability. lauler, Anthony, Salem e. Aug. 20, 1862, died at Louisville, Ky., Jan. 3, 1863. rordan, J. M., Salem, e. Aug. 22,1862, m. o. July 10,1865. teller, Henry, Salem, e.Aug. 15,1862, died at Cov- ington, Ky., Nov. 15,1862. dutthews, John H., Salem, e. Aug. 14,1862, trans. to V. R. C. doore, D. D., Salem, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Young’s Pt., La., Feb. 1, 1863. Churman, Alexander, Salem, e. Aug. 18,1862, m. o. June 17,1865. Corby, Thomas, Salem, e. Aug. 18,1862.342 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Recruit*. Dixon, J. W.. Yates City, e. Dec. 23,16C3, disch. May 11, 1864, disability. McRill, Samuel, Eugene, e. Dec. 24,1863, m.o Aug. 15, 1865. Null. S. C., Salem, e. Feb. 3, 1865, m.o. Aug. 15, 1865. Denton, F. F,, Galesburg. King, C., Eugene. Morrissey, M., Galesburg. Murray, Walter, Galesburg. Martin. F. N., Wataga McAllister, H. S., Galesburg. Stevens, Samuel, Galesburg. 83d INFANTRY. Was organized at Monmouth, 111., in August, 1862, by Col. A. C. Harding, and mustered in Aug. 21. Knox county furnished for the 83rd, 416 men, represented in five different companies. They moved from camp to Cairo, 111., Aug. 25th, arriviug there on the 29th, and reported to Brig.-Gen. Tuttle, Sept. 3rd. Moved to Fort Henry, and on the 5th, leaving two companies at Fort Heiman and three at Fort Henry, was ordered to Fort Donelson, where the headquarters remained during the year, Col. Low, 5th Iowa Cavalry, commanding brigade. The companies remaining behind afterwards rejoined the regiment, and it remained at Fort Donelson until Sept. 20, 1863, when the right wing moved to Clarksville. The whole country, especially the banks of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, was infested with guerrillas; the regiment had daily skirmishes with the enemy; some of them were quite severe, as at Waverly, Tenn., ana-at Garretsburg, Ky., where the lamented Gen. Ransom, then colonel of the 11th Illinois, had command. On the 3rd of February, 1863, nine companies of the 83rd, with Company C., 2nd Illinois Light Artillery, successfully resisted the attack of Forrest and Wheeler, with 8,000 men. The battle lasted from half-past 1 o’clock till half-past 8, P. M., when the enemy was compelled to retire, with a loss of 800 killed and wounded. The loss of the regiment was 13 killed and 51 wounded. Col. Harding was promoted to brigadier-general for gallant conduct on this occasion, and Lieut.-Col. A. A.. Smith, to colonel. While at Clarksville the regiment was engaged in several expeditions under Maj.- Gen. L. H. Rosseau, in pursuit of Forrest and Wheeler, who were attempting the destruction of Gen. Sherman’s communications. During the year 1864 the regiment had some 200 miles of communication to guard, and much heavy postal duty. During the winter of 1864-5, the 83rd was on postal duty at Nashville, Tenn. Of the men furnished by Knox county, there were 30 died from various diseases, 6 killed and 3 wounded. On thfe 26th of June, 1865, the 83rd was mustered out at Nashville, and moved for Chicago, Brevet-Brig.-Gen. Arthur A. Smith commanding, where it received pay and final discharge. Colonel. COMPANY A. Arthur A. Smith, Galesburg, e. Aug. 21, 1862, pro. brig, gen., m. o. June 26, 1865. Ritchie, Adam C., Haw Creek, e. Jan. 18. m. o. Sept. 8,1865. Lieut. Colonel. COMPANY C. Elijah C. Brotl, Knoxville, e. Sept. 30, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Quartermasters. Stanley, F., Rio, e. Jan. 31, 1865, m. o. Sept. 8, '65. Underwood, Don Pedro, Rio, e. March 16, 1865, m. O. Sept. 8, 1865. John B. Colton, Galesburg, e. Aug, 21, 1862, pro. brig. q. m. Harmon D. Bissell. Galesburg, killed at Ft. Don- elson. Feb. 3, 1863. Geo. Snyder, resigned Feb, 7. 1864. Wm. H. Sexton, m. o. June 26, 1865. COMPANY D. Whitcomb, L. S., Rio, e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Smith. E. F., Rio, e. Jan. 31, ’65, m. o. Sept. 8, ’65. Thomson, R. J., Henderson, e. Feb. 15, 1864. Surge m. COMPANY E. Esaias S. Cooper. Henderson, e. Nov/ 14, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Second Assistant Surgeon. Captain. James M. Gilson, Knoxville, e. Aug. 21,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Richard Morris, Galesburg, e. Sept. 20, 1862, pro. surgeon 103d regiment. Sergeant Major. First Lieutenant. Erastus H. Pierce. Knoxville, e. Aug. 21, 1862, m. O. June 26, 1865. Theodore H. Hurd, Galesburg, e. 1862, disch. Feb- 3, 1863, disability. Musician. Nathaniel Coleman, Victoria, m. o. June 26, 1865. Second Lieutenants. John L. Parsons, Galesburg, e. Aug. 12, 1862, re- signed Feb. 18. 1863. Thomas B. Tate. Knoxville, e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 343 Sergeants. David P. W. West, Knoxville, e. July 28, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. William S. Lowther, Knoxville, e. July 25, 1862, diech. Jan. 12, 1863, disability. Alexander R. Chillison, Galesburg, e. Aug. 5, 1862. m. o. June 26, 1865. John P. Anderson, Knoxville, e. Aug. 2, 1862, disch. June 24 1863, disability. Corporals. Nathan S. Arnold, Rio, e. Aug. 2, 1862, disch. Jan. 24,1863, disability, R. R. Huntington, Rio, e. July 31, 1862, disch. Jan. 9, 1863, wounds. Hugh M. Lindsey, Knoxville, e.Aug. 2,1862, disch. July 19, 1863, disability. James Henderson, Wataga, e. Aug. 2, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Ashton Hall, Copley, e. Aug. 5, 1862, died at Ft. Donelson, April lO, 1863. E. Campbell, Knoxville, e.Aug. 6,18-2, m.o. June 26, 1865, as sergt. Andrew Lewis. Knoxville, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. James Huffmire, Knoxville, e. July 31,1862, disch. Jan. 24, 1863, disability. Privates. Anderson, A., Victoria, e. July 31, 1862, m. o. June 26,1862, wounded. Bnck, Wm. H., Knoxville, July 25, 1862, killed at Ft. Donelson Feb. 3, 1864. Borrill, Robert, Abingdon, e. July 28, 1862, m. June 26. 1865, Bruce, Wm. M., Knoxville, e. July 31,1862, disch. July 3, 1863, disability. Barrett, Moses, Copley, e. Aug. 2, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Baird, C., Ontario, e. Ang. -5,1862, m. o. June 26. 1865. Blair, Anthony, Persifer, e. Aug. 5, 1862, disch. Jan. 26,1863, disability. Bratt, Carlos, Victoria,e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Bradford, Wm. H„ Haw Creek, e. Ang. 11, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Carroll, Samuel, Knoxville,-e. July 25, 1862, died at Ft. Donelson, April 29,1864. Chase, W. B., Orange, e. July 31,1862, died at Ft. Donelson, June 17, 1863. Colllson, N. A., Victoria, e. July 25, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Cheesman, S., Knoxville, e. July 25, 1862, disch. March 23.1863, disability. Cronnoble, Geo. W-., Haw Creek, e. Aug. 2, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Case, Corte6, Knoxville, e. Aug. 2, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Curry, Geo. A., Knoxco. Crump, Seth, Knoxville, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Coe, C. B., Center Point, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, as corpl. Cover, Wm. M.. Kooxville, e. Aug. 11,1862, m. o. June 26. 1865. Donelly. Andrew. Knoxville, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Dyer, Rt, Knoxville, e. Aug. 5. 1862, disch. June 4, 1865. disability. Eason, Andrew, Ontario, e. July 31, 1862, diech. June 4, 1864. Flynn, Wm., Persifer, e. July 31,1862, m. o. June «U, lOUJ. Fitch, Amos S.,Rio, e. Aug. 8/1862, disch.March 15, 1865. disability. Gump, N. H., Gilson, e. J-lySl, 1862,disch.Sept. 18, 1863, disability. Goodman, A., Orange, e July 31, m. o. June 26, 1865, as corpl. Goodman. John, Ga'esburg, e. July 31,1862, m. o June 26, 1865, as corpl. Gillie, T. 8., Rio, e. Aug. 2, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, aa corpl. Green, J: D., Persifer, e.Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Glenn, B. C.. Center Pt., e. Aug. 7,1862, drown- ed April 20, 1865. Gordon, T. J.. Persifer, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m.o. June 26. 1865. Hearn, I. R.. Chestnut, e. July 31, 1862, disch. June 3. 1864. disability. Haptonstall, Wm., Persifer, e. Aug. 2,1862,disch. Feb. 16, 1865, disability. Harmon, Geo., Ontario, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o.June 26,1665. Haynes, Edward, Orange, e. Aug. 5, 1865, m o. June 26, 1865. Hunks. Geo. P., Knoxville, e. Aug. 6, 1862, died at Paducah, Ky.,Nov. 27, 1862. Heath. S. F., Center Pt., e. Ang. 7, 1862, m. o. June 26. 1865. Huffmire, Geo. E., Orange, e. Aug. 5,1862, m. o. June 26.1865. Hulburt, Lyman B., Maquon e. Aug. 5,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Hummell. John, Knoxville, e. Ang. 5, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Hughes, R., Haw Creek, e. July 31, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865 Johnson, J. H., Knoxville, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Jacoby, J. W., Orange, e. Aug. 8,1862, m. o. June 26.1865. Johnson, Swen, Knoxville, e. Ang. 5,1662, m. o. June 26,1865 Lopemau, L. S., Maquon, e. July 31, 1862. m. o. June 26, 1865. Lopeman, M. D., Maquon, e. July 31, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Lander, J. O., Knoxville, e. Aug. 5, 1852, m. o. June 26, 1865. Lockbaum, Samuel, Knoxville, e. Aug. 4, 1862, died at Paducah, Ky., Oct. 12, 1862. Melton, H., Ontario, e. Aug. 6,1862, disch. Sept. 18, 1863, disability. Murray, T., Walnut Grove, m. o. June 26, 1865. Massey, F. M., Orange, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26.1865. Mattison Swen, Knoxville, Ang. 2, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Moore, Geo. B., Center Point, e. Aug. 7,1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Mitcbell, R. H., Copley, e. Ang. 5,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Mcllwain, Wm. B., Persifer, e. Aug. 5,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, as corpl. Price, James, Knoxville, e. July 25, 1862, disch. June 17,1863, disability. Penn, Wm., Knoxville, e. July24,1862, m.o. June 21, 1865. Peterson, Peter, Knoxville, e. July 31, 1862, disch. July 3, 1863, disability. Peterson, Peter, Knoxville, e. Ally 26, 1862, died at Ft. Donelson, Nov. 12,1862. Phillips, Edwin, Persifer, e. Aug. 2, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Price, Robert H., Knoxville, e. Aug. 2,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Pickrel, J. W., Gilson, e. Ang. 5, 1862, killed by guerrillas. Sept. 18,1863. Rynear, H., Persifer, e.Aug. 2,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Russell, Warren, Persifer, e. Aug. 2, 1862, disch. Jan. 21,1865, disability. Richardson. J. M., Knoxville, e. Aug. 2, 1S62, diech. March 13, 1863, disability. Stogdell, R. A., Haw Creek, e. Aug. 2,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Sypherd, J. M.. Knoxville, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, as sergt. Scott, J. W., Knoxville, e. Ang. 11, 1862, died at Paducah, Ky., Oct. 6, 1862. Shaw. C. G.. Knoxville, e. July 24, 1862, m. o. June 26.1865, as 1st sergt. Strine, S. G., Haw Creek, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26, 18n5. Stevens, C. W., Knoxville, e. July 31,1862, m. o. J une 26,1865, as sergt.314 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Stevenson, Swen, Knoxville, e. Aug. 5,1862, m. o. June 21,1665. Stancliff, ffm. H., Center Point, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disch. Nov. 19, 1863, disability. Villiar, O., Victoria, e. Aug. 5,1862, m. o. June 26, 18b5. Vorge, R. A., Gilson, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Van Orman, H., Knoxville, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disch. April 27, 1864, disability. Webb, Valentine C., Knoxville, e. Aug. 8,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. as corpl. Wallace, J. M., Knoxville, e. Aug. 5,1862, m. o. June 26,1865, as corpl. Wallick, James O., Persifer, e. Aug. 7,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Wright, Cyrus, Lynn, e. Aug. 2, 1862, disch. Feb. 25, 1864, disability. Woir, Alfred P., Haw Creek, e. Aug. 5,1862, killed by guerrillas, Sept. 18, 1863. Wetmore, C. B., Ontario, e. Aug. 5, 1862, dis- charged April 13, 1863, wounds. Woolsey, James, Knoxville, e. Aug. 1,1862, m. o. June 24, 1865. Wilt, Henry, Knoxville, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m.o. June 26, 1865. Rufus Cleveland, Yates City, e. Aug. 7,1862, dis- charged Sept. 26, 1863, disability. William Davis, Maquon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Corporal?. John Williams, Maquon. e. Aug. 8, 1862, dis charged Dec. 22, 1862, disability. Joseph D. Woods, Maquon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, dis- charged Aug. 20, 1863, disability. Anson C. Geer, Salem, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June- 26, 1865, sergeant. Charles S. Long, Maquon, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. P. Onderkirk, Maquon, e. Aug. 10,1862,discharged Dec. 22, 1862, disability. AustinjW. Buffum, Salem, e. Aug. 10,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Wagoner. Samuel W. Crabill, Maquon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Privates. Recruits. Brown, J. F., e. April 1, 1863, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Burnett, J. E., Hendersou, e. Dec. 28, 1863, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Benson, H., Persifer, e. Jan. 4, 1864, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Benson, H. K., Persifer, e. Feb. 10, 1865, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Castle, R. A. Cedar, e. Dec. 28,1863, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Dailey, L. A., Rio, m. o. June 26, 1865. Flynn, Berij., Persifer, e. March 12, 1864, killed by guerrillas at White Oak, Tenn., April 1, 1865. Holcomb, Ola W.. Sparta, e. Dec. 28, 1863, dis- charged May 28,1865, disability. Henry, Wm., Sparta, e. Dec. 28, 1863, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Howe, Wm., Haw Creek, e. Jan. 19, 1865, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Massie, Eli P., Knoxville, e. Nov. 23, 1865, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Mitchell, A. W., Knoxville, e. March 12,1864, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Mattson, O. P., Abingdon, e. Jan. 5, 1864, m. o. Sept.8, 1895. Mattson. C. W., Abingdon, e. Jan. 4, 1864, dis- charged June 4, 1865, disability. Parkins, Levan A., Persifer, e. March 16, 1862, discharged March 2 L, 1865. Ramp, David, Haw Creek, e. Feb. 25,1664, m.o, Sept. 8, 1865. Wilcox, N. G., jKnoxville, e. Nov. 30,1863, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865, corporal. Zimmerman, N., Persifer, e. Feb. 10, 1865, pro. quarter-master sergeant. COMPAKY G. Captain. John G. Hammick, Maquon, e. Aug. 21, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. First Lieutenants. Horace Jones, Maquon, e. Aug. 21,1862, resigned Nov. 11, 1863. John Jones, Salem, e. Aug. 21, 1862. Second''Lieutenants. John Morton, Maquon, e. Aug. 7,1862, died June 19,1864. Aldrich, I. H., Maquon, e. Aug.7,1862, discharged Aug. 15, 1863, uisability. Atwood, C. L., Salem, e. Aug. 10, 1862, died at Fort Donelson, Oct. 24,1862. Bartlett, David, Maquon, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, sergeant. Beeson, Wm. n., Salem, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, sergeant. Bencher, John, Yates City, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Boden. M. M., Salem, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Brown, Peter, Maquon. e. Aug. 11, 1862, dis- charged Dec. 22, 1862, disability. Buckley, N., Salem, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Buckman, C. F., Yates City, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, corporal. Buffman, J. W., Salem, e. Aug. 10, 1862, absent sick atm. o. regiment. Bissell, H. D. Crowman, H. W., Salem, e. Aug. 15, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, sergeant. Cox, I. L., Salem, e. Aug. 15, 1862, discharged June 4, 1864, disability, corporal, easier, Edward, Salem, e. Aug. 10,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Collins, 11. A., Salem, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Conlon, Owen, Maquon, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Cowman, D. F.. Salem, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, as corporal. Cox. H. S., Salem, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Collimane, M., Maquon. e. Aug. 6, 1862, m.o. June 26, 1865, corporal. Dalton, S.. Maquon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 26 1865. Dorn. Jacob; Salem, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. June 26. 1865. Finney, Thomas T., Orange, e. Aug. 7, 1862, dis- charged Jan. 24, 1863, disability. Grim. Jonathan, Salem, e. Aug. 15, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Gabriel, Wm., Maquon, e. Aug. 10,1862, m.o. J une 26, 1865. Golllday, Geo. W., Salem, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June 28, 1865. Gray, J. M., Maquon, e. Aug. 9, 1862, discharged Dec. 20, 1864, disability. Grigsby, T. S., Salem, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June 26, 186). Clark B. Hughes, Maquon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. Gunsanlis, J. B., Salem, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. t_____ rw> uiijs T____ Ort Ifllts: Juue 26, 1865. Sergeants. William Jones, Knox Co., e. Aug. 9, 1862, pro. in 16th U. S. C. troops. Juue 26, 1865. Hehir, James, Salem, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 26 180j Holloway, J. E., Salem, e. Aug. 9,1862, m.o. June 26, 1865.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 345 Horton, F. S., Chestnut, e. Aug. 11,1862, m.o. June 26, 1865. Recruits. Hunter, Beni., Salem, e. Aug. 5, 1862, discharged!Bechamp, Wm. H., Maqnon, e. Dec. 28,1863, m. o. Jan. 4, 1863, disability. Sept. 8,1865, corporal. Ingham, Z. W., Salem, e. Aug. 10,1862, m.o. June Bamberger, Peter, Salem, Feb. 3,1865, m. o. Sept. 26, 1865. i 8, 1865- Jobes, W. W., Salem, e. Ang 11,1862, absent, Crabell, J., Salem, e. Feb. 3, 1865, m. o. Sept. sick at m.o. regiment. i 8, 1865. Jones, L. K., Maqnon, e. Ang. 11,1862, m.o. June Cowman, J., Salem, e. Feb. 3, 1865, m. o. Sept. 26.1865. Jones, W. O., Orange, e. Ang. 8,1862, m. o. June 26.1865. Leland, James, Maqnon, e. Ang. 7,1862, m.o. June 26.1865. Lewis, W. A.. Haw Creek, e. Aug. 7,1862, m. o. June 26,1865. McCoy, Allen, Salem, e. Ang. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26.1865. McCoy, R., Salem, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Milam, James. Maqnon, e. Aug, 8, 1862, drowned Oct. 19, 1864. Mitchell, W. F., Salem, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June 26. 1865. „ Moore. H. H., Maquon, Aug. 9; 1862, m. o. June Hilll£ra88' Wm< Saiem, e. Jan. 21,1865, m.o. Sept. 26.1865. I_ 8, 1865. 8, 1866. Combs, J. T., Maqnon, e. Feb. 17,1865, m.o. Sept. 8,1865, corporal. Darnell, Geo., Maquon, e. Dec. 28, 1863,[m.o. Sept. Darnell, James, Maquon, e. Feb. 17,1865, trans. to Co. G, 61st Inf. Dalton, Wm., Elba, e. Jan. 18,1863, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Dalton, Lewis, Elba, e. Jan. 18,1863, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. George, Wm. A., Knoxville, e. Nov. 9,1863, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865, as corporal. Hilligrass, G., Salem, e. Jan. 19, 1865, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Morehead, D. B., Maquon, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Mnrphy, Michael, Maquon, e. Aug. 10,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Morse, N. B., Maquon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865,1st sergeant. McMannan, G. B., Maquon, e. Aug. 9, 1862, dls charged May 29, 1865, disability. McCullock, Wm.. Maquon, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o June 26,1865. O'Neal, Cornelius, Maquon, e. Ang. 9, 1862, dis charged May 15,1864, disability. Reibstock, James, Haw Creek,e. Aug. 10,1862, pro in 8th U. S. C. H. artillery. Richmond, Seth, Haw Creek, e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. o June 2is. 1865, corporal. Rooth, R. M., Salem, e. Aug. 7,1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Roberts, A. J., Maquon, e. Aug. 7,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Roberts, J. W., Maquon, e. Ang. 7,1862, discharged Jan. 24,1863, disability. Rozer, Peter, Yates City, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Rnnnion, Isaac, Salem, e. Aug. 10, 1862, absent sick at m. o. regiment. Rnnnion, W., Salem, e. Aug. 9, *1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Scott, Wm. B., Haw Creek, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, corporal. Shafer, J. J., Maquon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Slmklns, Wm. W., Salem, e. Aug. 7. 1862. Spalding, J. T.. Salem, e. Aug. 10,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Stargell, J. H., Haw Creek, e. Ang. 10, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1855. Stanton, John, Maquon, e. Aug. 6,1862, m.o. June 20, 1865. Sutton, John, Salem, e. Aug. 9,1862, discharged June 10, 1863, disability. Simklns, G. W., Maquon, e. Aug. 7,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Simkins, J., Haw Creek, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Taylor, F., Salem, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Thurman, G. W.. Maquon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Thurman, Jas., Maquon, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. / Thurman, P„ Maquon, e. Aug. 9,1862. m. o. June 26. 1865. Timmons, D. W., Salem, e. Aug. 11, 1862, dis- charged Jail. 24. 1863, disability. Welker, J., Chestnut, e. Aug. 11, 1862, discharged Jan. 24, 1863, disability. Westfield, C. Maquon, e. Ang. 6, 1862, discharged July 19,1863, disability. White, A. J., Galesburg, e. Aug.5,1862. m.o. June 26, 1865. 20 Holloway, J., Salem, e. Feb. 3, 1865, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Haines. John, Ontario, e. Feb. 6, 1865, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Hamilton, L. „ Moore, St. Claire, Maquon, e. Dec. 28, 1863, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Morse, J. C., Maquon, e. March 15, 1864, m. o. Sept. 8,1865. Morehead. Wm., Maquon, e. Feb. 2, 1864, m. o. Sept. 8,1865. Ouderkirk, W., Haw Creek, e. Feb. 13,1865, m. o. Sept. 8,1865. Pickenpaugh, Wm., Maquon, e. Feb. 17, 1865, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Roath, B. M., Salem, m. o. June 26,1865. Stephenson, A., Haw Creek, e. Feb. 13, 1865, m. o. Sept. 8. 1865. Thurman, J. H.. Maquon, e. Dec. 28, 1863, died at Louisville, Ky., Sept. 26, 1864. COMPAKY I. Captain. Joseph B. Dawley, Abingdon, e. Aug. 21, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. First Lieutenants. Daniel D. Shoop, Abingdon, e. Aug. 21, 1862, re- signed Feb. 14, 1863. Wm. G. Latime, Abingdon, e. Aug. 21, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Second Lieutenant. Wm. W. Shrader. Abingdon, e. March 20, 1863, m. o. June 26, 1865. Sergeants. James M. Mann, Abingdon, e. July 16, 1862, pro. Lieut. 3d Mo. Inf. Andrew J. Gillett, Abingdon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865,1st sergt. Robert T. Gwinn, Abingdon, e. Ang. 7, 1862, pro. Lieut. 3d Mo. Inf. Henry McCord, Abingdon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Corporals. Albert Evans, Abingdon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, detached as Lieut. 116th U. S. C. troops. James H. Freeman, Abingdon, e. Ang. 6, 1862 died at Fort Donelson, Nov. 28.1862. James W. Russell, Abingdon, e. Aug. 11,1862, commissioned in vol. ser. Wm. M. Veatch. Abingdon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 24,1865, as sergt. Wm. Hearst, Abingdon, e. Aug. 6,1862, m. o .June 26, 1865, as sergt.346 I-IISTOBY OF KNOX COUNTY. Joseph M. Downes. Abingdon, e. Aug. 7,1862, disch. Jan. 24,1863, disability. John A. Coleman, Abingdon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disch. Feb. 3, 1861, wounds. J. J. Cochran. Abingdon, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, as sergt. Musicians. Wm. J. Plecker. Abingdon, e. Aug. 7,1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Christopher Walkup, Abingdon, e. Aug. 11,1862, died at Fort Donelson, Oct. 4,1862. Wagoner. James Garver, Abingdon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disch. Jan. 9,1863, disability. Privates. Adkins, Vinton, Hermon, e. Aug. 8,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Adkins, M. C., Hermon, e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Adkins, C. J., Hermon, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Blair, Wm. W.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26. 1865. Baldwin, T. J.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, diech. Dec. 19, 1862, disability. Brunson. Bsty, Wataga, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Beers. Frederick J., Abingdon, e. Aug. 9,1862, disch. Jan. 3,1863, disability. Burton. A., Hermon, e. Aug. 8, 1S62, m. o. June 26.1865. Brawn, D. F.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 12, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865 Clark, J. C.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disch. Dec. 5,1863, disability. Collison, J. B., Abingdon, e. Aug. 6,1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Canen, Allen, Abingdon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Crawford, J. L., Abingdon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, as corporal. Chapman, D. L.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 7,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Camp, J. M., Abingdon, e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Cochran, Asbury. Abingdon, e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Cochran, Milton, Abingdon, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Chaffee, T. L. D., Abingdon, e. Aug. 9,1862, disch. March 15,1863, disability. Cambridge, John, Abingdon, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Diefenderfer, A., Abingdon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Diven, Geo. W.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 8, 1862, drowned Aug. 20, 1863. Edmonson, J. R., Abingdon, e. Aug. 8,1862, killed at Fort Donelson, Feb. 3.1863. Graham, D. N., Abingdon, e. Ang. 15,1862, m. o. June 26. 1865, as corporal. Hewitt, David, Abingdon. Herriott, A. C., Abingdon, e. Aug. 7,1862. Hawkins, Benj. F. Abingdon, e. Aug. 11,1862, disch. Dec. 13,1862, disability. Hale. J. R , Abingdon, e. Aug. 11,1862, m.o. June 26.1865. Hibbs, K. J., Abingdon, e. Aug. 12, 1862, disch. Jan. 24, 1863, disability. Hood, U. H., Abingdon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Jones, Elliott, Abingdon, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. . June 26.1865. Latimer, J. A., Abingdon, e. Aug. 21,1862, m. o. June 26.1865, as corporal. Myers. A. H., Maquon, e. Aug. 20,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Myers. I. F., Abingd n,e. Aug.9,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Miller, Eli, Abingdon, Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. McNamer, C. W., Abingdon, e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. . June 26, 1865. McCarty, J„ Abingdon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disch. March 13,1864, disability. Maxwell, W. P., Abingdon, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 26.1865. Miller, Doctor B., Abingdon, e. Aug. 8,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, disability. Morris. Miles. Abingdon, e. Aug. 15, 1862, trans. to V. R. C. Nichols. C.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 8, 1862, died at Clarksville, Tenn., Jan. 21,1865. Pointer, Wm. L., Abingdon, e. Aug. 15,1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Russell, E. R., Abingdon, c. July 20, 1862, disch. to accept com.'.in vol. service. Reeves, E. J.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 8, 1862, died at Clarksville, Tenn. Nov. 16, 1862. Shoop, W. H.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. o. June 26.1865. Strain, D. W., Abingdon, e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Smith, F. M.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 12,1862, m.o. June 26,1865. Smith, P., Abingdon, e. Aug. 12,1862, disch. June 11, 1863, disability. Smith, S. A. C. B„ Abingdon, e. Aug. 12,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Underwood, E. B., Abingdon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Vandell, Joseph D., Hermon, e. Aug. 8,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Vandel, C. W., Hermon, e. Aug. 8,1862, disch. Jan. 24,1863, disability. Vannander, J. W.. Hermon. e. Arg. 11, 1862, disch. June2,1865, disability. Woods, Peter. Abingdon, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o June 26, 1865. Warren. I.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Recruits. Brown, Wm. W., Abingdon, died at Clarksville, Tenn., June 26.1863. Fauble, Geo., Abingdon, e. Aug. 21, 1862, m. o. June 26.-1865. Graves, A. D-. Abingdon, e. Aug. 21, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Kerns. Milton, Maquon. Russell, J. R-. Abingdon, e. Dec. 14, 1863, m. o. Sept. 8,1865. COMPANY H. Captain. Geo. W. Reynolds, Victoria, e. Aug. 21, 1862, m. o June 26,1865. First IAeutenant. Richard D. Russell, Abingdon, e. Ang. 21,1862, m. o. June 26,1365. Second Lieutenant. John S. Garrett. Victoria, e. Aug. 21, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. 1st Sergeant. A. O. Wilmarth. Victoria, e. Aug. 1, 1862, died at Ft. Donelson, March 1,1863. Sergeants. Wm. C. Montgomery, Wataga, e. Aug. 1, 1862, disch. Dec. 1,1862, disability. Noah Swickerd. Victoria, e. Ang. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, 1st sergt. Geo. H. Champlin, Wataga, e. Aug. 1,1862, died at Ft. Donelson, Jan. 13, 1863. J. H. Hedstrom, Victoria, e. Ang. 1, 1862, pro. 1st Lieut. 8th U. S. C. artillery. Corporals. Wm. W. W. Biggert, Knox, co. e. Aug. 1, 1862 pro. 1st Lieut. 8th U. S. C. artillery. James W. Temple. Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, pro. Capt. 101st U. S. C. troops.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 347 Lambert S. Lucien, Knox co., e. Ang. 1,1862, pro. Capt. 8th U. S. C. artillery. Geo. W. House, Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, disch. Jan. 8,1864, disability. J. T. Suydam, Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, died at Ft. Donelson, Jan. 6. Wm. H. Perkins, Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, died at Ft. Donelson, Aug. 26.1864. Thomas G. Stewart, Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, disch. June 17.1863, disability. Northrop Coon, Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, disch. May 25,1864, disability. Wagoner. John M. Young, Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, died at Mound City, March 31,1863. Privates. Anstrom, J., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, m. o. June 26.1865. Anderson, Wm. P., Knox co.,e. Aug. 1,1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Arie. Anthony, Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, as corpl. Brown, Wm., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, m. o. June 26.1865. Barthwell. A.. Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865, as corpl. Barringer, H., Knox co.,- e. Aug. 1, 1862, disch. June 2,1865, disability. Bomar, Henry J , Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, disch. Jan. 24,1863, disability. Cook, J. H., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, as sergt. Coon, G. J., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, disch. Dec. 27,1862, disability. Cain, S. D., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26.1865. Cadwell, E. J., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Colman, N., Victoria, e. Aug. 1, 1862, pro. princi- pal musician. Collins, J., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, died at Ft. Donelson, Feb. 25,1863. Curiy, Andrew A., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Cherrington, M., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. . June 26, 1865. Dawson, J. C., Knox co , e. Aug. 1,1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Day, David, Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, died at Paducah, Ky., Feb. 26,18637 Darr, Thomas M., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, disch. Feb. 6, 1863, disability. Everett, Elmer, Knox co., Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, as corpl. ’ Ensign, Nathan R., Knox cc ~ “ ' ' o. June 26,1865. Force, Joseph, Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, disch. March 1, 1865, diability. Force, Isaac. Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, discharged Dec. 13,1862, disability. Frederick, Geo. W., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, died at Fort Henry, Tenn., Sept. 30, 1862. Freed, John, Knox co., e. Aug. 6,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Gifford, T., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, died at Fort Donelson. March 6, 1863. Gray, M. F., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Grayham, C. R., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, died at Clarksville. Tenn., April 8.1865. Grayham, Ira G., Knox co. e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Goff. J. E., Knox co.r e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Gaines, Geo. H., Knox co., e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865, sergeant. Hubbell, T.J .Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, discharged Jan. 11. 1865, disability. Harlbutt, F., Knox co.. e. Aug. 1.1862, discharged May 6. 1863, disability. Hoag, L. S., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, trans. to V. R. C. Horton, Alex., Knox co., e Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Harrison, C. W., Knox co., e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865, sergeant. Irving, J. A., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Ives, N, B., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26.1865, sergeant. Johnson, Jonas, Knox co.. e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Lynes, C. H., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, discharged May 6,1863. disability. Martin, Leroy, Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, trans. to V. R. C. McCready, Jesse, Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, dis- charged June 11, 1864, disability. Menard, H. E., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. McGill. Wm., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862. discharged for pro. to 2d lieut. 8th U. S. C. artillery. McClung, Geo. H., Knox co. e. Aug. 6,1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Norton, Wm. H., Knox co.. e. Aug. 1,1865, m. o. June 26,1865. Parmentier, H. S., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, dis- charged Jan. 24, 1863, disability. Pease, G. A., Knox co., e. Aug. i, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Pratt, David D., Knox co., e. Aug. 15, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865, corporal. Robinson, Parsons, Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, dis- charged, Dec. 1, 1862, disability. Reed, Geo. H., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, m.o. June 26, 1865. Slater, J. H., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Sornberger, A., Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, m.o. June 26,1895. Sornberger. G. M., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, dis- charged. July 17,1863, disability. Stockwell, C. A., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Shade, Jacob, Knox co., e. Aug. 1,1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Smith, Phillip, Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. Sawdy, Rufus, Knox co., e. Aug." 1, 1862. died at Ft. Donelson January 13, 1863. Sweeny, George, Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Stanley, J. L., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862," m. o. June 26, 1665. Tapp, J. B., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26, 1865. _ . Tapp, Vincent, Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, disch. Aug. 21.1864, disability. Terry, David, Knox co., e. Aug. 1 ,jl862, disch. for pro. to 2d Lieut, in U. S. C. troops. Whitehead, A.. Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865, as corpl. Williamson, J., Knox co., e. Aug. 1, 1862, disch. March 13,1863, disability. Young, Robert, Knox co., e. Aug. 12, 1862, m. o. June 26,1865. Recruits. Armstrong, W. H., Sparta, e. Dec. 28,1863, pro. 2d Lieut. 8th,U. S. C. H. art. Burgess, F. W., Copley, e. Jan. 25, 1865, m. o. ipt. 8, 1865. Collins, H. C., Sparta, e. Nov. 30,1863, m. o.'.Sept. 8,1866. Darr. J. B., Galesburg, e. Feb. 10,1864, m. o. Sept. 8.1865, as corpl. Dunbar, Geo., Rio. e.' Jan. 31, 1865, corp'l, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Dunbar, F. M., Rio. e. Jan. 31, 1865, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Everett. E., Galesburg, e. Feb. 10, 1864, m. o. Sept. 8.1865, as sergt. House, W. A.. Knox co., e. Nov. 30, 1863, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. McCleery, J. T., Galesburg, e. Feb. 10, 1864, m. o. Sept. 8,1865.348 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Peaee, S. A., Victoria, e. Feb. 1, 1864, m. o. 1865. Peaee, A. T., Copley, e. Jan. 18,1865,m.o. Sept. 8, 1865. Rnesell, J. R., Abingdon, e. Dec. 14, 1863, m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Sept. 8, Heath, M. L., Sparta, e.Dec. 28,1863,died at camp Butler Feb. 11,1864. Miller. John, Ontario, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Ray, J. W., Abingdon, e. Aug. 3, 1864, m. o. May 21,1865. 86th INFANTRY. Was organized at Peoria, 111., in 1862. Moved for Louisville. Marched from camp Oct. 1, and on the 8th was engaged in the battle of Perryville; engaged in the battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 20 and 21. Moved into Lookout Valley Oct. 29. In the night of Nov. 23, crossed the river on a pontoon and camped at the foot of Missionary Ridge. Pursued the enemy on the 26th to Ringgold, and was then ordered to Knoxville, Tenn. Marched as far as Little Tennessee River, and returned to Chattanooga Dec. 18, after a most severe march. Was engaged at Buzzard’s Roost, May 9, 10 and 11; Resaca, May 14, 15; Rome, 17th—6 killed, ll wounded; Dallas, from May 27 to June 5; Kenesaw Mountain, from June 11 to 27,—losing 110 killed and wounded. It again engaged the enemy on the banks of the Chattahoo- che on the 18th of July; at Peach Tree Creek on the 19th, and near Atlanta, 20th and 22nd. Engaged in the siege of Atlanta. Commenced the “ march to the sea” Nov. 16. Arrived at Savannah Dec. 21. After the surrender of Johnson, marched, via Richmond, to Washington City, at which place was mustered out of service, June 6, 1865. Died, killed and wounded, 346. Marched 3,500 miles; by rail, 2,000. • The 86th Regiment contained 93 men from Knox county; 5 were killed, 3 wounded, 8 died, and 3 were taken prisoners. COMPANY F. Wagoner. Captain. James L. Burkbalter, Maquon, e. Aug. 27,1862, m. o. June 6,1865. John Barbero, Jr., Maquon, e. July 31,1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Privates. First LAeutenants. Nelson D. Combs, Maquon, e. Aug. 27, 1862, re- signed Jan. 11,1863. John Hall, Maquon, e. Aug. 27,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Second Lieutenant. Amos P. Loveland, Maquon, e. Aug. 1,1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Sergeants. John W. Mire, Maquon, e. Aug. 2,1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Timothy D. West, Maquon, e. Aug. 7, 1862. m. o. June 6, 1865, as 1st sergt. John A. Freemold, Maquon, e. July 23,1862, killed at Kenesaw Mountain, June 27. 1864. Wm. Swigart. Jr.. Maquon, e. July 26, 1862, died at Nashville Nov. 18,1862. Corporals. Arie, S. C., Maquon, e. Aug. 5,1862, on furlough at m. o. regiment. Atwood, C. B., Maqnon, e. Aug. 7,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Coon, Wm. S.. Maquon, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. June 6. 1865. Coon, David. Maqnon. e. July 29, 1862, disch. Oct. 21, 1862, disability. Combs, Wilson H.. Maquon, e. Aug. 11,1862, dis- charged Feb. 11, 1863, disability. Coon, Isaac. Maquon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. CaulkiDS, Wm., Maquon, e. July 31, 1862, m. o. June 6.1865. Clark. A., Maquon, e. Aug. 2, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. as corpl. Clark, N. G., Maquon, e. July 31, 1862, disch. Feb. 12, 1863. disability. Conner, J. H., Maquon, e. July 23,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Dunn, D. M., Maquon, e. Aug. 11,1862, m. o. June Barnett E. Haines, Maquon, e. July 24,1862, sergt, died at Chattanooga May, 1864. James T. Dudley, Maquon, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 22,1865, serg’t. wounded. Samuel B. Ouderkirk, Maquon, Aug. 2,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. William Liewallen, Maquon-, e. July 29, 1862, die charged Oct. 15, 1862, disability. All " ' “ 6,1865. Davis, F., Maquon, e. Aug. 2.’B2, m.o. June 6.’65. Dawdy, L. J., Maqnon, e. Aug. 1. 1862, pro. adju- tant, hon.’ disch. April 25, 1865. Darnell, S., Maquon, e. Jnly 29, 1862, disch. Feb. 28,1663, disability. Dickson. A., Maquon, e. Aug. 13, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, as corpl. Darnell, JoeJ. Maquon, e. Aug.2,1862, disch. March 31, 1865, disability. Davis, C. C., Maquon, e. Aug. 4, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, as corpl. Freemold, M., Maquon, e. Jnly 29, 1862. m. o. June 6.1865. Finch, Bruce, Mnqnon, e. July 29,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Foreman. E., Maquon, e. July 29, 1862, m. o. June 29, 1865. Grove, Wm. A., Maquon, e. July 26, 1862, m. P May 23. 1865. Wm. M. Smithson, Maquon, e. Aug. 5, 1862. dis- Grabill. Ira, Maquon, e. July 29,1862, m. o. June charged Feb. 2, 1863, disability. I 6,1865. Ethan ATlen, Maquon, e. Aug. 2,1862. J. W. Smithson, Maquon, e. Aug. 5, 1862, died at Danville, Ky., Nov. 18,1862. Benj. F. Scott, Maquon e. July 31.1852, m. o. June 6,1865, as serg’t. Wm. M. Gardner, Maquon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. July 4,1865, as serg’t. Musicians. John G- Jones, Maquon. e. July 31, 1862, disch. March 11. 1863, disability.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 349 Gibbs, Harrison, Maqnon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. < Jnne 6,1865. Grissom, M.. Maquon, e. Ang. 4, 1862. disch. Jan. 16, 1863, disability. George, Riley, Maqaon, e. Ang. 5, 1862. Griffith. M. A., Maqaon. e. Aug. 4,1862, m. o. June 6.1865, as corpl. Gabriel, W., Maquon, Aug. 2, 1862, disch. May 8, 1863, disability. Humphrey, A., Maquon, July 23,1862, disch. Ap’l 22.1863. disability. Hughs, John, Maquon, e. July 29,1862, disch. Jan. 17.1863. disability. Holloway, Wm. H., Maquon, e. Aug. 11,1862, died at Nashville, Tenn., Nov. 17, 1862. Housh, Thomas, Maquon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disch. April 1,1863, disability. Housh, Adam, Maquon, e. Aug. 7,1862, disch. Feb. 24.1863. disability. Housh, J. D., Maquon, e. Aug. 7,1862, m. o. June 6.1865, as corpl. Housh, Jacob, Maquon, e. Aug. 7,1862, trans. to V. R. C. Hall, Henry, Maquon, e. Aug. 4, 1862, died at Gal- latin, Tenn., Dec. 18,1862. Humphry. F. C., Maquon. e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865, as corp’l. Jones, Wm. H., Maquon, e. Aug. 31,1862, trans. to Y. R. C. Kerns, J. H., Maquon, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 6.1865. McCulloch, W. J., Maquon, e. Aug 3, 1862, killed at Rome, Ga., May 17,1864. McFarren, J. R., Maquon. e. Aug. 11, 1862, disch. Feb. 12,1863, disability. McVay^Franklin L-, e. July24,1862, transferred to McKoon, C. W., Maqaon, e. July 29, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Moon, R. A., Maquon, e. Aug. 5, 1862, disch. Mar. 11, 1863, disability. Moon, J. R., Maquon, e. Aug. 7,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. McNaughton, James, Maquon, e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, as sergt., wounded. McGrew, J. A. H., Maquon, Aug. 4, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. McVay. J. H., Maquon, e. Aug. 4, 1862, m. o. June 6.1865. Mowry, M., Maquon, e. Aug. 7,1862, corpl, trans. toY. R. C. o. Mick, R. M„ Maquon, e. 22,1862, disability. Aug. 5, 1862, disch. Oct. Norris, J.. Maquon, e. Aug. 4, 1862, died at Nash- ville. Tenn.. May 25, 1863. Norris, Geo., Maquon, e. Aug. 6,1862, m. o. June 6.1865, war prisoner. Ouderkirk, Martin, Maquon, e. Aug. 7,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Perry, Wm. M., Maquon, e. Aug. 7,1862. Paterson, Jesse. Maquon, e. Aug. 5,1862, died at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 16,1864, wounds. Pattee, J. F., Maquon, e. Aug. 11,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. as corpl. Reeder, Alfred, e. Aug. 4,1862, m. o. June 26, ’65, war pris. Smith. Silas, Maquon, e. July 26, 1862. killed at Jonesboro, Ga., Sept. 1, 1864. Smith, A., Maquon, e. Aug. 7, ’62, m.o. June 6, ’65. Smith, J. M. W., Maquon, e. Aug. 5, 1862, disch. Oct. 29, 1864, wounded. Smith, John A., Maquon, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 6.1865. Smith, T. C.. Maquon, e. Aug. 14,1862, disch. Oct. 21, 1862, disability. Snyder, Alex., Maquon, e. Aug. 5,1862, m. o. June 6.1865, Stodgell, Wm. A., Maquon, e. Aug. 1,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Turntine, Reece, Maquon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Nashville Jan. 7,1863. Thurman, Wm. T., Maquon, e. July 26,1862, trans. to Miss. Marine Brig. Upp. C. W., Maquon, e. July 29, 1862, killed at Kenesaw Mountain June 27, 1864. Yogler, J., Maquon, e. Aug. 4,1862, killed at Rome, Ga.. May 17, 1864. Wells, V. G.. Maquon, e. July 31,1862, discharged Feb. 5, 1864, disability. West, John, Maquon, e. Aug. 2, 1862, m. o. July 22, 1865. war prisoner. Walter, B. S., Maquon. e. Aug. 2,1862, discharged Feb. 2, 1863, disability. Waddle, J., Maquon, e. July 24, 1862, discharged Oct. 21,1862, disability. Wilson. J. F., Maquon, e. Aug.4, 1862, m.o. June 6, 1865. Walter, U. R., Maqaon, e. Aug. 4, 1862, m. o. June 6.1865, corporal. Way, A. J, Maquon. e. Aug. 26, 1862, discharged March 13,1863, disability. West, T. D., Maquon, e. Aug. 26,1862. 89th INFANTRY. The “Railroad Regiment” was organized by the railroad, companies of 111., at Chicago, in August, 1862; ordered to Louisville, Ky., Sept. 4. The regiment, on leaving Louisville, started in pursuit of the rebel forces under Gen. Bragg, and after a fruitless and wearisome march of a month, reached Bowling Green. Chickamauga seemed to fix the seal of its devotion. There fell Lieut-Col. Duncan J. Hall, Capts. Rice, Spink, and Whiting, and Lieut. Ellis, besides the scores of brave men who fought with noble heroism, and who dared to “do and die” in defense of the “old flag.” At Mission Ridge the regiment again encountered the foe. It then marched to the relief of Burnside, besieged at Knoxville. This accomplished, it moved on with the brigade, in the marches and counter-marches through East Tennessee. Early in April, 1864, it marched with the command to South Tennessee, prepara- tory to Gen. Sherman’s glorious campaign through West Georgia, for the occupation of Atlanta. With the brigade it participated in the splendid victories of Rocky Face, Resaca, Pickett’s Mills, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, and the flaDk movement of Atlanta, and pursued the routed enemy in his retreat to Jonesboro and Lovejoy’s Station. The regiment passed winter quarters at Huntsville, Ala., in Janu- ary, 1865, and on the 1st of February traveled by rail to Nashville. About the middle of March the command embarked on the cars for East Tennesee to re-estab- lish communication through to Yirginia and prepare to repel rebel invasion. On the surrender of Lee’s army further movements in that section were abandoned. On June 10, 1865, the 89th was mustered out of the United States service. The 89th Regiment had 171 men from Knox county; 17 were killed, 6 wounded, 28 disch. and 15 were taken prisoners.350 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Sergeant-Major. COMPANY E. Nelson W. Barneson, Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10,1865. Commissary Sergeant. Benj. F. Jeffries, Knoxville, e. Aug. 13,1862, dis- charged Feb. 11,1863, disability. , Principal Musician. E. B. Howard, Galesburg, e. Aug. 3, 1862, m. o. June 10,1865. COMPANY^ A. Sergeant. James E. Holt, Galesburg, Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. June 10, 1865. Privates. Armstrong, Robert, Knoxville, Aug. 13. 1862, died Musicians. A. S. Capron, Galesburg, e, Aug. 1, 1862, absent sick at m. o. regt. E. B. Howard, Galesburg, e. Aug. 3, 1862, pro- moted principal musiclau. Privates. Abbe, Louis, Galesburg, e. Aug. 1, 1802, m. o. June 10, 1865. Bramble, H. G., Galesburg, e. Aug. 6, lt02, trails, to V. R. C. Collins, A., Galesburg, e. Aug. 6. 1862, disch. March 11. 1863, disability. Clough^ J.^ Galesburg, e. Aug. 7. 1862, m. o. June Frank, Alonzo, e. Aug. 6,1862, m. o. June 10,1865, as corpl. Hawley, H. F., Galesburg, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m o. June 10, 1865. at An5e/QQ°nville pri80n’Aug'20’1864’Na ofHuse, F. V.’, Galesburg, e. Aug. 7, 1862, died grave 7,339. Butman, A., Yates City, e. Aug. 7,1862, m.o. June 10,1865, corporal. Egan, J. I., Knoxville, e. Aug. 13,1862, discharged July 23,1863, disability. Fuller, Gardner, Galesburg, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died at Andersonville prison. Sept. 21,1864. Hadley, J.D.. Galesburg, e. Aug.6,1862. discharged Sept. 1,1864, disability. Holt. R. M , Galesburg, e. Aug. 5,1862, discharged Feb. 16,1863, disability. Taylor, W. C., Knoxville, e. Aug. 11, 1861, dis- charged June 13,1863, disability. Recruits. Ayres, Q. P., Galesburg, e. Dec. 5,1863, promoted sergeat-major. Cheeseman, P. J.. Knoxville, e. Oct. 31,1863, mis- sing in action at Pickett’s Mills, Ga., May 27,1864. Edgar, J. A., Altona, e. Sept. 10,1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. COMPANY B. Chattanooga, Oct. 12. 1863, wounds. Knox, James. Jr., Galesburg, e. Aug. 5,1862, disch. Aug. 26,1862, disability. Lecompton, F. W.. Galesburg, e. Aug. 6, 1862, trans. to V. R. C. Mack, R. B. Galesburg, e. Aug. 6, 1862, died at Chattanooga, Oct. 22, 1863, wounds. McCall, J. H.. Galesburg, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disch. Sept. 10, 1863, disability. Nichols, James, Galesburg, e. Aug. 10,1862, killed Stone Kiver, Dec, 31.1862. Scudder, O. H., Oneida, e. Aug 7, 1862, absent sick at m. o. regt. Simmons, W. H., Galesburg, e. Aug. 5, 1862, died at Chattanooga, Nov. 1, 1864. Weed, Gill, Galesburg, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 10,1865. Welton.C. W.. Galeebunr, e. Aug. 10. 1862, m. o. June 10, 1865, as corp’l. Wright, Z. R., Knoxville, e. Feb. 17,1864, died at Nashville, June 27, 1864. COMPANY G. Privates. Captains. Chesney, A. M.. Knox co., e. Oct. 12, 1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. Fausett, Geo. W., Knox co., e. Oct. 9,1863, m. o. Dec. 8,1865. Miller, A. C., Knox co., e. Oct. 5,1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1665. Miller, M., Abingdon, e. -Oct. 1. 1863, killd at Kenesaw mountain, June 21, 1864. Rupell, Wm., Altona, e. Sept. 10,1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1863. Sweeney. J. H., Altona, e. Aug. 31,1863, m. o. Dec. 8,1865. Wagomen, M., Altona, e. Dec. 21, 1863. died at Springfield, Feb. 5, 1864. Thomas Whiting, Walnut Grove, e. Aug. 25, 1862, killed Sept. 20,1863. Wm. H. Howell, Walnut Grove, e, Aug. 25, 1862 m. o. June 10,1865. First Lieutenants. Isaac Copley, Copley, e. Aug. 25, 1862, resigned May 8, 1863. Peter Tait, Copley, e. Aug. 25, 1862, killed in action, Dec. 16,1864. J. W. Swickard, Walnut Grove, e. Aug. 25, 1862, m. o. June 10. 1865. Sergeants. COMPANY C. Privates. Blair, John, Altona,e. Aug. 13,1863, died at Nash- ville, March 30,1864. Bennell. W. A., Knox co., e. Oct. 8,1863. Gonld, W. A , Knox co., e. Sept. 15,1863, m. o. Dec. 8,1865. Hood, Geo. M., Knoxville, e. Nov. 1, 1863, m. o. Dec. 8,1865, as corp’l. Jones, Geo. W., Galesburg, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 10,1865, as corpl. McFarlane, Alva, Knox co., e. Oct. 5,1863, missing in action. Picket’s Mill. Ga. Richardson, Hiram. Knox co., e. Sept. 28,1863. Thompson, Geo. W., Knox co., e. Sept. 26,1863, died at New Orleans, June 29,1865. Warren, Geo., Knox co., e. Oct. 15,1863, disch. March 15.1862, disability. Whitehead, J., Wataga. e. Oct. 5,1863, m. o. Dec. 8,1865. Richard J. Bunson, Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10, 1865, 1st. sergt. John B. Smith, Lynn, trans. V. R. C. H. G. O. Wales. WalnutGrove, m. o. June 10,1865. Corporals. Wm. O. Dayton, Wa’nut Grove, disch. Feb. 16, 1863, disability. J. B. McLaughlin, Walnut Grove, m.o. June 10, 1865, as serg’t. Orange G. Hayward, WalnutGrove m. o. June 10, 1865, as sergt. N. W. Burneson, Walnut Grove, pro. sergt. major. A. M. Ferguson. Walnut Grove, disch. March 8, 1862, disability. Thomas Berry. Walnut Grove, killed near Dallas, Ga.. May 27. 1864. S. D. Allen, Walnut Grove, sergt, killed near Dallas, Ga., May 27,1864. G. W. Wagoner,Walnut Grove, trans. to Y. R. CHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 353 Privates. Atherton, S., Walnnt Grove, m. o. June 10,1865, as music’n. Buckhart, J., Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10, 1865. Buckhart, Wr, Walnnt Grove, m. o. June 10,1865. Bestor, D. H., Walnut Grove, killed at Stone River, Dec. 81,1862. ;ineer corps, ech. Feb. 10, Cole, Hiram, Walnut Grove, ditch. April 1, 1863, disability. Cragan, J.. Lynn, trans. V. R. C. Codding, Jasper C., Victoria, died at Anderson- ville prison, Dec. 27, 1864, no. of grave, 12,348. Campbell, John, Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10, 1865. Collinson, H. G., Walnut Grove, absent sick at m. o. regt. Chimberp, Nelson. Walnnt Grove, died at Ander- sonville prison, Sept. 28, 1861, No. of grave 9,935. Craig, J. F., Lynn, killed at Rocky Face, Ga., May 9,1864. Collinson, C., Walnut Grove, trans. V. R. C. Dill worth, J. H., Lynn, ni. o. June 10,1865. Doyle, M., Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10. 1865. Elsworth, A. W., Lynn, in. o. June 10, 1865. Fitch, Wm. S., Lynn, m. o. June 10,1865 as sergt. Goddard, Henry, Lynn, died at Andersonville prison. Dec. 1, 1861, No. of grave 10.307. Hall, John L„ Lynn, died at Andersonvile prison, Dec, 4, 1864, No. of grave 12,223. Hicks, Wm. B.. Lynn, trans. Miss, marine brig. Hager Levi. Lynn, m. o. June 10, 1865. Harris, A. D. Victoria, trans. to engine Higgins, C. W., Walnut Grove, disci 1863. disability. Hester, Isaac. Walnut Grove, killed near Dallas, Ga., May 27, 1864. HigginB, W. L., Linn, died at Andersonville prison, Nov. 11,1864. Hulich, J. B., Copley, died June 16, 1863, wounds. Kerr, David. Lynn, trans. to V. R. C. Livingston, J., Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10, 1865. Lamb, Peter, Copley, disch. Feb. 10,1865. Lyman. R. H., Lynn, m. o. June 10,1865, as sergt. Mitchell, J. R., Walnut Grove, died at Anderson- ville prison, Oct. 28,1863, No. of,grave 11,617. McLaughlin, J. W„ Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10, 1865. Murray, Geo. W., Walnut Grove, killed at Stone River. Dec, 31. 1862. Murphy, Benj, F.. Walnut Grove, died at Nashville, March 17.1863. Nesbitt, W. H., Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10,1865. Newton, W. B., Walnut Grove, killed at Chicka- mauga, Sept. 19, 1863. Preston, J., Walnut Grove, disch. June 6, 1864, disability. Rowe, C., Henderson, m. o. June 10,1865. Riner, Benj. J.,Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10, 1865. Rodgers, N., Walnut Grove, disch. Feb. 16,1863, disability. Roosa, Isaac, Walnut Grove, m. o. June, 10,1865. Rosenleaf, H J., Copley, killed at Chickamauga, Sept. 19.1863. Reynolds, F.. Walnut Grove, died at Nashville, Dec. 31,1863. Reynolds. A. Victoria, killed near Dallas, Ga, May 27.1864. Saddler, D. C., Walnut Grove, killed at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862. Spohr, Matern, Lvnn. m. o. June 10,1865. Htowell, A. G„ Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10,1865. Stephlns, E. W., Waluut Grove, m. o. Jun“ 1,1 1865, as corpl. Starr. Geo. B., Walnut Grove, disch. May 16, 1865, disability. Strogan, Wm., Walnnt Grove, died at Atlanta, Ga. prison, Nov. 24,186:1. Scott, Wm., Walnut Grove, died at Jeffersonville, Ind., Nov. 23, ie62. Seagriff, M., Waluut Grove, m o. June 10,1865. Smith, R. M., Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10, 1865, Smith, H. P„ Walnut Grove, disch. Feb. 12, 1865, disability. Topper, A., Walnut Grove, killed near Dallas, Ga., May 17,1864. Tait, John, Copley, died at Chattanooga, July 19, 1864, wounds. Tait, Wm., Copley, m. o. June 10,1865. Tait, H. P., Copley, trans. to V. R. C. Thompson, D., Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10,1865. Olmbaugh, J., Lynn, disch. March 25,1865, disa- bility. Wells. Geo., Walnut Grove. Ward, W. E., Walnut Grove, disch. Jan. 4,1865, disability. Wilson, R., Walnnt Grove, m. o. June 10,1865. Woolsey, David. Walnut Grove, killed near At- lanta, Ga.. Aug. 3.1864. Whitney, T. F., Knoxville, died at Andersonville prison. Aug. 17,1864. No. of grave 5,998. Whitney, W. H., Knoxville, m. o. June 19, 1865. Recruits. Brainbridge, C-V., Walnut Grove, m. o. June 10, 1865. Blair, John, Walnut Grove, e. Aug. 13, 1863, died at Chattanooga, Dec. 9, 1863. Bailey, J. M., Galesburg, e. Sept. 10,1863, died at Nashville, Jan. 11,1865, wounds. Bell, Robert, Abingdon, e. Oct 21,1863, m. o. Dec. 8.1865, as corpl. Brown, J., Oneida, e. Nov. 16,1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. Colburne, H. E., Altona, e. Sept. 1, 1863, vet., m. o. Dec. 8.1865. Davis, Geo. W., Altona. Dudley, H. E., Altona, e. Aug. 19, 18il3, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. Depue. T. O., Knox co., e. Oct. 5,1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. Ford, W. E., Altona, e. Aug. 17, 1863, m. o. Dec. 8.1865. Goole, L. L., Knox co., e. Oct. 5.1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. Hubbell, T. C., Altona. Lantz, U. L., Lynn, trans. to V. R. C. Mitchell, C. W., Altona, e. Sept. 12, 1863, m. o. Dec. 8,1865. Nelson, W. H., Altona, e. Oct. 5,1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865, as corpl. Pemble, J. H., Knox co., Aug. 12,1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. Piatt, J., Altona, e. Aug. 27, 1853, disch. March 23.1865, disability. Ray, A. J., died at Chattanooga,. July 4.1864, wds. Ross. W. M., Altona, e. Aug. '21, 1863, absent sick at m. o. regiment. Rogers, N., Altona, e. Aug. 19, 1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. Shoop, Geo. W., Abingdon, e. Oct. 21, 1863, m. o. Dec. 8,1865, as corpl. Smith, Jasper A., Altona, e. Oct. 11, 1863, absent sick, at m. o. regiment, wounds. Umbaugh, E., Altona, e. Aug. 11, 1863, m. o. Dec. 8.1865. Wright, G. O.. Abingdon, e. Oct. 19, 1863, disch. Dec. 13,1864, disability. Wagmen, J., Altona, e. Sept. 16, 1863, vet., killed at Mission Ridge, Nov. 25,1863. COMPANY I. Privates. Anderson, M., Knoxville, e. Nov. 9,1863, prisoner, m. o. Dec. 8,1865. Morey, A. F., Knoxville, e. Nov. 7, 1863. Rhyand, J. R , Knoxville, e. Oct. 31, 1863, m. o. May 18,1865. Stropes. J., Knoxville, e. Nov. 2, 1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. Vincent, W. J., Knoxville, e. Oct. 29, 1863, vet., absent sick at m. o. regiment.354 HISTOKY OF KNOX COUNTY. COMPANY K. 90th INFANTRY. Privates. COMPANY €. Bolding, W. A., Knoxville, e. Dec. 21, 1863, m. o. Dec. 8,1865. Courtney, J. M., Abingdon, e. Oct. 21, 1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. Harvey. G. W., Altona, e.Dec. 17, 1863, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. Whitton, Geo. A.. Knoxville, e. Feb. 17, 1864, de- tached m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. Kay, Jackson. Knox co., e. Oct. 15, 1863. Neil, J. W., Victoria. Pease> S. A., Victoria. Russell, Wm.. Knoxco. Swan, Peter, Altona. Privates. Doris, S., St. Augustine, e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Memphis, Oct. 3, 1863. Hart, J., St. Augustine, e. Aug. 7, 1862, trans. to V. R. C. Livers, Thomas, St. Augustine, e. Aug. 7, 1862, died Feb. 8,1863, wounds. O’Neil, H., St. Augustine, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 5, 1865. Thompson, J. S., St. Augustine, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 5, 1865. Robey, T. A.. St. Augustine, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June5,1865, as sergt. 102d INFANTRY. The 102nd Inf. 111. Vols. was organized at Knoxville, 111., in August, 18G2, by Col- Wm. MeMurtry, and mustered in Sept. 1 and 2. Knox county was represented in this regiment by 414 men, in 9 different companies. On the 22nd September the regiment moved to Peoria, 111., and Oct. 1, to Louis- ville, Ky., and was assigned to Ward’s brigade, Dumont’s division, and immediately moved southward, marching via Shelbyville, Frankfort, Bowling Green, and Scotts- villeto Gallatin, Tenn., arriving Nov. 26. The regiment went into winter quarters at Gallatin. On June 1, 1863, moved to Lavergne, and from thence marched to Stewart’s Creek, where the regiment was divided and stationed to guard bridges. On the 9th of November, 1863, moved to Lebanon, and returned on the 11th. Surgeon Stanley was severely wounded by guer- rillas. On Feb. 25, broke winter quarters at Lavergne, and marched, via Tullahoma, Decherd, Stevenson, Ala., and camped in Wauhatchie Valley, Tenn. The regiment was assigned to the 20th Army Corps, Gen. Ward’s brigade. While at Wauhatchie five companies of the regiment, which had been mounted, gave up their horses, but retained their Spencer rifles during the Atlanta campaign. May 2, commenced the campaign. May 14, was engaged at Reseca, leaving 3 killed and 19 wounded. On the 15th the brigade captured a battery from the enemy at Camp Creek; the 102nd lost 18 killed, 6 mortally wounded, and 70 wounded. May 25, encountered the enemy at Burnt Hickory, and was engaged four days, leaving 4 killed and 14 wounded. June 1, was engaged at Big Shanty. June 15 and 16, engaged, losing 13 wounded, including Col. Smith and Capt. McManus. Engaged July 20, at Peach Tree Creek, losing 2 killed and 11 wounded. Sept. 16, moved to Atlanta. Nov. 15, 1864, commenced the Savannah March, arriving on the 22nd, at Milledgeville; cross- ed the Ogeechee on the 29th; and Dec. 11 established lines of battle at Savannah, and on the 21st entered that city. Jan. 5. 1865, moved to Hardesville, and on the 30th to Robertsville, near Sister’s Ferry. Feb. 2, marched westward to Blackville and Wil- listown, thence northward, to Columbia, arriving Feb. 19. March 11, reached Fayetteville. March 16, was engaged at Averysboro, losing 2 killed and 19 wounded, among the latter were Capts. Merritt and Matteson, and Lieut. Trego. March 22, camped at Goldsboro. April 10, marched toward Raleigh where the army remained until Johnson’s surrender. On the 30th, marched for Washington, arriving May 19. Of the number from Knox county in the 102nd, 37 died from disease and wounds received during the war, 12 killed, 14 wounded, and 3 prisoners. On May 24 the regiment passed review with our army, and June 6,1865, was mustered out of service and started home, arriving in Chicago, 111., on the 9th. June 14, received payment and final discharge. Colonels. Adjutants. Wm. M. McMurtry, Henderson, e. Sept. 8. 1862, hon. discb., Oct. 24, 1862. Franklin C. Smith, Oneida, e. Sept. 8. 1862, pro. Brig. Gen., m. o. June 6, 1865. John W. Pitman, Galesburg, e. Sept. 8, 1862, resigned Jan. 7,1868. Jacob H. Snyder, Galesburg, missing May 16,1865. Majors. Quartermasters. Lemuel D. Shinn, Truro, e. Sept. 2, 1862, resigned Oct. 14, 1863. Charles H. Jackson, Henderson, resigned July 9, 1864. H. H. Clay, Galesburg, m. o. June 6,1865. Francis H. Rugar, Galesburg, e. Aug. 16, 1862, resigned for pro. Aug. 17, 1863. Hobert Hamilton, Galesburg, e. Aug., m. o. June 6,1865.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 355 Surgeons. Privates. William Hamilton, Oneida, e. Ang. 25,1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Thomas S. Stanway, resigned Ang. 13.1864. David P. Bigger, Henderson, trans. to 9th regt., inf. * Chaplain. Amos K. Tallis, Henderson, e. Sept. 8, 1862, re- signed Dec. 21,1862. Q. M. Sergeant. Clarence Y. Shove, Oneida, m. o. Jnne 6,1865. Commissary Sergeant. Edward C. Courtney, Oneida, m. o. June 6,1863. Hospital Stewards. John B. Shaw, Knoxville, disch. July 15,1863. James B. Knapp, Oneida, m. o. June 6,1865. Principal Musician. A. Y. B. Taylor, Galesburg, m. o. June 6,1865. COMPANY A. Captains. Roderick R. Harding Galesburg, e. Sept. 2,1862, resigned Jan. 7,1863. T. H. Andrews, Galesburg, e. July 25,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. First Lieutenant. Michael Courtney, resigned Dec. 21, 1863. Corporals. J. R. Holmes, Henderson, e. Aug. 10,1862, died at Mill Creek, Nov. 3, 1863. Privates. Brittlngham, T.B., Henderson, e. Aug. 6. 1862,m. o. June 6, 1865. Brittingham, S., Henderson, e. Aug 10.1862, disch. March 12. 1863, disability. Elcher, S., Henderson, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1885. Glligur, P. H., Henderson, e. Aug. 20,1862, m. o. June 6, 1665. Offutt, F.. Rio, e. Aug. 6,1862, died at New Albany, Ind.. Nov. 10, 1862. Rogers, C. H., Abingdon, e. Aug. 13,1862, died at Frankfort, Ky., Oct. 21,1862. Rogers, Geo. A., Abingdon, e. Aug. 13.1862, died at Louisville, Ky., June 10,1864. Richardson, A., Knoxville, e. Aug. 18,1862, absent, wounded, at m. o. regt. Vanfleet, O. B., Sparta, e. Aug. 13, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Olson, Swan H., Galesburg, e. Aug. 10,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. COMPANY B. First Sergeant. John B. Gregg, Henderson, e. Aug. 13, 1862, disch. March 18,1863, disability. Sergeant. Henry C. Miles, Henderson, e. Aug. 5, 1862, disch. Feb. 5,1863, disability. Corporals. Morton M. Durand, Henderson, e. Aug. 19,1862, m. o. June 15,1665. Michael Daugherty, Henderson, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 6, 1665, sergt. John Rich, Henderson, e. Aug. 5,1862, died at Gal- latin March 12, 1863. Musician. Blake H., Rio, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Gallatin April 28, 1863, wounded. Brown, J. H., Henderson, e. Aug. 6,1862, m.o. June 6, 1865. Badger, J., Rio, e. Aug. 11,1862, m. o. June 6. ’65. Brown, A.,HenderBon, e. Aug. 15,1865, disch. Feb, 1,1863, disability. Burton, H. B.. Henderson, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disch. Jan. 16,1863, disability. Coziah, Geo., Rio. e. Aug. 11,1862, trans. to Eng. corps. Duffey, F. M., Henderson, e. Sept. 2, 1862. disch. Sept. 14,1863, disability. Davis, Thomas, Henderson, e. Aug. 20,1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Gregg, John, Galesburg, e. Aug. 22.1862, m.o. July 22, 1865, prisoner. Hite, ThomaB M., Henderson, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disch. Dec. 22,1862. Miles F. F., Galesburg, e. Aug. 5,1862, disch. Feb. 21, 1863, disability. e. 14,1862, ab- 1862, killed at Kenesaw Mt. July 21,1864. Rogers, Harvey, Henderson, e. Aug. 21,1862, died at Gallatin Jan. 1,1863. Reynolds, Henry, Henderson, e. Aug. 22,1862, died at Gallatin Dec. 13,1862. Sohoman, James, Henderson, e. Aug. 12,1862, ab- sent sick, m. o. regt. Straw L. B., Henderson, e. Aug. 14,1862,killed at Peach Creek. Ga., July 20,1864. Trout, Manuel, Henderson, e. Aug. 11,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Trout, Lewis. Henderson, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disch. Jan. 31,1863, corpl., disability. Wooley, R. B., Rio, e. Aug. 11, ’62, m. o. June 6, ’65. Webber, Benj., Rio, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Nelson Newton, m. o. June 6,1865. COMPANY C. First Lieutenant. Alfred H. Trego, Galesburg, Aug. 12,1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Maxwell, Robert, Henderson, Aug. sent sick at m. o. regt. Maxey, S. J., Persifer, e. Aug. 22, COMPANY D. Captains. Horace H.Willsie, Galesburg, e. Sept. 2,1862, re- signed April 19,1863. O. B. Mat.teson, Maquon, e. Aug. 6,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. . First Lieutenant. Irwin L. Clay, Galesburg, e. Aug. 10,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Sergeants. Franklin G. Daggett, Galesburg, e. Aug. 14, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. N. G. Chesebro, Galesburg, e. Aug. 3,1862, trans. to Gen. Brig. Corporals. James White, Galesburg, e. Aug. 13, 1862, sergt., died at Stewart’s creek., Auj. 9,1863. Thomas M. Bell, Galesburg, e. Aug 8, 1662, m. o. June 6,1865. Hiram Boon, Jr., Galesburg, e. Aug. 9,1862, absent sick at m. o. regt. George W. Chamberlain, Galesburg, e. Aug. 20, 1862, pro. Lieut, in 1st Tenn. H. Art. Musician. Jesse H. Marble, Galesburg, e. Aug. 8,1862, died at Gallatin, Tenn., Jan. 20,1863. Wagoner. John Hodges, Galesburg, e. Ang. 11, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Benj. F. Hackett, Henderson, e. Aug. 11,1862, m. o. June 6,1865.356 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Privates. Area, Silas, Henderson, e. Aug. 11,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, as corpl. AndersoD. R. B., Galesburg, e. Aug. 11,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Bell. Wm. A.. Galesburg, e. Aug. 4,1862, m. o, June 6, 1865 as eergt. ( Babcock, J. D.. Galesburg, e. Aug. 12,1862, discb. Feb. 22, 1863, dis., entered navy Aug. 30, 1864, m. o. Nov. 30, 1865. Billings, E , Rio, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 24. 1865. prisoner of war. Clark, G. F., Galesburg, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disch. Nov. 30, 1863, dis. Canfield, W. E., Galesburg, e. Aug. 8, 1862, discb. March 10,1865, disability. Conley, John, Rio, e. Aug. 9. ’62, m. o. June 6, ’65. Corkins, E.. Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, died at Nash- ville, Aug. 4, 1864, wounds. Castle, C. M„ Knox, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, corpl. Champlin, E. E., Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, corpl., killed Resaca., Ga.,Mayl5, 1864. Davison. A. W., Galesburg, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 7, 1865. Dunlap. Wm., Rio, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, as corp'. Groscup, C. L., Galesburg, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. June 6.1865. Hilton, Frank. Galesburg, e. July 19,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Johnson, K., Galesburg, e.Aug, 14,1862, absent sick at m. o. regt. Kite,John, Galesburg, e.Aug. 22,1862, disch. March 13. 1863, disability. Kite. John, Jr., Galesburg, e. Aug. 22,1862, m. o. June 6. 1865. Keller, M. J., Galesburg, e. Aug. 11,1862. m. o. June 6.1865. Lavery. Hugh, Rio, e. Aug. 9,1862. Maul,F.,Galesburg, e.Aug.8,1862,absent wounded, at m. o. regt. Rounds, H., Henderson, e. July 19, 1862, disch. De\ 4, 1862, disability. Rhykert, E. W., Galesburg, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Sherman. A., Galesburg, e. Aug. 6,1862, m. o. June 24. 1865, corpl., prisoner war. Spencer, J., Sparta, e. Aug. 11,’62,m. o. June6, ’65. Tompkins, I.. Galesburg, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disch. March 6, 1863, disability. Tribble, Wm., Henderson, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disch. May 6, 1863, disability. Castle, H. C., Knox, co., e. Dec. 24,1863, m.o. July 8.1865. Hunt, W. B., Galesburg, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disch. April 17, 1865, disability. Sergeants. Charles S. Epperson, Rio, e. Aug. 7. 1862, disch. Feb. 22, 1863, disability. Geo. W. Plummer, Henderson, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 6,1863, as 1st Sergt. Wm. Timberiake, Rio, e. Aug. 12,18G2, disch. Feb. 22.1863, disability. Corporals. John W. Heare, Rio, e. Aug. 7,1862, disch. March 2.1863, disability. Stephen Levalley, Rio, e. Aug. 15,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, sergt. Thomas Epperson, Rio,e. Aug. 7,1862, disch. Feb. 27, 1863, dis. Martin Robertson, Rio, e. Aug. 11,1862,disch. Feb. 11.1863, disability. AlfredB. Ferkins, Henderson, e.Aug. 5, 1862, m.o. June 6, 1865. Wagoner. Strand Yonmeter, Henderson, e. August. 1862, discharged Jan. 19., 1863, disabiliiy. Privates. Amy, Vandorn, Henderson, e Aug. 13,1862, died at Gallatin, Tenn., Jan. 22, 1863. Briggs, A. C., Rio, e. Aug. 14, ’62. m.o. June 6, ’65. Brooks, A. B., Henderson, e. Aug. 1, 1862, ab- sent sick at m. o. o( regt. Burton, Oliver, Henderson, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 6. 1865. Bueschel, J A., Henderson. Aug. 22, 1862, dis- charged Jan. 21, 1863, disability. Bennett, E., Henderson, e. Aug. 20, 1862. m. o. June 6, 1865. Bair, David, Rio, e. Aug. 7,1862, absent wounded at m.o. of regt. Cubbage, Janies, Henderson, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m.o. June 6,1865. Ca°son, Levi, Herderaon, e. Aug. 20, 1862, dis- charged, Aug. 9,1863, disability. Champion, J. H.. Henderson, e. Aug. 5,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, as corpl. Dunham, W. O.. e. Aug. 9, 1862. Dean, Thomas. Henderson, e. Sept. 3,1862, m.o. June 6,1865. Dean, Dan’l, Henderson, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Epperson, Wm., Rio. e. Aug. 9,1862, absent sick at m. o. of regt. Fulton, J., Rio, e. Aug. 19, ’62, m. o June 6, ’65. Fuller, H., Knoxville. Fairbanks, L. W., Rio, e. Aug. 10, 1862, disch. Jan 17,1863, disability. Gorman, J. B , Henderson, e. Aug. 11, 1862, cor- UXO.XA, tf . > ilVilUVIOUU, ^ • .L*.U£. AX, X •rt.priiK. ioo9f U.IOOUUi\ y• poral, died at Nashville June 16, 18^>4. Randall,D„ Knox co., e. Dec. 24,1663, m. o. July 8 Green, Caleb I._, Oneida, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. 1865] Randall,D. P., Knox co.,e. Dec. 24,1863, m o. July Green, Caleb, Oneida, e. Aug. 5,1862,m. o. June 8. 1865. Randall, James R., Orange, e. Aug. 20,1862, disch. Nov. 12,1863. dis. Strain, J., Orange, e. Aug. 21. ’62, m. o. June 6, ’65. Tupper, Lewis, Galesburg, e. Aug. 21,1862, disch. May 5, 1863, disability. COMPANY F. Captain. Geo. W. Woo’ey, Henderson, e. Oct. 14,1863, m. o. June 6, 1865. First Lieutenants. O. J. Sullivan, Rio, e. Sept. 2,1862, resigned Feb. 26.1863. R. S. Peebles, Oneida, e. Oct. 14,1863, m. o. June 6,1865. Second Lieutenant. Ethan A. Cornwell, Henderson, e. Sept. 2,1862, resignedNov. 24, 1862. June 6, 1865. 6, 1865. Hahn, Paul, Rio, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Nash- ville Jan. 9,1863. Hardenbrook. I. A., Rio, e. Aug. 13, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865, as sergt. Hall, J. S., Rio, e. Aug. 2, 1862, m. o. June C, 1865, as corpl. Inick, Joseph, Henderson, e. Aug. 8,1862, m.o. June 24, 1865, as corpl, prisoner of war. Kernell, J. Henderson, e. Aug. 22,1802. Key. M. V.. Henderson, e. Aug. 6, 1862. m.o. June 6, 1865. Linn, Wm.. Rio, e Aug. 11, '62. m.o. June 6, ’65. Meadows, Charles. Rio, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disch. March 2, 1863, disability. Morse. A., Henderson, e. Aug. 15, 1862, disch. March 2, 1863, disability. McDermott, P., Rio, e. Aug 4, 1862, disch.’Dec. 10, 1862. disability. Mason, L. L., Rio, e. Aug. 14,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, as corpl. Merrick, Thomas, Henderson, e. Aug. 5, 1862, 1st sergt, died of wounds Nov. 15, 1864. McDermott, Thomas, Rio, e. Aug. 22, 1862, died at Gallatin, Jan. 29,1863.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 357 Morse, J. M., Henderson, e. Feb. 27, 1863, disability. Nation, William, Henderson, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Nelson, Myron, Henderson, e. Aug. 14,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, as sergt. O’Brien, Matthew, Knox Co , e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Presson. O. F.. Henderson, e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, as corpl. Pool, T. II., Rio, e. July 25, ’62, m.o June 6, '65. Rusk, Hiram, Rio,e. Aug. 10, ’62. m.o. June 6, ’65. Husk, David, Rio, e. Aug. 10, 1862. Rusk, John, Rio, e. Aug. 10, 1862, disch Dec. 20, 1862, disability. Rafferty, Michael, Henderson, e. Aug. 22, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Roundtree, W. D., Rio, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Rose, Andrew, Henderson, e. Aug. 22, 1862, died at Gallatin Feb. 3,1863. Rusk, Enoch, Rio, e. Aug. 11, ’62. m.o. June 6,’ 65. Spence, Geo. A., Henderson, e. Aug. 6, 1862, dis- charged March 2,1863, disability. Smith, Joseph, Henderson, e. Aug. 20, 1862, ab- sent sick at m. o. of regt. Stegall, F., Henderson, e. Aug. 14,1863, absent wounded at m. o. of regt. Smith. C , Henderson, e. Aug. 14,1862. discharged Oct. 25, 1862, disability. Salts. Laland. Rio, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disch. Jan. 9, 1868, disibility. Waters, S. H.. Henderson, e. Aug. 15,1862. Wilson, David, Oneida, e. Aug, 22,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Weir, J. K., Henderson, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865, as sergt. Welch, Thomas, Henderson, e Aug. 20, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Warner, Asa H., Henderson, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Westerdale, Wm„ Henderson, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 6. 1865. Young, David, Rio, e. Aug. 5,1862, disch. Mar. 27, 1863. disability. Young, Michael, Rio, e. Aug. 5,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Recruits. Bennett, Geo., Heuderson, e. March 22, 1864, m. o. July 8, 1865. Dredge, J. H., Henderson, March 22,1864. m. o. July 8, 1865. Durban,I C, Henderson, m. o. June 6,1865. Drury, Wm„ Henderson, died at Frankfort, Ky., Oct. 23, 1862. • Eddleman, J.. Henderson, e. March 22,1864, m. o. July 8, 1865. Errickson. Swan, Henderson, e. March 22, 1864, m. o. July 8, 1865. Gulliher, J. G., Knoxville, m. o. June 6,1865. Gokey, Nelson, Henderson, e. March 22,1864, died at Mound City Oct. 12,1864. Hurbert, John, Henderson, e. March 22,1864, absent sick at m. o. regt. Holton, Samuel, Henderson, e. March 22,1864, m.o. July 8, 1865. Maxwell, R„ Henderson, e. March 31, 1864, m. o. July 8. 1865. Maxwell, J. F., Henderson, e. March 14,1864. m. o. July 8, 1865. McGuire^Peter, Henderson,e. March 22,1864, m.o. O'ram, Benj., Henderson. Stoud, N. B.. Henderson, died at camp Nelson June 19, 1864 Shepherd, Wm. H., Henderson, e. March'22,1864, in. o. July 8, 1865. Sperry, Guo. G„ Henderson, e. March22,1864, m.o. July 8, 1865. Wiley, H.. Henderson, e. March 22,1864, m. o. July 8, 1865. COMPANY tt. Sergeants. Aaron G. Henry, Abingdon, c. Aug. 13, 1862, pro. 2d Lieut. Aug. 14, 1862, disch. Robert B. Seaton, Abingdon, e. Aug 15,1862, died Sept. 27, 1862. Corporals. Andrew J. Douglas. Abingdon, e. Aug. 12, 1882 disch. Jan. 15, 1863. . Geo. W. Thomas, Abingdon, e. Aug. 15,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Privates. Baker, J. O., Abingdon, e. Aug. 9, 162, disch May 9,1865, disability. Butcher, S. W., Abingdon, e. Aug. 14,1862, m. o. June 6. 1865, as corpl. Cameron, R., Abingdon, e. Aug. 14, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Cameron, Peter, Abingdon, e. Aug. 15,1862. m. o. June 6, 1865. Cummins. J. C., Abingdon, e. Aug. 6,1862, m. o. June 6,1865, as sergt. Danner, S. H.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disch. Jan. 15, 1863. * , Fox. J. H., Abingdon, e. Aug. 12, 1862, m. o. June 6.1865, as corpl. Henry, John. Abingdon, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disch. Jan. 13.1863. Hauck, J. E., Abingdon, e. Aug. 11,1662, m.o. Juue 6.1865. Hoy, R. M., Abingdon, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Dec. 24,1862. Jay, Alvah, Abingdon, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Johns, F. W„ Abingdon, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disch. Jan. 12, 1863. Murphy, M. R., Abingdon, e. Aug. 6, 1862. m. o. June 6,1865. Pearson. W. S., Abingdon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Stevens, J. A., Abingdon, e. Aug. 14, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Starns, Samuel, Abingdon, e. Aug. 16, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Seaton. D. B., Abingdon, e. Aug. 15, 1862, fans, to Eng. Corps. Wilkinson, Lewis. Abingdon, e. Aug. 15, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865, as corpl. Winters, Thomas, Abingdon, e. Aug. 6,1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Brewer, J. B., Abingdon, m. o. June 6,1865. Vance, J. C., Abingdon, m. o. June 6,1865. Webster, J. A , Abingdon, e. Aug. 16,1862, disch. Jan. 26,1865, disability. COMPANY H. Captain. Hiram Elliott, Persifer, Oct. 24, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. First Lieutenant. John Thomas, Galesburg, e. Oct. 24, 1862, on de- tached service at m. o. of regt. Second Lieutenant. Samuel Tucker, Truro, e. Oct. 24,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Sergeants. Geo. W. Parker, Truro, e. Aug. 20, 1862, disch. Feb. 24, 1863, disability. S. S. Seward, Truro, e. Aug. 8,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Geo. P. Cumming, Truro, e. Aug. 13, 1862, ac- cidentally killed Oct. 31.1864. Harmon C. Shinn, Truro, e. Aug. 4, 1862, killed at Peach Tree Creek July 20,1864. Corporals. Albert Bullard, Persifer, e. Aug. 14, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, sergt. Geo. W. German, Truro, e. Aug. 20, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865, as sergt. Joseph Kaslah, Knoxville, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disch. Jan. 16,1863, disability.358 HISTORY OF KNOX COTJNTY. Peter F. Dillon, Persifer, e Aug. 14,1862, died May Miranda, Geo.. Persifer, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disch.. 27 1864, of wounds. Aug. 26. 1864, disability.. John German, Truro, e. Aug. 20, 1862, m. o. June 'rl~ ^ ™ s*— *--- 6, 1865, as sergt. Stephen D. Cole, Galesburg, e. July 25, 1862, dis- charged April 8, 1863. Andrew J. Bergquist, Galesburg, e. Aug. 1, 1862, transferred to Engineer Corps. Musicians. T. S. Johnson, Galesburg, e. Aug. 15, 1862," m. o. June 6. 1865. Winslow H. Bradford, Persifer, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Wagoner. Daniel J. Foster, Elba, e. Aug. 4,1862. Privates. Ackerson, M^Galesburg, e. Aug. 20, 1862, m. o. Brobest, Obed, Elba, e. Aug. 4,1862, disch. Jan. 15, 1863, disability. Bullard, Calvin, Elba, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Bullard, E., Persifer. e. Aug. 5, 1862, absent sick at m. o. regiment. Bryson, Robert, Elba, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 6.1865, as corpl. Barlow. Frank, Elba, Aug. 8, 1863, disch. Feb. 2, 1863, disability. Baird, D. H., Elba, e. Aug. 11,1862, corpl., killed at Resaca, Ga., May 15, 1864. Bankson, Oloff. Galesburg, e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Belcher, Ira B., Truro, e. Ang. 18.1862, disch. Feb. 24,1863, disability. Catterton, James, Elba, e. A ug. 4,1862, trans. to V R- C. Collins, J. W., Truro, e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Cunningham, R. B.,Truro, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disch. Dec. 15,1863, disability. Canny, Thomas, Elba, e. Aug. 14, 1862, m.o. June 6.1865. Daniel, James, Persifer, e. Aug. 8,1862, m. o. June 6.1865. Daniel, Wm., Persifer, e. Aug. 18,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Daniel, Orange, Elba, e. Aug. 13, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Elliott, WarreD, Pereifer, e. Aug. 4, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, as corpl. Elliott, James, Persifer, e. Aug. 7,1862, killed at Resaca, Ga., May 15,1864. Foster, W. W., Elba. Farquar, T. B., Persifer, e. Aug. 8, 1862, disch. March 7,1863, disability. Freeborn, R. N., Galesburg, e. Aug. 1, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Gardner, Alfred, Persifer, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Gordon, C. H., Galesburg, e. Aug. 1, 1862, disch. July 5,1864, disability. Gaston, J. W., Galesburg, e. Aug. 15, 1862, pro. ass’t surgeon, 59th regiment. Gearheart, J., Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. as corpl: Hogue, J. W.,Elba, e. Aug. 6,1862, m. o. June 6.1865, as corpl. Hogue, Jonathan, Elba, e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Hunt, Oloff A., Galesburg, e. Aug. 20,1862, m.o. June 6,1865. Hammond, R. F., Galesburg, e. July 26,1862. Johnson, A., Galesburg, e. Aug. 1, 1862, died March 28,1863. Knight, Samuel, Haw Creek, e. Aug. 6, 1862, ac- cidentally killed, July 19,1864. Kimler, Joseph, Truro, e. Aug. 12, 1862, m.o. June 6,1865. Light, J. A., Elba. Lawrence, L. A. Elba, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. as 1st sergt. Mire, J^ F., Persifer, e. Aug.6,1862, detailed hos- pital steward. Millen, Allen, Truro, e. Aug. 13, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865, as corpl. Matthews. S. H., Galesburg,e.Aug. 1,1862,disch. May 16,1865, disability. Owens, Harvey, Elba, e. Aug. 5,1862, disch. Oct. 7.1863, disability. Owens, Geo., Elba, e. Aug. 5,1862, m. o. June 6.1865. Patten, D. M., Elba,e. Aug. 8,1862, disch. Oct. 2.1863, disability. Powell, C.,Elba, e. Aug. 8, ’62,m. o. June 6, ’65. Palmer. H., Truro, e.Aug. 1, ’62, m.o. June 6, ’65. Pratt, C. R., Abingdon, e, Aug 19, 1862, disch. Sept. 10,1863, disability. Parrish, E., Elba, e. Aug. 21,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, as corpl. Parrish, I. L., Elba, e. Aug. 5,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Ralph, Francis, Knoxville, e. Aug. 20, 1862, died May 20,1864, wounds. Shinn, J. D., Knoxville, e. Aug. 20, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Smith, C. G., Knoxville, e. Aug. 20,1862, absent, disability, at m. o. of regiment. Scott, J. F., Knoxville, e. Aug. 18,1862, pro. lieut. in the 16th U. S. C. troops. Snider, S., Truro, e. Aug. 8,1862, m. o. June, 6, ’65. Shaw, Fitch, Knoxville, e. Aug. 8,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Simpkins, J. B., Wataga, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Selstrom, C., Galesburg, e. Aug. 6.1362, m.o. June 6.1865. Thomas, J. L., Truro, e. Aug. 10, died at Gallatin, Tenn., Dec. 30, 1862. Temple, S., Truro, e. Aug. 8, ’62, m.o. June 6,1865. Tucker. Thomas, Elba, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June ’ 6, 1865. Truelson, Nels, Galesburg, e. Aug. 13, 1862, disch. May 3,1865, disability. Van Winkle, P. R., Truro, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Bowling Green, Ky., Feb. 10, 1863. Volk, Wm. P., Knoxville, e. Aug. 13,1862, died at Bucyrus, Ohio, May 30,1863. Walker, Geo., Knoxville, e. Aug. 5, 1862, m. o. June 6. 1865, corpl. Wilhelm, Isaac, Persifer, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disch. Jan. 12,1863, disability. Recruits. Arie, Thos., Haw Creek, e. Sept. 28, 1864, m. o. June 6, 1865. Arie, Henry. Haw Creek, e. Sept. 28, 1864, absent sickm. o. regiment. Balch, E., Elba, e. Aug. 10, 1862, m. o. June 6, ’65. Coakley, N. B., Knoxville, e. Aug. 10,1862. Dunlea, Michael. Knoxville. Lemmon. Wm., Haw Creek, e. Feb. 13, 1865, m. o. July 6, 1865. Mire, R. F.. Haw Creek, e. June 22,1863, m. o. July8,1865. McClellan, F„ Galesburg, e. Aug. 13,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Mott, I. E. B., Truro, e. Aug. 18,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Rowland, Sidney, Elba,e. Aug.18,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Sargeant. W. G., Persifer, e. Aug. 14, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Smith, W. H., Elba, e. Aug. 10,1862, died at Scotts- ville, Ky., Dec. 1, 1862. Snider, Amos, Saluda, e. Dec. 7, 1863, m. o. June 6, 1865. Wolf, Warren. Truro, e. Aug. 28,1863, m. o. June 6.1865. COMPANY I. Captain«. Geo. H. King, Oneida, e. Sept. 2, 1862, resigning Sept. 14,1863.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 359 Edwin H. Conger. Galesburg, e. Sept. 14,1863, m. o. June 6,1865. First Lieutenant. Daniel W. Sbahan, Oneida, e. Sept. 14, 1863, m. o. Jane 6,1865. Second Lieutenant. John L. Bonnell, Oneida, e. Sept. 2,1862, resigned Feb. 4,1864. Sergeants. Reuben Beals, Oneida, e. Ang. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865,1st sergt. Geo.W. Hall, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. Jane 6, 1865. Corporals. Wm. H. Brown, Oneida,e. Aug.9,1862, m. o. June, 1865, sergt. O. E. Blossom, Oneida, e. Ang. 9,'1862, disch. Feb. 17,1863, disability. Peter McCornack, Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 6,1865, sergt. Christopher C. Fulton, Sparta, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disch. Nov. 20,1864. Theodore M. Rikert, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Geo. Murray, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, [1862, disch. Oct. 7,1862, disability. John W. Brinkerhoff, Oneida, e. Aug. 9,18(fe, m. o. June 6,1865, sergt. Musician. Rodney M. Willis, Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, m, o. June 6,1865. Privates. Aiken, Harvey L., Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Stuarts Creek, June 22,1863. Aiken, Edward A., Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, cor- poral, killed at Rasaca, Ga., May 15,1864. Bunnell, James, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Bulkeley, John, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865, corpl. Billington, David, Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Brodine, Andrew, Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, disch. Feb. 7,1865, disability. Brennan, Wm., Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, trans. to V. R. C. Blakley, Taylor, Knoxville, e. Sept. 2. 1862, m. o. June, 6.1865. Calkins, Edwin, Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, corp l. Chapman, James, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Davie, James, Knoxville, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June, 6,1865. Fuller, Wm., Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, trans. to Y. Kenney, Wesley, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Knapp. James, Oneida, e. Sept. 2,1862, pro. hospl. steward. Loomis, M., Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, corpl. Loft, Cornelius, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, corpl., killed at Averysboro, N. C., March 16,1865. Leighton, John, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disch. Jan. 22,1865, disability, corpl. Lee, Ezra, Center Point, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 6.1865. Lee, Wm. Oneida, e.Aug. 9,1862, absent wounded at m. o. regt. Millen, James, Oneida, e, Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. corpl. Moore, Charles, Galesburg, e. Aug. 9,1862, disch. Feb. 18.1863, disability. Merriatt, Wm., Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. McConchie, S., Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, disch. Feb. 27.1863, disability. McKown, James, Altona, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. McCochie. James, Oneida, e. Aug 9,1862, m. o. June 6 1865. Mills, Wm., Abingdon, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 6.1865. Moore, Rufus, Galesburg, e. Aug. 9, 1862, absent sick at m. o. of regt. McQuade, Jesse, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, absent wounded at m. o. of regt. Maine, Wm., Wataga. e. Sept. 2,1862, m. o. June 6.1865. Olson, L„ Wataga, e. Aug. 9, ’62, m. o. June 6,’ 65. Olson, Nels, Wataga, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disch. Oct. 13.1863, disability. Olson, Wm., Wataga, e. Aug. 9,1862, corpl., died March 26,1865, of wounds. Ostrom, John, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862. m. o. June 6,18b5. Robertson, Charles, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Reed. James, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1362, disch. Jan. 22, 1863. disability. Reynolds, Wm.. Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, corpl., killed at Resaca, Ga.. May 14, 1864. Reed, Wm., Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 24.1863, war prisoner. Reynolds, Amos, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865, as corpl. Ralston, James, Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, m.o. June 6, 1865. Riley, Albert, Galesburg, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Ralston, John, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Gallatin, Tenn., May 23,1863. Ricker, Eli, Oneida, e. Aug. 9. 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865, as corpl. Richards, Alfred, Knox Co., Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Swanson, Herman, Galesburg, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died of wounds June 16,1864. Stone, Simon, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. . V-' • Fuller. John, Oneida, e, Aug. 9. 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Finley, Thomas, Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, m.o. June 6. 1865. Gallant, Natban, Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Goodheart, Jonn, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Howey, Douglas, Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, m.o. June 6.1865. Hadley. Weymouth, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865. Sweet, Alex., Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disch. Feb. 3. 1863, disability. Walker, Samuel, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1662, trans- ferred to Eng. Corps. Waldron. M„ Oneida, e. Aug.9,1862, disch. Feb. 22,1863, disability. Watson, Robert, Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 1, 1862. Watson, John, Oneida, e. Aug. 7,1862, corpl., died of wounds May 24,1864. Whannell, John, Oneida, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 6,1865, as corpl. Humphrey. Phillip. Sparta, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disch. June 22,1963, disability. Humphrey, Emery, Sparta, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. o. June 6.1865. Hanson, Oloflf, Wataga, e. Aug. 9, 1862, absent sick m.o. regt. Kenney, Wm. Oneida, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Gallatin. Tenn., Feb. 22,1863. Recruits. Hannon, R. B., Oneida, disch. March 18,1863, dis- ability. Jones, Wm. O., e May 21, 1863, missing May 16, 1865, supposed killed or captured. Milsam, Thos., Oneida, m. o. June 6, 1865.360 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. COMPANY K. Clark, James, Abingdon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Shields, R., Abingdon, e. Aug. 14, 1862, m. o. June 6,1865, as corpl. Nolton, Henderson. 103d INFANTRY. Principal Musician. Elain A. Parvin, Maquon, e. Aug. 14, 1862, m. o. June 21,1865. COMPANY C. Adams, Wm. J., Salem, e. Jan. 26,1865, m. o. June 5, 1865. Chapin, Ord, Salem, e. Jan. 26, ’65, m.o. July 24/65. Cordner. T. J., Salem, e. Jan. 26, 1865, m. o. July 24, 1865. Mendenhall, C. C., Salem, e. Jan. 26, 1865, m. o. July 24,1865. McLain, John, Truro, e. Jan. 16,1865, m. o. July 24,1865. Ralston, Wm..D., Salem, e. Jan. 26, 1865, m.o. July 24, 1865. Ralston, J.C., Salem, e. Jan. 26, 1865, m. o. July 24, 1865. Whitaker, J. C., Elba, e, JaD. 26,1865, m. o. July 24, 1865. Moorehead, W., Maquon. Hull, Y. O., Knox Co., e. Jan. 16, 1865. COMPANY G. Captain. Charles P. Matteson, Galesburg, e. Feb. 4, 1863, m. o. June 21,1865. 108th INFANTRY. COMPANY D. Privates. Bruner, S. M., Galesburg, e. Sept. 5,1862, disch. March 24,1863, principal musician. Musselman, L. B., Galesburg, e. Aug. 11,1862. Pippin, Thomas, e. Sept. 5, 1862. Reeves, Wm. A.. Knox co., e. Aug. 18,1862, died at Young’s Point, March 6, 1863. Sloat, C. F., Lynn, e. Aug. 28, ’62. m.o. Aug. 5. ’65. Williams, G. W., Galesburg, e. Sept. 5, 1862, dis- charged March 24,1863, drum major. Brockley, S. R., Salem, e. Jan. 21,1865, m. o. Jan 21,1866. McMasters, James, Haw Creek, e. Jan. 20, 1865, m. o. Jan. 21, 1866. 113th INFANTRY. Surgeon. John W. Spalding, Galesburg, e. Sept. 11, 1862, resigned March 22,1863. COMPANY D. Privates. Flamsburg, J., Lynn, e. Aug. 22, 1862. m. o. June 20, 1865. Gustafson. A. M., Lynn, e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. o. June 20, 1862, as corpl. Mallory, D. E., Lynn.e. Aug. 11,1865 disch. Nov. 18, 1863, wounds. Ridenour, David, Lynn, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 20,1865, as corpl. Walton, James, Lynn, c. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 20, 1865. Hammond, Martin, Wataga, c. Feb. 5, 1864. COMPANY G. Corlett, Thomas, Lynn, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Milledgeville, Ky., April 17. 1863. McCoy, C. E., Thomas, Lynn, e. Aug. 13, 1862, disch. April 10, 1863, disability. COMPANY I. Richards, H. M., Knoxville, e. July 3, 1862, trans. to V. R. C. 132nd INFANTRY. COMPANY u. Elliott, I. W., Maquon, e. May 10, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. * COMPANY D. Ayers, R.. Yates City, e. May 6, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. COMPANY P. Dunnivan, Patrick, Yates City, e. May 10, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. COMPANY G. First Sergeant. Wm. P. Barnes, Walnut Grove, e. April 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Sergeants. C. C. Tyler, Walnut Grove, e. April 29,1864. m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Benj. F. Brooks, Walnut Grove, e. April 29,1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. A. M. Copp, Walnut Grove, e. April 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Corporals. H. C. Colburn, Walnut Grove, e. April 29. 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. W. H. Godair, Walnut Grove, e. April 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Dan Colburn, Walnut Grove, e. April 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. N. E. Tinkler, Walnut Grove, e. April 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. N. H. Lonry, Walnut Grove, e. April 29, 1864, m.o. Oct. 17, 1864. J. A. Stone, Walnut Grove, e. April 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Wagoner. D. A. Scott, Walnut Grove, e. May 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Privates. Baird. J. W., Lynn, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 5, 1865. as corpl. Beichtel. F. M., Lynn, e. Aug. 11,1862, m. o. June 20,1865. Brown, V. W.,Lynn, e. Aug. 9,1862, died at Knox- Allen, R., Walnut Grove, e. April 29, 1864. m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Bailey. T. W., Walnut Grove, e. April 29, 1804, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Baker, R. R., Oneida, e. May 1,1864, m. o. Oct. irr iq ua vill'e, Tenn., Aug. 11, 1864. 17, 1864. Buckley, F., Lyun, e. Aug. IT, 1862, m. o. June 20, Bryant. D. S., Walnut^Grove, e. April 29, 1861, m. 1865, as corpl. 0-lOct. 17, 1864.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 361 Conant. H. H., Walnut Grove, e. April 29,1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Calkins. A. B., Oneida, e. May 1, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17,1864. Carrigan, M., Oneida, e. April 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17,1801. Fifleld, J. L.. Victoria, e. May 6, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. F. M. Burton, Galesburg, e.' May 16, 1864. m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. C. H. Lawrence. Galesburg, e. Mav 16, 1864, m. o. Sept. 24,1864. J. B. White, Galesburg, e. May 2, 1864, m. o. Sept. 24,1864, sergeant. Musician. Gould. John, Walnut Grove, e. April 26,1864, m.o. Oct. 17, 1864. Higgins, H. H., Walnnt Grove, e. May 3,1864, m. o. Oct. 17. 1864. Johnson, C. E., Walnut Grove, e. May 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Keyes, W. H., Walnut Grove, e. May 6, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Leubeck, J., Walnut Grove, p. May 12, 1864,-m. o. Oct. 17,1864. McConnolly, I. I., Walnut Grove, e. May 8, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Newton, B. A., Walnut Grove, e. May 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Nims, A. G., Walnnt Grove, e. April 29,1864, m.o. Oct. 17, 1864. Nims, N. L.. Walnut Grove, e. April 29,1864, m.o. Oct. 17, 1864. Osborn. A. H., Walnut Grove, e. April 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Purdy, H. H . Walnut Grove, e. April 29,1864, m. o. Oct. 17,1864. Powell, L.. Oneida, e. April 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Reeves. L. C., Walnnt Grove, e. April 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Riner, H. R.. Walnut Grove, e. May 1,1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1861. Ruhl, P. A., Oneida, e. May 13. 1864, m. o. Oct. 17. 1864. Scott, W. H., Walnut Grove, e. May 14,1864, m.o. Oct. 17, 1874. Smith, Julius, Walnut Grove, e. April 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Van Scoyk, Wm., Walnut Grove, e. April 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Walls, H. H., Walnut Grove, e. May 7, 18b4, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. COMPANY H. Inburg, Geo., Victoria, e. May 21, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Olson, Nils, Galesburg, e. May 25,1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. Frank Barrett. Galesburg, e. May 4, 1864. m. o. Sept. 24,1864. Privates. Allen, J. J., Galesburg, e. May 19, 1864, m.o. Sept. 24.1864. Anderson, E. N., Galesburg, e. May 12,1864, m. o. Sept. 24,1664. Barrett, E. N.. Galesburg, e. May 2,1864, m. o. Sept. 24,1864. Black, Wm., Galesburg, e. May 16,1864,m.o. Sept. 24.1864. Cook, C. C., Galesburg, e. May 20,1864, m.o. Sept. 24, 1864. Carr, G. H., Galesburg, e, May 12,1864, m. o. Sept. 24. 1864. Clift. T. W., Galesburg, e, May 13,1864, m.o. Sept. 24.1864. Chesney, J. H.. Abingdon, e. May 20,1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. Coyzad, B., Galesburg, e. May 17, 1864, m. o. May 23,1865. prls. war. Dehnert, Fred, Galesburg, e. May 17, 1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. DufBeld, H. P., Abingdon, e. May 20, 1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. Fish, Charles, Galesburg, e. May 11, 1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. Farqunar, £>.. Galesburg, e. May 19, 1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. Heath, H. A., Galesburg, e. May 18,1664, m.o. Sept. 24, 1864. Hartford, J. W.. Galesburg, e. May 20,1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. Haney, J.- F., Abingdon, e. May 20,1864, m.o. Sept. 24, 1864. Howard, William H., Galesburg, e. May 14,1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864, corpl. Johnson, S. M., Galesburg, e. May 18, 1864, m. o. Sept 24.1864. $ Jones, N., Galesburg, e. May 16, 1864, m. o. Sept. 24.1864. Johnson, Wm. C., Abingdon, e. May 4.,1864. Kopp, J. H., Galesburg, e. May 16,1864, m.o. Sept. 24, 1864. COMPANY K. Hogan, Marlin, Galesburg, e. May 5, 1861, m. o. Oct. 17, 1864. 137th IMFAUfTRY. COMPANY C. First Lieutenant. Oliver H. Pitcher, Galesburg, e. June 5, 1864, m.o. Sept. 24,1864. Second Lieutenant. Wm. Craig, Galesburg, e. June 5, 1864. m.o. Sept. 24,1864. Serqeants. Job A. Cooper. Galesburg, e. May 16, 1864, m. o Sept. 24, 1864. 24,4864. J. F. Latimer, Abingdon, e. May 20, 1864, pro. 2d lieut., Co. G., m. o. Sept. 24,1864. Corporals. E. H. Bowman, Galesburg, e. May 2, 1804, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. Lawson, L., Abingdon, e. May 20,1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. McMillen, John, Galesburg,e. May 16, 1864, m. o. Sept. 24,1864. McCord. J. F., Galesburg, e. May 16, 1864, ni. o. May 24,1865, pris. war. Mott, C. E., GalesDurg, e. May 18, 1664, m.o. Sept. 24, 1864. McMenesC., Abingdon, e. May 20,1864, m.o. Sept. 24, 1864. Mlshler, Samuel, Galesburg, e. May 19, 1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. Morey, A. A.. Abingdon, e. May 20, 1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. Pierce, Geo., Galesburg, e. May 16,1864, m.o. Sept. 24,1864. Poling. James, Galesburg, e. May 12. 1864, killed at Memphis Aug. 21, 1864. Poling, T. C., Galesburg, e. May 2,1864, m.o. Sept. 24, 1864, corpl. Rogers, David N., Galesburg, e.May 16,1864,killed at Memphis Aug. 21.1864. Simmons, David, Galesburg, e. May 16,1864, m. o. H' 24 Galesburg, e. May 16, 1864, m. o. Sept. Spencer,' B^ Galesburg, e. May 16, 1864, m.o. Sept. 24.1864. Strong, S. B., Galesburg, e. May 16, 1864, absent sick at m. o. regt. Sutton, J. P., Galesburg, e. May 12,1864, m.o.Sept. 24.1864. Strain', J.E., Abingdon, e. May 20,1864, m.o. Sept. 24.1864.362 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Smith, C. C., Galesburg, e. May 13,1864,m.o. Sept. Williamson, Geo., Galesburg, e. May 16,1864, m. 24,' 1864. Titus, Ell, Galesburg, e. May 16, 1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. West, P. B.. Galesburg, e. May 16, 1864, m.o. Sept. 24, 1864. Williams, P., Galesburg, e. May 17,1864, m.o. May 23, 1865, pris. war. Williams, M.. Galesburg, e. May 21,1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864. o. Sept. 24, 1864. Worth, E.. Galesburg, e. May 16, 1864, m. o. Sept. 24, 1864, sergeant. Recruits. Brookings. E. S., Galesburg, pris. war at m. o. regiment. 138th INFANTRY. The One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Illinois Infantry Volunteers was organized at Camp Wood, Quincy, 111., by Col. John W. Goodwin, and mustered in June 21, 1864, for one hundred days. On July 26 the regiment moved to Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and was assigned to garrison duty, Col. Goodwin commanding post. Major Tunison with Co’s C and F, occupied the post of Weston, Mo., from July 7 to August 8. Brig. Gen. Thomas A. Davis, commanding District of Northern Kansas, and Maj. Gen. Curtis, commanding Department of Kansas. The regiment was mustered out of the service of the United States at Springfield, 111., Oct. 14, 1864. The 138th regi- ment had 100-day men to the number of 122 from Knox county. Surgeon. David P. Bigger, Wataga, e. June 21, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Chaplain. B. F. Haskins, Victoria, June 21, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Principal Musician. S. M. Bruner, Abingdon, e. May 17, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. COMPANY B. Captain. Luther B. Hunt, Wataga, e. June 21, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. ^ First Lieutenant. Homer Gaines, Wataga, e. June 21,1864, m. o.Oct. 14,1874, Second Lieutenant. Henry C. Driggs, Wataga, e. June 21, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. First Sergeant. J. L. Olmstead, Victoria, e. May 18,1864, absent sick m. o. regt. Sergeants. Wm. T. Collins, Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. J. Ingram, Wataga, e. May 13,1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. F. F. Denton, Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m.o. Oct. 14.1864. Corporals. Wm. H. Hubbell, Victoria, e. May 18,1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Thomas Brown, Victoria, e. May 18,1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. A. R. Miller, Wataga, c. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14 1864. Geo. W. Nead, Wataga, e. May 13,1864. m.o. Oct. 14.1864. H. Sornberger, Copley, e, May 18, 1864, m.o. Oct. 14, 1864. J. Packard. Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. M. Rhodes, Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Wm. C. Farnbam, Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o Oct. 14,1864. Musicians. Geo. M. Moodley, Oneida, e. May 13, 1864. m. o. Oct. 14,1864. E. R. Faulkner, Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Privates. Andrews, L. V., Victoria, e. May 18, 186 m o. Oct. 14,1864. Adams, P. R., Wataga, e. May 13,1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Adams, F. A., Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Anderson. C. F., Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Alldridge, B. D., Victoria, e. May 18, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Barrer, Henry, Wataga, e. May 18, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Brown, F. M., Victoria, e. May 18, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Burns. J., Victoria, e. May 18. ’64. m.o. Oct. 14,’64. Boyd, R., Wataga, e. May28, ’64. m.o. Oct. 14, ’66. Brott, E., Victoria, e. May 18, ’04, m. o. Oct. 14, ’64. Coon, B. F., m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Coon, John, Victoria, e. May 18, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Chipping, T. W., Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Davis, Randall, Wataga, e. May 16,1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Davis, J. J., Wataga, e. May 13,1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Daniels, J. R., Victoria, e. May 18,1864, in. o. Oct. 14.1864. Denton, J. F., Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Driggs, Wm. M., Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Ekstrand, J., Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Cct. 14, 1864. Ebright, C. C., Wataga, e. May 17, 1864, m o. Oct. 14.1864. Erickson, E., Copley, e. May 18, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Fosmire. F. S., Wataga. e. May 13, 18(54, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Fnlmer, J. W., Wataga, e. May 26,1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Freed. E.. Victoria, e. May 18. ’64. m.o. Oct. 14,’ 64. Fisher. James, Wataga, e. May 13, 1861, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Grees, H„ Victoria, e. May 18, ’64, m. o. Oct. 14,'64.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 365 Ilill, Wm. C., Henderson, May 13, 1864, absent sick at m. o ot'regt. Hanson, Wm., Wataga, e. May 13,1864, m. o. Oct. 14. 1864. Hanson, Peter, Wataga, e. May 25, died at Fort Leavenworth, Aug. 18, 1864. Holm, J. Wataga, e. May 28, ’64, m. o. Oct. 14, ’64 King, A. L., Victoria, e. May 18.1864, m. o. Oct. 14. 1864. Larson, A. L., Victoria, e. May 26,1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Marshall, W. A., Wataga, e. May 13. 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. More, Benj., Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Norell/L. J., Wataga, e. May 13,1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Osborn, A. J., Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Olmsiead. J. L., Copley, e. May 18,1864, m.o. Oct. 14, 1864. Osborn, W. E., Wataga, e. May 13,1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Olson, Geo., Wataga, e. May 13,1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Parkins, J., Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Pryer, G. H„ Rio, e. May 25, ’64. m. o. Oct. 14, ’64. Paddock, Wm., Wataga, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct 14, 1864. Ruesell, J. F., Wataga, e. May 30,1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Strain, J. E., Rio. e. May 25, ’64, m.o. Oct. 14,’64. Sweeney, E. M., Victoria, e. May 18, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Sanderson, H., Victoria, e. May 18, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Tiffany, P., Victoria, e. May 18, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Tiffany, N., Victoria, e. May 18. 1864, m. o., Oct. 14, 1864. Thomas, J. E., Knox Co., e. May 18, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. COMPANY E. First Lieutenant. Geo. F. Smith, Knoxville, e. June 21, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Woolsey, T. N., Victoria, e. May 18,1864, absent sick at m. o. of regt. Wilka, J., Wataga, e. May 13, ’64. m. o. ( Yancy, M. A., Wataga, e. May 12, 1864, 14,1864. Oct. 14, ’64. m. o. Oct. COMPANY C. Corporal. Joseph W. Lutz, Abingdon, e. May 11,1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Musicians. T. R. Owen, Abingdon, e. May 10,1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. J. S. Bell, Abingdon, e. May 21, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Privates. Bassett, C. W.. Abingdon, e. May 10, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Cannon. J. H.. Abingdon, e. May 10, 1864, absent sick at m.o. of regt. Carpenter, Wm., Abingdon, e. May 21, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Goole, R.. Abingdon, e. May 21, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Lewton. N., Abingdon, e. May 21,1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. First Sergeant. C. F. Holcomb. Knoxville, e. May 6, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Sergeants. Wm. West, Knoxville, e. May 3. 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. A. J. Way, Knoxville, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Corporal?. C. E. Wahlgren, Knoxville, e. May 2, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Henry C. Bailey, Knoxville, e. April 30,1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. J. A. Johnson, Knoxville, e, May 2, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. C. C. Field, Knoxville, e. April 30, 1864, m.o. Oct. 14, 1864. T. W. McGill, Knoxville, e. May 4,1864, m.o. Oct. 14, 1864. S. A. Snell, Knoxville, e. May 2, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Privates. Atkins, Alvin, Knoxville, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Brown, T. J., Knoxville, e. May 14, 1864, m.o. Oct. 14, 1864. Connor, C. P., Knoxville, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Cramer, M., Knoxville, e. May 3, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Eiker, Wm. N., Knoxville, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Franklin, L. A., Knoxville, e. May. 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Field, S. E., Knoxville, e. May 14,1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Fravell, J. W., Knoxville, e. May 7, 1864, absent sick at m. o. of regt. Lawther, W. S., Knoxville, e. May 2, 1864. m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Lochbanm, S., Knoxville, e. May 2, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. McGrew, W. F., Knoxville, e. May 2, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Milam, M. V.,Knoxville, e. May 14,1864, m.o. Oct. 14, 1864, McFarland, C.. Knoxville, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Maxwell, J., Knoxville, e. May 6, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. McCracken, J. B., Knoxville, e. May 14,1864, m.o. Oct. 14,1864. Moats, W. H.. Knoxville, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Middleton, J. F., Knoxville, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Mann, A. B., Knoxville, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. McCray, J. W., Knoxville, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864, McCracken, R.- H., Knoxville, e. May 14,1864, m.o. Oct. 14, Ib64. McGrew. J. F.. Knoxville, e. May 3, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. 14, 1864. Richey, J. J., Abingdon, e. May 16, 1864, m.o. Oct. 14. 1864. Roe, W. O., Abingdon, e. May 21, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. Sheaffer, Levi, Abingdon, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1661. Virtue, John. Abingdon, e. May 21, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. 21 Nicole, H.. Abingdon, e. May 17, 1864, m. o. Oct. Perry, Wm., Knoxville, e. May 4, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Rogers, J." P., Knoxville, e. May 14, 1664, m. o. Oct. 14. 1864. Schwartz, W. S., Knoxville, e. May 14,1864, m. o. Oct. 14.1864. Schwartz. D. H„ Knoxville, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14, 1864. Stevenson, T. Z., Knoxville, e. May 3, 1864, m.o. Oct. 14, 1864.366 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Stonesipher, W. n.. Knoxville, e. .May 14, 1864, m. o Ocr. 14, 1864. Sweet, G. W., Knoxville, e. May3, 1864, m. o Oct. 14,1864. Wilcox, Beuj. F., Knoxville, e. May 2, 1864, m.o. Oct. 14, 1864. Woods, J. M., Knoxville, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Ocr.. 14, 1864. West, R., Knoxville, e. May 14,’61, m.o. Oct. 14, ’61. Wilcox, J. W., Kuoxville, e. May 1>, 1864, m. o. Oct. 14,1864. 139th INFANTRY. Lieutenant-Colonel. 15, 1864, to rc-enlist. Baird, S.. Galesburg, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Ocl. 15. 1864, to re-enlist. Bundy, F. M., Galesburg, e. May 16, 1864, m. o. Oct 28, 1864, corpl. Cooke 'F. F., Galesburg, e. April 27, 1864, m. o Oct. 27, 1864. Carpenter, Samuel, Galesburg, e. May 3.1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Carson, J. H.. Galesburg, e. May 4, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Cramer, L W^ Galesburg, e. May 10, 1864, m. o. Curtis, J. H.. Galesburg, e. May 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Cook, James.^ Galesburg, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Horace H. Willsie, Galesburg, e. June 7,1864, m o. Oct. 23, 1864. COMPANY D. Captain. Wm. H. Marble. Galesburg, e, June 7, 1864. m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. First Lieutenant. Clark, A^B.^Jr., Galesburg, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. De Voss. F. M., Galesburg, e. May 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Darnell. Isaac, Galesburg, e. May 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28,1864. Dailey, S.. Galesburg, e. May 19,1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Farr, L. E., Galesburg, e. April 30 1861, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Fuller, Geo. W., Galesburg, e. April 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Samuel Reynolds, Galesburg, e. Junel, 1864, m.o. Oct. 28, 1864. Second Lieutenant. Frank A. Thomas, Galesburg, e. June 1,1864, m.o Oct. 23, 1864. Sergeants. Wm. L. Flebarly, Galesburg, e. April 27, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Frank Summer, Galesburg, e. May 12, 1864, m. o Oct. 28, 1864. W. A. Smith. Galesburg, e. May 13, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. R. R. Huntington, Galesburg, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Corporals. Lake W. Sanborn, Galesburg, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864, sergt. M. R. Landon, Galesburg, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 15,1864, to re-enlist. J. O’Connor, Galesburg, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct, 28,1864. N. A. Turpening, Galesburg, e. May 12, 1864, m.o. Oct. 15, 1864. to re-enlist. Laland Salts, Galesburg, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28,1864. E. M. Spalding. Galesburg, e. April 30,1864, m. o Oct. 23,1861. M. Mangom, Galesburg, e. May 11,1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. T. A. Armstrong, Galesburg, e. May 15, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Musicians. R. R. Marble, Galesburg, e. April 27, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28,1864. James W. Carson, Galesburg, e. May 13,1864, m.o. Oct. 28, 1864. Wagoner. R. St. George, Galesburg, e. May 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 15,1864, to re-enlist. Privates. Allen. C., Galesburg, e. May 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Armstrong, Geo.. Galesburg, e. May 14,1864, m.o. Oct. 15, 1864. to re-enlist. Brown, R., Galesburg, e. May 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. Goddard. S. At., Galesburg, e. April 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Geer, J. C., Galesburg, e. April 11, 1864, absent sick m. o. regt. Goss, A. L., Galesburg, e. April 14,1864, m. o Oct. 28, 1864. Gray, S., Galesburg, e. April 18, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Hicks, M. M.. Galesbnrg, e. April 2,1864, m.o. Oct 28, 1861. Harper, C. A., Galesburg, e. April 10, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Herring, S. W., Galesburg, e. April 11, 1864, m. o. Oct 28 1864 Hatfield, F., Galesburg, e. April 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28,1864. Huff, Geo., Galesburg, e. April 12,1861, m. o. Oct. 15, 1864, re-enlist.' Haynes, C. W., Galesburg, e. April 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Humes, J. H.. Galesburg, e. April 14, 1864, m. o. Oct 28, 1864. Holmes, S. P., Galesburg, e. April 16, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28,1864. Ingersol, J. H., Galesburg, e. April 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Johnson, J , Galesbnrg, e. April 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 15, 1861, re-enlist. Knowles, H., Galesbnrg, e. April 28, 1861, m.o. Oct. 28, 1864. Kern, G. W., Galesburg, e. May 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Kellogg, F. M., Galesburg, e. May 14, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28. 1864. Linstrum. John, Galesburg, e. May 21, 1864, m. o- Oct. 28. 1864. Linguist, C. I., Galesburg, e. May 18,1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Larson, Jonas, Galesburg, e. May 14, 1864. m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. McWhirt, J. H., Galesburg, e. April 27,1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Morse, G. M., Galesburg, e. May 11, 1861, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Marshal, A. L., Galesbnrg, e. May 10, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. McCabe. S., Galesburg, e. May 14. 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Miles, J. F., Galesburg, e. May 21,1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Newman, P. V., Galesburg, e. May 29, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28. 1864. O’Connor. T.. Galesburg, e. May 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28,1864. Ostroin. A., Galesburg, e. May 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28. 1864.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 367 Patterson, S. W., Galesburg, e. May 11,1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Pe n-sou, 8. G., Galesburg, e. May 2, 1861, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Pavden, D. W., Galesburg, e. May 19, 1864, m. o. ‘ Oct. 28. 1864. Philips, F. L.. Galesburg, e. May 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28,1864. Peterson, Olof, Galesburg, e. May 14,1861, m. o. Oct. 15, 1864, to re-enlist. Rogers, H. M., Galesburg, e. May 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Rogers, W. A., Galesburg, e. May 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28. 1864, re-eulist. Reinhart. G. W., Galesburg, e. May 15, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Randall, P. M., Galesburg, e. May 14, 1864, died at Cairo, July 26. 1864. Randall, T. I., Galesburg, e. May 14, 1861, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Runkle, Geo.. Galesburg, e. May 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28. 1864. Shimbur. N. P.. Galesburg, e. May 13, 1864, m, o. Oct. 28, 1864. Sullivan. P. H., Galesburg, e. May 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Sperry, M. F., Galesburg, e. May 6,1864, m, o. Oct. 28, 1864. Smith, Albert. Galesburg, e. May 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 15,1864. vet. Stancliff, D. R.. Galesburg, e. May 17, 1864. m. o. Oct. 15, 1864, vet. Sherwood. M. C., Galesburg, e. May 12, 1864, m.o. Oct. 28, 1864. Tilden, J. H.. Galesburg, e. May 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Thompson, J.. Galesburg, e. May 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28. 1864. Vanvleet. H.. Galesburg, e. May 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Wilsie, M. J., Galesburg, e. May 21, 1864, m.o. Oct. 28, 1864. Wirth, John. Galesburg, e. May 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28. 1864. Webster, F. C., Galesburg, e. May 11,1864, m. o. Oct. 28,1864. Wilkins. S., Galesburg, e. May 11,1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. Woods, J. W., Galesburg, e. May 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 28, 1864. 148th INFANTRY. Colonel. Horace H. Wlllsle, Galesburg, e. Feb. 21,1865, m. o. Sept. 5,1865. COMPANY E. Aldrich. D., Henderson, e. Feb. 3, 1865, m. o. Sept. 6, 1865, corpl. Andergon, C. J., Galesburg, e. Feb. 7,1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865. Nelson, Peter. Henderson, e. Feb. 7, 1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865. COMPANY F. Captain. Frank A. Thomas, Galesburg, e. Feb. 16,1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865. Second Lieutenant. Mason M. Hicks, Galesburg, e. April 20.1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865. Sergeants. Wm. A. Smith, Galesburg, e. Feb. 11,1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865, 1st sergt. Samuel Gray. Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865. Corporals. Peter A. Baker, Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m. o. Sept. 5,1865. W. W. Hibbard, Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m.o. Sept. 5. 1865. C. Hinsey, Galesburg, e. Feb. 11,1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865. Privates. Buckley, Wm. A.. Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865. Brown. E. H.. Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865. Benuel, R. M., Abingdon, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865. Bennel, A. J., Abingdon, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m. o. Aug. 21, 1865. Bancroit, G. A., Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865. Bunting, J.,. Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865 m. o. July 22, 1865. Carson, J. H., Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865, de- tached at m. o. regt. Candee, C. W., Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865, died at Tullahoma, Tenn., July 20,1865. Dietrich. G. C., Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m. o. Aug. 30, 1865. Faruesworth, C. W., Galesburg, e. Feb. 11,1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865. Greenwood, L, Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m. o. Sept. 7, 1865. Herring, S. W., Abingdon, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m.o. Sept. 5, 1865, corpl. Hitchcock, J. P., Galesburg,e. Feb. 14,1865, killed by guerrillas, near Franklin, Ky., Feb. 28,1865. O’Connor, T., Galesburg, e. Feb 11, 1865, m. o. Sept. 5.1865. , Olson, A., Galesburg, e. Feb. 11,1865, m. o. Sept. 5, 1865. Pryne, A. F., Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m. o. Sept. 5,1865, Pentacost. W., Galesburg, e. Feb. 11, 1865, m. o. Sept. 5,1865. Page, J., Galesburg, e. Feb. 11. 1865, m. o. Sept. 5.1865. COMPANY I. Butt, D. W., Knoxville, .Feb. 10,1865, m. o. Sept. 5.1865, musician. Wade, H. M., Henderson, e. Feb. 9,1865, m. o. May 24,1865. 1st CAVALRY. Battalion Adjutant. Harry S. Smith, Galesburg, e. Jan. 1, 1862, m. o. June 16.1862. COMPANY D. Captain. J. B^Sunth, Knoxville, e. July 1, 1861, m. o. July First Lieutenant. Leonard Hollenherg, Knoxville, e. July 1,1861, m. June 20, 1862. Second Lieutenant. Wm. A. Murray, Knoxville, e. July 1, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. First Sergeant. Gardner B. Stearnes. Knoxville, e. April 28, 1861, dlsch. Feb. 22, 1862, wounds. Q. M. Sergeant. Geo. W. Brainbridge, Lynn, e. April 23. 1861, disch. Feb. 18,1862, wounds.368 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Sergeants. Harry S. Smith, Knoxville, e. April 23,1801, disch. Oct. 9. 1861. John T. Lytle. Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9. 1861. Peter Renstrom, Knoxville, e. April23,1861, disch. Feb. 19, 1862. wounds. Wm. H. Holcomb. Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Corporals. G. Frank Clark, Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14. 1862. Stephen Waterburg. Knoxville e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Geo. O. Wright, Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Hiram V. Burneson, Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, died at Jefferson City, Mo. James M. Smiley, Knoxville, e. Aug. 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Samuel Byers, Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. John Y. Morris, Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Bradford S. Bassett, Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, pro. lieut. 2d Kan. cav. Buglers. Leander Riggs, Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861. J, H. Sanborn, Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Saddler. William Craig, Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1^61. Blacksmith. Thompson M. McCamish, Knoxville, e. April 21, 1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861. Farrier. Henry Foltz, Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1872. Wagoner. Emery J. Price, Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Color Bearer. J. A. Burdett, Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14,1862. Privates. Abbott, B. M., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861. Abbott, N. R., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861. Anderson, J. C., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14,1862. Anderson, G. W., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Feb. 18, 1862, wounds. Anderson, W. O., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861. Anderson, J.F., Knoxville,e. April 23, 1861,disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Andrews, J. O., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Andrews. J. H , Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Baldwin, J., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Barnard, J. H., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Barton, E. G., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861. Bays, W. M., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Bryant, James, Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861. Burt, J. 8., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861. Burt, F., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Campbell, J. F., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Calkins. F. P., Oneida, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Coe. P. S., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861. disch. Oct. 9. 1861. Cone, G. W.. Knoxville, e. ADril 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9. 1861. Crosson. W. H,, Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14.1862. Courtney. E. C., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14,1862. Culver, Hiram A., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch April 1, 1862. Davis. G. W., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, killed at Lexington, Mo. Dennis, D. H,. Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, died April 30, 1862, wounds. Dunham, W. O., Knoxville, e. April 23,1801, m. o. July 14, 1862. Fillmore, J. H., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct, 9, 1861. Finley, J. A., Oneida, e. April 23,1861, sick at m. o. regt. Gaston, H. O.. Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Gibbs, J., Lynn, Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Goddard. A. W., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Harding, A., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Higley, E. D., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Hines, L., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Hoag, L D., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Holmes, David, Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861. Hotchkiss, M. V., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Feb. 10, 1862, wounds. Kingsley, J. C., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861. disch. Oct. 9,1861. Kirk, R.. Knoxville, e. April 22, 1861, m. o. July 14,1862. Krotter, J. P., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861. Lawson, L., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9,1881. Martin, C. S., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Matteson, S. P., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. McBride, Wm., Lynn, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. McConn, A. M., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9. 1861. McDonald, W. H., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, killed at Lexington, Mo.. Sept. 20, 1861. Meadows, J. H., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861. Miller, M., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Morris, N., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Mosier, G. S., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Newkirk, J. P., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m.o. July 14,1862. Parkhouse, J., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861. dlBch. Oct. 9, 1861. Patterson, Geo., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, pro. com. sergt. Peabody, Wm., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Potter J. M., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861. Rencb. F. 0., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14,1861. Roe, T. H , Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14. 1862. Roe. D. M., Knoxville, e. April 23. 1861, disch. Oct. 9,1861.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 369 Samuels, C., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, diech. Oct.9, 1861. Schnebley, J. H., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14,1862. Sperry, G. G., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch, Oct, 9.1861. Stevens, R. Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9. 1861. Stewart, Yates, Knoxville, e. April 23,1861. disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Strain. D. W., Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14,1862. Townsend, J. W., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Waterberry, D. H.. Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9.1861. Wemple, C. H„ Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Wetmore, W. M., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, drowned. Whitney, M. W., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Wooleey, E. W.. Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Young, J. P., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, disch. Oct. 9, 1861. Young, R.. Knoxville, e. April 23,1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Recruits. Annie, J. K., Knoxville, e. Nov. 15, 1861, m. o. July 14. 1862. Anderson, Philip, Knoxville, e. Nov. 1, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Berger, Harry O.. Knoxville, e. Nov. 15, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Benston, Olif, Knoxville, e. Nov. 1, 1861, m. o. July. 14, 1862. Butts, G. ".. Knoxville, e. Dec. 15, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Butler, Cyrus, Knoxville, e. Feb. 1, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Butler, Wm. C.. Knoxville, e. Feb. 15, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Crothers, M. L.. Knoxville, e. Nov. 1, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. ■Colson. Henry, Knoxville, e. May 1, 1862, m. o. July 14,1862. Coakley, N. B„ Knoxville, e. April 5 1861, m. o. July 14. 1862. Dudley. Geo. A., Knoxville, e. Nov 15,1861. m.o. July 14,1862. Downes, A. J., Knoxville, e. Feb. 1. 1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Fowler, W. P., Knoxville, e. Feb. 16, 1862, m.o. July 14, 1862. Gotrich, J., Knoxville, e. Nov. 15,1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Grant. E., Knoxville, e. Feb. 1,1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Gibbs, C. G., Knoxville, e. Nov. 15, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1802. Goddard, Henry, Knoxville, e. Nov. 15, 1861, m. o. July 14,1862. Gllbord, J. F.. Knoxville, e. Aug. 20,1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Henry, M., Knoxville, e. Nov. 15, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Hicks, Thomas., Knoxville, e. Nov. 15,1861, m. o. July 14,1862. Jones, J. C., Knoxville, e. Nov. 15. 1861, m. o. July 14,1862. Kinney, W. S., Knoxville, e. April 10,1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Lander, P. O., Knoxville, e. Nov. 15, 1861, m. o. July 14. 1862. LewiB, Peter, Knoxville, e. Nov. 15, 1861, m. o. July 14,1862. Lafferty, E., Knoxville, e. Nov. 15, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Lewis, S. K.. Knoxville, e. Feb. 16, 1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Manchester, A. A. G.. Knoxville, e. Nov 15,1861, m. o . July 14. 1862. McGivin, R. H., Knoxville, e. Nov. 1, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. McCaslin, J.. Knoxville, e. Nov. 1, 1861, m. o. July 14. 1862. Miller, M. C., Knoxville, e. Jan. 1,1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Moak, N., Knoxville, e. Jan. 1, 1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Morris, M., Knoxville, e. Feb. 1, 1862, m. o. July 14. 1862. McCaffrey, J. W., Knoxville, e. Feb. 1,1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Merrilt, W. H., Knoxville, e. April 10,1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Mallory, L., Knoxville, e. Nov. 15,1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. McKussell, T., Knoxville,e. Dec. 15, 1862.deserted. Norris, L. H.. Knoxville, e. Nov. 1, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Nelson, J. S , Knoxville, e. Jan. 1, 1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Neale, J. W., Knoxville, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Nelson, M. W., Knoxville, e. July 7, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Nims, H A., Knoxville, e. Feb. 1, 1862, m. o. July 14,1862. Olson, S., Knoxville, e. Noy. 15,1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Ostrander, J W., Knoxville, e. April 5, 1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Robinson. C. F., Knoxville, e. Nov. 1, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Robinson. R., Knoxville, e. Nov. 15, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Rondz, J., Knoxville, e. Nov. 15.1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Rose, J. H., Knoxville, e. Feb. 1, 1862, m. o. July 14.1862. Rhodes, F.* Knoxville, e. Nov. 1, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Shaw, F. C., Knoxville, e. May 20, 1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Short, E. L., Knoxville, e. Nov. 15,1861, m.o. July 14, 1862. Schwabby. J., Knoxville, e. Feb. 10, 1862, m. o. July 14.1862. Shinn, F. B., Knoxville, e. April 10, 1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Thompson, J., Knoxville, e. Feb. 1, 1862, m. o. July 14, 1862. Tibo, Thomas, Knoxville, e. Nov. 1, 1861,deserted. Walgren, C. E„ Knoxville, e. Nov. 15,1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. Wolsey, E., Knoxville, e. July 1, 1861, m. o. July 14, 1862. 7th CAVAIiRY. Seventh Cavalry was organized by Col. Wm. Pitt Kellogg, then of Canton, in 1861. In this regiment were 212 men from this county;- two of whom were killed, 28 died, 5 were wounded, and 8 were taken prisoners. COIIPAXY' B. ;Levi Hodge, Knox co., e. Jan. 8, 1862, resigned, Porter, J., Ontario, e. Jan. 19, ’65, m.o. Nov. 4, 65. wm. H. Reynolds, Orange, e. June 1, 1862, term CONPAKY ». ! 6Xpired °Ct‘ 15’1801- Captains. First Lieutenant. Wright Wooleey. Orange, e. Aug. 12, 1861, resign- Franklin Mount. Cedar, e. Oct. 12.1864, vet., m. o. ed, Jan. 8. 1802. Nov. 4. 1865.370 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Second Lieutenants. Wm. O. Yargan, Orange, e. Jan. 8, 1862, resigned May 23,1862. James S. McCool, Sparta, e. June 1, 1862, term expired Oct. 15, 1864. First Sergeant. S. E. Olmsted, Victoria, e. Aug. 10, 1861, died at Victoria, 111., Dec. 9, 1861. Q. M. Sergeant. C. W. Olmsted, Orange, e. Aug. 10, 1661, disch. Sergeants. Thomas D. Smith, Orange, e. Ang. 10, 1861, died at New Madrid, Mo., March 12, 1862. C. N. Morris, Orange, e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Denean, D., Cedar, e. Aug. 10, 1861, disch. July 9, 1862, disability. Earl, Geo., Sparta, e. Aug. 10. 1861, vet., m.o. Nov. 4, 1865. Elwell, J. E., Orange, e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 4, 1805, sergt. Eastes. J. A.. Orange, e. Aug. 10, 1861. disch. Sept. 2, 1862, disability. Errick, Charles, Knox co., e. Aug. 10, 1801, disch. April 16. 186-’. disability. Errickson, M., Galesburg, e. Ang. 10, 1801, vet., pro. chief bugler, m. o Nov. 4, 1805. Edrington, G. E„ Galesburg, e. Ang. 10, 1861, m. o. Oct. 15, 1864. corpl. Fields, F. P.. Knox co.. e. Aug. 10, 1861, disch. Aug. 26, 1862, disability. Gibbs. F. A., Knox co.. e. Aug. 10, 1801, rllsch. July 3, 1862. disability. Garrett, J. H., Orange, e. Aug. 10, 1861, m. o. Oct. 15, 1864. Corporals. Davis Vulgimore, Maquon, e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet., pro. capt. Co. G., m. o. Nov. 4,1865. F. T. Garrison, Chestnut, e. Aug. 10, 1861, disch. July 9. 1863, disability. J. B. Hendricks, Chestnut, e. Aug. 10,1861, disch. Oct. 13,1862, disability. Allen M. Davis, Chestnut, e. Aug. 10, 1861, disch. Dec. 5.1862, wounds. J. Potts, Chestnut, e. Aug. 10,1861, died at Savan- nah, Tenn., June 8,1862. Bugler. James Lawrence, Knox co., e. Aug. 10,1861, vet. m. o. Nov. 4, 1865, sergt. Farrier. Daniel McCray, Knox co., Aug. 10, 1851, disch. May 30,1862, disability. ’ Blacksmith. John Wilson. Galesburg, e. Aug. 10, 1861, disch. April 1, 1863, disability, Saddler. John Roscum, Knox co., e. Aug. 10,1861. vet., m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Wagoner. Eli Caover, Knox co.,e. Aug. 10,1861, disch.March 3,1863, disability. Privates. Hubbard, Uri, Chestnut, e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 4. 1865. Humeston, C. J., Cedar, e. Aug. 10, 1861, disch. Sept. 16,1862, disability. Henderson, G. H., Maquon, e. Ang. 10, 1801, vet., m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Jones, Salford, Cedar, e. Aug. 10, 1861, died at Memphis, July 30, 1863. Jones, J. L., Indian Pt., e. Aug. 10, 1801, disch. April 13, 1863, disability. Jones, C., Cedar, e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 4,1865, corpl. Lawrence, G. F., Orange, e. Aug. 10,1801, vet. m.o. Nov. 4, 1865, corpl. Mather, J., Orange, e. Aug. 10,1861, died at Birds’ Point, Mo.. Jan. 27, 1862. Mohailan, A., Indian Pt., e. Aug. 10, 1861, disch. March 14. 1863, disability. Mullis, S., Indiau Pt.. e. Aug. 10, 1861,disch. June 13,1862. disability. Massey, I. J., Orange, e. Aug. 10, 1801, vet., m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Milam, Wm., Maquon, e. Aug. 10. 1861, m. o. April 24, 1866, prisoner of war. Mott, S. C., Victoria, e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Marsh, A. B., Cedar, e. Aug. 10, 1861, died at Mound City, 111., Jan. 16, 1802. Morey, J. K.. Cedar, e. Aug. 10, 1861, disch. Oct. 19, 1862, disability. Messenger, L. G., Victoria, e. Aug. 10. 1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 4, 1805. Morrison, G. G., Cedar, e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet.,m. o. Nov. 4.1865, sergt. More, E. M., Galesburg, e. Aug. 10, 1861, killed near Okolona, Miss., Feb. 22,1864. Ackley, D. C., Cedar, e. Aug. 10, 1861, disch. June Newgent, Thomas, Knox co., e. Aug. 10, 1861, 13, 1862, disability. Allen, J. H., Maquon, e. Aug. 10,1861. Barthleman, G. C., Chestnut, e. Aug. 10, 1861. disch. April 16,1862, disability. Baldwin, E., Indian Pt., e. Aug. 10,1861, vet., m.o. Nov. 4, 1865. Betterton, J., Chestnut, e. Aug. 10, 1861, disch. Oct. 13, 1862, disability. Betterton, Geo., Chestnut, e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 4,1865. Barnett. Alex., Orange, e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet. m. o. Nov. 4,1865. Bloom, J. M.. Knox co., e. Aug. 10,1861, vet. m. o. Nov. 4. 1865. Belden, Geo., Knox co., e. Aug. 10, 1861, m. o. July 8, 1865, prisoner of war. Craver. C. P., Indian Pt., e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet. killed at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 15, 1864. drowned, April 3, 1802. O’Grady, D., Knox co., e. Aug. 10,1861, pro. hospl. steward. Potts. Noah. Chestnut, e. Aug. 10,1861, m.o. Sept. 24,1865, prisoner of war. Peters, Jacob, Cedar, e. Aug. 10, 1801, disch. Oct. 24, 1862, disability. Raines, P. R., Cedar, e. Ang. 10, 1861, m. o. Oct. 15, 1864, farrier. Rutledge, I., Galesburg, e. Ang. 10, ls'01, mles- ing-in action near Somerville. Short, H. T., Indiau Pt.,e Aug. 10,1861, vet. m o. Nov. 4, 1865, 1st sergt. Shumaker. J. H., Chestnut, e. Aug. 10. 1801.disch. June 13, 1802, disability. Stephens, Robert, Cedar, e. Aug. 10, 1801, died at Corinth, Sept. 15, 1802, wounds. Terry, I. C., Ontario, e. Aug. 10. 1801. vet. Rilled at iNasnvilie, Tenn., uec. 15, 1864. Terry, i. C., Ontario, e. Aug. iu. iooi. ver. Crary, E. J., Cedar, e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet., m. o. Vulgimore, J., Maquon, e. Aug. 10, ItOl, trans. to Nov. 4 1865, corpl. I invalid corps. Cunningham, J., Cedar, e. Aug. 10. 1861, disch. iWhipp, C., Galesburg, e. Aug 10,1801, vet. m.o. Jan. 15, 1863, disability. Coe, J. W.. Orange, e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet., m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. sergt. Dennis, W. H., Orange, e. Ang. 10, 1861, died at Jacinto, Mies., July 18, 186 .'. Davis, Geo. W.. Maquon, e. Aug. 10, 1801, disch. June 13,1862, disability. Nov. 4,1865, sergt. aurg, Aug. 10, 1801. 5, sergt Woods, N. C.. Galesbti Oct. 15. 1865, let sergt. Wallick. M. L., Orange, e. Aug. 10,1801, vet. corpl. died Aug. 10. 1865. at Decatur. Ala. Way, S., Chestnut, e. Aug. 10, 180i, vet., pro. 2d lieut. Co. G.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY'. 371 Wahlgrane. A. F., Knox co., e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet., died at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 16,1864. Wilcox, T. J. Galesburg, e. Aug. 10, 1861, m. o. Oct. 15,1864. Yargan, Wm. O., OraDge, e. Aug. 10, 1861. Recruits. BootoD, T. A.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. July 12,1865, corpl. Bonham, B. A., Abingdon, e. Sept. 1, 1862, m. o. July 8, 1865, prisoner of war. Butts, S., Abingdon, e. Aug. 4,1862, m. o. July 12, 1862, wounds. Brown, Leander, A., Abingdon, e. July 25,1862, m. o. July 12,1862. Bellwood, L.. Abingdon, e. July 25, 1862, m. o. July 12, 1862. Booton, Wm., Abingdon, e. Aug. 30, 1862, m. o. July 12.1862. Byram, C. E , Orange, e. Dec. 30,1863, m. o. June 22, 1865. Bellwood, Levi. Abingdon, e. July 25, 1862, died at Corinth, Oct. 23,1862. Brulin, C., Rio, e. March 9,1865, m.o. Nov. 4,1865 Crossou, S., Abingdon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Eastport, Miss., April 15,1865. Christopher, Wm., Abingdon, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 30, 1865. Comson, D.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died, at Lagrange, Tenu.. April 14,1863. Christopher, Geo., Abingdon, e. Feb. 15,1864, died at Memphis, June 14,1864. Calhoun, J. C.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 15, 1862, disch. Sepr. 10, 18o3. disability. Cox. E. V., Indian Pt., e. Jan. 20,1865, m. o. Nov, 4, I860. Cannon. J. H., Knox, e. Jan. 20, 1865, m. o. Nov. 4. 1865. Elwell, W. E., Knoxville, e. Nov. 9, 1863, m. o. Nov. 4, 1865, as bugler. Elwell, E. B.. Knoxville, e. Dec. 30, 1863, m. o. Nov. 4. 1865. Fairchild. Levi. Abingdon, e. Aug. 8,{lH62,'[m. o. July 12. 1865. Fairchild. Geo.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 15,186 J, m. o. July 12.1865. as corpl. Fenton, F.. Abingdon, e. Feb. 20,1865, sick at m. o. ot'regt. Garrison, Wra.. Abingdon, e. May 16, 1864, m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. McDonald, J., Rio, e. March 16. 1865, m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Maholand, A., Knox co . e. Jan. 20. 186). Pearl, J., Salem, e. March 9, '65, m. o. Sept 23, ’65. Reese, W. W., Abingdon, e. A-’g. 11, 1862, disch. March 16, 1863, disability. Ruble. Peter. Knox co , e. Jan. 20, 1865, m. o. Nov. 4,1865. Stiles, J. K., Abingdon, e. Aug. 4, 1862, m. o. July T2, 1865. Stiles, M., Indian Pt., e. Feb. 15,1864, m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Shav. J.. Abingdon, e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. July 12,1865. Snay, D., Abingdon, Feb. 15, ’64, m. o. Nov. 4, ’65. Smith, Lewis, Hermon, e. Feb. 15, 1864, m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Smith, I., AbingdoD, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. 0. July 12, 1864. Tude, James, Abingdon, e. Aug. 7, 1862, m. o. July 12, 1865. Thompson. F. M., Abingdon, e. May'16, 1864, m. o. Oct. 6,1865. Thompson, E., Chestnut, e. Jan 26, 1865, in. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Way, J., TTermon, e. Feb. 15, '64, m. o. Nov. 4, ’65. Woolsey, G. W., Orange, e. Nov. 9, 1863, m. o. Nov. 4. 1865. Woolsey, W. H., Orange, e. Dec. 17, 1863, m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Wilcox, J. H., Knoxville, e. Dec. 17, 1863, m. j. Nov. 4, 1865. * Westerfield, J. R , Abingdon, c. May 16, 1864, died at Memphis, Oct. 18,1864. WiDes, John, Abingdon, e. Ang^ 4, 1862, died at L iGrange, Tenn.. Ma ch 27. 1863. Wilkinson. R.. Salem, e. March 9, 1865, m. o. Nov. 4, 1864. Warring, H..Knoxcj., e. Jan. 20. 1865, m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Young, J. II., Abingdon, July 28, 1862, m. o. July 12, 1865. Beam, B., Cedar, e. Feb. 21, 1865, died at Hunts- ville, Ala., Sept. 16, 1865. COIIPASY K. Recruits. Babbitt, John, Abingdon, e. Aug 24, 1862, died at Andersunville prison. July 2J, 1864. Hiram, Enke, Abingdon, e. Aug. 9, 1862, vet. Benson. Geo. C , Chestnut, e. Dec. 17, 1813, m. o. Nov. 4. 1865. m. o. July 12.1865, as corpl. Hanley, J., Orange, e. Dec. 30,1863, m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Harvey, A., Abingdon, e. Aug. 9,1862, m. 0. July 12.1865. Hyde, J. , 1865. Wimmer, H., Galesburg,'e. Feb. 5, 1864. COMPANY JE. Private^. Ford, J. C., Truro,e. Feb. 22, 1865, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865, corpl. King, James, Elba, e. Jan. 20, 1865, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865, corpl. Lucas, D.. Victoria, e. Jan. 20, 1835, in. o. Sept. 30, 1865. McCoy, W , Elba, e. Jan. 20, 1865, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Nelson, J.. Victoria, e. Jan. 30, 1865, m. o Sept. 30. 1865. Oberholtzer, John, Truro, e. Jan. 20, 1865, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Parrish, J. W., Lynn, e. Jan 18, l^OS. Shaffer, T. J., Victoria, e. Jan. 20,1865, m. o. Sept. 30, 1665. Wilson, J. K. P., Elba, e. Jan. 20,1865, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. COMPANY If. Privates. Bricker, Geo., Maquon, e. Nov. 6,1861, vet., m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Barton, Milton, Maquon, e. Nov. 6,1861. Dalton, M.. Maquon, e. Nov. 6.1861. killed at Jack- son, Tenn., Dec. 6, 1862, by a citizen. Jones, A., Maquon, e. Nov. 6, 1861, disch. Dec. 19, 1864. Laughlin, A.. Maquon, e. Nov. 6, 1861, died at Girard, 111., March 11, 1862. McGhovin, C„ Maquon, e. Nov. 6, 1861, died at Pittsburg Landing, June 1, 1862. Pecruits. Allison, E. R. Maquon, e. Jan. 6, 1862, vet., m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Benton, N., Maquon, e. March 31,1864, m. o. Sept. Dyer, J. M., Maquon, e. March 26, 1864, absent sick at m. o. regt. Duckett, F. Maqnon, June 18,1862. Dobyns, S. C.. Maquon, Feb. 11, 1862, vet., m. o., Sept. 30, 1865. Huntley, W. A., Galesburg, April 26, 1864, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Lewallen, Wm., Maquon, March 28, 1864, absent sick at m. o. regt. Mitchell. J. A., Maquon, Feb. 1, 1662. vet. Moore, V. A., Maquon, Dec. 28, 1861. Waffle, C. H., Maquon, March 31, 1861, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Page, R. F., Ontario, Feb. 16, 1865, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Reddingbon, A. W., Ontario, Feb. 16. 1865, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. COMPANY M. Hale, w. H., Knoxville, e. March 9, 1864, killed near Memphis, March 8,1865. Brown, W. F., Copley, e. Feb. 9, 1865, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Burdick, L. R., Truro, e. Feb. 22, 1865, died at Memphis, May 5, 1865. Hoadley, R., Copley, Feb. 9,1865, absent sick at m. o. of regt. Jones, J. N., Copley, e. Feb. 9, 1865, m. o. Sept. 30,1865. Thompson, W. C., Altona, e. Feb. 17,1864, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Roach, E., Victoria, e. Jan. 21, 1865, m. o. Sept 30, 1865. Irwin, James. Truro, e. Jan. 18,1865. Hall. James, Galesburg, e. Nov. 4,1863. McChesney, H., Galesburg, e. Nov. 4, 1863. Piper, Allen, Victoria, e. Jan. 20,1865. 12th CAVALRY. COMPANY I. McFarland, Peter, Abingdon, e. Oct. 17,1881, vet. - m. o. Sept. 30, 1865, sergt. Swain, M., Abingdon, e. Oct. 17,1861, vet., m. o. Sept. 30, 1865,corpl. COMPANY J4. Captain. H. C. Woods, Maquon, e. Dec. 20, 1861, term ex. Dec. 19, 1864. Second Lieuttnant. Frederick Duckett, Maquon, e. March 23, 1865, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Corporal. James, Lindsey. Maquon, e. Nov. 6, 1861, disch. Dec. 5, 1862, disability. Privates. COMPANY I. Privates. Babbitt, W. C., St. Augustine,e. Dec. 21,1863,m. o. May 29, 1866. Collii-ou, R. J.. St. Augustine, e. Dec 21. 1863 Cox. J., St. Augustine, e. Dec. 21. 1863, trans. to V R. C. Darnell, A., Maquon, e. Dec. 15, 1863, m. o. May 29, 1866. Jones, W. W.. St. Augustine, e. Dec. 21, 1863. Granger, J., Galesburg, e. May 8, 1862, Co. D, 12th cav. Terry, C. W , St. Augustine, e. May 24, 1862,Co. D, 12th cav., term ex. Butterfield, W., Galesburg, e. Dec. 21,1861, Co. G, 12th cav. Martinson, Wm., Galesburg, e. Dec. 24, 1861. paroled prisoner war. Cooper, L., St. Augustine, e. Dec. 21,1863. Levens, C., Galesburg. Munson, A., Galesburg, April 28, 1863.disch. May 20, 1865. disability. Achore, M. V.. Maquon, e. Nov. IS, 1861. vet.,m.o. Hester, G. B., Galesburg, e. Dec. 1,1861, p-o. 2d. Sept. 30, 1865. I lieut., Co. A, 13th cav., m. o. Dec. 31, 1861. 14th CAVALRY. Company A of the Fourteenth Cavalry was from Knox county, and numbered seventy-two men. They were under command of Captains Marvin S. Carr and John S. Henderson.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 377 COMPANY A. Captains. Marvin S. Carr, Galesburg, e. Jan. 7, 1863, re- signed Feb. 10, 1864. , John 3. Henderson, Maquon, e. Feb. 10, 1864, re- signed June 27, 1865. First Lieutenant. Richard S. Stevenson, Maquon, e. July 14,1865.m. o. July 31, 1865. Second Lieutenant. Henry Seymour, Galesburg, e. July 14, 1865, m. o. July 31, 1865. Hospital Stewards. Samuel A. Dow. Galesburg, e. Sept. 13, 1862, pro. surgeon. 17th cav, Frederick W. Livingston. Galesburg, e. Sept. 13, 1862, m. o. July 31. 1865. Commissary Sergeant. Corry T. Thurman, Maquon, e. Sept,113,1862, miss- ing in action since Aug. 31, 1864. Sergeants. James B. Morgan, Galesburg, e. Sept. 13, 1862, disch. April 17, 1865, disability. Wm. W. Wilson. Maquon, e. Sept. 11,1862, disch. July 2,1865, disability. Henry Seymour, Galesburg, e. Oct[15,'1862,Jpro. 2d lieut. Walter Baldwin, Maqnon, e. Sept. 13,1862, m. o. July 1, 1865. Corporals. Samuel Freemale, Maquon, e. Sept. 13,1862, m.o. June 16, 1861. prisoner war. Henry S. Johnson, Henderson, e. Oct. 15,1862, m. o. July 31.1865. Wm. Allen, Maquon, e, Sept. 13,1862, disch. Dec. 28. 1864, disability. Fred. Babcock. Galesburg, e. Sept. 13, 1862, m. o. July 81, 1665,1st sergt. N. T. Austin, Maquon, e. Sept. 11, 1862, m. o. July 31, 1865. Jonas Marquess, Maquon, e. Sept. 13,11862, m.o. July 31, 1865. Teamster. John McHenry, Maquon, e. Sept. 13,51862,' disch. May 8,1863, disability. Farrier. J. W. Slaughter. Maquon. e. Sept. 13,1862, died in prison in Richmond, Va. Wagoner. W. I. Jobes, Maquon, e. Sept. 13,1862, disch,June 21,1865, disability. Saddler. Milton Barton. Maqnon, e. Sept, 13,1862, disch. May 21,1865, disability. Privates. Allen. E., Maquon, e. Oct. 25,1862, m. o., Jnly 31, 1865, sergt. Carr. G. H.. Galesburg.e. Sept. 8,1862, disch. Jan. 8, 1864, disability. Curley, B., Galesburg, e. Ocl. 25, 1864. Comstock, H.. Jr., Galesburg, e. Sept. 15, 1862, dii-cb. June 4,1865. disability. CaproD. O. T., Galesburg, e. Sept. 13, di?ch. July 2, 1865, disability. Errlck. Charles, Knoxville, e. Sept. 12,1862, trans. to V. R. O. Edward, Frank, Galesburg, e. Sept. 14, 1862, de- tatched at m. o. regt. Guff, C. D., Galesburg, e. Sept. 22,1862, m. o. July 6, 1865. Gabriel. M., Maquon,e. Oct. 23.'62, m.o. July 31.'65. Gleason, T. W., Galesburg, e. Nov. 2.1862. missing in actloD since Nov. 25, 1864. Howard, F. A.. Galesburg, e. Nov. 2,1862, died at Jeffersonville, Ind.. April 3, 1863. Jones, C., Maquon, e. Sept.12, ’62,m.o. July 31, '65. Jones, O.. MaquoD, e. Nov. 7, ’62, m.o. July 31, '65. Kinses, A., Maquon, e. Sept. 22, 1862, disch. in 1864. disability. Lewis, Peter, Knoxville, e. Sept. 13, 1862, m. o. Aug. 10,1865. Lindsey, C. M. Knoxville, e. Oct. 15,1862, missing in action since Aug 13. 1864. McHenry. J., Maquon, e. Oct. 10,1862, disch. May 8,1863, disability. McCallach, Z., Maquon, e Sept. 13, 1862, m.o. July 30. 1865. corpl. McWilliams. D., Maquon, e. Sept. 11,1862, disch. July 8. 1865. disability. Miller, Jojin, Galesburg, e. Sept. 13.1862. Nevitt, H. C., Maquon. e.Oct. 2,"62, m.o. Aug. 3.’65. Oleson, Swan, Knoxville, e. Oct. 15, 1862, died in prison, Andersonville, Ga. Peterson, A., Maquon, e. Oct. 15, 1862, died at Nashville. Tenn., Feb. 9,1865. Peterson, M., Maquon, e. Dec. 9, 1862. Robinson. P.. Galesburg, e. Nov. 2,1862, missing in action Aug. 3,1864. Stanton, A., Maquon, e. Sept. 13, 1862, diseb. May 18, 1863. disability. Simpkins, N., Maquon, e. Sept. 13,1862. Sornberger, J., Maquon, e. Sept. 13, 1862. died at Peoria, 111., April 7,1863. Squires, A. H., Galesburg, e. Sept. 13, 1862. Smith, L. A., Maquon, e. Nov. 2,1862, m.o. July 31, 1865. Scott, C., Maqnon. e. Sept. 10,1862. Spring, J., Knoxville, e. Sept. 12,1862. YanArsdale. P., Henderson, e. Oct. 15,1S62, m.o. July31, 1805, Sergt. West, C., Galesburg, e. Sept. 12,1862, pro. Q.M. sergt. Wimsptt. D., Maquon, e. Sept. 13,1872, m.o. July 3.1865. Waffle, Geo.. Maquon, e. Sept. 13,1862, m.o. Aug. 11, 1865. Walker. H. L., Galesburg, Oct. 1,1862, pro. chief bugler. Recruits. Buell, M., Maquon, e. Dec. 25,1863, mo. July 12,'65. Dopp, H.. Salem, e. April 3, 1865, m.o. July 31, ’65, Gabriel, W., Maquon, e. Dec. 25,1863, m.o. July 8, 1865. House. A., Maquon, e. Dec. 25,’63, m.o, July31,’65. Henderson, J. R... Maquon, e. Jan. 20,1864, m.o. on July 31, 1865, wounded. Jones, G. H., Maquon, e. Dec. 25, 1863, missing in action since Nov. 25,1864. Moore, J., Maquon, e. Jan. 2. ’64,m.o. July 31,'65. Malone, Thomas, Maquon, e. Jan. 18, 1864, m.o. July 8, 1865. Norris. H., Maquon, e. Dec. 25,1863, m.o. July 31, 1865, corpl. Pickrel, H., Maquon, e. Jan. 18.’64. m.o. July31.'65. Price, Wm., Maquon,e. Jan. 25. ’54.m.o. July31,’65. Stodeell. G. W., Maquon, e. Jan. 21,1864, killed in Ga . July 31,1864. White, Thomas, Maquon. e. Dec. 20,1863, missing in action since Aug. 3.1864. Young, W. J., Abingdon,e. Feb. 20,1864,m.o July 31, 1865. 16th CAVALRY. COMPANY K. Hobbs, R. C., Altona, e. May 25, 1863, m. o. Aug. 19, 1865. Koontze, J. H., Oneida, e. May 25, 1863, died at Richmond, Va., March 5, 1864. prie. war. Topper. E., Oneida, e. March 25, 1863, m. o. Aug. 19.1865, pris. war. COMPANY L.. Emmerson, John, Galesburg, died in Anderson- ville, June 12, 1864, No. grave 4,979.378 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. COMPANY M. Butterfield, W. H., Galesburg, e. March 2,1803, pris. war, m. o. June 16,1865. Fogerty, E., Galesburg. Holland, N., Galesburg. Maranda, C., Galesburg. 1st ARTILLERY. Finch, Oscar, Walnut Grove, e. Bat. E., Sept. 25, 1861. Vanfleet, Dubois, Altona, e. iu Bat. E., Sbpt. 25, 1861. 1st LIGHT ARTIIiliERY. Lewis, J. T., Galesburg, e. Jan. 2, 1864, m. o. July 26, 1865. Mitchell, O. E., Galesburg, e. Dec. 1, 1801, vet., m. o. July 29, 1865, sergt. Harbisou, J., Henderson, e. Jan. 21, 1864, m. o. July 29, 1865. Morse, J. A., Henderson, e. Jan. 2, 1864, disch. July 22,1864, disability. Stevens, James, Henderson. Morse, E. N., Henderson, e. March 31, 1864, m. o. July 29, 1865. Kelly, P., Galesburg, e. April 6, 1805, m. o. June Miller, J., Galesburg, e. April 7, 1865. Needham, J. C., Galesburg, e. April 7, 1805. O’Brien, M., Galesburg, e. April 6, 1865. White, E., Galesburg, e. April 6.1861. Wood, T., Galesburg, April 6, 1865. BATTERY E. Atwood, A. A., Elba, e. Aug. 29, 1862, died at Mound City, 111., Aug. 23, 1863. BATTERY H. Second Lieutenant. Lewis Larson, Knoxville, e. June 12, 1865, m. o, June 14, 1865. Privates. Jan. 15, 1862, died Anderson, Peter, Galesburg, e. Jai Pittsburg Landing, May 9,1862. Erickson, Swen, Knoxville, e. Feb. 26,1862, died at Memphis, Sept. 19, 1862. Larson, Peter, Galesburg, e. Jan. 27, 1862, vet., m. o. June 4,1865, corporal. Landstrom, John, Knoxville. Mannson, Peter, Knoxville, e. Feb. 19, 1862 drowned at sea by burning of steamer Gen. Lyon, March 31, 1865. Nelson, J., Galesburg, e. Feb. 25, 1862, vet., m. o. June 14, 1865. Wyman, P. S., Galesburg, e. Feb. 26, 1862, vet., sergt., killed in battle July 22,1864. Johnson, S. J., Galesburg. ■ BATTERY M. Proctor, J., Yates City, e. Jan. 1, 1862, m. o. July 24, 1865. ad LIGHT ARTILLERY. .BATTERY A. Rodecker, W. B., Knoxville, disch. for disability. BATTERY «. Mathiason hiason, C., Galesburg, e. Aug. 6, 1861, vet., died at Montgomery, Ala., July.14, 1865. BATTERY H. Captain. Andrew Stenbeck, Galesburg, e. Dec. 31, 1861, re- signed May 25, 1863. Privates. Burton. J. W., Galesburg, e.,,Dec. 1, 1861, vet., m, o. July 29, 1865, sergt. 9th U. S. COL D INFANTRY. Bryan. Lloyd. Maquon, e. Nov. 6, 1865. Cruthers, H., Abingdon, Nov. 6, 1865. COMPANY F. March 31, 1864, m. o. e. Nov. 10, 1864, m. o. COMPANY €1. Johnson, F., Ontario, e. Jan. 19, 1865, absent sick m. o. regiment. Smith, Geo., Ontario, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Taylor, J., Ontario, e. Jan. 18, 1865. Williams, J., Ontario, e. Jan. 19,1865. Dennis, Fletcher, Galesburg, e. Aprils, 1865. MISCELLAN EOIS. Dwyer, Michael, Galesburg, e. Jan. 1, 1864, in Co. G., 9th inf., m. o. July 9, 1865. Henderson, James, Wataga, e. Aug. 1, 1861, in Co. K„ 12th inf. Hite, John C., Abingdon, e. Oct. 27, ’64, in Co. B., 20th inf., m. o July 16, 1865. Dew, Geo., Galesburg e. June 20, 1861, in Co. F., 20th, inf., disch. Dec. 9, 1861, di-ability. Woodward, H. B., Galesburg, c. Jan. 15, 1862, in Co. A., 22d inf.,disch. June 27, 1862,disability. Martin,'C., Galesburg, corpl., e. March 18, 1864, in Co. C., 23d inf., w’d, in hospl.'at m. o. Lyons, Daniel, Galesburg, e. March 20,1862, in Co. C., 23d inf. Mann, A. H., Knoxville, surgeon, e. Jan. 1, 1E64, in Co. I., 26th inf., m. o. July 20, 1865. Null, Geo. W., Yates City, e. Auv. 12, 1801, in Co. E., 27lh inf., vet., killed at Resaca, Ga., May 14, 1864. Massie, A. L., Knoxville, e. Aug. 20, 1864, in Co. B., 29th inf., m. o. Nov. 6, 1865. Orcutt, A. H., Galesburg, e. Aug. 17, 1861, in Co. G., 29th inf., vet. Nichols, Orson, Galesburg, e. in Co. K., 31st inf., trans. to N. C. S. Cawsen, G. W., Copley, e. Feb. 14, 1865, in Co. I., 32d inf. m. o. Sept. 16, 1865. Culler, VVm., Copley, e. Feb. 14, 1865, in Co. I., 32d inf., m. o. Sept. 16. 1865. Connor, Nathaniel, Maquon, c. Sept. 6, 1861, in Co. K., 34th inf. DeWitt, Oliver, Knoxville, e. Sept. 6, 1861, in Co. K., 34th inf., m. o. Oct. 18, 1864. Gaddes, T. J., Knoxville, e. Sept. 6, 1861, in Co. K., 34th inf., m. o. July 12. 1865. Wilson, J. H., Galesburg, e. July 1, 1861,in Co. C., 44th inf., m. o. Sept. 25, 1865. Black, James, Henderson, e. Jan. 2. 1864, m. o. Murray, Truman. Galesburg, musician, e. Sept. 1, July 29, 1865. ] 1861, in 48th inf. Coomi;, J.. Galesburg, e. Jan. 1. 1861, m. o. July.Conper. E. D , Galesburg. 1st sergt., e. Sept. 25, 29, 1862. | 1861, in Co. G., 32d inf. Davis. Geo. W.. Galesburg, e. Jan. 21, 1664, m. o. Prentis, J. B. Gu:esburg. musician, e. Sept. 25, .Inly 29, 1865, sergt. i 1861. in Co. G. 52d inf.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 379 Green, C. M„ Galesburg, e. Sept, j 25,1861, in Co. G.,52d inf. Green, A. P., Galesburg, e. Sept. 25, 1861, in Co. G., 52d inf., vet., pro. 1st lieut. McDougal, M., Galesburg, e. Sept. 25,1861. in Co. G. , 52d inf. Firkins, John, Galesburg, e. Dec. 16,1861, in Co. D. , 53d inf., vet., m.o. July 23, 1865. Thompson, G. W., Ontario, e. Jan. 20,1865, in Co. E. , 70th inf., sick at m. o. regt. Hartford, Geo., Abingdon, e. June 18, 1862, in Co. C., 84th inf., corpl. died at Nashville, Jan. 15, 1863. Bond, E. F., Galesburg, e. Aug. 8,1862, in Co. K., 84th inf., m.o. June 8,1865. Smith, Harvey S., Galesburg, lieut. col., e. Sept. 9, ’62, in 91st inr.,resigned Oct. 20, ’64,since died. Phillips, Edgar L., Knoxville, surgeon, e. Nov. 18, 1862, in 91 st inf., resigned Sept. 14, 1863. VanGilder, E., Knoxville, e. Aug. 14,1862, in Co. H. , 93d inf., died Dec. 13, '64 of wounds, sergt. VanGilder, M. C., Knoxville, e. Aug. 14, 1862,’in Co. H., 93d inf., died May 15,1863. VanGilder, W. H., Knoxville, e. Aug. 14, 1862, in Co. H, 93d inf., m.o. June 23, 1863, corpl. Walters, Albert, Oneida, e. Aug. 14, 1862, in Co. H, 93d inf., died at Memphis, e.March 23,1863. Candee, M. G., Galesburg. Aug. 11, 1862, in Co. F, 114th inf., detached at m.o. of reg’r. Hill, J. R„ Yatas City. e. Sept. 14, 1862, in Co. F, 116th inf., m.o. Juue7,1865. Parkins. J. D., Galesburg, e. Dec. 17. 1863, in Co. F. ,119th inf , detached at m.o. of reg’t. Thomas, Thomas, Wataga, e. Aug. 9, 1862, in Co. C, 124th inf., died at Quincy, June 11, 1864. Halse, H. W., Oneida, e. Aug. 12,1862, in Co. D, 124th inf., m.o. Aug. 15. 1865, sergt. Aiken, D. B., Oneida, e. Aug. 6, 1862, in Co. D, 124th inf., m.o. Aug. 15, 1865. Hogabanm, R. A.. Oneida, e. Aug. 12, 1862, in Co. D, 124th inf., disch. for pro. Jan., Ib64. Kenyon, Geo. O., Knoxvilie, e. July 26, 1865, capt. Co. B, 130th inf., m.o. Aug. 15, 1865. McMallen, E. J., Galesburg, e. May 3, 1864, in Co. G, 140th inf., m.o. Oct. 29, 1864, sergt. Williams, W. D., Galesburg, e. Sept. 24,1864, died at Alton, Feb. 8, 1865. Plummer, J. N., Knoxville, e. Feb. 1,1865, in Co. G, 150th inf., m.o. Jan. 16,1866. Law, D. W., Maquon, e. Feb. 6, ’65, in Co. A, 151st inf., m.o. Jan. 24, 1866. Low, S., Maquon, e. Feb. 13,1865, in Co. A, 151st inf., m.o. Jan. 24, 1866. Lidrick, M. R., Abingdon. Cawser, J. C., Galesburg, e. April 6, 1865, inU. S. vet. vol. Callhour, J., Galesburg, e. April 6, 1865, U. S. vet. vol. . Penkenpaugh, L. E.,Hendesron, e. in Co. E, 5 cav. Moore, Levi, Henderson, e. Peb. 13, 1864, in Co.F., 6 cav., m. o. Oct. 27,1865. Warren, H., Ontario, e. Jan. 18,1865, in Co. I.. 6th cav., m. o. Nov. 5, 1865. Freeman, Fred E., e. in 106th N. Y. inf., hospl. steward, m. o. July 3, 1865. THE 4th REGIMENT, I. N. G. The 4th Regiment Illinois National Guards was first organized at Peoria, February 2, 1S76. Capt. John Huff, commanding the National Blues, was elected Colonel; Capt. W. Whiting, command ing the Altona Rifle Company, was elected Lieut.-Colonel, and Capt. A. T. Johnson elected Major. The Adjutant-General noti- fied Lieut.-Colonel Whiting that he was in full command of the regiment, owing to the refusal of the Legislature to confirm Col. Huff. During the same winter the State Legislature passed a very imperfect code, to organize and govern the militia of the State. The new code went in force July 1, 1877. As commanding officer of the regiment, Col. Whiting ordered an election at Galva, on the 29th day of June, for the purpose of electing a Colonel to command until February 2, 1878, as that was the time agreed upon to hold the first election. There was some question about the time designated for the election, some commands claiming February 2, others February 12, and others February 22. On February 1, Gen. Jasper N. Reese, commanding this Brigade, whose duty it was under the new code to order elections, issued special order No. 3, ordering an election to be held at Altona, February 12. The order was promulgated by Col. Whiting. On the 7th he received a telegram from Gen. Reese, revoking o*rder No. 3, without any explanation. On the ,12th there was a meeting of the field and line officers at Oneida. Col. Whit- ing, with .the expectation of receiving a reprimand for something38U HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. lie had or had not done, was called into an adjoining room, when he was notified why order No. 3 was revoked, and handed a petition, signed by the field and line officers, with the information that they would not submit to an election, and insisted that he was duly elected for five years under the new code. Col. Whiting refused to com- ply with the request, and issued an order calling the field and line officers to meet at Kewanee for consultation. At said meeting it was moved and carried unanimously that there should be an election or- dered for the purpose of electing a Lieut.-Colonel and Major, but no election for Colonel. Col. Whiting requested Gen. Reese to issue an order to elect a Colonel, Lieut.-Colonel and Major, or accept his resignation. March 22 he received Gen. Reese’s order No. 7, order- ing an election at Galva April 4. at which time Gen. Reese was pres- ent. Col. Whiting received the entire vote for Colonel, Major Wm. Jackson was elected Lieut.-Colonel, and Capt. O. L. Higgins, Major. The fore part of July, 1877, it was thought best to re-district the State under the new law. Peoria, with three companies, was detached from the 4th, and with several companies in that district formed the 7tli Regiment. Two companies from Moline were detached from the 8th and assigned to the 4th, and a company was formed at Princeton and assigned to the 4th. Another company formed at Moline and one at Rock Island when the companies were detached from the 4th, and the four companies at Rock Island and Moline were formed into the 4th Battery. Owing to the re-organization it became necessary for the members of the 4th Regiment to re-enlist; but it being in the busy season, it was not deemed necessary to muster the men in until cooler weather. On the 23d of July, when the great “strike” assumed such formidable proportions that it hung like a pall over the commerce and manufactories of the country, threatening not only to block the wheels of the nation’s industries, but the life of the nation itself, the com- panies were all notified to hold themselves in readiness for marching orders at any moment. History furnishes few instances where men responded with such alacrity. Twenty minutes after Capt. C. A. Smith, commanding Co. C at Altona, had received his orders, he had twenty men in uniform at the armory; and where a few moments before all was quiet, and no thought of trouble, now could be seen and heard the tramp of the military and the commands of officers. In four hours all the companies of the 4th Regiment reported their men ready for duty. On Friday, July 27, Col. Whiting received orders from Gen. E. N. Bates, then in command of the 2d Brigade, to which the 4th Regiment belonged, to take any train and proceed to Alton Junction as fast as possible. Col. Whiting received the order at 5HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 381 P. M., and promulgated it, and at 12 P. M. the same night Cos. A, C and H were at Galva. Soon after midnight Co. G., of Toulon, came to Galva in wagons; a train from the east soon brought Co. F, from lvewanee. At 8 A. M. they took the cars for Peoria, by the P. & R. I. R. R. At Wyoming Co. I joined them, and they all continued their journey toward East St. Louis, arriving there early on Sunday morning. They went immediately on duty, and continued so until Tuesday morning, when they were ordered to proceed to Galesburg. This being the point of intersection of four of the branch lines of the C., B. & Q., and the residence of a large number of the striking em- ployes of the company, it was feared serious trouble might ensue; and the fears were founded upon the fact that the strikers congregated about the depots, held consultations, and, by persuasion or intimida- tion, prevented the running of nearly all the trains over the road. But by the prompt though considerate action of the authorities, and the good sense of the more intelligent strikers, who cautioned moderation and no violence to property or person, the trouble ended peaceably on the first day of August, after six days’ duration, without the destruc- tion of life or property or the shedding of blood. The Regiment ar- rived at Galesburg soon after dark, hungry, dirty and tired, and remained there until Wednesday evening, when all the companies except C andF were sent home; they remained until Saturday after- noon. In justice to the field, staff and line officers, and especially to the private soldiers, upon whom the brunt of the labor rested, it is but proper to say that their ready and willing response to the order, calling them from their work in the shops, business-places, fields and homes, will ever be remembered as a proud record. There was no duty required of them that they wer.e not ready and willing to perform at any moment. The organization of the militia is for the purpose of assisting the civil authorities to enforce law and obedience, when called upon. The citizens of the great State of Illinois need have little fear that that duty will be well performed, when necessit}^ requires it, by the men who have shown such willingness to discharge it in the past. Below7 are the names of the members of this organization who reside in this county. The headquarters of the Regiment are at Alton a. HAND. The 4th Regiment Band was organized in the fall of 1865, and has kept up a continuous organization ever since. Previous to the sum- mer of 1877 it wras known as the Oneida Cornet Band. At that time38:2 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. it became the regimental band for the 4th Regiment, I. N. G. The band is the oldest organization of the kind in the county. The fol- lowing are its members: C. S. Matteson, Leader, 1st E flat cornet; tyL J. Ladd, 2d E flat cornet; A. W. Ladd, 1st B flat cornet; Arthur Sumner, 2d B flat cornet; Harry Swafford, solo alto; F. C. Bristol, 1st alto; E. Nelson, 2d alto; Fremont Cawkins, 1st tenor; Leroy Cawkins, 2d tenor; W. Jelliff, barytone; John Howland, 1st bass; W. W. Ladd, basso; Willis Swafford, snare drum; Henry Howland, bass drum. REGIMENTAL OFFICERS. Col. Wm. Whiting, Altona, Knox county, 111. Lieut.-Colonel Wm. Jackson, Elmira, Stark county, 111. Major O. L. Higgins, Oneida, Knox county, 111. Major James F. Todd, Surgeon, Galva, Henry county. Capt. Walter T. Hall, Assistant Surgeon, Toulon, Stark county. Capt. G. Wiley Martin, Chaplain, Prairie City, McDonough county. Lieut. Wm. O. Whiting, Adjutant, Altona, Knox county. Lieut. Theodore A. Wetmore, Quartermaster, Oneida, Knox county. Onslow P. Shellenbarger, SergeankMajor, Toulon, Stark county. Benjamin Whitcher, Quartermaster Sergeant, Wyoming, Stark county. Robert D. Murray, Commissary Sergeant, Princeton, Beaver county. Dr. Barnard S. Pick, Hospital Steward, Galva, Henry county. D. W. Wooley, Color Sergeant, Altona, Knox county. Frank W. Ward, Ordinance Sergeant, Kewanee, Henry county. George W. Williams, Drum-Major, Galesburg, Knox county. Chas. S. Matterson, Principal Musician, Oneida, Knox county. Arthur W. Ladd, Principal Musician, Oneida, Knox county. DRUM CORPS, This drum corps, consisting of twenty-one boys ranging in ages from 7 td 15, was organized at Galesburg on the 25th of May, 1878, by Geo. W. Williams, Drum Major of this regiment. This is the third regiment of which Drum Major Williams has filled the position of Drum Major. He tendered this corps to Col. Whiting, who accepted May 28. Geo. W. Williams, Major and President. W. W. Williams, Secretary. . Frank Smith, Treasurer. Drummers. Walter W. Williams, Horace Willsie, Frank Smith, Lyman Burk, Leon Charvat, Frank Cuiler, Chas. Burton, Gust Hoffheimer, Burt Ekins, Harry Parker, Frank Charvat, Mart. O’Connor, Samuel R. Mead, Howard Fuller, Geo.W. Williams, Jr., William Dunsworth, Clarence Smith, Warren Marshall, Eddie Hoyle, Fred. H. Calson, Chas. Fitch. COMPANY A. (Stationed at Oneida.) Line Officers. Capt. Frank Murdoch, 1st Lieut. J. W. Howland, 2d Lieut. George R. Moore. 1st Sergt. Wm. Black, 4tli Sergt. Howard Moore, 1st Corp. Elisha Kenney, 4th Corp. J. L. Armstrong, 7th Corp. Frank Jelliff, Non-Commissioned Officers. 2d Sergt. Albert B. Risden, 3d Sergt. Frank B. Moore, 5th Sergt. (vacant), 2d Corp. W. S. Dunn. 2d Corp. Adelbert Mosher, 5th Corp. Tyler Thorn, fiili Corp. D. McSkimming, 8th Corp. Frederick West.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 383 H. B. Allen, Ed. Butler, George Brainard, Jacob Creston, Chaj. L. Dingman. Ralph Garrison, L. C. Mitchell, Chas. A. Moore, N. A. Olson, Orrin E. Powell, Andrew Simpson, Privates. Ephraim Bigham, Wm. E. Butler, Frank Codding, Gardner G. Cherrington, John Ferril, C. F. Kenney, Tlios. H. Mead, Edwin Moore, Andrew Olson, John M. Ray, Walter H. Vance. Henry P. Brancher, Robert S. Bell,. Albert Coyle, Chauncy Decker, Nelson Fink, J. A. Liggett, Watson J. Martin, W. Olson, P. Sterling Olson, Lorenzo T. Rogers, i COMPANY B. (College City Guards.) This company is located at Galesburg, and was organized in Sept. 24,1878. . Line Officers. Capt. E. F. Phelps, 1st Lieut. C. T. Wells, 2d Lieut. Fred. L. Brooks. • Non-Commissioned Officers. 1st Sergt. Frank D. Bellows, 2d Sergt. Ed. R. Drake, 3d Sergt. James E. Hamblin, 4th Sergt. Daniel S. Hecker, 5th Sergt. Fred. H. Holmes. 1st Corp. Geo. W. Manning, 2d Corp. Lucius J. Phelps, 3d Corp. John A, Nelson, 4th Corp. Chas. P. Waste, 5th Corp. W. B. Barnes, 6th Corp. Geo. P. Worrell, 7th Corp. Frank W. Stilson, 8th Corp. Frank T. Thulin. Musician. Gustave Werner. Privates. Wm. W. Brown, O. T. Duvon, W. A. Heizer, James B. Kingan, Frank H. McMillen, W. J. Melins, R. W. Peterson, J. C. Reese, W. S. Wood, G. Wahl green. Wm. C. Alden, E. E. Chandler, Jr., Wm. H. Gillette, R. Jackson, Chas. J. Munson, E. W. Moulton. J. M. Porter, J. E. Rodin, Wm. W. Tompkins, E. H. Cushing, H. E. Ewing, John B. Johnson, Alfred Laird, Chas. W. Munson, J. C. Olson, Geo. W. Prince, J. E. Snow, E. H. Welch, Walter N. Boyer. COMPAYY C. (Stationed at Altona.) Line Officers. Capt. Chas. A. Smith, 1st Lieut. James T. Starr, 2d Lieut. George B. Hall. 1st Sergt. L. S. Whitcomb, 4th Sergt. Harvey Austin, 1st Corp. Ed. Tengblade, 4th Corp. John Beckman, 7th Corp. And. Bergland, Non-Commissioned Officers. 2nd Sergt T. J. Golliher, 3d Sergt. Cornelius Wayman, 5th Sergt. Wm. Krantz. 2d Corp. F. A. Whiting, 3d Corp.---------. 5th Corp. Frank W. Bartle, 6lh Corp. Henry Mortimer, 8th Corp. Curtis C. Capps. Musician. Edward S. Thomas. Chas. Arvidson, John P. Bowman, Joseph B. Copley, Leander Collinson, John M. Ferguson, 22 Privates. Clarence M. Allis, Alfred Beckman, Dewitt C. Copley, Chester J. Chase, Mart. Ferguson, Samuel M. Bowman, Jas. M. Burneson, Frank G. Carlson, Albert E. Ericson, Wm. G. Ferkins,334 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. James Hakenson, Daniel Henderson, Lyons C. Ilurd, John B. Johnson, Jefferson B. Keel, ^ Frank S. Miller, Chester F. Murray, Thos. McClure, John Olof Risburg, Wm. F. Scott, Jas. B. Thompson, Robert Patterson. MEMBERS OF BATTERY. (Located at Altona.) Capt. Aaron Brown. Section No. 1—Jack W. Farr, Gunner—6-lb. guns. Jesse T. Eaves, No. 1, Orin B. Preston, No. 2, E. B. Smith, No. 3, Wallace Smith, No. 4, Wm. H. Keys, No. 5, John A. Stuckey, No. 6 Lemuel H. Smith, No. 7. Section No. 2—Wm. M. Stockdale, Gunner—6-lb guns. Peter G. Anderson, No. 1, Harry Yanscoyk, No. 2, Samuel Pawling, No. 3, Jacob Borkhart, No. 4, Chas. Austin, No. 5. Cornelius Wayman, No. 6, Oscar Durant, No. 7.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 385 CHAPTER XV. RESOURCES OF THE COUNTY. We purpose in this chapter to give a short summary of such mat- ters as will clearly show the business and resources of Knox county. To the thoughtful and intelligent reader these items will be invalu- able, and we commend them to the capitalists of the country as show- ing truthfully the resources and standing of the county. The face of the country is mostly rich, rolling prairie, watered by Spoon river and Court creek, with their numerous small tributaries, along which are extensive bodies of timber. The farmers have planted artificial groves extensively over the prairie, which has had the effect of ameliorating the climate, by keeping the winds of an open country from the surface of the earth. By the energy and enterprise of the citizens of this county it has been transformed from the native wilder- ness into one of the most attractive portions of the State, if not of the West. By men whom the country rely upon as authority on such subjects, it is claimed that there is no spot on the face of the earth capable of sustaining a denser population than the Military Tract; and those familiar with this beautiful portion of our State know that Knox county has no superior within its boundary. This will be plainly shown before finishing this chapter; and that this county con- tains as intelligent, enterprising and thrifty set of agriculturists as probably can be found in the same breadth of territory in the United States few will deny. Fine barns, with all the modern improvements, comfortable dwellings, lawns, gardens, out-houses, etc., are found on every hand. The natural resources of the county, as above alluded to, for agri- cultural and manufacturing purposes are excellent, which, with the numerous railroad facilities for transportation and marketing,.give to the farmers and manufacturers of the county superior advantages. The agricultural interests of the county are well advanced. The soil is mostly rich prairie loam, and has great productive qualities. It is mostly divided into farms of medium size, from 80 to 320 acres; but very few large farms are to be found. The benefit of this is apparent bv the increased population and a better cultivation. The farms are386 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. mostly subdivided by hedges of Osage orange into fields, and a system of rotation in crops is generally practiced. The foolish custom of the early settlers, of burning the straw to avoid making manure, has been abandoned, and now the opposite is followed. It having become a known fact that manure benefits even the best prairie soil, the farmers save all material that will fertilize the soil, by which system it pro- duces better grass and field crops (except spring wheat) than formerly. Cultivation or change of climate has rendered that crop which, when the country was first settled, w^s abundant, one of great uncertainty; so much so that the farmers sow but a limited number of acres of it each year, merely enough to furnish flour for themselves. The staple crops of cereals are oats and corn, which yield abundantly unless the season is very unfavorable. The corn crop is by far the largest in acres, and may be safely said to be the most reliable and profitable one to the farmer. Extent of Territory-.—Knox county is thirty miles in length and twenty-four in width, having within its boundaries twenty townships of thirty-six square miles each, or »a total of 720 square miles. In each square mile are 640 acres, which makes a grand total of 460,800- acres of land in the county. Improved Land.—By this statement is meant such lands as may be enclosed and value enhanced by cultivation, by the erection ot buildings, or in the manufacture of articles of profit. It is customary, in the assessment of real estate, to call any tract improved that has any portion under cultivation. The number of acres adapted to cul- tivation are 419,778. Unimproved Land.—The proportion of unimproved land is small, being less than one-seventeenth of the entire land of the county. The greater portion of this never will be brought under cultivation, although much of it is of great value, being underlaid with coal, and having in it several valuable quarries of stone. Several of the best farms in the county, however, were once thought to be as value- less as much of this unimproved land now seems to be, and it may be that a considerable part of it will yet be cultivated. Real and Personal Property.—For the wealth of the county, the statement of the amount of personal property, town lots and lands, will give a fair idea. We learn from this that the aggregate value of the three classes of property named is $16,340,742. But as it is not customary to make the assessment on a full cash valuation, we must, in order to fully show the wealth of the county, add the per cent, deficit. The assessment shows only about sixty per cent, of the value of property; therefore, upon this basis, which is by no means an ex-HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 389 aggeration, we find the real wealth of Knox county to be $27,234,570, an average of $544.60 to every man, woman and child in the county. The State Board of Equalization has always made a deduction from the assessment of property in this county, while in many counties they have never failed to increase the assessment. The deduction made on personal property assessment has been as follows: 1873, 27 per cent.; 1874, 34 per cent.; 1875, 32 per cent.; 1876, 28 per cent.; 1877, 22 per cent., and 1878, 16 per cent. On lands—1873, 24 per cent.; 1874, 26 per cent.; 1875, 23 per cent.; 1876, 29 per cent.; 1877, 21 per cent.; 1878, 16 per cent. Wheat.—While wheat is decidedly preferred to all other grain, and next to corn is the most important crop raised in the county, yet for a few years past the yield has been light and the quality poor. Indeed the average yield of the crop lias scarcely compensated for the outlay of seed and labor. Wheat, although not an aboriginal grain, was introduced at an early day. Charlevoix, who went down the Mississippi in 1721, writing from Kaskaskia, speaks of the Illi- nois soil “as extremely proper for wheat;” and Du Pratz, who wrote a description of the countr'y in 1758, says: “ The French post of the Illi- nois is, of all the colony, that in which with the greatest care they grow wheat, rye and other like grain, for the sowing of which you need only to turn the earth in the slightest manner; that slight cul- ture is sufficient to make the earth produce as much as we can reasonably desire. I have been assured that in the last war, when flour from France was scarce, Illinois sent down to New Orleans upwards of 800,000 weight in one winter.” This would be almost 4,000 barrels. Monett states, on the authority of Martin, that 600 barrels of flour were sent to New Orleans in 1746. Pittman, in 1770, mefltions that “ in the'late war, flour and other articles were sent down the Mississippi,” and notes mills “for corn and planks” at Ivaoquias, Saint Phillipe and Kaoquias. ' Gov. Reynolds, in his “ Life and Times,” states that the French in 1800 “ sowed spring wheat as their common fields were occupied by the cattle all winter. The Americans mostly raised fall wheat, and at times some spring wheat also. It was tolerably well plowed in with the ox team.” Even as late as his day the sickle or the reap hook was the only implement used to cut the grain. It was stacked by the Americans.and put in barns by the French. It was thrashed by horses, and winnowed with a sheet, which latter process the Governor pronounced the hardest work he ever performed. J. M. Peck, in 1831, says that “ wheat pro- duces a good and sure crop, especially in Morgan, Sangamon-and other counties north.” lie mentions crops of 35 bushels to the acre-390 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. “Few of our farmers/’ he concludes, “ have barns or threshing floors: the grain is put up in stacks, exposed to the weather, and trod out with horses on the ground, with considerable loss and injury.” In Northern Illinois spring wheat was made a crop of great prom- inence between 1840 and 1860. Since 1860, however, it has generally declined, and is regarded as an uncertain and not very profitable cron; while the drill, which was introduced about 1850, has not overcome the disadvantages of a colder climate and more open soil for winter wheat. In the early settlement of the county abundant crops of wheat were raised, and of a superior quality, -winter wheat being principally sown. Of late years spring wheat has very generally taken its place, the cause being that winter wheat has nearly always been killed by the severe cold,of our winters. In 1850 there were raised in this county 201,4S1 bushels; in 1860, 442,127 bushels, and in 1870, 275,418 bushels. In 1877 there were sown 730 acres of winter wheat, which yielded 12,030 bushels. The same year 5,196 acres of spring wheat were sown, producing 59,715 bushels. The largest number of bushels of winter wheat were raised in Orange township, being 3,697 bushels. The yield was the largest per acre, in Maquon township, being a fraction over 20 bushels. This town- ship also yielded the largest number of bushels of spring wheat; from 611 acres 6,611 bushels were raised, Lynn township raising the most per acre. From 216 acres in that township 3,226 bushels were raised, —about 15 bushels toTtlie acre. There were sown this year 6,924 acres of wheat, being 1.000 acres more than for 1877. Corn.— Among the products of Knox county, as well as generally in the United States, corn takes the precedence as being the most popular and peculiarly adapted to the soil. The origin of Indian corn has been a source of much controversy; and although there has been much written on the Eastern origin of it, yet it is certain it did not grow in that part of Asia watered by the Indus at the time of Alex- ander the Great’s expedition, as it is not among the productions of that country mentioned by Nearchus, the commander of the fleet. Neither is it noticed by Arrian, Diodorus, Columella, or any other ancient author. And even as late as 1491, the year before Columbus discovered America, Joan di Cuba, in his “ Ortus Sanitatis,” makes no mention of it. It has never been found in any ancient tumulus, sarcophagus or pyramid, nor has it ever been represented in any ancient painting/sculpture, or work of art, except in America. But in this country, according to Garalaso de la Vega, one of the earliest Peruvian historians, the palace gardens of the Incas were ornamentedHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 391 with maize in gold and silver, with all the grains, spikes, stalks, and leaves; and in one instance, in the “ Garden of Gold and Silver,” there was an entire corn-field of considerable size, representing the maize in its exact and natural shape, a proof no less of the wealth of the Incas than of their veneration for this important grain. In further proof of the American origin of this plant, it may be stated that it is still found growing in a wild state, from the Rocky Moun- tains in North America to the humid forests of Paraguay, where, instead of each grain being naked, as is always the case after long cultivation, it is completely covered with glumes or husks. It is moreover a well authenticated fact that maize was found in a state of cultivation by the aborigines on the Island of Cuba at the time of the discovery by Columbus, as well as in most other places in America first explored by the Europeans. The first successful attempt of the English in North America to cultivate this grain was made on James river, in Virginia, in 1608. The colonists sent over by the “ London Company ” adopted the mode then practiced by the Indians, which with some modifications has been pursued ever since. There were in cultivation in this county, during the year 1877, 155,060 acres of this grain, yielding 4,894,359 bushels,—an-average of 32 bushels per acre, which, as the season was unfavorable through- out the Northwest, should be satisfactory to the farmers of Knox. Indeed it was the largest crop of corn ever raised in the county, as comparison with former years clearly shows, and the aggregate number of bushels was greater than ever produced by any county in the State of Illinois as shown by the census returns. In 1850 the crop amounted to 1,570,361 bushels; in 1860, 3,155,470 bushels; in 1870, 2,708,319 bushels; and in 1877, 4,894,359 bushels. Ontario town- ship led the van, both in number of acres and yield: there were 10,- 861 acres, yielding 570,500 bushels, an average of 53 bushels to the acre. There were planted during the past year 171,418 acres of corn, being over two-fifths of all the land under cultivation in the county; and as the yield will be much larger this year than last, it is safe to make an estimate upon the basis of 40 bushels to the acre. This will give an aggre- gate yield of 6,856,720 bushels; but as the corn crop is applied to so great a variety of purposes, and is such an indispensable article for farm consumption however abundantly it may be produced, the country’s increasing demand will press heavily upon the supply. Very many of the farmers do not pretend to sell a bushel any season, because they find it more profitable to feed it to stock than to sell it in its bulky392 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. condition. The general market price varies from 25c to 40c per bushel. Oats.—When considered in connection with the artificial grasses* and the nourishment it affords to stock, especially the horse, this grain may be considered as one of the most important crops produced. Its yield is generally abundant and profitable. In 1877 there were 27,326 acres sown, yielding 926,370 bushels, an average of 34 bushels to the acre. For 1878 there were 26,955 acres devoted to this grain, but the yield is much heavier than for the former year. It will not fall short of 45 bushels to the acre, which will make the aggregate yield 1,212,975 bushels. The general market price varies from 20c to 40c per bushel. Meadow.— The hay crop is becoming one of great importance, the vast prairies of Knox county affording an abundant yield, which with the little labor required to raise it, and the generally fair market price, makes it a very profitable article of culture. Besides, it en- ables the farmer to rest his land. Clover and timothy are the chief crops grown for hay, but the former in this latitude is liable to be killed by freezing in the winter. When used for pasture land both give way to blue grass, which seems to be as natural here as in Ken- tucky, and grows equally luxuriant. The sod which this grass makes when broken up, produces large corn crops. The market price of this staple article varies from $5 to $12 per ton. The season of 1877 there were assigned to the cultivation of grass in this county 42,967 acres, producing 62,483 tons of hay,— an average of almost 1£ tons per acre. This season 44,307 acres were allotted to grass. Other Products.—Under this head are included rye, barley, buck- wheat, potatoes, and such other articles as are commonly cultivated in small quantities. Alloted to the use of these products for the year 1877 were 14,256 acres; for 1878, 18,408 acres. Rye and Barley.— These grains are generally a sure crop, and the yield heavy; but there being no home demand, and the general market price so low, other grains are more profitable: consequently but a small portion of the land is allotted to their culture. Buckwheat.— This gram is but little cultivated ’in this county,— in fact not enough to supply home consumption, the farmers claim- ing it to be unprofitable. In 1877, 392 acres were raised, yielding 5,529 bushels. Broom-Corn. — This is another product that receives but little at- tention from the farmers of Knox county. In 1877 there were culti- vated 1,302 acres, yielding 365,316 pounds. Of this amount 600 acres were grown in Galesburg township.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 393 Potatoes.— The'common Irish potato, so extensively cultivated in most of the temperate climates of the globe because of its value as an item of daily food, is regarded of but little less importance than corn or wheat. In this county the yield is generally heavy. The Color- ado bug, which for several years was so destructive of the potato, killing the vine before the potato matured, for the past few years has not made its appearance to any considerable extent. It is hoped that the days of this enemy of the potato are past. The general market value is extremely fluctuating, ranging all the way from 15c to $2 per bushel. In 1877 there were 1,410 acres planted in potatoes, yield- ing 120,397 bushels. In the city of Galesburg 254 acres yielded 68,580 bushels, an average of 270 bushels to the acre. The aggregate number of acres is larger this year, as also the yield. Pasture.— The number of acres of pasturage at present in this county is 134,508. This is used for pasturing cattle, almost every farmer having a few acres enclosed for that purpose. Some of the land is woodland, and can be used for no other purpose; but being well watered and good for grazing, it is valuable. Miscellaneous Products.— In 1877 there were 36 acres of beans grown, yielding 1,421 bushels. Two acres of peas, producing 135 bushels, was^a portion of the products the same year, as also 50 acres of sweet potatoes, yielding 3,244 bushels. Of sugar cane there were 126 acres, from which was made 10,993 gallons of syrup. From the 34 acres of grapes raised but 142 gallons of wrine were manufactured. There were devoted to turnips and other root crops 247 acres, yielding 10,960 bushels. There were but 695 pounds of tobacco cultivated. The seed crop amounted to 3,471 bushels, mostly timothy. TYood Land.—As before mentioned Knox county is largely prairie land, although there are many streams and large creeks running through it which are bordered by timber. The timber, however, does not extend a great distance, the wood land being only 34,003 acres. The timber land is principally in the central and south- ern townships. The principal varieties are white, red and black oak, hickory, elm, cherry, maple, white and black walnut, birch, etc. This land is not considered as valuable now as it was in the earlier history of the county, when it was deemed essential by every farmer that he should have the greater part of his farm in timber, that he might have sutiicient for building purposes, fencing and fuel. The question of supply and demand puzzled the pioneers greatly, but it has been effectually solved by the introduction of the railroad. Domestic Animals.— The first animals brought to America from Europe were imported by Columbus, in his second voyage, in394 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 1493. He left Spain as Admiral of seventeen ships, bringing a collec- tion of European trees, plants and seeds of various kinds, a number of horses, a bull, and several cows. The first horses brought into any part of the territory at present embraced in the United States were landed in Florida by Cabeca de Yaca in 1527,—42 in number, all of which perished or were other- wise killed. The next importation was also brought to Florida, by De Soto, in 1539, which consisted of a large number of horses and swine, among which were 13 sows, the progeny of the latter soon in- creasing to several hundred. The Portuguese took cattle and swine to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia in the year 1553. Thirty years after, they had multiplied so abundantly that Sir Richard Gilbert attempted to land there to obtain supplies of cattle and hogs for his crew, but was wrecked. In 1609 three ships from England landed at Jamestown, Ya., with many im- migrants, and the following domestic animals: 6 mares, 1 horse, 600 swine, 500 domestic fowls, and a few sheep and goats. Other animals had been previously introduced there. . In 1611 Sir Thomas Gates brought over to the same settlement 100 cows, besides other cattle. In 1610 an edict was issued in Yirginia prohibiting the killing of domestic animals of any kind, on penalty of death to the principal, burning the hand and loss of the ears to the accessory, and twenty-four hours’ whipping to the concealer. As early as the year 1617 the swine had multiplied so rapidly in the colony that the people were obliged to palisade Jamestown to prevent being over-run with them. In 1627 the Indians near the settlement fed upon hogs which had become wild, instead of upon game. As early as 1750 the French of Illinois were in possession of a considerable number of horses, cattle and swine. [For the kinds of stock raised in the county, see chapter on Blooded Stock.] Horses.—Horses stand first in aggregate value among the live stock of Knox county. As early as 1800 Gov. Reynolds says large stocks of them were grown by the inhabitants in Illinois. He adds that the horses were of the Arabian strain. Col. ¥m. Whiteside, in the year 1797, introduced into the territory a fine blooded horse of the Janus stock. It is supposed, by the best judges of horses, that a better horse has never since stood in Illinois. Ford, in speaking of the horses of Illinois, says: “A French pony was a proverb for strength and en- durance. These ponies were made to draw sometimes one alone, sometimes two together, one hitched before the other, to the plow, or to carts made entirely of wood, the bodies of which held about double the contents of a common, large wheelbarrow. Nothing like reinsHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 395 were ever used in driving: the whip of the driver, with a handle about two feet and a lash about two yards long, stopped or guided the horse as effectually as the strongest rein.” Peck, as late as 1831, says that “wild horses are found ranging the prairies and%forests in some parts of the State. They are caught in pens, or with ropes having nooses attached to them.” 'About 1850 the Morgan horse, under its own and various other cog- nomens, began to be introduced, and about twenty 3rears ago was all the rage. Some twelve years ago the Norman or Percheron horses began to appear, and have during the last few years absorbed more attention than any other race of horses. The Clydesdale horse was introduced in 1857. During the year 1878, there was 16,409 horses in this county, with an average value of $38.75. Last year Knox county was excelled, in point of number, by only three other counties in Illinois. Cattle.—Even more than horses, cattle have been a favorite product of Knox county. Some of the most enterprising farmers have turned their entire attention to stock-raising. The buffaloes that roamed the native prairies of Illinois were called “wild cattle” by the Jesuits, and they suggested herds of tamer animals. Charlevoix, in speaking of Illinois in 1721, says: “Cattle and sheep would multiply wonderfully here. Even the wild buffaloes might be tamed, and great advantages drawn from a trade of their wool and hides, and from their supplying the inhabitants with food.” Pittman, in 1770, says: “The captain of militia at St. Phillippe has about 20 slaves and a good stock of cat- tle.” Reynolds states that in 1800 cattle were abundant, and that the plowing was generally done by oxen “ tied to the plow by a straight yoke, which was tied to the horns of the oxen by straps of untanned leather.” The horned cattle, he says, came from Canada, and “ were a hardy race,—not large, but of neat formation, with gen- erally black horns. They stood the winter better, without grain, than the American cattle, gave less milk in summer, and kicked more all the time.” Knox county ranks among] the first counties in the Northwest in quality of cattle raised. We refer the reader to chapter on “Blooded Stock” for a full exposition of this stock. There are at present in this county 34,060 cattle, valued at $471,870. There were 11,262 fat cattle sold during the year 1877. The average weight was 1,135 pounds. Rio led in point of number; from that township alone 949 were sold, the average weight being 1,200 pounds. The highest aver- age weight was from Knox: 584 were sold, averaging 1,350 pounds.396 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. That Knox county is fast becoming a dairy is evident from the fol- lowing carefully compiled statistics, which, although large, do not fully show the extent of her interests in this respect, as there was no doubt much butter and milk sold in a small way which was not given in. There were 10,102 milch cows kept in the-county, Henderson having the largest number—639. From these, besides the large quantities of milk sold and cheese made, there were 416,151 pounds of butter mar- keted, Galesburg township alone furnishing 102,680 pounds of this, which was four times the amount sold from any other township. There were 94,682 pounds of cheese sold, the greater portion being manufactured in Ontario, which is fast becoming the cheese center of this part of the State, that township selling 66,756 pounds. The quantity of milk sold represents only what was sold for domes- tic use, which was principally in Galesburg. Out of the 53,623 gal- lons sold in the county, 48,025 were in that township. Mules and Asses.— Notwithstanding these animals will do more with the same amount of care, they do not appear to be a favorite with the farming community, there being only 856 head, or one-twentieth as many as there are horses. The mule is less enduring of cold and wet than the horse, and the unstableness of our climate has driven them mostly into the southern part of the State. The breeding of this fetock was begun at a comparatively late day. Reynolds states that the monks of La Trappe, on Monk’s Mound, Madison county, kept a jack in 1808. Sheep.— There has been a remarkable decrease in the number of sheep raised in Knox county during the past few years, caused by the low price of wool in the general markets. During the war wool-grow- ing was a most profitable business and largely engaged in by the farmers; but the demand for woolen goods has^decreased greatly, and the price realized is so small that other business is now much more profitable. There are now in the county but 8,127 head of sheep, with an average value of $1.96 each. In 1854 there were 9,571 head, but were worth but a fraction over $1 each. • Even as early as 1840 there were 6,907 head of sheep in this county, and in those primitive days it must be remembered that wolves roamed at will, and it was only with great difficulty that sheep were protected. During the year 1877, 43,411 pounds of wool were shorn from the sheep of this county. There were 3,730 fat sheep sold, which weighed an average of 111 pounds. Ontario sold'about five times as many as any other township, the sales amounting to 1,542. There were 290 sheep killed by dogs. These were valued at $132.65. Ilaw Creek lost -12. which was the largest number lost by any one township.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 397 The first account we have of sheep-raising in the State was in 1797. A body of emigrants from Virginia settled in Monroe county. Reynolds says of these that they “ cultivated fall wheat for market, and raised sheep and made linseys for clothing.” Faux, an English farmer who visited the State in 1819, speaks very minutely of the sheep raised at the time, which he calls “ very mean ones.” Evidently mutton was not generally used as an article of food, for he further says: “ These Americans hold mutton in the utmost contempt, and I have heard them say people who eat it belong to the family of wolves.” . Swine.— This stock was first introduced in to this State by the French, but was not extensively used, as they lived more on vegetable diet that the Americans. Woods says of the swine in the Wabash country in 1820: “Pigs are numerous, being easily raised; they are of various sorts, but many of them are of a sandy color and some with wattles,— that is a piece of flesh about two inches long and a half inch thick, growing out on their cheeks. They are of a middling size, but from very hard keep they do not rise to much weight. It' is not un- common for one person to have from 60 to 100 in the woods, and left to shift for themselves, except giving them now and then a little salt. During the summer when grass and herbs are dry, and before the frosts begin to fall, it is almost impossible to describe how excess- ively poor they are. Most of them run until they are two and some- times three years old before they are killed. Some years when there are a large quantity of acorns and hickory-nuts, they are said to get good pork. A hog of 200 weight is called a ‘ fine chunk of a fellow.’ ” This class of stock has received great attention from the farmers of Knox. Notwithstanding the large number that have yearly been car- ried off with the cholera, none seem to abandon the business. The large yield of corn, the readiness with which the hog fattens and the advanced market price all together afford abundant compensation to the farmer or stock-raiser. In 1840 there were 28,854 head of hogs in Knox county: in 14 years they had increased to 44,729, and 24 years later the number is almost double, being 73,101. But it must be borne in mind that the table was compiled from the assess- ment made in May, when there are a less number than at any other season in the year, sucking pigs never being counted and nearly all the marketable hogs shipped. The assessment will never show the true number, for many pigs that are not assessed are sold before the next yearly assessment. Thus we see a steady but rapid increase. In 1867, 62,723 hogs were marketed, the average weight 304 pounds, which makes 19,067,792 pounds of pork sold from the stock Knox398 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. county raised for one year. Flenderson township took the lead in point of number, there being 4,046 sold from that township, having an average weight of 325 pounds. The heaviest hogs were from Lynn^ the average weight of 3,037 being 345 pounds. The very • large number of 48,817 hogs and pigs died with the cholera during the same year, the average weight being 85 pounds. Rio was the heaviest loser, where 7,768 head, with an average weight of 108 pounds, died from this dreaded disease; while in Ontario, the adjoining township, but 219 died, the average weight of which, however, being 150 pounds. Orchards.—As a country grows older, the more extensive are her orchards and abundant her fruit crop. Knox county now ranks among the foremost fruit-growing counties in the State, in regard to both quantity and the quality of fruit grown. In this county there are now 5,585 acres devoted to this purpose, which if we calculate 80 trees to the acre would make a total of 446,800. This number is divided among the different kinds of fruit grown, such as apple, pear, peach and plum. Apples.— The greater part of the orchard ground is devoted to apples; the principal kinds grown being jenneting, winesap, ramboi bell-flower, Ben Davis, Jonathan, Pennsylvania red-streak, red June, and early harvest. These are now considered standard. Formerly were grown to a considerable extent Roxbury russet, Rhode Island greenings, Baldwin, white winter pearmain, and phoenix. There were last year 4,462 acres of apple orchard, which yielded 47,466 bushels. Galesburg having 422 acres, f yielded only 2,706 bushels, while Chestnut, with 157 acres, raised 5,270 bushels, being the largest yield per acre of any township, and there only 34 bushels- This clearly shows the crop to have been light; but it was light throughout the Northwest. The yield the present year will be large. About 600 bushels to the acre is considered an average crop. Reckon- ing upon this basis, the crop would be over 2,500,000 bushels; but in many places the heavy hailstorms destroyed the crop. In the orchard belonging to Mr. Geo. Ratekin, three miles southeast of Galesburg, the fruit was totally destroyed. Mr. R. has 3,000 trees (perhaps the largest apple orchard in the county), and it is evident it would have produced 15,000 bushels had the hailstones in May last not beaten off the germs. Peaches. Pears and, Plums.—These are not especially adapted to this climate, and seldom yield enough to justify their culture. The quality of the peach is very poor. Formerly large quantities of good peaches were raised, but climatic changes have operated against them.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 401 The pear and plum trees grow well, but the fruit is generally poor, the pear being destroyed by blight, and the plum by the curculio. Cherries.—The principal varieties of this fruit grown are the Eng- lish Morello, Early Richmond, and May Duke, the two former being superior in quality to the latter, and more certain to bear. Tbe yield is usually large and of a superior quality. Grajpes— This fruit is becoming one of the staple products of the county, the yield generally being very heavy, when the proper care and attention is given. The market is good, and at prices that make its culture profitable. The varieties mostly cultivated are the Concord, Delaware, Hartford Prolific, Isabella, and Catawba. In 1877 there were raised, as reported, 37,891 pounds of grapes: 11,600 pounds of them were credited to Salem. Small Fruit.—The small fruit cultivated in this county are the currant, gooseberry, raspberry and strawberry, all of which yield well and are found quite profitable. The quality of each is good. It has been only in the last few years that any attention has been given to the raising of small fruit; but as it is found to be profitable, doubtless ere long it will be largely engaged in. Carriages and Wagons.—Knox county appears well supplied with vehicles of all kinds; and as the county grows in wealth more will be used, especially of the finer grades. There are 5,999 of such vehicles, valued at $157,971. Nothing can better show the wealth, importance and standing of Knox county than a comparison of assessments with other counties of the State. Such a comparison, which is by no means unfavorable to this county, will clearly set forth the resources of Knox county as in relation to the other counties of Illinois. It is not our desire or in- tention to make a commendable representation when not substantiated by facts; we only propose showing wherein this county is excelled by others, and also wherein she is a successful competitor. We give nothing but authentic figures, such as are filed from each county with the State Auditor, and therefore may be relied upon as bold, stubborn facts. We will take the assessment for 1877, which, although a small per cent, larger than that of the present }rear, is the latest we have of all counties, as reported by the State Board of Equalization. For that year there were 426,987 acres of improved land in Knox county, val- ued at $9,878,365. In point of number of acres of this land she was excelled only by Bureau, Henry, La Salle, Will, Iroquois, Livingston, Sangamon, McLean, Champaign and Vermillion, all of which coun- ties are much larger than this. In the value of such land it was sur-402 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. passed only by Ogle, La Salle, Sangamon, McLean and St. Clair. There were but 21,264 acres of unimproved land in the county, which was a less number of acres than any county of half its size had, except De Kalb, Grundy, Will, Livingston and Douglas, and a fewer num- ber of acres than had any county of like dimensions, save Will. The average value of this land is higher than in any county with the exception of Boone, Cook, Ogle, Kane, Stephenson, Grundy, Kendall and Macon. Knox had 7,226 improved city and town lots, a larger number than possessed by any other than Cook, Kane, La Salle, Sangamon and McLean, all of which contain large cities; and a less number of unimproved lots than any other county containing so large a number of lots. The total value of personal property, lands and lots was higher in Cook, Ogle, La Salle, Adams; Sangamon, McLean and St. Clair than in this county. In comparison of stock, Knox also ranks high. But seven counties had a larger number of horses, and of these in but two were they more valuable. In cattle, twelve counties excel Knox in numbers. In but five of these, however, was their cash value relatively higher. Knox was far behind in number of mules, sixty-two counties having a greater number, several of them four or five times as many. This animal is used mostly in the southern counties. There were, however, accord- ing to the report of 1877, only seven where the average value exceeds that of this county. As in the ?mule£trade, Knox county evidently makes no pretensions to sheep-raising, twenty-nine counties having, in 1877, a larger number. The average value, however, was exceeded in but seven. In number of hogs, Knox stood fifth, Henry first. La Salle, Bureau and Livingston excel. There were 68,545 hogs, as reported—5,000 less than the present year. Twenty-five counties had a larger number of billiard and pigeon- hole tables, twenty-four others an equal number, this county having twenty-nine, since nine have been added. Fourteen counties exceed in number of wagons and carriages. There are, however, but four counties whose people ride in finer and costlier vehicles, being ex- ceeded only by Ogle, Cook, Calhoun and Shelby. The citizens of Knox county are’certainly lovers of music. This is practically evident by the large number of musical instruments owned in the county. In number of pianos only eight counties exceed, and in average value none of them are higher. . In melodeons and organs but seven counties have a larger number, and the average value is exceeded by none. In material and manufactured articles thirteen counties are aheadHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 403 of this, and nine with more money invested in manufactures, tools and machinery. There are but six having a larger sum invested in agri- cultural implements. In household and office property but five have more money invested. But five have more money invested in shares of State and national banks. These are Cook, Winnebago, La Salle, Morgan and Sangamon. In railroad property Knox ranks among the leading counties of the greatest railroad State of the Union. She is excelled in amount of personal property of railroads, as well as the value of all railroad property, by Cook, Kane and McLean. There are 79 miles of rail- road in this county—71% miles belonging to the main lines of the C., B. & Q., 2 miles to the P. & B.. I., and 5£ to the St. Louis division of the C., B. & Q. In connection with the C., B. & Q. were 21 miles of side track in the county,—a larger number of miles than a single road has in any county of the State excepting Cook, and a larger number of miles of all roads in any county save Cook, Kane, La Salle, Peoria, St.Clair and Will; and these have several roads passing through them. 23404 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. CHAPTER XYI. POLITICAL. In the early history of Knox county the political views predominant among the people were those promulgated by the Democratic party. The old Whig party always fought hard and often successfully for nominees placed upon its ticket. During the first few years party lines were not drawn nor conven- tions held, and no organized mode of placing candidates in the field. The following incident illustrates the manner of running candidates, and occurred shortly after the organization of the county. Henry D. Bell and Peter Frans were candidates for the office of sheriff. The contest between the two gentlemen was not based upon political dif- ferences, but each one claimed he was a candidate before the other. They were neighbors, and everjffiody was surprised to see them running for the same office in opposition to each other. They traveled over the county together, on an electioneering tour, basing their claims for votes upon the argument that each was in the field before the other. Election day came. All the voters in the county assembled at the old log court-house in Knoxville, to cast their ballots. Bell was victorious, having a majority of two. It took but little time to run up the tally sheet and announce the result. All the voters had remained to learn this, for if they sho.uld return to their homes in various portions of the county, it might be days and even weeks before the result would reach them. While they yet stood around the old building (there being about 250, which was then con- sidered a large crowd), and after the result was announced, Peter Frans stood in the only door of the old court edifice and made the the following announcement: “Oh, yes! oh, yes! I now announce myself candidate for High Sheriff of Knox county at an election to be held two years hence, lest again it be disputed that I am not the oldest candidate in the field.” Frans had then an undisputed claim upon the priority question for the next campaign, and accordingly at the next election he was chosen for the office of High Sheriff. The only person that voted for the first Free Soil candidate (Martin Yan Buren) for President at Henderson was Amos Wilmot. There were other Free Soilers in the vicinity, but they went to Galesburg, asHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 405 at that time a person could vote any where in the county. Yotes were given viva voce, and the judges objected to receiving Wilmot’s vote as it would make too much extra work to write a single vote. William Riley, learning the state of affairs, urged them to accept this vote. After much discussion his vote was taken and recorded. 1836.—We have no record of a party caucus or convention being held previous to the year 1836. Daring this year the Democratic party held a convention at Henderson. Hon. Julius Manning deliv- ered one of those interesting and telling speeches which almost he alone was capable of doing. Hon. William McMurtry was put in nomination to represent this and Warren counties in the Legislature, and was elected. The Whig party held no convention until some time after this. An incident illustrating the strong feelings held against Abolition- ists at an early day is related by I. M. Wetmore, who came to the county in 1836. He says the first general election he attended was at Henderson. The candidate’s name and office were announced by the person voting, and written down by the clerk. This, of course, re- vealed the principles of the voter. A few Abolitionists came to vote, when they were informed that they “ didn’t allow the d-------d Whig Abolitionists to vote there.” One of the judges even arose, pulled off his coat, shook his fist in their faces, declaring they could not vote for such candidates in that place. The five however cast their ballots as they desired, and were not harmed. John Denny was the first Whig Representative elected from this count}7. This occurred in 1840. The first county Anti-Slavery Society was formed late in 1838, or in the winter of 1838-9. J. M. Holyoke writes that he very dis- tinctly remembers this meeting, which was held at Knoxville, as he with several others went to that place for the purpose of organizing 6uch a society one very bitter cold, stormy day in that winter. Wil- liam Holyoke presided at this first meeting. He afterwards was one of the six presidential electors of this State on the first Liberty party ticket brought out, which was in 1840, when James G. Birney ran for President at the head of the Liberty ticket. Col. Matthew Chambers was elected president of this society. Among those who dared to come out boldly and make a firm and decided stand in opposition to slavery in every form at that time were Samuel Metcalf and his son Michael, Abel C. Thomas, who afterwardsJ ran for Representative, Nehemiah West, Rev. G. W. Gale, Rev. John Waters, Rev. John J. Miter, William Holyoke, and others, mostly from Galesburg. That city was known far and wide as an Abolition town, in fact most of the inhabitants at that date, especially the women, were Abolitionists.406 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. But few, however, joined the political movement known as the Lib- erty party till after 1840, the feeling prevailing generally among the people that the time to take the matter into politics had not yet come. There were only 13 in Knox county who voted for Janies G. Birney, candidate for President on the Liberty ticket in 1840. We are truly glad to be able to present the names of these brave men. The present and the future generations may never fully appreciate the stand taken by them, for at present even it is looked upon as the only rational and humane one possible. The 13 were the fol- lowing: William Holyoke, Levi Spencer, Patrick Dunn, John Mc- Mullin, Deacon Samuel Metcalf, Thomas Simmons, John G. West, Loren C. Conger, G. A. Marsh, George Avery, Abram Tyler, Leonard Chappell, and Horatio Foote. Conger was a Democratic Abolitionist. Almost all of the Galesburg Abolitionists had been Whigs and in- sisted on voting for “ Tippecanoe and Tyler too,” as the heads of the Whig ticket were styled. Rev. Horatio Foote, now of Quincy, was pastor of the First Church, Galesburg, during this period. He made a stirring speech in favor of the Liberty party movement. He was opposed bjr Hiram Marsh and others, and the consequences were that all votes were polled for Harrison, save the 13 above alluded to. From that period the votes of the Liberty party increased until they numbered enough to hold the balance of power, and in 1854-6 was merged into the Repub- lican party and followed its standard to victory in 1860. We are unable to trace the political history year by year until we come to 1849, or to give the returns of elections held prior to that time. There were no county papers published previous to 1848, and the poll-books and abstracts of the early elections were burned, leav- ing not a vestige from which we could glean any information. 1849.—In the fall of 1849 there was but little interest manifested in the election, although the people were to choose officers for four years’ service and vote on township organization. The Knoxville Journal, a neutral paper, was issued the day after the election, but had not one word about the matter. • The next number, however, gave the official returns. A majority of the votes cast was given for township organization, but the question was soon afterward raised whether the law did not require a majority of all the voters in the county, and it was again submitted at a subsequent election, and carried by a large vote. 1851.—In 1851 there was also very little excitement. The mutual confidence of the pioneers wras so prevalent that there was no thought of introducing personalities into the canvass, if indeed it can be saidHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 407 that there was any “ canvass ” at all. E. T. Byrain, however, was so popular that, after he had failed of a nomination by either of the par- ties for the office of County Surveyor, and had nominated himself, he received more votes than both the regular candidates together. The Knoxville Journal, in giving the proceedings of the Democratic county convention, mentions the name of but one candidate nomi- nated, namely, David Edgerton for Treasurer. A Democratic con- vention (of the senatorial district, we believe) met at Henderson and nominated a candidate for State Senator, and the next week a similar convention of the same party met at Cambridge and superseded the former action by nominating another man ; and signified a preference for Stephen A. Douglas for President of the United States. 1852. —At a Democratic convention, held April 3 of this year, at the court-house at Knoxville, a very strong love was expressed for Senator Douglas. It was resolved “That Senator Douglas’political and official life is stainless and pure; that his statesmanlike and original mind can embrace in one view all the varied interests of this mighty nation, from the Atlantic waves to the golden shores of the Pacific. As Chief Magistrate he would be the ruler of a free people, commanding respect at home and abroad, and would bind this great confederacy together with the cords of affection, fraternity and peace.” No local question of note was raised this year. 1853. —The election campaign of this year gives us no incident of which we can find any record. 1854. —The Whigs and Republicans fused this year, and, with the many Democrats who joined them, elected their entire ticket by a large majority. 1855. —In the autumn of 1855 the Republican party was under full headway and excitement raised to a white heat on the slavery ques- tion, each party nominating its own candidate for every office, no mat- ter how small. The Republicans succeeded in electing one candi- date,—William McGowen, for Treasurer, by 327 majorit}'. The Demo- crats elected all the other officers. 1856. —On the death of the Whig party there sprang up two parties, neither of which could really claim to possess any of the vital princi- ples that gave power to the old party. The American party, believ- ing the country in danger by the influx of foreigners and the [alarm- ing growth of the Roman Catholic power, emblazoned on their ban- ners, “Americans must rule America;” “Put none but Americans on guard.” Republicans pleaded for “Equal rights to all;” “ Free press and free speech.” The American party made very rapid growth in many of the States, particularly in the South, while the Republican408 HISTOKY OF KNOX COUNTY. part}7 only secured a foothold in the North, its principles being deemed antagonistic to some of the peculiar institutions of the South. In 1850 we find both of these parties in this county in very considerable num- bers, each striving for power, and both battling against a common enemy, the Democratic party. A partial alliance was formed between them for the purpose of securing local offices. In the campaign of 1856 the question of removing the county seat to Galesburg was agitated, as also the charter of a railroad from Bath to Bock Island. The strife between Knoxville and Galesburg com- pelled all the citizens of the county to take sides; and one of the ques- tions now forced upon them was whether this railroad should go through the one place or the other. One interesting little incident of a personal character occurred this fall. In order to draw votes away from George W. Enke, Republican candidate for Sheriff, some one published in the papers that he was a Spiritualist,—which charge, however, was promptly denied for him by a friend. 1857.—In the autumn of 1857 the Democrats and Republicans had another square fight over the'county offices, both parties being proud of the men on their ticket. The Republicans claimed that the Demo- crats made up their ticket by a very secret caucus, and put two “ Know-Nothings” into the field to catch the votes of that party. David Sanborn, who had but a short time before been removed from the Galesburg post-office, “ because [as was alleged] he wouldn’t help get subscribers for the Chicago Times” was also placed in nomination by the Democrats, without his knowledge, for Treasurer. On the Republican ticket was John S. Winter for County Clerk, who had in Zelotes Cooley a foeman worthy of his steel. Mr. Cooley had held the office for four years, and was nominated for re-election. In this cam- paign the Republicans won by an average majority of about 500. Having spoken of Mr. Winter, we may as well in this connection relate an incident showing the importance of preserving papers. The Board of Supervisors met at Knoxville in January, 1856, and seeing a lot of old documents on hand for which they could see no use, con- cluded they would relieve the office of cumbersome material by or- dering them burned. Accordingly they were taken,—two or three wheelbarrow loads,—dumped into the street, and set on fire. Mr. Winter, seeing the conflagration, hastened to the place and rescued all the papers that he could. They were mostly election returns, of which there was no other record. Hence we are unable to give in this history the election returns previous to 1849, as they were con- sumed in that fire. The destruction of papers, which might possiblyHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 409 be valuable at some future time, is nearly always sure to be a source of trouble, and these perplexities seem to increase with the lapse of time. As another instance inculcating the same lesson, there was once a case in this county where an estate worth several thousand dol- lars was in dispute, the settlement of which depended upon an adver- tisement in a newspaper which could not be found. 1858. —The contest during this campaign has but few equals in the interests manifested. Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, candidates for the United States Senate, made their famous tour through the State, holding joint discussions. On Thursday, October 7, they held a debate in Galesburg, and there were gathered to hear these champions of the two great political parties of the nation, from 20,000 to. 25,000 people. This was one of the largest, if not the largest, number of people that ever assembled in Knox county. The extension of slavery was‘almost the sole question at issue during this campaign. The contest was national, yet upon it the local tight was based. The Democrats evinced their love for, and confidence in, their President by very laudatory resolutions passed at a convention held at Knoxville, April 16. Concluding, they said, “that the President’^ message on the Kansas question was one of the ablest documents ever emanating from the Chief Magistrate of this nation; and this conven- tion concurs in the belief that Jame3 Buchanan possesses the wisdom of a Washington and the firmness of a Jackson, as clearly portrayed in every line, and cannot fail to carry conviction to every honest mind possessed of ordinar}T sagacity.” 1859. —The campaign of 1859 was a continuation of the battle be- tween the Democrats and the Republicans—on national issues only. As it was the “ off year,” the candidates all good men and no person- alities afloat, and the people generally not seeing the necessity or appropriateness of introducing national issues into local affairs, less than half the usual number of votes were polled. The Republican majority ranged from 480 to 5bb. No incidents occurred worthy o.f relating here. Thomas S. Yaill, of Knoxville, while absent in Chicago, was nominated for School Commissioner, but on his return he or- dered his name withdrawn, saying that he did not believe the office should be sought or obtained through the process of any political contest. 1860. —We now come to the memorable campaign of 1860, one dur- ing which there was an intense excitement throughout the country, not equaled even by the “hard-cider” contest of 1840. The two fa- vorite sons of Illinois were now rival candidates for the Presidency, and such an effort was put forth by the friends of each to carry the410 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. State as was never witnessed before or since. Both State and county tickets, of each of the parties, were claimed to be unexceptionable. A vast amount of money was spent, and the final result was the Repub- licans carried the county by large majorities. Abraham Lincoln ran for President against three pro-slaverj7 candidates. Excitement upon national issues was so high as to overwhelm personal differences be- tween candidates for local offices. It is claimed that the Republicans of Knox county were the first to nominate Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency. Hon. R. W. Miles, of this county, sat on the floor by the side of Abraham Lincoln in the Library room of the Capitol in Springfield, at the secret caucus meeting held in January, 1859, wrhen Mr. Lin- coln’s name was first spoken of in caucus as candidate for President. When a gentlemen, in making a short speech, said, “We are going to bring Abraham Lincoln out as a candidate for President,” Mr. Lin- coln at once arose to his feet and exclaimed, “ For God’s sake let me alone! I have suffered enough!” This was soon after he had been defeated in the Legislature for United States Senate by Stephen A. Douglas, and only those who are intimate with that important and unparalleled contest can appreciate the full force and meaning of these expressive words of the martyred President. They were spon- taneous, and j>rove beyond a shadow of doubt that Abraham Lincoln did not seek the high position of President. Nor did he 'use any trickery or chicanery to obtain it. But his expressed wish was not to be complied with; ouivbeloved country needed a savior and a martyr, and Fate had decreed that he should be the victim. After Mr. Lincoln was elected President Mr. Miles sent him an eagle’s quill with which the Chief Magistrate wrote his first inaugural address. The letter written by Mr. Miles to the President, and sent with the quill, which was two feet in length, is such .a jewel of elo- quence and prophecy we gladly give it a place in the Ilistorj7 of Knox county: Persifek, December 21, 18G0. Hon. A Lincoln: Bear Sir : Please accept the eagle quill I promised you, by the band of our Represenl alive, A. A. Smith. The bird from whose wing the quill was taken was shot by John F. Dillon, in Persifer township, Knox county, Illinois, in February, 1857. Having heard that James Buchanan was furnished with an eagle quill to write his Inaugural with, and believing that in I860 a Republican would be elected to take his place, I determined to save this quill and present it to the fortunate man, whoever he might be. Report tells us that the bird which furnished Buchanan’s quill was a captured bird,—fit emblem of the man that used it; but the bird from which this quill was taken yielded the quill only with his life1—fit emblem of the man who is expected to use it; for true Republicans believe that you would not think life worthHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 413 the keeping after the surrender of principle. Great difficulties surround you; traitors to their country have threatened your life; and should you be called upon to surren- der it at the post of duty, your memory will live forever in the heart of every free- man; and that is a grander monument than can be built of brick or marble. “ For if hearts may not our memories keep, Oblivion haste each vestige sweep, And let our memories end.” Yours Truly, R. W. MILES. The most noticeable thing in Knox county appears to have been Bob Ingersoll’s speech at Maquon. Said he: “ Any man that will vote for Lincoln is worse than a d—d dog and should be kicked out of the State.” Also: “ If you don’t wish to vote for Bob [himself] you can go to hell and be d—d.” He was drunk at the time. He ate at the hotel table without using knife, fork or spoon. Contrast his Maquon speech with the eloquence with which he nominated Mr. Blaine for the Presidency two years ago at Cincinnati! This fall is the first time we read of torcli-light processions in this county. They were made by the “Wide-Awakes” and “ Ever- Readies,” or “ Hickories.” Many speeches were made and political discussions held. Rev. Mr. Smithett preached a sermon at Knoxville on the question, “ How far the religious may be political.” Hon. Arthur A. Smith, Republican candidate for Representative, and Sid- ney Myers, Democratic candidate for Circuit Clerk, held a discussion at the court house in Knoxville. T. J. Pickett, of Peoria, and A. C. Mason, of Galesburg, also held public debates. These gentlemen were candidates for Representative in the State Legislature, the former Republican and the latter a Douglas Democrat. Republicans were all very highly pleased with the success of their champions. Of the three Gale brothers, of Galesburg, Josiah was a Breckinridge man,George was for Douglas, and W. Selden for Lincoln. The Knox Republican said “ they so arranged it that whoever may be elected President, the Gale family would get the post-office.” 1861.—In the campaign of 1861 there was a disaffection in the Re- publican ranks, the minority being led by Hon. Arthur A. Smith, T. G. Frost, Thomas Harrison, W. S. Gale and others. They held a convention at Knoxville, which the Knox Rejiublican denominated the “lobscouse ” convention, and nominated a county ticket. There was Intense excitement over the distribution of the spoils of office be- tween the old line Democrats and the “sore-headed” Republicans. W. Selden Gale, of Galesburg, became a candidate for the State Consti- tutional Convention, and was opposed mainly for his (alleged) partial- ity to Galesburg and vicinity. They said he was opposed to bridging Spoon river, and to other improvements in the eastern parts of the414 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. county. In a week or two, however, they claimed that he had turned and was in favor of “bridging Spoon river lengthwise, so that one could cross anywhere! ” Thomas A. E. Holcomb, for Treasurer, was opposed on the ground that he was employed in Dunn’s bank at.Gales- burg, and would deposit in that bank all the funds of the county. In two years from this time, sure enough, Dunn failed. At this election the Republicans elected but two of their men,—John S. Winter for Clerk, by 136 majority, and Janies H. Knapp, for School Commis- sioner, by 232. The Democrats elected their candidates by majorities ranging from 200 to 500. 1862. —The contest was as.usual quite animated. The Democratic party put their county ticket in the field under the head of the “ Union,” or “ Union Democratic.” The Republicans elected their entire ticket by a large majority. 1863. —As the election of 1863 approached, the Galesburg Free Democrat headed its editorial columns with the “Unconditional Union Ticket.” The general outlook for the national cause in the South being rather dark and gloomy, the opposition cared not to do much lest their actions be misinterpreted. The Republicans of the county gave about 1,000 majority. 1864. —This was another Presidential campaign, and naturally much feeling was manifested. Abraham Lincoln again ran for the Presidency, his opponent being George B. McClellan. The local fight was greatly animated. 1865. —The local election of this year presents a singular phase. There was no direct contest between the Republicans and Democrats, but the conflict was based on purely personal grounds. Soldiers re- turning home from the war had the sympathy of the mass of the voters of the county. It will be noticed in the returns of election that Allen received only 7 votes, while his opponent received 3,455. This is without a parallel in the political history of the county. Allen was not beaten so badly because he was a Democrat or because of unpopu- larit}7', but because Harrison was a soldier. 1866. —The efforts made in 1865 were continued this year, when the county went Republican by the largest majority ever obtained for an entire ticket. 1867. —But little interest was manifested in the election this year. From the returns it appears that the Democrats polled only about three-fourths the number of votes cast the previous year, and the Republicans about two-fifths the number cast in 1866. 1868. —The campaign commenced early, and nationally was full ofHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 415 interest and excitement. The Republicans won an easy victory in the county, Grant receiving a majority of 2,605 over Seymour. The “ bloody shirt” was a strong weapon used against the Democrats, and it was freely shook by their victorious opponents. 1869. —Politics were almost entirely ignored this year. The con- flict was purely sectional. It was Galesburg against Knoxville, or vice versa, and not a political contest, although the Democrats man- aged to elect a Treasurer by a handsome majority. The real question at issue was the removal of the county-seat from Knoxville. Clark and Miles, two recognized Republican leaders, were arrayed against each other in the contest for Judgeship. 1870. —In the selection of a candidate for Congress by the Repub- licans, a different mode was adopted than was customary. The con- testants for the nomination were E. C. Ingersoll and T. J. Henderson. An election was held throughout the District September 8, Ingersoll receiving the nomination. He received 800 majority in this county. 1871. —A light vote polled, showing considerable apathy on the part of both parties. 1872. —The Democracy of the county united with the Liberal Re- publicans, and nominated Horace Greeley for President. This nomi- nation was endorsed by the Democracy of this county, the great mass of the party heartily supporting the ticket, though there were a few who did not support Greeley. The returns present a singular appear- ance, being composed of Republicans, Democrats, Liberal and Inde- pendent. The county ticket nominated by the Republicans was a good one. The candidates were all young, being men of vigor and eminently capable for the positions, as is evinced in the fact that all of them were elected and re-elected, and hold the same offices at the present time, except Slater, who is the Republican nominee this fall for the same office he formerly held. 1873. —This year’s campaign was a repetition of the one four years previous. The same vital question was the issue; the same candidates were put forward; a larger vote was cast, and the Galesburg party, led by Clark, Winter and Elliott, received a much larger majority than they did in 1869. As showing the strong sectional feeling prevalent, we need but record the fact that Clark received 1,655 votes in the city of Galesburg, while there was only 6 polled for Miles. In four of the wards not a ballot was cast for him. Winter received only 29 votes in Knox township, where a few years previous he could have received nearly every ballot cast. 1874. —This year there was a triangular fight, three parties being in the field,—Democratic, Republican, and Independent, or Liberal;416 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. the organization known as the “Anti-Monopoly” having been aban- doned, or merged into the Independent. 1875. —A very light vote polled. Bnrkhalter demonstrated his popularity at home, which was at Maquon, by changing materially the customary returns from that place. 1876. —Success in various States for two years gave the Democracy increased hope of again coming to the front. We find them this year thoroughly reorganized, and under the old party name. Certain abuses in the administration of the civil service of the country gave the party a chance to demand a change, and under the cry of “ Re- form” thejT went into the canvass with a determination to win. In this county there were again three tickets, the Independent party making their fight upon the financial question. The local tickets of all parties were unexceptionable, and on personal grounds each tried to obtain votes. The principal candidates foi local offices ran ahead of their tickets in their respective towns, which certainly speaks well for them. 1877. —ISTo considerable interest was displayed, yet, for a local elec- tion, a large vote was polled. With this the political history of the county is brought down to the present time, when again candidates are in the field, but no enthusi- asm, or even any degree of interest, is apparent. Below will be found a carefully compiled record of election returns for the years of which there are any records extant: ELECTION NOV. 7, 1849. COUNTY JUDGE. VOTE. MAJ. Geo. C. Lanphere, clem... 739 26 Rob’t L. Hannaman, whig... 713 ASSOCIATE JUSTICE. James M. Hunter, dem....’. '795 98 Isaac Colton, dem........ 661 Richeson Walter, whig.... 697 Alfred Brown, wliig...... 808 . COUNTY CLERK. Zelotes Cooley, dem...... 857 249 Elisha C. Field, whig.... 608 TREASURER AND ASSESSOR. Charles Rogers, dem...... 749 34 Hugh S. Woods, whig...... 715 SCHOOL COMMISSIONER. William H Whitton,dem.... 747 43 T. Judson Hale, whig..... 704 COUNTY SURVEYOR. Arthur A. Denny, whig.... 908 359 Philip Wager, dem........ 549 ELECTION NOV. 5, 1850. CONGRESS. VOTE. MAJ. Martin P. Sweet, dem....... 660 80 T. Campbell, whig......... 580 REPRESENTATIVE. Henry Arms, dem............ 664 93 Hugh A. Kelly, whig..... 571 SHERIFF. Samuel W. Brown, dem........631 24 David Edgerton, whig...... 607 COUNTY JUDGE. G. C. Lanphere, dem....... 625 19 R. L. Hannaman, whig...... 606 CORONER. Chauncey While, dem....... 324 Wm. H. Heller, dem........ 296 Joseph Henderson, whig.....657 32 ELECTION NOV. 7, 1851. SENATOR. Samuel Webster, whig.......608 91 Reuben S. Spicer, dem..... 517HISTORY OF KWOX COUNTY. 417 VOTE. TREASURER. David Edgerton, dem...........621 Abraham Lightner, whig....... 536 9URVEYOR. Wm. Maxwell, dem..............321 E. T. Byram, ind............. 626 A. W. Martin, whig........... 210 SCHOOL COMMISSIONER. W. H. Whitton, dem........... 601 T. S. Vaill, whig..........:. 540 ELECTION NOV. 2,1852. PRESIDENT. Franklin Pierce, dem.........1119 Winfield Scott, whig.........1080 Nathan P. Hale, free soil.... 391 CONGRESS. James Knox, dem..............1275 Lewis W. Ross, whig........ 980 Lewis M. Curtis, free soil_325 CIRCUIT JUDGE. Hezekiah M. Wead, dem........1134 Halsey O. Merriman, whig.. .1083 STATE SENATOR. Ben Graham, dem..............1135 Samuel Webster, whig.........1099 George A. Clifford, free soil.. 355 REPRESENTATIVE. Thomas McKee, dem............1194 James Bunce, whig .......1027 Abel Thomas, free soil....... 330 SHERIFF. John Eads, dem...............1299 Henry Arms, whig........ 992 Anson L. Massie, free soil.... 305 CIRCUIT CLERK. Hiram T. Morey, dem..........1170 T. Judson Hale, whig.........1097 George Davis, free soil..318 CORONER. J. W. Brewer, dem.......1162 J. W. Spalding, whig.....1059 Hiram Elliott, free soil.360 ELECTION NOY. 8, 1853. STATE’S ATTORNEY. Aaron Tyler, Jr , whig....754 W. C. Goudy, dem........ 571 A. Z. Hayner, free soil.. 110 COUNTY JUDGE. H. G. Reynolds, dem......804 W. Selden Gale, whig......538 E. M. Jordon, free soil ...... 94 COUNTY CLERK. H. Hadley, whig......... 485- Z. Cady, dem............. 852 G. W. Euke, free soil..... 93 VOTE. MAJ. COUNTY TREASURER. W. H. Whitton, dem........ 661 6 William McGowan' whig .... 655 J. Latimer, free soil...... 115 SURVEYOR. R. Deatherage, dem........ 616 24 E. T. Byram, ind........... 592 S. Davis, free soil........ 100 SCHOOL COMMISSIONER. J. W. Knox, whig........... 613 J. H. Noteware, dem........ 739 *126 W. C. Willard, free soil...... 97 (The vote of Sparta was thrown out, owing to an informality in the returns. It would not, however, have changed the result.) ELECTION NOV. 7, 1854. CONGRESS. James Knox, rep...........1647 723 Wm. McMurtry, dem......... 924 REPRESENTATIVE. S. W. Brown, rep..........1580 616 Thomas McKee, dem..........964 SHERIFF. Cornelius Runkle, rep.....1331 73 Peter Burtnett, dem.......1258 CORONER. JosephHenderson, rep...1588 611 William H. Heller, dem.....977 ELECTION NOY. 6, 1855. COUNTY TREASURER. William McGowan, rep...... 752 327 Thomas Murrie, dem.........425 COUNTY SURVEYOR. Elias T. Byram, rep....... 746 323 R. Deatherage, dem....... 423 SCHOOL COMMISSIONER. P. H. Sanford, rep........ 791 46 H. H. Smith,............... 45 W. H. Whitton,............. 40 J. Blanchard,__.'........... 3 ELECTION NOV. 4, 1856. PRESIDENT. John Charles Fremont, rep.. .2851 1361 James Buchanan, dem..........1490 Millard Fillmore, Amer....... 277 CONGRESS. William Kellogg, rep..........2890 326 James W. Davidson, dem.......1564 Arthur H. Griffith, free soil... 115 STATE’S ATTORNEY. James H. Stewart, rep.........2862 1767 B. C. Taliaferro, dem........1095 MAJ. 85 305 61 39 295 31 36 167 307 73 103 183 266 367418 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. VOTE. MAJ. STATE SENATOR. Thomas J. Henderson, rep... 2863 1289 John Dickon, dem..........1574 REPRESENTATIVE. D. H. Frisbie, rep........2824 1165 Isaac Dempsey, dem........1659 CIRCUIT CLERK. Cephas Armes, rep.........2853 1203 William H. Whitton, dem... .1650 SHERIFF. George W. Enke, rep.......2639 735 Peter Burtnett, dem.......1904 . CORONER. Wm, Hamilton, rep.........2861 1319 Jason Duncan, dem.........1542 ELECTION NOV. 3, 1857. JUDGE. L. Douglass, rep..........1437 545 Geo. A. Charles, dem...... 892 COUNTY CLERK. J. S. Winter, rep... .....1390 441 Z. Cooley, dem......'.____949 COUNTY TREASURER. William McGowan, rep......1365 366 David Sanborn, dem........ 999 SURVEYOR. Alexander Knapp, rep......1456 633 D. W. Rockhold, dem....... 823 SCHOOL COMMISSIONER. P. H. Sanford, rep........1399 443 T. A. E. Holcomb, dem..... 956 ELECTION NOV. 7, 1858. - CONGRESS. William Kellogg, rep......2965 1145 James W. Davidson, dem .... 1820 Jacob Gale................. 54 REPRESENTATIVE. R. W. Miles, rep..........2930 1030 G. W. Ford, dem...........1900 J. M. Morse,............... 51 SHERIFF. Andrew Thompson, rep......2800 981 Peter Burtnett, dem.......1819 David Sanborn, free soil...... 84 CORONER. Alvin H. Potter, rep......2848 1014 Samuel Wilson, dem........1834 Henry Lander............... 84 ELECTION NOV. 6, 1859. COUNTY TREASURER. George Davis, rep.........1143 480 Thomas McKee, dem..........663 VOTE. MAJ COUNTY SURVEYOR. Elias T. Byram, rep .1183 568 Walter Jarvis, dem . 615 SCHOOL COMMISSIONER. Patrick H. Sanford, rep .1142 497 Thomas S. Vaill, dem ..:... . 645 ELECTION NOV. 6, 1860. PRESIDENT. A. Lincoln, rep 1624 S. A. Douglas, dem .2208 CONGRESS. William Kellogg, rep .3820 1609 R. G. Ingersoll, dem .2221 state’s attorney. James H. Stewart, rep .3830 1613 J. C. Pepper, dem .2217 SENATOR. T. J. Pickett, rep 1572 A. C. Mason, dem .2250 REPRESENTATIVE. A. A. Smith, rep .3818 1577 G. A. Charles, dem .2241 CIRCUIT CLERK. J. H. Lewis, rep .3826 1583 S. Myers, dem 2243 SHERIFF. E. C. Brott, rep .3803 1541 Peter Frans, dem .2262 CORONER. Reuben Bailey, rep 3816 1577 J. W. Brewer, dem .2239 ELECTION NOV. 5,1861. COUNTY JUDGE. R. L. Hannaman, rep .1306 A. M. Craig, Union dem .1943 637 COUNTY CLERK. J. B. Scheitlin, Union rep... .1487 J. S. Winter, rep .1623 136 COUNTY TREASURER. T. A. E. Holcomb, Union ind. 1856 469 George Davis, rep .1387 SURVEYOR. R. Voris, Union rep .1784 392 E. T. Byram, rep .1392 SCHOOL COMMISSIONER. J. H. Knapp, rep - .1733 232 J. S. Foster, Union dem .1501 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. J. M. Holyoke, rep........1054 W. Selden Gale, Union rep.. 1599 545 Aaron Tyler, Ind. rep....... 549 ELECTION NOV. 4, 1862. CONGRESSM AN-AT-L ARC E. Ebon Clark Ingersoll, rep... 2775 1126 James C. Allen, dem.......1649HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 419 VOTE. MAJ. VOTE. MAJ. CONGRESSMAN. SHERIFF. Owen Lovejoy, rep .2625 1126 David W. Bradshaw, rep... .4302 2688 Thomas J. Henderson, dem.. .1769 Commodore P. Lomax, dem. .1614 Ben Graham . 4 CORONER. - STATE SENATOR. Levi Massie, rep .4219 2607 George I. Bergen, rep .28"8 1211 Isaac Martin, dem .1612 Albert C. Mason, dem .1597 ELECTION NOY. 5, 1867. REPRESENTATIVE. TREASURER. Joseph M. Holyoke, rep... . .2690 959 Homer Gaines, rep .1845 767 Wm. N. Phillips, dem .1731 Sylvester Stearns, dem..... .1078 SHERIFF. SURVEYOR. J. Calvin Cover, rep .2684 1004 Ralph Voris, rep .1860 8 0 James M Hunter, dem .1680 Walter Jarvis, dem .1050 CORONER. ELECTION NOV. 6, 1868. Giles Cook, rep .2681 955 PRESIDENT. William A. Merricks, dem.. .1726 U. S. Grant, rep .5101 2605 ELECTION NOY. 3, 1863. Horatio Seymour, dem .2496 CONGRESS. COUNTY TREASURER. Ebon C. Ingersoll, rep....... .5041 2507 John A. West, .2409 1.82 John H. Neglos, dem .2534 Jesse Grant .1127 Samuel Dorr, . 2 COUNTY SURVEYOR. Ralph Voris,..............2429 1322 John S. Foster,...........1106 SCHOOL COMMISSIONER. James H. Knapp............2413 1300 James W. Butler, .........1113 ELECTION NOY. 7, 1865. REPRESENTATIVE. W. Selden Gale, rep........3908 486 Alfred M. Craig, dem.......3422 state’s attorney. James A. McKenzie, rep.....4024 1475 D. P. Phelps, dem..........2549 William Marshall, ind.......955 CIRCUIT C1.ERK. COUNTY JUDGE. James W. Temple, rep .4981 2392 Dennis Clark, rep .1859 161 Charles H. Jackson, dem .., . .2589 Frank C. Smith, dem .1698 SHERIFF. COUNTY CLERK. Wilkins Seacord, rep .4633 1922 James J. Egan, rep James M. Gilson, ind. rep .. .1835 .1709 126 John S. Henderson, dem.... John S. Gorsett, ind ..2711 . 132 COUNTY TREASURER. ELECTION NOY. 2,1869. Thomas Harrison, rep .3455 3448 COUNTY JUDGE. Richard Allen, dem . 7 Dennis Clark, rep .2579 189 SUPERINTENDENT SCHOOLS. Rufus W. Miles, rep .2390 James H. Knapp, rep.......3448 COUNTY SURVEYOR. Ralph Voris, rep..........3429 ELECTION NOY. 6, 1866. CONGRESSMAN-AT-LARG E. John A. Logan, rep........4314 T. Lyle Dickey, dem.......1617 CONGRESS. Ebon C. Ingersoll, rep....4313 Silas Rumsey, dem.........1616 STATE SENATOR. Thomas A. Boyd, rep.......4294 George A. Charles, dem....1635 REPRESENTATIVE. John Gray, rep............4303 Elias B. Rea, dem.... COUNTY CLERK. John 8. Winter, rep.........2491 213 Samuel L. Charles, rep......2278 COUNTY TREASURER. Edwin T. Ellett, dem........2803 633 David J. Ackerson, rep......2170 .4314 2697 COUNTY SURVEYOR. .1617 David Wilts, rep . .2531 81 Ralph Voris, rep . .2450 .4313 2697 SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS. .1616 Frederick Christianer, rep. ..2584 94 John S. Foster, dem , ..2290 .4294 2659 ELECTION NOY. 8, 1870. .1635 CONGRESS. • Bradford N. Stevens, dem.. . .2250 152 4303 2698 Ebon C. Ingersoll, rep ..2098 ,1605 F. B. Ives, liberal .. 161420 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. VOTE. MA.T. SENATORS Henry J. Vaughn, rep......2802 24 Thomas A. Boyd, rep.......2778 Alfred M. Craig, dem......2076 Benjamin H. Gal ton,......1427 REPRESENTATIVES. Oscar F. Price, rep,......8131 Joseph F. Latimer, rep....3030 Patrick H. Sanford, rep...2930 Wm. W. Campbell, dem......1591 Norman Z. Potter rep......1211 Geo. W. McCown, rep.......1435 SHERIFF. Samuel F. Patton, rep.....2560 627 David W. Bradshaw, rep....1933 CORONER. Jesse W. Kimball, rep.....2979 1417 Levi Massie, dem..........1562 ELECTION NOV. 7, 1871. CONGRESSMAN-AT-LARGE. John L. Beveridge, rep....2018 1115 Samuel S. Hayes, dem.......903 COUNTY TREASURER. Francis M. Sykes, rep.....1688 443 Edwin T. Ellett, dem......1245 VOTE. MAJ. SHERIFF. August W. Berggren, rep....4282 2337 Peter S. Nelson, liberal...1945 Moses S. Carr, dem.......... 40 John S. Garrett, ind........ 34 CORONER. Albert S. Slater, rep......4325 2357 Edward H. Stilson, dem.....1968 ELECTION NOV. 8,1873. JUDGE. Dennis Clark, rep..........3603 133g Rufus W. Miles, rep........2271 COUNTY CLERK. .John S. Winter, rep.......3440 1017 Francis M. Sykes...........2423 COUNTY TREASURER. Edwin T. Ellett, dem.......3378 935 Daniel Robertson, dem......2443 SUPERINTENDENT SCHOOLS. Mary Allen West, rep.......3015 814 ----Bobb, dem..............2141 S. P. Lucy, lib.............622 ELECTION NOV. 7, 1874. COUNTY SURVEYOR. Wm. H. Robinson, dem.........2048 1242 Ralph Voris, rep........... 806 Robert Deatherage, dem. ___ 28 ELECTION NOV. 9, 1872. PRESIDENT. U. S. Grant, rep........... 4315 2461 Horace Greeley, liberal......1854 Charles O’Conor, dem.......... 98 CONGRESS. Granville Borrere, rep.......4381 2363 Nich. E. Worthington, dem . .1968 Jas. H. Nicholson, liberal____ 87 STATE SENATOR. Patrick H. Sanford, rep......4273 2267 Alfred S. Curtis, liberal....2006 REPRESENTATIVES. Jacob S. Chambers, rep.......0469 Geo. P. Graham, rep..........6337 John W. Hinsley, dem ......3222% Alson W. Streeter, dem.......2974 state’s attorney. John J. Tunnicliff, rep......4348 2387 Fred. A. Willoughby, dem. . .1961 D. II. Clark, dem............. 69 CIRCUIT CLERK. Geo. L. Hannaman, rep........4268 2209 Patrick H. Smith, dem........2059 CONGRESS. Richard H. Whiting, rep....2883 556 Leonard F. Ross, liberal...2327 REPRESENTATIVES. Curtis K. Harvey, dem......5165% John H. Lewis, rep.......... .4750% John T. McGinnis, rep......3916% James M. Taylor, liberal...2164% Robert J. Cabeen, Ind........ 10 SHERIFF. August W. Berggren, rep....3551 1764 Samuel F. Patton, Ind......1789 SUPT. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Wm. W. Powell, rep.........3417 1522 Samuel W. Etter, lib.......1895 COHONER. Albert S. Slater, rep......3503 1672 J. C. Morse, lib............ 816 Chauncey Morse, dem........1015 ELECTION NOV. 7, 1875. TREASURER. James L. Burklialter, rep--1822 522 A. C. Clay, dem............1300 SURVEYOR. Henry J. Vaughn, rep.......1802 467 Ralph Voris, dem ..........1335HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 421 VOTE. MAJ. ELECTION NOV. 2, 1876. PRESIDENT. Rutherford B. Hayes, rep... .5235 2603 Samuel J. Tilden, dem......2632 Peter Cooper, ind.......... 141 Jonathan Blanchard,.......... 1 CONGRESS. Thomas A. Boyd, rep........5004 2228 Geo. A. Wilson, dem........2776 Watson W. Mathews, ind .... 195 SENATOR. Benjamin C. Taliaferro, rep ..5224 2478 Franklin C. Smith, dem.....2746 REPRESENTATIVES. Alfred S. Curtis, rep......7806 Joseph F. Latimer, rep.....7731 Abraham M. Brown, dem. .. .7868 Joseph E. Harroun, ind..... 510 state’s attorney. John J. Tunnicliff, rep....5190 2417 Robert Dollard, dem........2773 CIRCUIT CLERK. George L. Hannaman, rep____549 341 Orrin P. Cooley, dem.......2085 50 24 VOTE. MAJ SHERIFF. August W. Berggren, rep____5194 2476 Joseph Stafford, dem.......2718 CORONER. D. W. Aldrich, rep.........5228 2468 J. Harts Miller, dem.......2760 ELECTION NOV. 7, 1877. JUDGE. Dennis Clark, rep..........2478 542 Curtis K. Harvey, dem......1936 COUNTY CLERK. John S. Winter, rep........2402 408 Wm. J. Davis, dem..........1994 COUNTY TREASURER. J. L. Barkhalter, rep......4375 COUNTY SUPT. SCHOOLS. Mary A. West, rep..........3182 2041 Henry Case, dem............1141422 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. CHAPTER XVII. PERSONAL INCIDENTS AND MISCELLANY. HISTORICAL ITEMS FROM REV. WRIGHT’S JOURNAL. The following interesting items are taken from the journal of Rev. S. G. Wright, a Congregational preacher of Stark county; but as his labors were largely in Knox county, we find mention made frequently of locations and incidents here. He was in the employ of the Home Missionary Society, and lived in West Jersey township, which is township 12 north, range 5 east, and was formerly a part of Knox county. From his journal it may be gathered that for the first few years he had regular appointments at Walnut Creek, Victoria and Henderson. First entry. “December 24, 1841.—Started for Walnut creek. There had been a great rain; the creek was swimming; Richard C. and William Dunn were with me; had much difficulty in crossing the branch above Trickle’s mill; had to break ice for near an hour, and go round by Fraker’s Grove, in order to get to the bridge below Cen- treville; preached at Mr. Foster’s Friday evening,” etc., etc. “ April 18,1842..—Went to Knoxville to attend the debate between Kinney and Frazer; also to obtain a teacher, which I effected.” “ May 2.—Went to La Fayette to hear Mr. Harris expof e Mormon- ism; rehearsed his lecture to my people at Mr. Webster’s. Last week preached but twice; plowed the rest of my field, and sowed four and a half bushels of oats.” “September 14.—Went to Henderson and Galesburg; made ar- rangements for a meeting at La Fayette; at Knoxville was hindered all the next day, endeavoring to get relief for five colored persons who were that day imprisoned because they could not produce full evi- dence that they were free.” “November 18.—Last week I went to Galesburg to attend the asso- ciation; no minister present but myself. Preached four successive days, and was detained two days longer by the severity of the weather. How soon I can return I know not, as the snow is badly drifted and the wind yet high and cold.” “ December 24.—Attended the first meeting for mutual improve- pis WZmmj v mm : tt***|f^ fm 11 ##1111HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 425 ment at Knoxville; also the other association,—indeed, had a promi- nent part in it, but was compelled to tear myself away, as my house and family needed my attention, for it is very cold, and our house has neither doors nor floors. “ I have spent all the week at hard work, and we have just got the lower floor laid, the doors in, and the upper floor battened a little.” “February 6,1843.—Last week had much severe cold weather; had to be at home most of the week; read ‘Horne’s Introduction,’ etc. On Friday another fugitive from slavery came along,—making twenty- one that have passed through this settlement on their way to Canada. To-day it is extremely cold: the ink freezes in my pen as I try to write beside the stove.” “ May 22,1843.—Last week was at home most of the time ; planted potatoes, corn, etc.; visited families; hope some good was done. Satur- day, went to the Emery settlement, but found so strong an antipathy against abolitionists that but few would hear me preach ; so I went on, and on Sabbath morning preached at Toulon to a large congrega- tion ; most of the seats filled. Report said the Mormons meant to encounter me here and draw me into a debate, but all passed off quietly.” “May 20.—The grand jury found a bill 'against me and my Elder, W. W. Webster, for harboring runaway slaves ! Some excitement exists, but hope good will result. Many sympathize with us and with the oppressed, who had seldom thought on the subject before ; and these wicked laws ‘to be hated need but to be seen.’ Rev. Owen Lovejoy, of Princeton, is also indicted. We have not yet been taken by the sheriff, but probably shall be soon.” “ May 20, 1844.—Heard there was to be an informal meeting of the presbytery at Knoxville, and went, returning the next day in the rain. Sabbath rainy, but preached twice ; we have more rain than ever before ; creeks are all full, bridges gone, and the earth perfectly saturated with water ; sickness beginning to prevail, lung fevers especially.” “May 24.—Last week court sat; no complaints against ‘ nigger- stealers’ this time ; court held but one day.” “June 10, 1844.—Last week started with wife and two daughters for Knoxville, Galesburg, Victoria, etc. Wednesday evening at Knox- ville, a most dreadful storm of wind, hail, rain and lightning broke over us; several houses were unroofed, and one new two-story house was upset and dashed to fragments. In it were a mother and three children; one child dangerously hurt. The storm raged from Gales- burg to Spoon river,—how much farther we know not. It seemed for426 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. many minutes impossible that the house in which we were could withstand its force. Mr. Cole was absent, and no man present but •myself. There seemed but a step between us all and death. God alone could understand our feelings. The lightning was almost con- stant, and in many places seemed to be running all over the ground; persons riding in wagons saw the wheels apparently encircled with fire. This occurred on the 5th of June, 1844. Streams are all swim- ming, bridges gone, roads dreadful, still raining.” “ June 24.—Went to Knoxville as a witness for Rev. Mr. Cross, in the case of The People vs. Cross for harboring slaves; at length a nolle prosequi was entered, and I returned home. On Friday, went to Farmington to attend a convention for organizing a general asso ciation for the State. The constitution was changed in divers places, and the confession of faith slightly altered; strong resolutions passed on the subject of slavery.” “ February 9, 1846.—Last week, went to Galesburg to attend the installation of Brother Kellogg*; was unexpectedly called to give the charge to the people. After preaching, we had a conference of breth- ren in reference to uniting our presbytery and central association in a sort of convention, so there should be one and not two bodies. Tuesday, went to Galesburg to attend the commencement exercises of Knox College. They were quite flattering to the institution. Mr. Blanchard, however, so far forgot the spirit of the age, and of the West, as to appear in a ‘toga,’ and to wear his hat, etc., etc., while giving his inaugural address.” “January 5, 184T.—Went to attend the ordination of Brother Blanchard at Knoxville; very muddy, bad roads. Arriving at home on Friday evening, found two fugitives from slavery had been along with only ‘Christmas papers.’ Messrs. Smith and Gordon, of Farm- ngton, pursued, got out a seirch-warrant for two stolen horses, and two colored men who were supposed to have stolen them. Neither horses nor men were described, except that one man called himself ‘Major.’ They searched our premises in vain, however, for the birds had flown, having got a wink from friends at Farmington that they were pursued. Several constables and others followed them to Osceola, but before they reached there the fugitives were safely out of the county.” Shall we ask pardon of our readers for introducing so many extracts from this journal, or rather express regret that we can give no more? * First President of Knox College; but this must have been his installation as Pastor of the First Church of Galesburg.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 427 —not on account of their intrinsic worth, of themselves considered, but on account of the memories they awaken, and the light thrown on the “ long ago.” Such simple allusions to matters then current come to the early settlers now, with their far-off date, like echoes from a land they shall see no more. Rev. Mr. Wright is residing in Burlington, Kansas, at the present time, and is still a missionary. INDIAN BOY KILLED. In 1837, when the Pottawatomie Indians were being removed west by Colonel Sands, they were several days in passing through this county. When camping near Abingdon one of the Indian boys ac- cidentally shot another, killing him. This aroused the parents of the unfortunate boy, who, as the rule was among the Indians, demanded the life of the boy that killed him. Colonel Sands knew that the killing was accidental, and therefore did not want the boy to suffer death for the act; so, in order to appease them and settle the matter, he called them all up, and made a fatherly speech to them; and as a price for this son gave to the parents of the deceased boy blankets, cloth, and a pony or two. The boy was buried near Jonathan Latimer’s house, the spot being marked by a small cross, cut into a hickory tree. For many years the little mound over the grave remained un- disturbed. BIG STORMS. On the 5th of June, 1844, occurred one of most destructive wind and rain storms that ever visited Illinois. The damage done in this county was largely in the northern part. Houses and barns were un- roofed and demolished, and the demon of destruction prevailed on every hand. A temperance meeting was being held in the school-house on sec- tion 32, Ontario township. A reformed drunkard by the name of Thomas addressed the meeting under the auspices of the Washing- tonian movement. The meeting was broken up by the fury of the storm. Every house for some distance was unroofed except Mr. Camp’s, which was probably saved by the protection afforded by a grove. Some forty persons, rendered homeless by the storm, staid at this house during the night. As the people drove up to the house, the drivers held their horses from the windows, but the wagons were uncoupled and blown to fragments. A. S. Clearwater, who was liv- ing with I. M. Wetmore, took a load of young people to the temper- ance meeting with an ox team. This load consisted of Misses Hettie428 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Morse, Emma Crane, Leah Keyes, and Deacon Wetmore. On their return the storm struck them with great fury. Urging on his oxen, they reached Ezra Chapman’s big gate, when the driver, finding he could go no farther, unhitched the team. They then went with the wind out upon the prairie. This moment the heavy gate was blown around upon the fore part of the wagon, holding it fast while the hind part fluttered in the wind. Miss Keyes jumped from the wagon; the others remained in. At this critical juncture the roof of Mr. Chapman’s house was blown off and over the heads of those in and around the wagon; this was quickly followed by the roof of the large hog-pen and a shed roof, all passing in the same line. When the house roof was taken off the eighteen or twenty sheltered there scattered, some going to the smoke-house, in which the water was a foot deep, some to the hog-pen, which was soon unroofed, and some to the shed and barn, while others went to the wagon. Just then a 200-pound Miss was being whirled by, when Mr. Clearwater caught her. After the storm somewhat abated they set about getting home,— at least those who had any left. Amos Wilmot’s cabin was unroofed, and the family took shelter in the out-door cellar. Ezra Chapman left the temperance meeting with the rest, but being lame, stopped at the corner of his yard for the wind to lull, when he was struck by a missile, as he supposed, knocking him senseless, in which condition he remained for quite a while, coming to, to find his buildings unroofed. He describes the cloud, when approaching, as like a large wheel, 100 feet in diameter, rolling over and over, filled with debris. Joseph Fisher had been to Henderson to have some blacksmithing done, and on his return he was overtaken by the storm, which took off the body and hind wheels of his wagon, leaving the front wheels attached to his horse, which he held by the bit. After the storm had abated he proceeded toward home as he thought, but after trav- eling for some time he brought up at Samuel Randall’s, who lived within a mile of Henderson. He found his log cabin partly unroofed. Mr. Fisher was so chilled he could not speak. On returning home to Mr. Robbin’s the following day, he found his house, which he was building, completely demolished. Thomas Corder rode into the timber on horseback just as the storm struck it. He put spurs to his horse, riding with full speed. The trees fell fast, just whipping in behind him. Some fifty in number fell across the pass just behind him. The roof of James Maxwell’s house was taken off and set down onHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 429 the ground. When he went out the wind took him along with the roof. He made long strides! Lighting in the hazel brush, he caught hold of it to save himself, and the wind, he avers, whipped him up and down, giving him a tremendous thrashing. In the northern part of Ontario township, it is said, two cows were pinned together by a rail running through them both. T. P. Wetmore had the roof of his house torn off, a feather-bed car- ried several rods, a tin boiler taken five miles, and crocks of milk and lard were hurled about in various ways. Two carpenters—Fairfield and Stillman—were at Mr. Wetmore’s, building a barn. Stillman was caught by the wind, whirled down, one of his shoes torn off, and he rolled over and over in company with some sheep that were pass- ing, being driven by the same power. He was carried some thirty rods and thrown into a large slough with the sheep, before his clutch- ing to the grass could stop him. He was very glad to be found for once among the sheep, and not the goats! Several hard-wood planks were blown sixty rods, and only two fence posts remained standing on Mr. Wetraore’s place. In plowed fields the wind was so severe and powerful as to blow the soil away as deep as it was plowed. SUDDEN CHANGES. The many sudden changes in the weather during the winter of 1836 are often referred to by old settlers. The following is especially worthy of note. Gaddial Scott took a load of dressed hogs to Hen- derson, a distance of six miles. There were several inches of snow on the ground, but rain was falling slowly, and consequently the snow was turned to slush, and it was with great difficulty that he could proceed with his heavy load. The road continued to grow softer all the way until he reached the town. No change in the weather was noticed when he begun to unload his hogs, which took him about twenty minutes. Before he had taken the last hog from his sleigh, the horses, previously wet by perspiration, were covered with ice. A great cloud from the northwest came up, and the ground, covered with snow, and water were so suddenly frozen, that, in his own words, he “drove home just as though he was on a sea of ice.” COLD WEATHER. In 1834-5 two men started from Persifer township to Peoria with pork. They landed there with good success and soon started home. On their way they got very cold as it was in the dead of winter. One had three yoke of oxen, while the other had four horses; and, after430 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. traveling some time, the one driving the ox team saw that the other would freeze to death; so, in order to save the man, and having a large whip, he struck him with the lash a few times, and continued doing so until the man became so enraged that lie got down from his wagon. He was then so stiff he could hardly walk; but the other kept strik- ing him with the whip, keeping out of the way, and running along by the side of the ox team in order to break the wind from him. By so doing he kept himself warm and saved the other’s life. They remained over night at Kickapoo, four miles out, traveling eight miles the next day, finally returning to their homes in safety. WET SEASONS. In this section the “ wet seasons ” seemed to come on the seven- year plan several times in succession, the years 1844, 1851 and 1855 being particularly characterized by rain and high winds. In the spring of 1858 the village of Ellison, southwest of Galesburg, was en- tirely swept away by a whirlwind;'and in Galesburg during another storm, on the 13th of April, the only church spire (the one on “Beecher’s ” church—First Congregational) was blown down, crush- ing the building to a great extent. Repairs were made, and the base of the spire finished off into a low cupola, the citizens generally be- lieving that this country was too much subject to hurricanes to admit of tall steeples. Scarcely any venture was made to erect a magnifi- cent spire until 1864, when the Second Presbyterian church build- ing was surmounted with a graceful structure of this kind. Other churches followed, until this last summer the old “Brick” church ventured again on another trip heavenward. |r* A part of the roof of Isaac Merrill’s dwelling was carried away, leaving just sufficient over two rooms to protect a bed in each, and the remaining patches of roof not extending more than six inches beyond the edges of the beds. $ t The storm of 1858 brought the severest wind that has ever visited Galesburg, but several hailstorms of later years have done immense damage in this region. An extensive gardener in the northwestern portion of the city, in 1868, saw $5,000 go out of pocket in three- quarters of an hour! A FEROCIOUS DOG. One evening, during the times when the Indians were troublesome to the early settlers, a daughter of Mr. William Lewis went out to milk. She was accompanied by a large dog. While engaged in milking, an Indian jumped over the high log fence into the barnyard,HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 431 where she was. The dog immediately gave chase to the Indian, who jumped back over the fence. In the course of the evening the dog came back covered with blood. He had never been known to bark much before, but that night kept np a continuous growling and bark- ing, causing the family to think that the Indians were near, and in- tended an attack on them; but the night passed without any further trouble. A few days afterward, in a ravine not more than a quarter of a mile from the house, the body of an Indian was found with the head nearly eaten off, and it wras supposed that the dog had caused his death. LOST CHILDREN. In November, 1862, George Flynn, the little 2^-year-old son of John Flynn, of.Persifer township, strayed from home and was lost. It was about noon when the child was first missed, and no one re- membered seeing it about the house later than ten o’clock that morn- ing. Mrs. Flynn was entertaining a number of visiting friends, and intent on the hospitalities of the occasion the absence of the little boy was unnoticed. It was soon noised through the neighborhood that a child was lost. This startling announcement soon spread all over the country, and in the afternoon as many as 200 friends and neighbors were searching up and down North creek for little George. They bruught. with them baskets of food, intending to continue the search until the little fellow was found, either dead or alive. So many came that, as night drew on, Mr. Flynn, fearing the horses would tramp on the child, begged mosi of them to go home, and he, with a few others would continue the search through the night. This they did; but when morning dawned no trace of the child had been found. Early in the day crowds again assembled, with increased determination not to give up. The agony of the parents over the lost child no words can describe. The mother wTas fairly wild with grief and anxiety, while the father was excited nearly beyond the bounds of human endurance. They now expected to find only the lifeless form. About ten o’clock word was sent along the line that Frank Wilson had found near the stream the tracks of a little child. Investigation proved that an attempt had been made to cross the stream. As the water on measurement was found to be two feet deep, nothing re- mained for them to do but to drag the stream. This they did for a distance of nearly two miles, without success, when they became al- most discouraged, fully believing the child had been eaten up by the wolves which were known to infest the woods at that time. About432 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. noon of the second day, Mr. William Taylor, who lived at a distance, heard that the child had been lost. Without finishing the dinner just begun, he filled his pockets with biscuits and started to join the hunt. About five o’clock he, in company with E. M. Beach, found tracks on the other side of the stream,—such tracks!—so faint in their outline that they could scarcely believe a child had made them. On they went—another little foot-print. Was there ever anything so small and of so much significance ? Great was their surprise when at last they came upon the little fellow alive and apparently in no wise dis- concerted by his night’s adventure and hazardous surroundings. These strong men shed tears of joy, and great was the shout that went up from all around when the lost child was found. He had strayed three miles from home, and had lived on black haws during his sojourn in the woods. He was thinly clad, having on no garments but a calico frock; was without shoes or hat, but was found in a most excellent state of physical preservation, and was borne home with great demonstrations of joy to his parents, who had given up all hope of ever seeing their child alive again. A little boy by the name of Lee, and only three years of age, was lost in the timber on Hortli creek, for about two days. He started out one morning with a tin cup, to go to a neighbor’s for some milk for breakfast, but in some manner lost his way, and was not found until on the evening of the second day. He was then wandering about in the woods, and when asked where he was going, replied that he was going for milk. He was quite weak and frightened, but held on to the cup. The loving parents were so frantic over their lost son that the whole neighborhood and vicinity were out on the search, and all were made happy when the lost was found. One day in July, of the year 1872, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Owen went to market, leaving their little daughter Corrilla, who was but three years of age, at home and in. care of an elderly man that was about the farm. They left her fast asleep, but upon awakening, after they had been gone sometime, and not being able to find her parents, the little one concluded that they had gone to town and that she also would go. She accordingly started, and after wandering about for some time toward the vicinity of Spoon river, she came upon the farm of Mr. Isaac Sherman, on section 3, in Haw Creek .township. In the evening Mrs. Sherman discovered her in the field, and going to her, found from her story that she was lost. She could not tell her name, so Mrs. Sherman took her to the house with her. In the mean time the parents, almost crazed with fears and excitement that they should never again see their little daughter, were searching the country overHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 433 for her. By nightfall the father, learning she was safe at the house of Mr. Sherman, most joyously went for her and carried her home to the anxious, loving mother. Some two years after this the father died, and the little girl wished to go and live with Grand-pa Sherman, where she now resides, perfectly at home. RACE TO QUINCY. Many are the races occurring between parties who wanted to enter the same piece of land. The following story is only an illustration of others: In 1849 Granville Fisher discovered coal on the northwest quarter of section 24, Sparta township. He proposed to Albert Cawlkins, if he would haul the coal to Galesburg, he would give him *two days’ work for each load hauled. Thus matters advanced about a year, when one Saturday morning Ezra Chapman came to view the land and coal, with the thought of entering it for himself and others, in order to secure a permanent supply of fuel. Mr. Cawlkins had also entertained the same thought, with regard to his own interest; and the same day, when on the way to Galesburg, mentioned the fact to Wm. D. Lee, who inquired why he did not do so. He replied that he only had half enough money. Mr. Lee then proposed to go in partnership with him and furnish the rest, which offer was accepted. Next morning Mr. Cawlkins returned home, and on Monday secured the number of the land and made arrangements to go to the Land Office at Quincy, 130 miles distant. On Monday evening he pro- ceeded as far as Mr. Lee’s, where he was to be furnished with a fast- traveling horse, owned by a brother, John Lee. (The horse was after- ward called “Telegraph,” and sold to parties on Long Island for $1,000.) Meanwhile Mr. Chapman had returned home and talked the matter among his neighbors,—about one of them going to Quincy to enter the land. As none of them wished to go, it was proposed to take Mr. Horace L. Sage as a partner, as he was especially qualified by experi- ence to attend to such matters. This arrangement was effected, and Mr. Sage arrived at William D. Lee’s a short time before Mr. Cawlkins. Mr. Sage, not suspecting any opposition, made known his business, and Mr. Lee informed him that he intended to enter the same land. Mr. Sage inquired‘if there was any one interested with him, and he replied that Albert Cawlkins was. The latter, having just arrived, entered the room at this point of the conversation. Mr. Lee withdrew his claim, leaving the matter between Mr. Cawlkins and Mr. Sage, who continued the discussion in a pleasant way until bed- time, having agreed that neither would start out before morning, both434 HISTOKY OF KNOX COUNTY. being determined on having the land. Mr. Lee had off his boots, but remembered that he was to inform his brother John, who lived on the adjoining farm, that he would help him pick corn the next day. His brother had gone to Henderson. He left word with the family for him to prepare to go to the Land Office as soon as he returned. Mr. Sage, supposing an arrangement had been made with John Lee to go to the Land Office, made a pretext to go over to borrow his buggy for the morrow. John, having returned home, and being warned by some member of the family that Mr. Sage was coming, was earnestly talking about “ husking corn ” the next day. He concluded that he could not let the buggy go, on account of the “ roads being too rough to travel on.” Mr. Sage, thinking matters all right, returned. In his absence, Gawlkins and William Lee completed their arrangements, which his coming had prevented. William urged the subject of “corn- picking” as a necessity for early rising, and they had better retire. The visitors decided to sleep together, so as to keep an eye on each other. After they had retired, William Lee quickly mounted a horse, joined John, his brother, and proceeded as far as Cherry Grove, 16 miles on the way to Quincy, John riding his fast horse. At 5 A. m., he proceeded to Quincy. William returned that night to his home, through a bitter cold, freezing wind. He had just gotten home and to bed when Sage and Cawlkins arose. Lee’s wife was dilatory in preparing breakfast, saying that Mr. Lee had been attacked with chills during the night, and his condition necessitated a late breakfast. Mr. Cawlkins returned home, and Mr. Sage started on his journey to Quincy at 7 o’clock, sixteen , miles, or two hours, behind John Lee. The latter traveled that day and all the next night. Mr. Sage, after traveling all day, began to think that possibly John had gone ahead, but when he began to inquire along the way, no one had seen him. John had passed that road in the night. He inquired of a man who had seen such a man and horse, as described, pass along at a swinging pace, early in the morning. The young man advised Mr, Sage to tele- graph to Quincy. He therefore pressed the young man, with his team, into service, to convey him to the nearest telegraph office on the Mississippi, at a cost of $7. There was no box on the wagon, and they fairly bounced over the frozen hubs. They telegraphed, at an addi- tional cost of $7, appointing a lawyer in Quincy as agent, and sent a little boy to the Land Office, with the message, to enter the land. The boy entered the office at the same time that Lee did, and handed in the letter at once. Lee waited until he commenced to read the mess- age, when he presented his claim. The agent had read enough to know the subject, and then decided the land would have to be sold toHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 437 the highest bidder. The lawyer was sent for; they bid until the addi- tional amount was $2, when it was struck off to Lee, January 23, 1850. The answer sent to Mr. Sage was, “Gone.” Thus the horse beat the telegraph, and that was the origin of his name “Telegraph.” The result was eventually accepted with good grace by all parties interested. EARLY MILLING. While the pioneer farmers of the broad, fertile prairies of Illinois, by liberal application of enterprise and muscle, had little difficulty in producing an abundauce of the cereals, they did sometimes experi- ence considerable inconvenience in getting their grains converted in- to breadstuffs. A severe drouth prevailed in Knox and the adjoining counties in the latter part of the summer and autumn of 1842. Every water-mill in this region of country was forced to shut down because of the low stage of the streams; and the people many of them resorted to the old-time liand-grater to convert their corn into meal for bread, for to get wheat ground was out of the question. There was a small steam mill at Knoxville, but it, too, was obliged to suspend operations for want of water to make steam. It had a capacity of one run of stone for wheat and one for corn. Mr. Marcus Belden, then living on a farm eight miles from Knoxville, growing tired of home-made meal, became a little desperate and determined to have some flour. He accordingly loaded a few sacks of wheat into his wagon and drove to Knoxville. He found the mill full of sacks of grain, and the miller fast asleep on them. Mr. B. awoke him and told hiip he wanted his grist ground. The miller proved to be in a rather unamiable mood and replied, “There is no water in the well; I can’t do a thing; so you can take your grist and go home.” Mr. B. replied that he must have some flour, and he did not propose to give it up until he had tried the experiment of supplying the engine with water from a small running steam about eighty rods distant. His suggestion struck the miller forcibly, and he replied, “All right: you furnish the water and I will grind your grist.” Mr. B. looked about and gathered some barrels and casks, loaded them into his wagon and drove down to the brook, across which he constructed a rude dam. As the water collected he dipped it into his casks. When they were filled he drove to the well and dipped the water out of the casks into it. This was repeated several times, and before night the mill was started and Mr. B.’s grain was ground out. His improvised water supply worked so well that he proposed to the miller that for 200 pounds of flour per day he would haul water enough to keep the mill running. The miller acceded to his proposition, and the mill was kept going438 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. in this manner for more than two months before the fall rains fur- nished the supply in the nsual way. People came from 15 or 20 miles away to the mill; and there would he' from twenty to forty teams wait- ing for their grist to be ground, nothwithstanding, the mill was kept running day and night much of the time. While furnishing the water supply Mr. B. boarded with the miller at $1.00 per week, which, by the way, was rather cheaper than boarding now-a-days. A. B. Codding and Calvin Lee in 1844 went to Bound’s mill on Yellow Creek. The streams were very high and had to be forded or swam. Codding was unable to swim, but Lee being a good swimmer would swim across with a rope and tow Codding over. Coming to Yellow Creek, Lee swam over and aided his companion with a rope. They left their team on this side, and went over for something to eat. Lee swam back and came home with the team. He succeeded in binding some flour to his person as he returned. Codding purchased a cow there and came around the head of the stream by way of La Fayette. • CANADA THISTLES. This pest of all pests was imported from Europe, and is called the “Canada,” formerly the “Cursed Thistle.” Its root is perennial, and it lives and spreads the plant independently of seeds. Hundreds of thousands of acres curse the Eastern States, rendering them well nigh useless for raising small grain. Through grass-sued and grain, also in the .packing of goods and fruit trees, they have been intro- duced into this State. The first known in Knox county were intro- duced at a very early day by some emigrants from the East who were camping for the winter near or on section 36, Bio township. Here the thistle sprang up, and for awhile seemed destined to take the country, but by the combined efforts of the alarmed neighbors using salt and other means, they were destroyed in time to avoid a general spreading. Through private and public discussions, and legislative action, at- tempts have been made to eradicate those already present and to pre- vent the introduction of any more. Great good has been done by these agitations, and many patches of the thistles have been entirely destroyed, yet very much more still remains to be done. From among the different methods suggested for killing out this pest, after it is once thoroughly rooted, we give the cheapest and most effectual, in the words of the owner and destroyer of the largestHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 439 patch ever reported in Knox county. The said report is found among official papers at the Capitol of our State. HOW TO KILL CANADA THISTLES. In the spring of 1873 I had a full £ acre of this pest of all pests to the farmer. They spread from an adjoining lot upon mine. We knew the only way to kill them was, not to let them grow at all. Any way to do this will surely destroy them. My way is my theme now. I broke the land in April, 1873, about four inches deep, having first grubbed out every tree and shrub I did not care to save, and digging a ditch feet deep a few feet outside of the plants. The last of May I began harrowing the ground and working it with a double-shovel plow. Did this twice thoroughly. As my neighbor would not try to kill his, I gave up trying to kill mine, thinking they would keep running on me as before. So, on the the 3d and 4th of June I planted my patch to corn. The thistles appeared with the corn, growing luxuriantly, forming a perfect mat on a good part of the ground. Then I determined to let nothing grow but the corn. This I did by plowing the ground six times and constantly cutting the thistles and the weeds with the hoe as fast as they appeared. To the more stubborn thistles I applied a few drops of sulphuric acid to each plant. No plant treated with this acid ever came up again. Result.—After the 25th of July that year only five or six thistles put in an appearance that season; and only one puny plant has been seen since except where my neighbor’s have run across the line. The acid and the hoe have held them in abeyance, but they must be constantly watched and the acid applied to the new recruits. Thus they have been killed, and can be again. Yet it can only be done by the most persistent and prompt action, not allowing a single plant to grow. E. Child. Oneida, Nov. 10, 1874. BEE-RAISING. This is a business that is becoming quite popular. There are a number of persons who have over one hundred stands of bees in this county, and the traffic in honey amounts to thousands of dollars an- nually. To meet a scientific bee-keeper is to meet an enthusiast. Bee-keeping affords a most wholesome recreation and handsome profits,440 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. and leads to habits of close observation, thought and study. It is taught as a science by the professor of entomology in the Michigan State Agricultural College. Bee-keeping made Adam Grimm a wealthy man. Capt. Hetlierington received over $10,000 for a single year’s crop of honey. Mr. Harbison is reported to have shipped 11 car-loads of comb honey as the products of a single year. The results that might be obtained from bee-raising would be wonderful, if under a rational system of management, and with the aid of science, art and skill. As an example Samuel Chapman, Jr., of Ontario township, went to California last winter, bought 150 colonies of bees and shipped over 50,000 pounds, or two and one-half carloads of honey, as the product of the first season, and increasing his colonies to about 400, or rather the colonies brought the number up to 400. This he shipped to New York in five-gallon cans, where he expects to sell it for the English market. POPCORN AND MUSTARD. Nathan O. Ferris, ascertaining that no popcorn was raised in Eng- land, or had ever been introduced there, conceived the idea of raising a large crop and shipping it to that country. Accordingly, in 1846, he planted 50 or 60 acres on his farm, 2-J- miles west of Galesburg, which produced from 1,500 to 1,800 bushels. A hundred barrels of it he shipped to New York, and 20 barrels to Europe. Finding it difficult to introduce it in the American Metropolis, he never attempted shipping any more of the crop there, but went to England with the 20 barrels, and landing in London, with his cargo, he hired rooms and proceeded to pop a portion of the corn. He was introduced to some of thenobility and became acquainted with Prince Albert, chatting with him about the method of producing the corn, and upon leaving his Royal Highness, Mr. Ferris presented him with a barrel of it, for which the Prince heartily thanked him, in a letter received after his return home. The Prince also asked him in the letter, how corn could be cultivated in England, to which Mr. Ferris replied that he knew no other way than to ship a cargo of “ Illinois prairie soil ” across the Atlantic, in which to plant it. "While Mr. Ferris was in England, he boasted, truthfully, that every article of wearing apparel he had on, except the cotton and the linen in his shirt, were produced on his Illinois farm. He was also the first man who shipped any produce out of Galesburg township, his first cargo going to St. Louis. Mr. Ferris was engaged in seed-growing, to a considerable extent, and as he was a man of originality and enterprise, he concluded to tryHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 441 a speculation by raising mustard seed. Accordingly, he sowed and raised 220 acres of it, in 1844. The crop was a prolific one, yielding 2,250 bushels, and this was all cut with grain cradles, which were manufactured by George W. Brown’s own hands, who has since gained a wide reputation under the cognomen of the “ Corn-Planter man,” a sketch of whose invention and manufactory will be found elsewhere in this volume. The mustard crop was gathered and threshed from the gavels, in large wagons, the boxes of which were constructed for the purpose, and then deposited in a small granary, upon wheels, 14 by 16 feet, which was covered with canvass. Here the seed was cleaned by his son, Mr. Sylvanus Ferris; then it was conveyed to a barn and spread until it was dry, when it was put into casks and hauled on wagons to Peoria, from whence it was shipped down the river, via New Orleans, to New York, and consigned to parties who failed to dispose of it satisfactorily to Mr. Ferris; and the enterprise not proving financially remunerative, he abandoned the production. Mr. Ferris had raised 225 bushels of mustard and 125 bushels of canary seed, the year previous: hence his extensive experiment just noted. During the great gold excitement in California, Mr. Ferris went to that State, and meeting with an accident there, lost his life. The family have this year erected a monument to his memory, in the cemetery at Galesburg, at a cost of $1,000. Perhaps one of the largest, if not the very largest watermelon that was ever raised in this county, was by I. M. Wetmore, in 1841, on section 36, Rio township. It was large enough to fill a flour barrel. It was packed in oats and sent to Wm, D. Walcott, New York Mills, N. Y. PRIZES FOR HOGS. James Knox, in January, 1851, published proposals to his customers that he would pay premiums on the pork of the ensuing year, thus giving every farmer time in which to raise a fine drove. The pre- miums offered were as follows: For the best lot of not less than'50 hogs, $20. For the best lot of not less than 30 nor over 50, $15. For the be6t lot of not less than 20 nor over 30, $10. For the best lot of not less than 15 nor over 20, $8. For the best lot of not less than 10 nor over 15, $6. For the best lot of not less than 5 nor over 10, $5. The vear rolled by, and as the packing season ^lo;ed, Mr. Knox 25“442 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. announced the result and distributed the premiums. The first pre- mium fell to James A. Bundy, on a lot of 103 hogs, averaging 319f lbs; the second to F. Wilson, on a lot of 36, averaging 292 lbs; the third to S. C. Simpson, on a lot of 20, averaging 315 lbs ; the fourth to Christopher Wright, on a lot of 19, averaging 284 lbs; the fifth to Lewis Coe, on a lot of 11, averaging 350 lbs; and the sixth and last to James Runklej on a lot of 5, averaging 346 lbs. Mr. Knox, in referring to this offer of premiums, says: “Although my offer of last year was not seconded, as I hoped, by others and large pork-buyers,I am assured it has not been without its influence; and I am induced to offer the same premiums upon like lots of hogs to those of my customers of whom I may purchase in the ensuing year.” In giving a general retrospective statement of the year 1851, Mr. Knox says : “ It is more than probable that for years to come ‘the oldest inhabitant’ will speak of the year 1851 as the worst year ever known by the farmers of Illinois. It is but too true that the indi- vidual, as well as general prosperity of the country is greatly retarded by the short crop of last year; and yet if any one will look back upon the last five years, and will look around him and see the improved condition of himself, his neighbor and the country in general, he must admit that he has good cause to be satisfied with his locality.” In referring to the railroads, to secure which a great effort had been and was being made, he says: “A united and vigorous effort by all interested insures the early construction of the railroads now in progress. Let these roads be completed, and the products of the farmer will command increased and ready prices at home, and he will" find more time to devote to the care of his farm. With increased products, at advanced prices, our farmer must become the most inde- pendent of this very independent portion of the community.” MATRIMONIAL. The subject of matrimony has always been an interesting one to the human race from the days of Adam to the present time, and doubtless will be until the angel shall stand with one foot upon the sea and the other upon the land and cry, “Time was, but time shall be no more.” As showing how the subject has been dealt with here, we append the following statistics in relation to the number of mar- riage licenses issued each year since the organization of tt^ county, which gives a grand total of 10,965. The greatest number issued in any one year was in 1866, the year after the close of the war. The boys in blue came home to fulfill vows long previously made.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 443 YEAR. NO. ISSUED. 1830 .................... 3 1831 ... 7 1832 ................... 7 1833 . 9 1834 . 14 1835 ................... 15 1836 ................... 31 1837 ...................... 40 1838 ................... 53 1839 ................... 61 1840 ................... 65 1841 .......................82 1842 ................... 74 1843 ................... 71 1844 ......................112 1845 ................... 88 1846 .................... 94 YEAR. NO. ISSUED. 1847 .....................118 1848 .....................126 1849 .....................132 1850 ................... 147 1851 ....................181 1852 ....................145 1853 ....................161 1854 ....................230 1855 ....................232 1856 ....................339 1857 ....................344 1858 ....................363 1859 ...................289 1860 ....................287 1861 .................. 302 1*62.....................268 1863.....................293 YEAR. NO. ISSUED. 1864 351 1865 440 1866 529 1867 479 1868 463 1869 500 1870 460 1871 411 1872. 1873. 1874 378 1875 446 1876 412 1877 409 1878, May 28. 119 Many laughable and interesting incidents have occurred in matri- monial affairs here, although at the time to the parties most deeply in- terested they were quite serious. Below we give a few such inci- dents. Got Another Feller. “High hopes that burn like stars sublime” are supposed to possess the heart of every lover when the auspicious moment arrives for him to deposit a dollar and a half in the County Clerk’s hand in payment for his marriage license. He feels that he has a “dead sure thing” on the loveliest of her sex, and fliat in a few more da}7s earth will not be large enough to contain the happiness that he will enjoy with his fair partner. But there’s many a slip, as people occasionally learn to their sorrow. A young man, who fondly imagined he had met his fate, took out a marriage license on Christmas day, 1870 How and why his hopes were scattered, grief preyed upon his heart, and his life be- came a burthen are set forth in the following wail,—the untutored eloquence of sorrow: January 3, 1870. Mr. John S. Winter. Sir, I will send you the licence that you gave me to get married with and stat that I was not married for this reason because the girl whos name is on the paper went back on me because she could get another feller his name------send them so that you can give Jiim license for her but bee sure and get your fee for so doin. No more at present but believe me Yours most hart-broken An Interesting Mawiage. One of the most romantic episodes with which any of the citizens±4:4: HTSTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. of this county ever were connected, was the wedding ot Cager Creel and Miss Parmelia Swartz. Creel lived in McDonough county, and although an honest, well-to-do, pleasant young man, the parents of Parmelia were bitterly opposed to their marriage, and threw every ob- stacle in the way to prevent it occurring. But who ever knew parents, however stern, to prevent loving hearts from coming in union? There must be a mutual friend to facilitate the working of the plans of these devoted hearts. Accordingly, at their earnest solicitation, Judge Dennis Clark, then a young unmarried man, acted in this capacity. He met Mr. Creel at Walnut Grove, McDonough county, and with him went to Macomb, where he selected a wedding dress for Parmelia, which Mr. Creel purchased and had made. The time was then fixed when Mr. Creel would come to claim his bride. Mr. Clark was to take Miss Swartz to a camp-meeting held at Berwick, Warren county, where Creel could get her. The day arrived—but the old folks frustrated their plans by going themselves to camp-meeting, taking their daughter with them and maintaining a strict watch over her during the day. Clark went in company with another lady on horseback. He supposed Mr. Swartz intended remaining all night, but in the evening he started for home, Clark following a short distance in the rear. He stopped at a Mr. Keller’s, the nearest neighbor of Mr. Swartz. He then sent Mr. Keller’s step-daughter, Haney Ann Johnson, over to have Par- melia come and stay all night with her. Parmelia hesitated, in order to throw aside any suspicion her parents might have had. Finally Miss Johnson took her bonnet and running out said, “I’ll take this anyway.” This was an excuse for Parmelia, who hastily followed. Clark had no gentle horse that would carry two riders, so he went after dark to Joseph Latimer’s barn and, without permission, took a horse. He was afraid to mention the matter to Mr. Latimer, for he might question him too closely besides; he would run no risks for fear of a refusal. Getting the horse, he rode to the fence, when the fair Parmelia jumped on behind and they went to John C. Latimer’s, where he left her and went to the road to hail Creel. Major Coy had left the camp-meeting grounds to meet Creel and inform him of the state of affairs. Creel came with a hack, and his fair Parmelia, with Coy and Clark, went to the camp grounds with him. Here Clark wished to stop and let the loving couple proceed to Burlington alone, but Parmelia would not listen to his leaving them. So on Latimer’s horse he rode with them, traveling all night. On the following day, on the deck of a steamboat, on the waters of the Mississippi, theyCOUNTY CLERKHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY.' 447 were married. Greel died in 1846. Parmelia again married, but was not compelled to run away the second time. She resides, at the pres- ent time, in Iowa. Married Without License. Rev. G. W. Gale, in the infancy of the Galesburg settlement, was called to unite two of the colonists of mature years in the bonds of matrimony. When about to proceed with the ceremony Mr. Gale in- quired of the groom if he was provided with a marriage license. Receiving an affirmative reply, the marrying went on and was con- summated to the mutual satisfaction of the newly wedded parties. A few days thereafter Mr. Gale interviewed the new husband for the purpose of obtaining the license, to append thereto his certificate of marriage, preparatory to filing the same in the office of- the County Clerk, as the law requires. Then he was much surprised to learn that no license had been procured. The groom being a comparatively recent comer from the State of New York, where marriage licenses were un- known, was unacquainted with the fact that in Illinois such a requisite, in the legal construction of matrimony, is indispensable. His affirma- tive reply to the previous inquiry respecting his possession of the re- quired document, it now appeared, was mistakingly given to be then understood whether he had secured the consent, to the union then about to be formed, of the lady who was to become his bride. -To avoid the unpleasantness of a marriage of questionable legality, and save the officiating clergyman from the liability to the payment of a fine of $100 for solemnizing an unlicensed marriage, the newly wedded parties again stood up, and the matrimonial ceremony was repeated. Married in a Wagon. One of the early settlers of Henderson township concluded to try married life. He was not long in finding a lady of the same state of mind. All arrangements were made, and the day set for the union. When the day arrived, the Henderson pioneer yoked up his faithful oxen to his large ox-wagon and drove to the cabin of the bride’s parents, where without delay she got into the wagon, and they both proceeded to Henderson. On arriving in that village, they met the justice of the peace in the road, and thus accosted that official: “Well, ’Squire, are you the man what marries a couple for a dollar? ” “ Yes,” was the reply,“just alight.” “ Well, no; we’ll stand right up in this ’ere wagon. So go ahead.” The ceremony was then performed, the dollar paid, and the happy twain made one turned J their slow but faithful oxen and drove home, where years of happiness awaited them,448 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. even, perhaps, to as great a degree as though they were united amid the glitter of gilded parlors, and with the pomp and show of wealth and luxury. This gentleman still resides in Knox county, and is a subscriber to this book. k CATAMOUNT. On the 15th day of April, 1877, three small boys, James Meade, aged 16, William Meade and Lawrence Highland, each 14 years old^ accompanied by a large Newfoundland dog and a terrier, were stroll- ing about a half-mile east of Oneida on the railroad, when they came upon a male catamount 17 inches in height. The dogs at once at- tacked the cat, which seized the little dog by the head. James ran up and put his foot on the animal’s neck, thinking to release the dog. In the mean time the large dog, catching the cat by the body, brought his jaws together with such tremendous force that he sent one of his canines to its heart. This was the only perforation made in the ani- mal’s skin. Dr. D. D. Martin, of Oneida, taxidermist, has this cata- mount’s skin preserved in his office. The female and her young ones were seen afterwards in the neighborhood, but not being captured left for other parts. WOLVES. This country, in the early times, was filled with wolves. One even- ' ing, at the place of Leonard Chappell, two of the women went out to milk, and saw in the barn-yard what they supposed to be several dogs, but upon closer inspection the supposed dogs proved to be six large wolves. S. W. Allen and A. C. Lliggins killed a wolf on the site of Gales- burg in 1838. Mr. Higgins took a singletree, hit it over the back and so crippled it that Mr. Allen soon followed up and 'dispatched the animal. Mr. Higgins carried it to Knoxville, and received $2 for the scalp. HIS FIRST TRIP. Mr. A. C. Higgins, on his trip from New York to this county, left the boat at Oquawka, after fourteen days’ travel on water. He walked from there to Log City, coming across the big prairies this side of that town. Being very tired he lay down about the middle of the afternoon, on the ground, amid all the vast wildness, in the hot June sun, and slept until about 5 r. m., when he awoke to see a large “prairie schooner” (as certain of the wagons in that early day were called) coming, with one man seated in it. Being glad to see a humanHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 449 being, Mr. Higgins asked if he might ride, and was told by the driver that he would “ haul him to yon timber for two bits.” AN OLD HATTER. William Dunbar, who was one of the pioneers in Lynn township, was a hatter by trade. He plied himself at that business after set- tling there; and although his means were meager and his shop rude, he made good head gear, and in several styles. Indeed, they were of such lasting material, and so substantially constructed, that he fre- quently renovated and remodeled them two or three times, making them into as many different patterns. He manufactured the beaver hat with the beaver nap, the otter hat with the fur of the otter, and wool hats from lamb’s wool, besides a cheap grade of fur one from rabbit skins. Hot possessing a very commodious or attractive sales- room for his wares, and customers not being very numerous, Mr. D. used to sew a lot of them to the back of his coat, mount a horse, and go about the country peddling them. Mr. Dunbar was also in the habit of making shoes to supply his family. They were not always constructed after most modern box-toe pattern. Sometimes, for the want of sole-leather, he would shave out and shape soles from a piece of basswood, and tack the uppers on to them. They were more noted for utility than beauty, for they frequently wore very well. AEROLITE. A meteoric stone of considerable size fell in the suburbs of Knox- ville, in the day time, during the year 1868. Although the day was bright, yet it so far exceeded the light of day in brightness that it attracted great attention. When it reached the ground it plowed along in the soil for some feet; and when dug up at the time, it was so hot that it could not be handled. It lay there for several yrears, and was used as a weight on a harrow during the seasons when the earth was being prepared for seed. It is thought to be there at present, although a slight search made this year failed to discover it.450 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. TABLE OF DISTANCES. The following table gives the distances by rail and wagon-road, from Galesburg to the various towns in the county: Abingdon RAIL- ROAD, 9k WAGON ROAD. 11 Oneida RAIL- ROAD. 12 WAGON ROAD. 14 St. Augustine 153€ i m Alton a 16 18 Knoxville 5 5 Union Town 22k Gilson 10^ 11 Hermon 18 Maquon 15H 16 Henderson 6 Summit 19& 2iy Rio 13k Yates City 23^ 25k Victoria :9k Center Point ...... 3^ 4 Eugene 20 Wataga "ik 9 Elba Center 21 COUNTY FUNDS. Commencing with county order No. 1, which was paid to Jacob Gum, March 7, 1830, the number ran up to 9,933 by April 4, 1866. On that date a new regime was inaugurated, and the number of county orders began again with No. 1. By April, 1876, just ten years, the number had grown to be 10,000. Again No. 1 was taken up, and since, to October, 1878, 2,460 orders have been paid by the County Treasurer, thus making a grand total of all county orders paid since the organi- zation, of 22,393, representing millions of dollars. The amount of money annually handled by the County Treasurer is vast. The past year, $182,422.40 has passed through his hands. Knox county is entirely out of debt, and on the 31st day of August, 1878, had $18,553.17 in its treasury. FIRST THINGS. This article is devoted to first occurrences of every description, and is compiled only after careful investigation and comparison of dates. First settlers-Daniel and Alexander Robertson and Richard Mathews, settled in Henderson township, in the latter part of Feb- ruary, 1828. First sermon was preached by Elder Jacob Gum, a Regular Baptist preacher, at the house of John B. Gum, in 1828. First Birth.—The first child born was J. B. Gum, son of Zephaniah and Jane Gum, in 1829. First Death,—The first death occurred January 9, 1829. A young man named Philip Nance, aged 17, who was buried on section 16, Henderson township. His grave is alone. A few years ago a neat stone slab was placed above it. First election was held at John B. Gum’s house, July 3, 1830. First County Commissioners were Riggs Pennington, Dr. Charles Hansford and Philip Hash.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 451 First meeting of the Commissioners’ Court was on July 7, at the residence of John B. Gum. First court house was the residence of John B. Gum. First hotel was kept by Samuel S. White. First saloon was kept by Samuel S. White, to whom also was the first tavern or any kind of license granted. First meeting of the Circuit Court was held October 1, 1830. The first case before the Circuit Court was a bill for a divorce. First county order was paid March 7, 1831, to Jacob Gum, for 75c. The first County Clerk was John G. Sanburn, also first Circuit Clerk. First Treasurer was John B. Gum. First Sheriff was Stephen Osborn. First School Commissioner was William McMurtry. First Probate Judge was John G. Sanburn. First marriage occurred in July, 1829. This was a double wed- ding. L. S. Hash and Miss Elizabeth Razor, and Alexander Osborn to Miss Annie Hendricks, were married by Philip Hash. The licenses were obtained at Lewistown, Fulton county. First marriage license was issued to Daniel Robertson, in 1830. First town was laid out in 1830. It was then called Henderson, but the following year was changed to Knoxville. The first church and school-house erected was at Cherry Grove, in 1832. The first court-house was erected in 1831. The first jail was erected in 1832. First Circuit Judge was Richard M. Young. First State’s Attorney was Thomas Ford. First murder was committed in the winter of 1837. Dr. Dalton wras shot by Silas Rude, at Knoxville. First*hanging occurred in March, 1873, at Knoxville. John M- Osborn was hung for killing Mrs. Mathews. First county fair was held in 1839, at Knoxville. This association, however, failed in a year or two, and in 1853 the Knox County Society held its first fair. The first paper, the Intelligencer, was issued at Galesburg, in the early part of 1849. First physician in the county was Dr. Charles Hansford. First drug store was kept by Dr. Duncan, at Knoxville. First steel plow made in this or any other county, was by H. H* May, of Galesburg, in May, 1842. First county anti-slavery society formed in 1838. First Republican elected to office was in 1854.452 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY CHAPTER XVIII. THE BAR AND OFFICIALS OF THE COUNTY. THE BAR. Since 1877 Knox county has been in the Tenth Judicial Circuit, which is composed of Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Warren, Hender- son and Knox counties. Originally it was in the Fifth Judicial Cir- cuit, which included all that part of the State known as the “Military Tract,” and extended across the northern part of the State, including the counties of Cook and Jo Davies. Then it was changed to the Tenth and in 1873 to the Eighth. Below are brief personal sketches of the Judges and State’s Attorneys serving this Circuit and county since its organization: Richard M. Young.—The first judge of this circuit was the Hon. Richard M. Young, who was appointed in the year 1828, and made his residence at Galena; afterwards in 1833 he resided in Quincy and remained in office until January, 1837, when he resigned, having been by the Legislature elected United States Senator for six years. Judge Young was a native of Kentucky, and was one of the first settlers of Northern Illinois. He ranked high in his profession, and his coun- sels did much to shape the policy of the State. In his manners he was gentle, courteous and entertaining, which qualities rendered him attractive and popular. He was generous in his feelings and liberal in his views, and hence stood high in the esteem of all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance. He possessed a liberal endowment of intellectual ability and literary and legal acquirements, and these with his other qualifications admirably fitted him for the post he was called to fill. Upon all with whom he came in contact he left a last- ing and favorable impression. His course in the United States Senate brought him to general notice, and after the expiration of his term he was appointed Commissioner of the General Land Office, by Presi- dent Polk. lie also discharged the duties of other offices, at the city of Washington, with honor to himself and advantage to the country. James H. Ralston.—The Hon. James H. Ralston, a native of Kentucky, was elected’by the Legislature in 1S37 to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Judge Young, and in August of theHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 453 same year he resigned on account of his health, with a view of going to and living in Texas, whither he went, but soon returned to Quincy? his former residence, and resumed the practice of his profession. In 1840 he was elected State Senator. In 1846 President Polk appointed him Assistant Quartermaster of the United States army, and he was ordered to report for duty to the Commandant of the Illinois Volun- teers, then en route for Mexico. Having discharged the duties of his station faithfully during the war with Mexico, he returned home and soon after emigrated to California. Peter Lott.—The Hon. Peter Lott, a native of New York, was elected the successor of Judge Ralston, and continued in the office until January, 1841. He was subsequently appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court of Adams county, in which capacity he served until 1848, when he was elected to the same office under the provisions of the new constitution, and served until 1852; he then went to Califor- nia and was appointed Superintendent of the United States Mint in San Francisco, by President Pierce, and was removed in 1856 by President Buchanan, and afterwards moved to Kansas and lived in humble life. Stephen A. Douglas.—Hon. Stephen A. Douglas was elected Judge by the Legislature in 1841, and continued in office till August, 1843, when he resigned, having been elected to Congress from the Fifth Congressional District. The life and career of this great man is so well and widely known as to render any extended notice of him useless. It is sufficient to say that the circumstances under which he entered upon the duties of the office were sufficient to try thoroughly the force and scope of his abilities. The - circuit was large, and the previous incumbent of the office had left the docket loaded with un- finished cases; but he was more than equal to the task. He “cleaned out the docket” with that dispatch and ability which distinguished his subsequent course; and so profound was the impression which he made upon the people that, in the first Congressional election which occurred after he was established in his character as a judge, he re- ceived the nomination for member of the lower house of Congress, and was elected. Through the distinguished abilities which he dis- played as a statesman, he received the appellation of the “Little Giant,” and became the recognized leader of a great political party. In 1860 he received the nomination for the Presidency, but was beaten by Abraham Lincoln, his competitor for the United States Sen- ate two years previous. On the inauguration of President Lincoln, and the subsequent withdrawal of the Southern States from the Union, and thd war fol-454 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. lowing, Mr. Douglas took strong Union ground and declared hence- forth there could he but two parties in the country, patriots and trait- ors. In a few days thereafter he was taken sick, and died on the third of June, 1861, sincerely mourned by the whole nation. But two men have ever been more sincerely mourned than Stephen A. Douglas,— George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Jesse B. Thomas.—Hon. Jesse B. Thomas succeeded to the office. He was appointed in August, 1843, and continued in it until 1845, when he resigned. Judge Thomas possessed high legal abilities and acquirements, and discharged the duties of the office with honor to himself and to the satisfaction of the people. After his resignation he was appointed to another circuit and soon after died. Norman H. Purjple.—Hon. Norman II. Purple was the next in- cumbent of the office. He was elected in 1845, and served till May, 1849, when he resigned. The probable cause of this was the insuffi- ciency of salary. The people of this district were anxious to retain him as judge, and probably would but for the cause stated. He was distinguished for high legal abilities and executive talents, and the office was rendered the more honorable by his having occupied it. Wm. A. Minshall.—This man was the next judge. He was elected in May, 1849, and continued in the office until Ins death, which was in October, 1851. Judge M. was a native of Tennessee, and came early into the State. He was an active and successful lawjrer and at- tained distinction in his profession. Previous to his election as judge, he had been a member of the Constitutional Convention, and also a member of the State Legislature. Wm. Kellogg.—From 1849 to 1852 Hon. Wm. Kellogg of Canton, Fulton county, held the office of Circuit Judge. He was a relative of Wm. Pitt Kellogg, of Peoria, now ex-Governor of Louisiana. Judge Kellogg was an eminent lawyer for many years previous to his elec- tion. The Knoxville Journal of April 17, 1850, in reviewing the proceed- ings of the court which had just closed, refers to Judge Kellogg as fol- lows: “Throughout the court Judge Kellogg presided with dignity and dispensed justice with impartiality, giving general satisfaction. Those who have heretofore contended that judges should be chosen directly by the people have lost nothing in the argument by the election of Judge Kellogg. Courteous but firm, mild but decided, willing to hear the authorities of law and the arguments of reason, but unwavering in an opinion once formed, he is possessed of the elements, intellectual and moral, which cannot but render him an efficient and respected judge.”HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 455 H. M. Weed.—This judge occupied the bench from 1852 to 1855, serving with entire satisfaction to the people. He died several years ago. John S. Thompson.—Hon. John S. Thompson, of Aledo, was judge from 1855 to I860, and again from 1864 to 1866. He is now in Cali- fornia, where he has accumulated a fortune. Aaron Tyler.—This gentleman served in 1860-1 (since deceased). Charles B. Lawrence, of Galesburg, 1861-4. Mr. Lawrence has since served on the Supreme bench of the State, and is now in Chicago. He has always been very highly esteemed by the citizens of Galesburg, as a lawyer, a judge, and as a gentleman. Joseph Sibley.—Hon. Joseph Sibley, of Quincy, presided in 1866-7. Arthur A. Smith.—In the fall of 1867 the present incumbent, Hon. Arthur A. Smith, of Galesburg, was elected, who has been kept in office ever since. In 1877 the Eighth Circuit, comprising Knox, "Warren and Hen- derson counties, was consolidated with the circuit north, consisting of Mercer, Henry and Rock Island counties, and the whole is now de- nominated the “Tenth Judicial District,” for which three judges are elected, viz: Arthur A. Smith, of Galesburg, John J. Glenn, of Mon- mouth, and George W. Pleasants, of Rock Island. These judges divide their work among themselves. State’s Attorneys.—The gentlemen who have filled the office of State’s (or prosecuting) Attorney for the district of which Knox county forms a part, deserve more than a passing notice. Like the judges, they form a galaxy in which the citizens of the county may justly take pride. If it were possible, we would be pleased to give a more extended notice of the life work of each, but our space forbids. Thomas Ford.— The first incumbent of the office was the Hon. Thomas Ford. This gentleman served from the organization of the county until January, 1835. Possessed of high and noble qualities of manhood, a thorough student, a keen, energetic, untiring lawyer of strict integrity and high and laudable aspirations, he was universally esteemed and respected. Afterwards became judge of the northern district; and when he became known over the State he was chosen Governor by a spontaneous movement of the people. He held this office during the Mormon war. William A. Richardson.—The successor of Mr. Ford was the Hon. William A. Richardson, who served till 1837. Mr. Richard- son’s personal merits and characteristics are too well known to the people to require any delineation. His predominating traits were courage, unyielding perseverance, and unvarying adherence to the456 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY'. course to which lie was committed. He had command of a regiment of Illinois volunteers in the Mexican war, and in the battle of Buena Yista his cap was carried from his head by a musket ball. At the close of the war he returned home, where his services were recognized and rewarded by a generous people by an election to Congress, lie was re-elected live times. His last election was in 1860. He was also appointed Governor of Nebraska, by President Buchanan. This post he resigned after a year’s service. Henry L. Bryant.—Hon. Henry L. Bryant succeeded Mr. Rich- ardson, his time commencing in 1837 and continuing until 1839. He is characterized as a gentleman of fine qualities and an able lawyer. William Elliot.—This man was the next occupant ol the office. He served from January, 1839, till January, 1848. He was esteemed as a worthy man, a warm friend, and a good lawyer. He served in the Black Hawk war, and was wounded in a hand-to-hand conflict with a single Indian, whom he killed. He was Quartermaster in the Fourth Regiment of Volunteers during the Mexican war, and served through. He returned to Lewistown after the war, and soon died. Robert S. Blackwell.—This gentleman was the successor of Mr. Elliot, and served from 1848 till 1852. Mr. Blackwell was one of the most distinguished lawyers in the State, and is the author of ‘‘Black- well on Tax Titles.” Harmon G. Reynolds.—From 1850 to 1854 Hon. Harmon G. Rey- nolds, of Knoxville, held the office. Mr. Reynolds was an attorney at law, and an active man in all beneficent enterprises. He came from Rock Island to Knoxville some time between 1851 and 1855, where he practiced law, was State’s Attorney and Postmaster, and held prominent positions in the Masonic order. He moved from Knoxville to Spring- field, where he served as,grand secretary of the order. He now re- sides in Kansas. William 0. Gondy.—Hon. William C. Goudy, of Lewistown, Ful- ton county, succeeded Mr. Reynolds for about one year in Knox county, although he served in other counties for a much longer time, the judicial circuits being divided occasionally. Mr. Goudjr was a shrewd Democratic politician in earlier days, as well as a faithful ser- vant of the people as a delegate to conventions, as a member of the State Senate, etc. Since 1859 he has resided in Chicago. James H. Stewart.—Hon. James H. Stewart, now of Monmouth, Illinois, was appointed pro tern, in the autumn of 1855; was elected a few weeks afterward, and re-elected, until he had served about ten years.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 459 James A. McKenzie.—Hon. James A. McKenzie, of Galesburg, was elected in 1865, and served as State’s Attorney until the fall of 1872, when the present incumbent, Hon. J. J. Tunnicliff, of Galesburg, succeeded him. (See bio- graphical sketch.) The successive re-elections of the three last named sufficiently attest the acceptability with which they served the cause of the people vs. all the criminals. We append sketches of the two following lawyers, who were emi- nently public men, and both of whom departed life young, and while residents of Knox county: Hon. Julius Manning, one of the most eminent lawyers of West- ern Illinois, was born in Canada, about ten miles from Chateau gay, New York. He passed the most of his younger days in the State of New York, but completed his school education at Middleburg College, in Vermont. He came to Knoxville in 1839, where he resided until 1853, when he removed to Peoria. During his life he was County Judge, a member of the Legislature, and was a member of the Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, where he was chairman of the judiciary committee. He was an invalid for several years before he died, and his death occurred July 4, 1862, in Knoxville, and his remains were interred in Knoxville Cemetery. In politics he was an anti-slavery Democrat, and as an eloquent pleader at the bar he was scarcely equaled in the West. As a citizen, he was highly esteemed by the entire com- munity. His widow now resides in Galesburg. His principal law partner during life was Judge R. L. Hannaman. Curtis K. Harvey, a prominent lawyer of Galesburg, and a very promising young man every way, was the only son of Hon. C. K. Harvey, born in Knoxville, educated at Knox College, graduated with honor, and commenced the study of law with Hon. A. M. Craig, his brother-in-law, with whom he formed a co-partnership immediately after he was admitted to the bar, in 1869. He afterwards was a part- ner of Judge Leander Douglass, of Galesburg. Mr. Harvey was a man of superior ability, fine education, a thorough knowledge of the prin- ciples of law, retentive and ready memory, and quick perception. He reasoned from principles with accuracy, was clear and logical in pre- senting his case to the jury, and his legal argument was also charac- terized by force and clearness. He died March 2, 1878, in the prime of life, his age being only 30 years; and now side by side father and son lie buried in the cemetery at Knoxville.460 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. The following carefully compiled list of county officials will be val- uable for reference. We give a short biographical sketch of each of the Commissioners and the first of other officials. PRESENT BAR OF KNOX COUNTY: Geo. C. Aldin. Wm. Andrews. B. F. ARNOLD * J. B. BOGGS.* A. M. Brown. S. H. BUTLER.* L. K. Byers. W. C. CALKINS* DENNIS CLARK.* M. M. Clark. W. H. CLARK* D. C. Chipman. F. F. Cooke. O. P. COOLEY.* M. D. COOKE.* Zelotes Cooley. WILLIAM DAVIS* Ckas. Diland. R. Dallard. LEANDER DOUGLASS.* W. H. Fuson. Homer Gaines. R. L. HANNAMAN* R. C. HUNT.* A. L. Humphrey. W. N. Keightlv. GEO. A. LAWRENCE.* G. C. Lanphere. E. H. LEACH* F. S. MURPHY.* A. C. Mason. J. A. McKENZIE* C. H. Nelson. John Nelson. O. F. PRICE.* S. H. Ritchey. P. H. SANFORD.* F. C. SMITH.* GEO. W. THOMPSON.* J. J. TUNNICLIFF.* E. W. WELCH.* E. P. WILLIAMS.* J. L. Willis. F. A. Willoughby. *See biographical sketch. COUNTY OFFICIALS. COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. Riggs Pennington, one of the pioneers of Central Illinois and a member of the first County Commissioners’ Court, was a sharp, shrewd, calculating man of medium size, dark complexion, a keen black eye and full, intellectual forehead, and a general make-up that gave him the air of a thorough-going, wide-awake business man that he was. Mr. Pennington was the first man to settle in McDonough coun- ty, 111., coming originally from North Carolina. He remained, how- ever, but a short time in McDonough county, when he removed to Knox county, arriving simultaneously with the Robertsons. Being a shrewd.financier, he accumulated a large property and was considered one of the wealthiest men in Central Illinois, at one time, and leaving here in 1837 for . Texas he took with him $13,000. Mr. Pennington returned to Knox county in the spring of 1840 on business, where he was received by his former co-workers here with a hearty welcome; returning again to Texas, he remained there until his death in 1869. Dr. Charles Hansford, one of the first three County Commissioners of Knox county, came here in 1829, and was the first practitioner who located in the county. He located first in Henderson Grove, from whence he removed to Knoxville, where he resided until his death, which occurred in 1854. Dr. Hansford was a man of fair education and marked native ability. Served one term in the Legis- lature, and was at one time one of the most popular men in the coun- ty. Though of small stature and slight physical form,, he possessed great powers of endurance. His practice was very large, employingHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 461 three teams and two drivers, the doctor riding day and night success- ively for many days at a time. Philip Hash was a member of the first Commissioners’ Court. He remained in the county but three years, when he went to Missouri, where he died. Alexander Frakes, a native of Kentucky, was one of the earliest settlers of Knox county, and one of the County Commissioners for a number of years. Mr. Frakes was a fair type of that moving, restless frontier men who find more pleasure in the subjugation of a country than the occupation of it after it has been settled. He came to Knox county in the fall of 1828, at the age of 36 years, and settled on the southwest quarter of section 9, Henderson township. While he had a strong attachment for his friends, his inordinate love of money was the ruling element of his nature. Mr. Frakes evidently had a strong aversion to being crowded, and wished to go to a country less popu- lous. He left here for Oregon in 1853, saying he wanted more elbow room, and wished to live far enough removed so as not to hear his neighbor’s pigs squeal. He died several years ago in his adopted State of Oregon. Thomas Maxwell, who very early served as a Commissioner, being elected in 1831, emigrated from Knox county in 1836, going to Texas, where the remainder of his life was passed. Humphrey Finch left the county at a very earljr day. Whatbe- came of him we are unable to learn. John G. Rountree, a valuable member of this Court, elected in 1833, was killed by the kick of a horse. James Ferguson came from Kentucky to this county in 1830, and settled in Henderson township; in 1832 moved into Orange town- ship, where his children are still living. He was Major of the Rangers from this county during the Black Hawk war. He died in 1841. Alfred Brown was first elected in 1833, and subsequently, under the County Court rule, Mr. Brown served as Associate Justice. He was a man of fine abilities, a Whig in politics and a farmer by occupation. He died in this county on the farm where he first located. Joseph Rowe, another member of the Commissioners’ Court of 1835, died in Cameron, Warren county, at the age of about 80. Jonathan Rice came to the county in the fall of 1831, died in April, 1855, on the place where he first settled. He served as Com- missioner from 1834 to 1839. John H. Wentworth removed from this county about 1842 and has since died. He was elected Commissioner in 1839. Asa Haynes, still living in Orange township. 26462 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Eldert Rankle, farmer, lived two miles east of Knoxville many years.' John Jackson was an old man when he served as Commissioner. He died at Knoxville many years ago. Samuel B. Anderson died on his farm south of Knoxville. Amos Ward was one of the leading men of the county in his day, and served with distinction as a member of this Court from 1842 till it was abolished in 1849. Although temporarily absent, Mr. Ward is still a resident of this county. Daniel Meek, one of the best known and most popular citizens of the county, a Kentuckian, and for many years one of the most ex- tensive farmers of the county. He was for many years Supervisor of Indian Point township. Martin B. Mason, a member of the Commissioners’ Court, resides near Yates City. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1806; came to this county in 1837, and before this Court was abolished m 1849, had served with distinction as a member. Since the township organiza- tion law was adopted, he has served several years as a member of the Board of Supervisors. Manyweather Brown went to Oregon from this county. This closes the list of the members of the County Commissioners’ Court during its existence in this county. The time-honored custom of conducting the public affairs of counties was abolished by the con- stitution of 1849, and the County Court substituted, which continued until 1853, when it was replaced by the Board of Supervisors. TREASURERS. John B. Gum................... 1830-33 Charles Hansford............. 1834^35 George Newman................ 18 5-37 John Eads................ 1837—43 Henry Arms................... 1843—46 Zelotes Cooley............... 1846-47 David Edgerton............... 1847-49 Charles Rogers............... 1849-51 David Edgerton............... 1851-53 W. H. Whitton................ 1853-55 Wiliam McGowan............... 1855-59 George Davis................ 1859-61 T. A. E. Holcomb............. 1861-63 John A. West................. 1863-65 Thomas Harrison............. 1865-67 Homer Gaines................ 1867-69 Edwin T. Ellett.............. 1869-71 Francis M. Sykes............. 1871-73 Edwin T. Ellett............. 1873-75 James L. Burkhalter.......... 1875-79 John B. Gum, the first Treasurer, was a fair typ'e of the men who subdued the wilds of the great Northwest. He was a native of Kentucky, with a closely knit, well developed, muscular form, of medium stature, sandy complexion, with a contour of features indi- cative of firm determination and strong will power, but tempered with those greatest of Christian virtues, benevolence and charity. Mr. Gum came to Sangamon county, this State, as early as 1826, removed soon after to Job’s settlement, McDonough county, where he planteHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 463 a crop of corn and potatoes; and while thus engaged he met a man who told him of the beautiful land lying in the vicinity of Henderson ■Grove, Knox Co., to which place he soon removed, arriving there during the year 1828. Mr. Gum took an active part in the organiza- tion of this county, his own home being selected in which to transact the official business of the county, and there in that primitive log cabin wa9 held the first Circuit C ourt, and there assembled’ the first County Commissioners’ Court, and also rested the temporary seat of justice, of the infant county of Knox. John B. Gum had the honor of receiving the first appointment of County Clerk, but declining, was appointed first County Treasurer, and all through the early years of this county was found among its wisest councils. ■ He was quite modest, as illustrated by the following incident: He was elected Justice of the Peace, even against his inclination, and one day was called upon to marry a couple, which he timidly did, but immediately thereafter resigned the office, lest he would again be called to perform a like ceremony. He remained here until April 22, 1861, when he removed to California, where he died, in 1864, at the advanced age of 70. His widow still lives there, at the ripe old age of 75 or 76 years. COUNTY CLERKS. John G. Sanburn 1830-37 John S. Winter .... 1857-65 Henry J. Runkle 1837-47 James J. Egan .... 1865-69 Zelotes Cooley . .. 1847-57 John S*. Winter .... 1869-78 CIRCUIT CLERKS. John G. Sanburn 1830-45 Cephas Arms .... 1857-60 Achilles Shannon 1845-46 John H. Lewis .1861-65 Alexander Sanders 1846-47 John Aberdein .... 1865 67 T. Judson Hale 1847-52 James W. Temple .... 1868-73 H. T. Morey 1852-56 George L. Hannaman .... 1873-78 John G. Sauburn, the first Clerk of the county, who also held almost all county offices, both elective and appointive, for many years, was born in Canandaigua, Hew York, May 13, 1797, and died in the city of Knoxville, this county, April 14,1865, greatly mourned bv all who knew him, which included almost every resident of the county. His parents were among the earliest pioneers of Hew York. At the age of 20 he came west to Ohio, and one year thereafter went to Missouri, returning to his native State in 1819, making the journey on foot. Shortly afterwards he came to Yandalia, then the capital of this State. He came through this county in 1829, selecting Hender- son as a home, believing it would be the county-seat of the county, which there was some talk of organizing. He proceeded to St. Louis, purchased a stock of general merchandise, and had them towed up the Mississippi on a flat-boat a6 far as Oquawka. Unfortunately they464 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. were injured by the water, many of them being destroyed. So the first stock of goods brought to Knox county and sold to the few set- tlers were damaged goods. On the county of Knox being organized, he was selected to fill the more important offices, and the early records attest the ability and fidelity with which the duties of these offices were performed. In compiling this history, we closely read the rec- ords penned by him, and for clearness, exactness and fine appearance they compare favorably with those subsequently made. He was mar- ried to Miss Alethea Owen, in November, 1832, who survives him and resides in Knoxville. She was the daughter of Mrs. Elizabeth Owen, who came to the county in 1S29. Mr. Sanburn was generous, of noble principles, and although not as social as some, yet his popularity was great. An old pioneer, almost his cotemporary, sums up his character in a few words, thus: “Any person who could appreciate genuine goodness, would like him.” Could a higher eulogy be passed upon any man? SHERIFFS. Stephen Osborn.. Henry D. Bell.... Peter Frans..... Henry Arms...... Samuel W. Brown John Eads....... Cornelius Runkle. George M. Enke.. George C. Lanphere H. G. Reynolds.... L. Douglass....... William H. Whitton J. H. Noteware__ P. H. Sanford...... Joseph Henderson J. W. Brewer.... Joseph Henderson Wm. Hamilton .. Alvin H. Potter.. Reuben Bailey... Arthur A. Denny. E. T. Byram.. .*. R. Deatherage E. T. By ram.... Alexander Knapp E. T. Byram.... ....... 1830?35 Andrew Thompson............... 1859-60 ...... lfe35-38 Elijah C. Brott............... 1861-62 ....... 1838-47 J. Calvin Cover............... 1863-65 ...... 1847-51 James Soles................... 1865-66 ....... 1851-52 D. W. Bradshaw............... 1367 ....... 1852-54 Wilkins Seacord............... 1868-70 ....... 1855-56 Samuel F. Patton.............. 1871-72 ....... 1857-58 A. W. Berggren................ 1873-78 COUNTY JUDGES. ....... 1849-53 R. L. Hannaman................ 1862-65 ....... 1854-57 Dennis Clark.................. 1866-78 ....... It58-61 COUNTY SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS. ....... 1849-53 J. H. Knapp................... 1862-69 ....... 1854-55 Frederick Christianer......... 1870-78 ....... 1856-61 Mary Allen West................ 1874-78 CORONERS. ....... 1851-52 Giles Cook.................... 1863-64 ....... 1853-54 Levi Massie................... 1867-70 ....... 1855-56 Jessie W. Kimball............. 1871-72 ....... 1857-58 Albert S. 81ater.............. 1873-76 ....... 1859-60 D.W. Aldrich................... 1877-78 ....... 1861-62 SURVEYORS. ....... 1850-51 R. Voris...................... 1862-69 ....... 1852-53 David Wilts................... 1870-71 ...... 1854r-55 Wm. H. Robinson................ 1872-73 ........ 1856-57 E.T. Byram..................... 1874-75 ....... 1858-59 Henry J. Vaughn................ 1870-78 ....... 1860-61HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 465 CHAPTER XIX. TEMPERANCE. The general use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage by all classes and the direful consequences of its use prevailed throughout the county. There was nothing, however, in the custom of drinking peculiar to this county. In the absence of positive knowledge, we rather incline to the belief that for a long time it was less prevalent here than in other places, yet the “ ardent ” was freely used. Although the evils of intemperance are still deplorable, a material change in the custom of drinking has been effected. Good men and bad men indulged in it then. The whiskey-jug was thought an indispensable help in the harvest-field or at house-raisings, log-rollings and corn-huskings; nor was the decanter, with its exhilarating con- tents, generally wanting at social gatherings. A man meeting a friend near a tavern invited him to the bar to “ take something,” and any one was wanting in hospitality if he did not “treat” his visitors. Liquor bought by the gallon, and even by the barrel, was kept in families for daily use. Before partaking of breakfast, the glass was passed around, to give an appetite. When bittered with some herb or drug, it was used as a sovereign remedy for most of the ailments flesh is heir to, and often as a preventive. Liquor being kept in the early country stores, some merchants were wont to treat their cus- tomers, especially when making large bills, and often beforehand, to sharpen their appetite for trading. Happily, these habits have become obsolete among the better classes of society, and it is hoped will never be revived. While intemperance largely exists, it is evident it has, within the last 30 years, greatly decreased. We do believe that according to the population there are less than one-fourth as many drunkards in the connty as there were at an early day. This leads us further to declare that we do not believe the efforts put forth by temperance people have been a failure in times past. That organizations have lived and flourished for a while and then gone down, prove nothing. All these organizations are but human instrumentalities, and are brought forth by the necessities of the hour.466 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Their design is to accomplish a certain purpose apparent at the time. It is not to be expected that they will be as enduring as the hills, or, like the church, so strong that “ the gates of hell shall not prevail against them/’ If they accomplish a good work, for the time being, well and good. If it is found that there is a radical defect in their organizations necessitating a change, let it be made, and let us not imagine, because they are defective and have not accomplished all the good their most sanguine supporters anticipated, that nothing* has been done. All over the country can be found sober, honest and good men, who, but for the efforts put forth by the members of some temperance organization that has ceased to exist, would now fill a drunkard’s grave. Then we would bid God-speed to every effort of temperance men and women, knowing that as temperance increases our country will become more and more prosperous. Many of the early settlers of this county would have their “ bitters,” and thought nothing of the harm it did. Indeed, the first license ever granted by the Commissioners’ Court was for keeping a saloon. They charged only two dollars for the license, when a few days afterward a man paid ten dollars for a license to sell general merchandise. This would indicate that they considered the saloon a greater public benefit than the dry-goods and grocery store. The onty signs these fellows ever needed were for the taverns. They were gotten up in a crude way, but none could mistake the reading thereon, which generally was “ Whiskey and Oats,” or “Entertain- ment.” Such signs would often be seen hanging from little log cabins. The “ Horse iZorspital,” blazoned with red paint on the sides of a cabin in the rural districts, wTill be remembered by many an old citizen. Whiskey was generally sold for cash; all other goods on credit. Of course it was not expensive then, as we find, for a long time it was sold for 12£ cents a pint, this price being established by the County Commissioners. When some of the fellows wanted to get on a tear, and had no money, thej’’ would manage some way to get the whiske}r. A man living in Knoxville, by the name of Lafferty, played a novel scheme to get whiskey. Pie, with five or six of his friends, wanted to go on a spree, and had no cash to buy whiskey with, but genius pro- vided. Lafferty got a jug that had contained whiskey, but was now empty. He put some water in it from the public well, and then went to a grocery and called for a quart of whiskey, telling that the boys wanted to go on a tear, but didn’t have quite enough whiskey. The whiskey was drawn, and Lafferty picked up the jug and started off without saying a word about paying for it. The proprietor toldHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 467 him to come back, as whiskey was cash. Lafferty said he had no money. “Well, you can’t have the whiskey, then,” was the reply. Lafferty appeared mad and stepped back, telling him to take his d—d old quart of whiskey. This was done, when immediately L. visited the public well, again putting in more water, then went to another place and called for a quart, had it drawn and again emptied back. Again he went to the well for more water. By this time he had his jug half full of pretty fair whiskey, but not strong enough; so he went into a third place and called for a half gallon, stating that he had some, but not enough. The whiskey was drawn, and again L. started for the doof, without paying for it. As he expected, they made him come back, and took from his jug a half gallon. He again appeared mad, but it was just what he wanted to be done, and when he left the third store he had a half gallon of as good whiskey as the merchant had poured back into the barrel from the jug. This was a first-class article, and the boys were thus afforded a rare chance for a good drunk, after the most approved style. Old Dr. Bowman, who was one of that kind of physicians who carried large saddle-bags, filled with tin cups, weeds and calomel, thrown over his horse, partook freely of this half gallon of watered whiskey, and got rather top-heavy. His old horse stood hitched on the square. The boys (there were boys in those days, and mischievous ones, too), tied the tail of the doctor’s horse to the rack.- The doctor finally went up to his faithful animal and got on, without noticing the condition of its tail. He got well seated in the saddle and then started off. The horse turning rather suddenly, the doctor'fell to the ground, pulling his immense saddle-bags off on to him. When these fell upon him the old fellow yelled out, “Murder! murder! enough! enough!” He supposed some one had jumped upon him and was pounding him. These and similar stories are told by the pioneers. Robert Hendricks built the first water-mill in the county, on Court creek, six miles from Knoxville. This was a great place for many a year. He afterward turned the mill into a distillery, and when he made the first barrel of whiskey, he came to Knoxville to get some of the boys to go down and have a spree. Six of them went, to have a big time, but after drinking the barrel of spirits they were still not drunk. The disgust pictured on the countenances of these men when they came back and gave their opinion of Hendricks’ whiskey, was very amusing. At the first 4th-of-July celebration held in Knoxville, when all were gathered around the sumptuously spread table and the blessings pronounced, glasses or gourds were filled and \in hand ready to be468 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. drank at any toast that might be offered. Calling upon a minister who was present, he arose and offered the following: “ The Temper- ance Cause: may it, like the stone cut out of the mountain without hands, roll on and on until it shall envelope the whole earth.” Who could drink after such a toast? Profound silence reigned for a moment when, in a stentorian voice from the other end of the table, came: “A rolling stone gathers no moss.” Up went the gourds, and down the contents. One lady cried out, “ Fill me up a second, on that.” At a meeting of the citizens of Knox county, held at the court- house Wednesday, March 29, 1854, in pursuance to a call of Parker Earle, agent of the “Main Law Alliance of Illinois.” The meeting was called to order by W. II. Holcomb, President of the “ Knoxville Temperance Society.” On motion, it was voted unanimously, “That it is expedient that this meeting do now proceed to organize a County Main Law Alliance.” Accordingly the society was organized, a constitution framed and adopted, and the following officers elected: W. EL. Holcomb, President; Vice Presidents—A. C. Wiley, Galesburg, Stephen S. Buf- fum, Salem; William Maxwell, Abingdon; David IL. Frisbie, Hen- derson; John Becker, Victoria; and E. A. Ellsworth, Elba; Secretary, John G. Sanburn; Treasurer, George A. Charles. As early as 1849 strong feelings on the temperance question were manifested. The direful effects of the use of intoxicating liquors were no less heart-rending than at the present time. The society of “ Sons of Temperance ” was doing a glorious work in the reformation of inebriates, about this period. The people of Henderson Avere awake to the destruction going on in their midst by this hydra of intemperance. Accordingly, during the summer of 1849, a series of meetings were held to devise means for the suppression of the traffic. Many strong resolutions were passed in opposition to the sale and use of ardent spirits. As these were the first we have any record of, we quote a portion, of the resolutions adopted at a general meeting: Resolved, 1st. That we consider the use of ardent spirits as a beverage to be a more biting, bitter curse than Avar, pestilence or famine. 2nd. That every law-abiding citizen, every individual, who has the least spark of kindly feeling or philanthropy in his composition, is in duty bound to exert his influence to the utmost extent that it can be legally carried, to put a stop to the sale and use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage in this community. 3d. That with the knowledge of the character and effect of intoxi-HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 471 eating liquors, the traffic in them as a beverage is an outrage upon community. 4th. That we conscientiously deem the man who can be $o dead to the interests of his fellow-man as by the sale of ardent spirits to scat- ter crime of the darkest dye, disease of the worst class, and death in its most dreaded forms upon community, broadcast, to be no less mor- ally criminal in the sight of God, and to be no less so in the sight of man, than he who hires his neighbor to steal for his benefit, or who scatters contagion that he may reap a harvest therefrom, or murders for hire. otli. That we deem it inexpedient for any friend of morality and good order to visit “Buck Lick” [the most noted groggery in town], except for moral or benevolent purposes. 6th. As it is publicly known that certain office-seekers in this pre- cinct and elsewhere are in the habit of furnishing ardent spirits as a treat for the purpose of securing their votes, Resolved, That we treat them a% their conduct demands. At the first temperance meeting a committee was appointed to cir- culate a paper in order to ascertain how many were opposed to the traffic and the number in favor of it. The committee reported that out of those called upon, which included all over 13 years of age, 110 were opposed to the sale, one in favor, and fifteen refused to sign at all. These papers were then placed in the hands of a committee of ten, appointed to call on the liquor-sellers, and request them to desist with the traffic. All the satisfaction obtained from the dealers, of which there were two, was, that they would sell none in less quan- tities than by the quart, and that they would not suffer the liquor to be drank upon their premises. As it always has been in every other place, it took a long, hard struggle to free Henderson from these groggeries. Since those early Henderson meetings, and the arrival of the Gales- burg colony, the temperance cause has been strongly agitated. It has been blessed with seasons of prosperity, and again, at times, but little interest has been manifested and felt. In regard to temperance, the Galesburg colony were, in this respect as in many others, in advance of their age. They introduced a tem- perance clause into their very title-deeds; and the old First Church is to this day a temperance society, every applicant for membership being strictly questioned as to his temperance principles. The very first winter of 1836, while still in Log City, the temperance ball was set rolling in Knox county. Old Father Turner, of Jacksonville, was sent for—and our readers472 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. will remember that in those days a journey from Jacksonville over bad roads, bridgeless streams, and trackless prairies, was something more than a few hours’ ride in a pleasant railroad coach—and a grand temperance meeting w^as held in an unfinished house. Knox county had never heard of such a thing before, and “ Yankees” and “Suck- ers” came from far and near to attend, the latter considerably puzzled and astonished at the strange doctrine preached. The Washingtonian movement, which swept like a mighty tidal wave across the land, reached Knox county in the winter of 1840. In February an enthusiastic mass-meeting was held in Henderson. There were other meetings throughout the county, and July 4th of the following summer a grand Washingtonian celebration at Knoxville This was the first time the earlier settlers (those who were here before the Galesburg colony came) had been reached to any extent. Many who had before been hard drinkers now signed the pledge, and, with their families and descendants, have been stanch upholders of the tem- perance cause from that day to this* Some eight or ten years later there was a general interest through- out the State on the subject of prohibition. Knox county, of course, shared in the interest, and meetings wrere held by Mr. Parker Earle and others. Notwithstanding the absence of all law on the subject, public opinion had up to this time kept liquor out of Galesburg, although, much to the annoyance of the colonists, it was occasionally sold beyond'the outskirts of the village. Five or six years later there was another temperance excitement. Indeed, from the winter of 1836 the temperance element has been more or less active, particularly in Galesburg, where the sale of liquors was not legally licensed until 1872, and then but for one year until 1876. All through the county much has been accomplished at various times, noticeably by Mr. Pease, “ the Blind Apostle of Temperance,” who has been for more than thirty years an active worker in the tem- perance cause in Knox county. Nor must we forget to mention good old Father Gilbert, who was particularly interested in the children, and who often circulated pledges through the. schools. The great crusade wave, which in the winter and spring of 1874 swept over Ohio and the adjacent States, was felt in Knox county. Large mass-meetings and temperance prayer-meetings were held in Galesburg, and on election day the ladies visited the polls, and the anti-license ticket was carried; and it is said that, although there was intense excitement, the city election was never before conducted with such order and quiet. During the following winter Francis MurphyHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 473 gave a series of temperance lectures in the city. The most permanen result of his work was the formation of a Band of Hope, under Miss Mary Allen West. This band is now organized in three divisions, and numbers more than five hundred children. In February, 1874, was organized the “Woman’s Christian Tem- perance Union,” with Mrs. M. Wait, President; Mrs. H. S. Hurd, Secretary, and Mrs. Job Swift, Treasurer. This society has worked widely and successfully, holding regular weekly meetings and arrang- ing mass-meetings, gospel-meetings, lectures, etc., and has always had a large membership. Similar societies have been organized in most of the towns in the county. The Galesburg Union in the spring of 1875 opened “Temperance Coffee Rooms” on Prairie street. These rooms were for three years the headquarters of the temperance work of Galesburg and vicinity. Prayer-meetings were held here each Sunday afternoon, other meet- ings and sociables during the week, besides much individual work among drinking men and their families being done. In December of 1877, through the efforts of Dr. Henry A. Reynolds and some noble men and women of Galesburg and throughout the county, a very great interest in the temperance cause was awakened. A great temperance tidal wave seemed to pass over the entire country during that year and the earlier part of 1878. Everywhere temperance meetings were held. The blue, red and white ribbon were seen attached to almost every coat and adorning almost every lady. The grand wave was at full tide in this county during this period. The intensest enthusiasm prevailed. The whole heart of the community, the cultured and refined, the degraded and depraved, rich and poor, one and all were actuated and moved by one mighty pulsa- tion of common interest in the great work of temperance and reform. The rather conservative city of Galesburg was moved as it had never been before. The clergymen as a unit entered heart and soul in the work and with glowing, anxious hearts, winning words and personal influence assisted in the labor of love. Earnest work was the motto of all. Those who were moved by tender, loving sympathy in their hearts for fallen humanity, as well as those who had felt the pangs of intemperance in their own experience, worked in harmony and unity side by side. All minor differences and distinctions were lost sight of, and on every hand men of all classes met as brothers laboring in a common cause. So great was the interest and so general that within six days over 6,000 individuals signed the pledge, ver}T many of them coming up from the very depths of intemperance and the degradation474 niSTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. which it entails. There was a reform club organized in Galesburg which numbered almost 900 members. Noble, earnest Christian women were the prime movers in this great work. It was their constant pleadings, their prayers and work for months and even years previous that started this grand move and kept it up until a continent felt its power. Knox county can boast of true, earnest Christian women, those who in the face of obstacles which would have intimidated most men or women have never halted or faltered in their labor of love. They have suffered coldness, in- difference and even reproach from those they had reason to expect bet- ter things. Still in the language of the Apostle Paul they have said “None of these things move me,” and have earnestly and prayerfully labored on. In the early part of 1878 Sheldon W. Allen of Galesburg gave the use of a fine large room on the ground floor in his building on Prairie street to the Women’s Christian Temperance Union for a period of twenty-five years, the only proviso being that it shall be used at all times for the principles of temperance and morality. This room, which is 24 by 72 feet in size, had been previously leased by this society and used for three or four years, Mr. Allen donating liueral- ly toward this. That Mr. Allen is a thorough temperance man and that he cannot be drawn away from his convictions and principles of temperance by pecuniary inducements is evinced by his generous actions in donating this room when he could have rented it at hand- some figures. A party wanted it for the purpose of carrying on a billiard saloon and offered $800 a year for it, yet he firmly refused him. Three men were sent to induce Mr. Allen to change his decis- ion, but he was as firm as an adamantine rock in his determination not to permit his property to be used for what he regarded as im- moral and wrongful purposes. The last man that called was a partic- ular friend of Mr. Allen. He urged the folly of throwing away $800 a year, and brought eveiy conceivable argument to bear upon this strict temperance man, and when through received the following de- termined answer: “Go down town and bring all the preachers in the city up to plead with me, and yet I will not be moved in my purpose not to rent my room for such uses.” When we reckon the amount of this donation to the temperance cause we find it assumes vast propor- tions. Basing our calculation upon the room renting for $500 per year, which he has been offered for legitimate and unobjectionablebusi- ness purposes, we find he has given $12,500. Counting interest at 8 per cent, on this sum we find the amount swells to $13,500. ThisHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 475 room is used for coffee and lunch rooms. Here also are held each morning prayer-meetings by the ladies. The clubs that were formed over,the county at this time and since have been active and energetic from the first. Under their supervis- ion temperance meetings have been held in the smaller towns and country neighborhoods, Messrs. G. Y. Dieterich, George Alden and Eugene Welch of the Galesburg Club being particularly active in this work. Through the instrumentality of these meetings many temper- ance organizations have been formed and many drinking men have been induced to sign the pledge, and the red ribbon gleams from many button holes, lighting homes hitherto dark from the shadow of the gin shop. The Galesburg'Club established reading rooms on the corner of Main and Prairie streets, and to this building the W. C. T. U. has since removed. Quite a successful temperance movement was organ- ized in Copley and Yictoria townships by Mr. J. W. Temple, present Supervisor of Copley, in the fall of 1877. He planned and put into execution what he calls “The County District Temperance Organiza- tion.” The plan includes a very strong pledge, which all the members sign. Weekly evening meetings in the district school-house are held, where the programme includes music and literary exercises as well as temperance speeches. We believe that every school district in these two townships, and some in adjoining ones, are now organ- ized and the work is still going on. The following communication from J. W. Temple, of Copley town- ship, to Mis9 Mary Allen West, of Galesburg, gives a history of the progress of the temperance work through the county at the present time. SCHOOL DISTRICT TEMPERANCE ORGANIZATION. Miss West:—In compliance with your suggestion I will write you a brief sketch of our progress in extending our new organization. We have steadily increased the rolls of members in every society and added to the number of societies since I wrote you last. Our own school district has enrolled about 140 members, and as yet not one of the signers of the pledge has violated it, as far as we have heard, al- though many had fallen into the habit of drinking before. The Yic- toria society numbers between 80 and 90 members. At the Maxey church we have organized a very flourishing society, of about 80 mem- bers, which will soon be largely increased, I understand. This is one of the most religious and intelligent communities in the county, and moreover is noted for their excellent choir,—and their singing adds476 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. unusual charms to the meetings of the society. At the Hubbell school-house (No. 16) in Yictoria we have a flourishing society; and and I had the pleasure recently of assisting to organize a very prom- ising association at Truro Corners (the Parker school-house). This is a live community, and will push forward any work they undertake. Its president, Mr. J. W. Parker, is a gentleman of education and energy, whose influence for good in that community will be felt in this movement. We have about 400 names enrolled already in our organization, which is yet in its infancy. I cannot urge the import- ance of this movement too strongly on the people of the county. It seems to me, from the experience we have had and the readiness with which the people fall into the movement, that there only needs some one to lead off in every town, to assist in their organization,' to soon have societies under successful operation in every school district in the county. I have no doubt, with a success no greater than we have made thus far in this locality, there can be ten thousand names en- rolled among the county districts : even fifty to each school district would give nearly if not quite that number. If, as is generally ad- mitted, the hopes and the glory of every nation rest on the virtue and intelligence of the country people, certainly any movement cal- culated to advance the cause ot temperance and morality in the rural districts must command the favorable attention of all who wish well to their country. I especially wish to commend the experiment of uniting lyceum exercises and music to these societies. They attract, amuse, and in- struct the young, and are in themselves a real blessing to communi- ties that lack other sources of interest. Our school-houses have not sufficient capacity to contain the crowds who flock there to listen to and take part in debates and other exercises, and while, of course, the tem- perance reform is kept prominently in view, and the pledge presented at each meeting, and badges worn by the members, to keep the object of the association a paramount idea at all times. The opportunities afforded for social reunions and intellectual improvement would in itself well pay for the work of organizing these societies. Our constitution makes it our duty to furnish aid to any commun- ity wishing to form societies under this form of organization; and I will cheerfully give what assistance I can in furtherance of such ob- ject, by furnishing copies of our pledge and constitution, etc., to those who wish to try the experiment. The field is a large one : who will become pioneers in this work? Can we not make such a success in Knox county as will ensure the example spreading over the whole State? The experiment is well worth trying.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 477 Ribbon clubs and temperance societies have been formed all over the county. Flourishing organizations exist at Log City and Soper- ville school districts, Henderson township, and in many other places. Much temperance work has also been done in the public schools of the cities and towns. Many teachers have taken the JBand of Hope pledge to their schools, and in some instances all of their pupils have signed it. This pledge is as follows: “Trusting in God to help me keep this pledge, I do solemnly promise to abstain from the use of intoxicating liquors as a bever- age, wine or cider included; from the use of tobacco in all its forms, and from all profanity.” There is no means of knowing how many children throughout the county are thus pledged, but the number must be very large. Many instances could be related showing that the children understand their pledge and keep it, under sore temptations. One member of the Band, while visiting in England, had wine urged upon him by his mother and other friends, under circumstances which made it exceed- ingly hard for him to refuse; but he remained true to his Band of Hope pledge. Little Percy Smith, when dying from the injuries received from a railroad train, in the summer of 1878, was urged to to take brandy to strengthen him, but steadily refused, saying, “ I am a Band of Hope boy, and cannot touch it.” An amusing incident occurred the first summer. One of the Band boys had taken the pledge out to a country neighborhood and was urging a young friend to sign it. “Just wait till after harvest,” replied the boy, “ and then I will sign.” “Why not before?” asked his friend. “Well, you see, in harvest we have to work so hard that we can’t help swearing.” At last, however, he was persuaded to sign, and report says that he did as much work that harvest, and did it as well as ever before, and without a single oath. It is said that one of the city churches was induced to give up the use of fermented wine at the sacrament, by finding that a boy whom they believed to be truly converted, was deterred from uniting with the church because he felt that the use of fermented wine, even at the table of the Lord’s Supper, would be a violation of his Band of Hope pledge. History will some day turn to Galesburg as the starting point of the new system of temperance work among children, which was inaugurated by Stephe R. Smith, long known throughout this part of the State as a journalist of some repute. Mr. Smith is a native of Virginia, was prepared for college at William and Mary, and gradu- ated with honor at a leading Northern institution. He was for some478 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. time a newspaper correspondent at Washington, and lias since edited various publications in this county, but unfortunately indulged too freely in the cup. lie reformed, and recently has taken the platform for temperance, llis son Percy went with him, and intended going to Galva on June 16, 1878; but on the 12th he was thrown from the cars, and in a few days died from the injury received. Before his death he asked his father to take his blue ribbon and his little sister Jessie, and go to the children with temperance. His father accepted the mission and organized temperance societies in many parts of Iowa and Illinois, and perfected a system of juvenile work now popular. The sad story of the boy’s death, associated with his simple temperance pledge, seems to reach the children better than the old way, and to make an impression upon the youthful mind not soon forgotten. These juvenile organizations bear the banner of the dead boy, and are known as “ Percy’s Band of Hope,” distinguished by numbers and pledge cards, for each State. These cards are embellished by a litho- graph likeness of the little speaker, and contain the pledge and a brief account of the boy’s death. Mr. Smith and his little daughter organized the first Percy Band in Iowa, at Davenport, Aug. 10, 1878, and the first one in Illinois, at Coal Talley, Aug. 7. A Band was organized Sept. 21, at Galesburg. Master Leonard Camp was elected temporary Chairman, little Lillie A. Johnson, Secretary, and Miss Mary Hibbard, Treasurer. Subsequently Miss Carrie Elliot was chosen Matron. On Saturday afternoon, Oct. 12, the children of Knoxville were organized into a Band, Mrs. Waddle being chosen Matron, Miss Mary Sanburn, Secretary, and Miss Minnie Koons, leader of the choir. On Monday afternoon, Oct. 14, a Percy Band of 130 children was formed at Wataga, with Mrs. Albert Slater as Matron, Miss Mary Roberts, Secretary, and Miss Lillie Driggs, leader of the choir.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 479 CHAPTER XX. TOWNSHIP HISTORIES. INDIAN POINT TOWNSHIP. This is one of the finest townships in Knox county. It is mostly prairie land, being high, undulating and fertile. Yery little unim- proved or waste lands are within its boundaries. Indian creek rises in the northern part of the township, courses southwest and empties into Cedar Fork of Spoon river. The latter stream enters the township at section 30, flows south and makes its exit on the southern line of the southwest quarter of section 31. The streams arising in the eastern part of the township meander in a southwesterly direction, swelling Spoon river. There are two towns within the borders of the township,—Abing- don, on the northern line, and St. Augustine, almost on the southern boundary. These are connected by the C., B. & Q railroad. Indian Point township took its name from a body of timber which extended from Cedar Fork to section 16. Along the edge of this timber was the favorite camping ground of the Indians, the remains of whose camps were extant long after settlement by the whites. In consequence of these remains this point or body of timber took the name of “Indian Point; ” and when, on Monday, January 14, 1850, the townships of the county were christened, the name “Indian Point” very naturally suggested itself for this township, and ever since that time “Indian Point” has become a familiar phrase to almost every person in the county. John C. Latimer, who settled on the northwest quarter of section 6 in 1833, is believed to have been the first white settler, at least to make this permanently his home. Mr. Latimer was born in Robinson county, Tennessee, August 18, 1812. He came to this county with his father, Joseph Latimer, in 1831. John C. Latimer still resides on the same farm he first settled, in a commodious and convenient farm- house, near where the old log-cabin was first erected. Others soon followed Mr. Latimer into this naturally favored town- ship. Among them were Stephen Howard, John H. Lomax, John Howard, Sr., Rev. John Crawford, William Stewart, Henry Russel], 27480 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Daniel Meek, John Dowdy, Manyweather Brown, Anthony Bowers, and Alexander Latimer, some of whom figured quite prominently in the early history of Knox county. Not one of the above-named pioneers, except John C. Latimer, reside in the township; and all have crossed the Jordan of death, save Alexander Latimer, Henry Russell, and Manyweather Brown. John C. Latimer seems to have been spe- cially favored; for, although the oldest settler, he and his good wife live in peace and plenty, and enjoy the fruits of the hard toil of their earlier years; and now, as they traverse the autumn of life, it is with sadness and pleasure commingled that they reflect upon the trials and joys, the sufferings and pleasures, the sorrows and happiness of their pioneer days in this township. The first child born in the township was Ann Frances Lomax, daughter of John H. and Nancy Lomax, who was born about the 25th of October, 1835. The first death was in 1838, that of Mr. Hibbard, an elderly gentleman, and father of Widow Robinson, at whose house he died. The first school was taught by Dennis Clark, the present County Judge, in the winter of 1837-8, in a little log school-house on section 16. The present schools of the township are excellently man- aged. There are three churches, two Christian afid one Catholic. The following gentlemen have represented the township in the Board of Supervisors, from year to year, since 1853: Daniel'Meek, John C. Latimer, James W. Butler, Patrick Smith, T, L. Frazier, N. R. Cash- man, William Campbell, H. Crisman (by appointment to fill the unexpired term of William Campbell), and J. W. Butler, the present Supervisor. CEDAR TOWNSHIP. This township is 10 north, range 1 east, and was one of the earliest settled townships in the county. It is said that Rev. Hiram Palmer settled on section 7 in 1828. Abraham D. Swartz came to the town- ship in 1829. Jonathan Latimer came in 1832 and settled on section 28. He erected a little log cabin, and not being able to construct a door to it for some time, they filled a bed-tick with straw, and hung it up in the doorway to keep out the cold. Wolves'frequently came prowling around and threatening an invasion of the house. When her husband was away from home Mrs. Latimer would keep up a fire all night to prevent the wolves from entering the house. These pests of a new country would often come to the doorway and press against the bed, crowding it in; but when they saw the fire would retreat, Mrs. Latimer says they have done this many nights, but the bright fire kept them at bay. Mrs. Latimer has often taken the products ofHIGH SCHOOL, KNOXVILLE.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 483 her loom on horseback to Knoxville, and exchanged them for family supplies. Mrs. Catharine Reed, widow of John Reed, settled on sec- tion 17 in 1836. They located on the very ground the Indians camped on before the Black Hawk war, and used water from the same spring. Mrs. Reed was born in Scotland, in 1790, and came to America in 1796. She at present resides with her son-in-law, J. W. Kays, of this township. One of the early settlers of this township is Reuben Castle, who came in 1834 and settled on section 12. The countrv was in its V native state, except here and there a cabin, and a field improved, until 1844; and while prairie fires ran over the country all the grass and brush were annually burned olf. As soon as these fires were stopped the timber began to grow; and now much of it has attained lofty pro- portions, and will make from four to six rails to the cut. Mr. Castle says that panthers, wolves, and other animals would prowl around, destroying stock and annoying the settlers. William Bevans, in 1834, was carrying some soft soap to his home from where he was work- ing, and was attacked by three black wolves. In defending himself with his axe he spilled his soap; and while the wolves were devouring it he fled and reached home in safety. The first child born in this township was Helen E. Swartz, daughter of A. D. Swartz, born in November, 1829. The first marriage was that of U. D. Coy and Susie Latimer, in December, 1833. The first death was Miss Olive Strange, who died in 1834. The first sermon was preached at the residence of A. D. Swartz, by Rev. Hiram Palmer. GALESBURG TOWNSHIP. This is one of the finest bodies of land in Knox county. It con- tains more miles of railroad than any other township in the county. The corporate limits of the city of Galesburg cover nine sections. Gaddial Scott broke the first land in the township. He, with Edward Morse, were the first settlers. Mr. Scott settled on section 19 in 1834. Mr. Morse settled on section 3. As the historj of the city of Gales- burg mostly includes the history of the township, we will not repeat it, but refer the reader to that portion of this work. Galesburg township, including the city of Galesburg, contains 18,318 acres of improved, and 1,658 acres of unimproved lands. Yalue of land outside of city, $557,117. In 1878 6,649 acres of corn were raised, 51 acres of wheat, and 1,309 of oats. There are 3,839 acres devoted to meadow, 371 to orchard, and there are 338 acres of woodland in this township. The total valuation of the town lots in the city i9 $2,059,710. There are owned in the township 1,245 horses,484 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. valued at $56,205; cattle 1,827, valued at $27,888; mules 52, valued at $2,475; sheep 356, valued at $686; hogs 3,774, valued at $S,672; car- riages and wagons 739, valued at $32,608; piano-fortes 209, valued at $18,730. Total value of its agricultural tools and machinery is $6,054. The total valuation of personal property of the township is $1,367,970. HENDERSON TOWNSHIP. This township was the first in the county to have the home of a white man located within its boundaries. Here, in February of 1828r Daniel and Alexander Robertson settled. Many of the first inci- dences of the county occurred in this township, and, as a greater por- tion of the first chapter of this work is located here, and many other historical items given all through the book, we refrain from repeat- ing. Here, on sections 23 and 26, the Indians had their corn-fields and cultivated the soil for years. In an early day, on section 30, near the creek, a well was dug. On arriving at a depth of 60 feet the workmen came to what seemed to be an Indian camping-ground. Ashes, stumps, and general rub- bish were there as fresh as though the fires had just gone out. A red cedar log was blso found. H. M. Sisson, of this township, has done much to better the class of stock, and deserves credit not only from the citizens of the town- ship, but of the county. He has, perhaps, the oldest horse in the county. It has been in his family for thirty-six years, and he has plowed with it each year for thirty years. This township has a fine body of timber known as Henderson Grove. A beautiful stream of water passes through this delightful grove, which takes a southwesternly course, and, after receiving several branches, enters into the Mississippi. The timber in this grove is large and lofty, and occupies an area of several square miles. The prairie around is undulating, very rich and dry. Along the edges of the timber the first pioneers settled, and here, too, in Log City the Gales- burg colony made their temporary quarters. RIO TOWNSHIP. This township lies in the extreme northwest part of the county, and for agricultural purposes is not surpassed by many townships in the whole Northwest. In the spring of 1830 Joseph Rowe located on section 33, being the first settler in the township. He was soon followed by Reese Jones and Joseph Halliday, the former locating on the northwest cor-HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 485 tier of section 6, within a stone’s throw of the corner of the county. Soon thereafter came Abe Jones, and in 1832 John Cresswell settled on section 27, near Fort Aggie, which was situated within forty rods of the southwest corner of the same section. This fort was built dur- ing the Black Hawk war in 1832 and was named in honor of Cress- well’s wife. It stood unmolested until 1836, when Joseph Hahn tore it down and constructed a barn out of the logs, near where the fort stood, for the purpose of tramping out wheat with horses, as was often done in pioneer days when the present mode of threshing was unknown. In 1836 came Nelson and Lewis Coe, and John Wooley. Wooley had come into Knox township in 1832, where he remained four years. Luther Fitch came in 1840. After that period accessions to the popu- lation of Rio were numerous until now it numbers about 1,200. The township received its name in this wise: About 1851 a meet- ing was held by request of the County Court to select a name for the township. In connection with this meeting a proposition was made to lay off a village plat on the school section. While this was being discussed, some one made a motion to lay off the proposed town along the slough east of the road and north of the barn of E. A. Bartlett, for the reason that the land was good for nothing else. This motion pre- vailed, which, as it was intended, killed the project altogether. Sev- eral names for the township were proposed. The Mexican war had just closed, and the Rio Grande river as the boundary line of the United States and Mexico was in the mouth of every war man in op- position to Rio Nueces river as claimed by the Mexicans. Thus at this meeting Rio Grande had a majority of admirers; and besides, there being many streams in the township, it would very appropriate- ly admit of the name, the Spanish word rio meaning river. No reso- lution however was passed in regard to selecting a name, as quite a number thought the matter had better be left with the county author- ities. Lewis Coe was opposed to passing over the question so in- differently, as through his instrumentality the meeting had been called. He accordingly took it upon himself to attend the meeting of the Court to suggest a name. He could see no good reason for the “Grande” part of the name, and therefore only presented the word “Rio” as suitable. This was accepted and adopted, and thus ever since the township has worn the beautiful Spanish name. There are four churches in Rio township. One union of Congrega- tional and Methodist Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, Regular Baptist and Protestant Methodist.486 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. CHESTNUT TOWNSHIP. Spoon river enters this township near the center of section 24 and flows west one mile, and south one mile, west again a mile and a half, then south, making its exit near the center of section 34. For agricul- tural purposes Chestnut ranks among the best townships in Knox county. The village of Hermon is in this township near its western line. In 1833 Anson Dolf broke ground and sowed wheat on section 17, but did not make a permanent settlement here until the spring of 1834. That year John Terry came and settled on section 16. He was from Greenbriar county, Yirginia. William McFarland came in 1839. He came from Loudon county, Ya. Both these pioneers now reside in Abingdon. John Terry was the first Justice of the Peace and performed the first marriage ceremony, by uniting a Mr. Gray to to a Miss Cope, both coming from a distance riding the same horse. The first child born was a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Shaver, on section 17, in 1835. The first death was that of Jacob Harford. ORANGE TOWNSHIP. Orange township is bounded on the north by Knox, on the east by Haw Creek, south by Chestnut and on the west by Cedar. It is well divided between prairie and timber lands, and is one of the very best townships of land in the county. It was settled at an early date. Joseph Wallace was the first white man to make his home here. He settled on section 15 in 1830. James Ferguson settled on section 11 the following year, and Samuel Mather on section 14 in 1832. The first birth was Cynthia Ferguson, daughter of James and Martha Ferguson. She was born in 1833. The first death was a Mr. McCramer, who died in 1833, on section 15. James Ferguson was the firs't Justice of the Peace, being elected in 1833. The first school- house was erected'on section 14 in 1836. The first teacher was Thomas Ellison. The first church was organized by the Methodists, on sec- tion 22, and known as Orange Chapel. The first 6ermon that was preached in the township was by Jacob Gum, the old pioneer preacher of the county, at the residence of James Ferguson. The first mar- riage ceremony was a double wedding. Alexander Robertson was united to IMarcissa Ferguson and David Fuqua to Lydia Bowmar. KNOX TOWNSHIP. In this township the first town in the county was laid off. Adjoin- ing Knoxville is the finely equipped county poor farm, the buildings of which are excelled in all their appointments by none in the State.HISTOEY OF KNOX COUNTY. 487 The township has timber land distributed very freely over it. Here some of the earliest settlers of the county located, the present site of Knoxville being'first settled by Parry Morris. John Montgomery, who settled on section 30, was among the first settlers. He has gone from this place to Rushville, Schuyler county, to have his milling done. The first sermon preached in the township was by Elder Jacob Gum, the first preacher in Knox county. The first death occurring was that of a child of a Mr. Taber. David Huggins of this township made the first cheese that was ever manufactured in the county. This he carried to Galena, and 6old for cents a pound. The first church organized in the township was in 1835, and by the following six per- sons from three different denominations, but seemingly inclining to the Presbyterian faith, as they called their church the “ Old School Presbyterian:” David Huggins and wife, Mrs. Jackson and daughter, M. Owen and Mrs. J. G. Sanburn. Knox township contains 20,857 acres of improved, and 950 of un- improved lands, the total valuation of which is $365,340. In 1878 there were 5,433 acres devoted to corn, 244 acres to wheat, 979 to oats. Its meadow lands embrace an area of 2,449 acres; its orchards 256 acres; its woodlands 2,199. Its town lots are valued at $14,865. The township contains 882 horses, valued at $36,359; cattle 2,151, valued at $32,403; mules 55, valued at $2,300; sheep 447, valued at $936; hogs 4,139, valued at $7,359; carriages and wagons 375, valued at $11,- 717; piano-fortes 37, valued at $2,912. Total value of its agricultural tools and machinery, $6,497. Total valuation of personal property in the township is $436,659. SPARTA TOWNSHIP. Ancient Sparta, after which this township was probably named, existed before the Christian era 800 years, and was the capital of Laconia, and the rival of Athens in the history of ancient Greece. Sparta has been handed down through all history as a synonym of simplicity of personal habit, domestic economy and courage. Mr. Amos Wilmot is accredited with suggesting the name of Sparta for the township at its organization. Mr. Wilmot was born in Connecticut, March 3, 1802, and was one of the first settlers in the township. After a prosperous life of 76 years, and with a hope of a happy immortality, he died at his home Aug. 28, 1878. llezekiah Burford settled on section 23 in 1834. He is now in Monmouth, Oregon. Cyrus Robbins, from New York, settled on section 5 in 1836. His two brothers Levy and Reuben settled on section 5 the same year. These brothers planted out a nursery, from488 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. which they established large fruit orchards and shady groves, which have ever since been known as “ Robbins’ Grove.” Asaph DeLong and Luman Field, from Yermont, and Win. M. Heath from Hew York, settled on section 31 in 1836. Julius DeLong came from Yermont in January, 1838, and settled on the south half of the southwest quarter of section 31, the present home of his son, Hon. M. P. DeLong, who has represented his township at different times in various offices from the vefy first organization. He has been an active member of the Knox County Agricultural Society for fif- teen years; was its president three years during that time; has served as Justice of the Peace three terms of four years each, and is now in the fourth term; was elected and served as Supervisor of his township in 1874, when the farmers were organizing into farmers’ clubs and granges throughout the Northwest, which in time became national, for the purpose of counter-balancing the influence of the giant monopolies of the railroads which existed at that time. We will refer to these organizations again farther along in the history of this township. The prairie fires in the early settlement of the township were something to be dreaded. The broad, wide-spreading prairies for untold years had lain beneath the sun and the showers, gathering richness, until the vegetable growth was something marvelous, and the tall native grasses would in places hide man and beast. And when a fire chanced to start in this waving ocean of dried and inflam- mable material, it was a sure messenger of death to every living thing or creature in its relentless course, unless due precaution had been previously exercised to guard against it. The roar of the flames when driven by a strong wind could be heard two and three miles away, as was the case one night when these early settlers were awakened by Miss Maria Field, daughter of Luman Field, and 6ister of the late Hon. Loyal C. Field, of Galesburg. She, living with her parents near where Center Point now is, awakened about midnight, and discovering the danger of the settlement, ran from house to house, and gave the alarm. A fire had started at Red Oak, in Henry Co., 111., and now was rushing southward, two miles wide, before a furious wind from the north, with a terrible roar that will never be forgotten by those who heard it. Fortunately the citizens in this township be- ing forewarned, were fore-armed and prepared to give battle when the fire came. Trenches and “ back fire ” and wet blankets were used to save the buildings, fences and stocks; and even then the heavy wind would carry wisps of burning grass so far that a continual effort was required until the billow of fire had passed. ' Section 30 was appropriated in the usual legal way by RichardHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 489 Joseph and William Armstrong, S. S. Russell, and Stephen Smith. Section 19 was taken and improved by Thomas and George W. Faulkner, Morvan Baker, and Anson Rowe. James and Abram Neely came from Cayuga, New York, the latter in 1836, and made him a home on section 8. He now lives in Missouri. The former made a home on section 30, where he has since lived. Part of section 8 was afterwards occupied by T. G. Hadley, who originally came from “ way down” in Maine. Also on section 8 may be found G. S. Hawkins, who was for many years a merchant in Henderson, also A. S. Fitch, who, with many others from this loyal township, was one of “the soldiers in blue” during the civil war. Section 8 also includes the premium farm owned by A. N. Phelps, Esq., and contains 200 acres without a foot of waste land. This farm was granted the first premium by the Illinois State Agricultural Society in 1868, and again in 1870. It had been awarded the first premium by the Knox County Agricultural Society previously for five successive years. Mr. Phelps was born in Westfield, Mass., September 9, 1819. He came, with his mother and his two sisters, to Galesburg in 1836. The amount of his worldly possessions at that time was enough to buy a box stove and a cow, valued at $30. The eldest daughter became Mrs. G. Avery, of Galesburg, and the youngest the wife of B. Kilbourn, of Wisconsin. The mother died at Galesburg, November 23,T855. The father, Aaron Noble Phelps, had died previous to the family’s moving west, at Westfield, Mass., in March, 1830. He and his. wife (Miss Clarissa Root) were married in 1814. Their only son, A. N. Phelps, and Miss Sarah J. Adams were married March 29, 1847, and moved to their present home in 1856, which has since taken the pre- miums already mentioned. Johnson Babcock was born in 1770, in Rensselaer county, New York. Miss Zilpha Green was born near Poughkeepsie, New York. These two were united in marriage in 1796. Ransom Babcock, their son, was born September 20, 1822, and in 1839 he came from Onon- daga county, New York, to Knox county, arriving at Galesburg the 12th of July; was married to Miss Mary Miller, September 1, 1842. Mrs. Babcock was born January 7,1825, and is the daughter of James H. and Hannah (Preston) Miller, originally from New England, who came from Michigan to Knox county in 1838. William S. Patterson, on section 18, is one of the most extensive farmers in the township. His single shipments of cattle and hogs have at times amounted to $30,000 or $40,000, especially during the civil war, when the price of live cattle was eight cents per pound, and490 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. live hogs ten and twelve cents per pound. He introduced many choice breeds of cattle and hogs. One car-load of short-horns were purchased hy him in Kentucky and brought home in 1871. William S. Patterson was born in Columbus, Ohio, December 13, 1825, and at Henderson, 111., September 30, 1834, was united in marriage with Miss Matilda Miller, whose parents were James H. and Hannah (Preston) Miller, natives of New England. Mr. and Mrs. W. S. Pat- terson moved to their present home in 1855. William Williamson, one of the township commissioners for 1878, has also introduced the short-horn cattle on his farm. His residence is located on section 21. Mr. Iiobson* the present supervisor, owns 500 acres of land. The Robson Bros, have been extensive shippers of stock. William Rob- son came to his present home in Sparta township in 1863, and he has made single shipments from Wataga station amounting to $35,000. He has also introduced short-horn cattle, Poland China and Berkshire hogs. Niles Bros., whose residences are located on sections 21 and 19, are from Chatham, Columbia county, New York. They were pro- prietors of the Wataga mill for seven years before turning their atten- tion to farming. They introduced the short-horn cattle on their farms in the spring of 1874—30 head that year—at a cost of from $100 to $500 each. Henry Rommel’s farms are located on section 28. Mons Olson’s home is located south of Wataga, on sections 28 and 33, and what is known as the Mound, which is one of those beautiful elevations that occur occasionally in this part of the Mississippi valley. Ed. Kennedy and Thomas O’Connor are prominent real-estate hold- ers in the southeast part of the township. Anson Rowe, born in Vermont, came to Center Point with his family in 1838, and settled on section 19. His son, Lorenzo Rowe, moved on his farm, section 19, in 1850. Eber Goddard came from Massachusetts at a later day, and settled on section 4. C. C. West came from New York in 1837, and has a farm on sec- tion 3. B. Pickrel, whose birth-place was in Virginia, came to the county in 1837, and to Sparta township in 1867. One of the institutions of the township is the Wataga Nursery, tem- porarily begun by O. W. Hoff in 1864, and permanently' established in 1869, on the southwest quarter of section 16, one block south of the Wataga Mills, by Hoff & Cooper, whose term of partnership was forHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 491 five years, since which time O. W. Hoff has owned and conducted it. Mr. H. has been in the business since January, 1858, working at first with T. K. Phoenix, at the Bloomington Nursery. He came from his native place, Greenbush, Rensselaer county, New York, in 1855. The township was organized in 1853. Thomas H. Taylor was elected Supervisor, and was re-elected in 1851. Mr. Taylor was born July 14, 1815, on the Isle of Wight; came to New York in 1823, and to Sparta township in 1846; hauled the lumber for his house from La Salle, III., 80 miles; shipped the first load of pork and wool through the Illinois canal; was appointed Postmaster under Buchanan, and resigned after holding the office three years; is now living on sec- tion 14. Peter Davis was elected Supervisor in 1855, without opposition. Mr. Davis was born in 1801, in Kentucky, and came to Knox county in 1834; died at his home, in Sparta township, March 15, 1871. J. W. Hol}7oke was elected Supervisor in 1856, and was re-elected for nine successive years; then he was elected Representative; then he was elected Supervisor four successive years; after an interval of four years was again elected Supervisor in 1875, which office he occu- pied for three years. John Grey was Supervisor in 1865, and Abram Ebright in 1866. H. P. Wood was elected three terms,—1871-2-3. In 1872-3 the farmers began to organize throughout the States into clubs and granges. “The Sparta Farmers’ Club” was organized in the Town Hall, March 1, 1873; adopted a constitution that was fur- nished in printed form to local clubs, and the following objects were embodied in Article II: “Its objects shall be improvement in the theory and practice of agriculture and horticulture; to promote the moral, intellectual, social, and pecuniary welfare of its members; and by active and cordial co-operation with other clubs, and with its county committee, to assist in carrying to a successful issue the objects of the State Association.” Whatever they might be was not known to the general membership,—perhaps not to any in the local clubs; and it was generally thought that, to be consistent with the expressed objects of the clubs, none but agriculturists and horticulturists should be mem- bers. This caused a division of sentiment; for the merchants and lawyers claimed they should be made welcome, as “all their interests were in farms.” The result was that at the first annual re-election of officers the County Farmers’ Association was captured by the poli- ticians, and a professional lawyer elected Supreme Judge. This diverted the attention of the people from the primary and meritorious492 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. and expressed objects of the organizations; and they practically ceased to exist. M. P. De Long, one of the first settlers in Knox county, and a very worthy farmer, was elected Supervisor of Sparta township in 1874. The Town Hall was built in 1867. The first coal banks opened in the township were near where Charles W. Rhodes now lives, sections 21 and 22. Levy James, A. A. Spooner, Lomas & Babcock, and others, took part in opening banks, until in 1855-6 there were about 40 banks; 30 of them near AVataga, and managed chiefly by Holyoke and Dolan. Also Taylor and Parkinson had quite a number of banks, at different times. About 1856 there were employed 250 men ; and probably 100,000 bushels of the “ Black Diamonds ” were put into the market annually from the deep ravine that runs east from the village. Of late there has not been so much mining in the coal fields at this point. There have been two shafts sunk near the C., B. & Q. R. R., on the west side, both of them about 80 feet deep. The one near the village, by the Illinois Carbon Coal Company, changed hands before completed, and has not been worked. The Sparta Steam Shaft is about £ a mile southwest of the village, on the east side. The shaft has been estab- lished about 7 years, and yields a good quality of coal. This is run at present by Peter Dolan, who paid out for mining, during the month of September, 1878, $1,200. Banks have been opened on sec- tion 28, by H. Rommel and Oliver Stream, south of the village. About one mile east of the village there are banks worked by Robert Campbell, Andrew Johnson, Henry Bellamy, Peter Knight, Milo Tompkins, Robert Thompson, Ed. McDermot, Andrew Danielson, Lewis Nodine, James Taylor, and two or three others, whose names we do not have. Price of coal at the banks at the present time is 5£ cents per bushel of 80 lbs. There have been but few accidents, compara- tively, in the mines in Wataga or adjoining territory. Emanuel Harris lost his life by the bank caving in. AVm. Hitchey was fatally injured, May 18, 1857, in the air shaft, by the falling of clay. He lived but three or four days. Paul Convery, Nov. 23, 1859, lost his life by the bank caving in. Peter Cling, on the morning of Oct. 17, 1875, fell from the top of a shaft down some 71 feet. He lived, but had to have one leg, the left, amputated. A visitor from the East was down the Sparta Steam Shaft, when the platform started upward, and his head was caught between that and the wall of the shaft. The result was, he nearly lost his scalp and skull, but lived to report to his friends.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 495 ONTARIO TOWNSHIP. This township was named Ontario at a meeting of its citizens in 1850, being assembled for that purpose, by the order of the Commis- sioners appointed by the County Court. Many of them were formerly from the State of New York, and they named the township after the beautiful lake which forms a part of the northern boundary of that State. The first improvements in this township were made by Alex- ander Williams, in 1833, on the northwest quarter of section 30; which consisted in breaking and fencing 20 acres. This property was purchased by Isaac Wetmore, in 1836, who lived at that time on sec- tion 36, Rio township. G. W. Melton settled on section 31, that same year. A cabin previously erected on this quarter section, was the first building in the township. Both these gentlemen arre still living on the same farms, and have proven themselves first-class farmers, as well as good citizens, as have also many others in that vicinity. As an agricultural township, Ontario is one of the very finest in the State. ’Its groves and orchards, its dwellings, barns and out- buildings are among the very best; and its fine stone bridges are unsurpassed. This township is without a parallel, in the regularity of its roads, although its highways are all parallel, or cross each other at right angles, and its roads are all on section lines, except one, a half mile in length, crossing the center of section 13. The first settlers were largely from Oneida county, New York, among whom were the Wetmores, Chapmans, Cranes, Camps, Mosher, Hollister, Savage, Powell, and others. Among the early officers of the town- ship were WikofFs, Hammonds, Brott, Butler, Haskins and others. Before it was organized, April 3, 1853, Rio township was united with it, as a voting precinct. The first Justice of the Peace in the precinct was Royal Hammond. The election was held in what is now Rio township. A warm time was had, and the merits of the Abolition candidate hotly discussed. However, he was elected, and after the first case, which proved to be a dog case,—Thomas v. Maxwell,—in which the plaintiff was awarded the verdict, the Justice was declared “ white” by his opponents. The first child born in this township was Sarah Elizabeth Melton, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. G. W. Melton; and is now Mrs. Ralph Voris, of Oneida. The first school-house was built on the northwest quarter of section 32, in 1839. Ontario township was organized, and the first annual meeting was held in the school- house on section 32, April 5, ,1853. I. M. Wetmore was moderator an I W. J. Savage clerk. After adopting the order of business for annual meetings and the usual prelemininary work was disposed of, the following gentlemen were elected as the first officers of the town-496 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. ship: Supervisor, Edward Crane; Town Clerk, Win. J. Savage; Assessor, John Burt; Collector, E. C. Brott; Overseer of the Poor, T. F. P. Wetmore; Commissioners of Highways, G. W. Melton, James Hammond and John Powell; Constables, E. C. Brott and J. W. Crane; Justices of the Peace, Ezra Chapman and S. E. Mosher. The following named gentlemen have served as Supervisors of Ontario township, since 1853: Ed. Crane, the year 1853; James Hammond, 1854-5-6-7; W. B. LeBaron, 1858; James Hammond, 1859; W. B. Le Baron, 1860-1-2-3-4; A. S. Curtis, 1865; Orin Beadle, 1866-7-8-9 70-1; A. S. Curtis, 1872; O. B. Beadle, 1873; Ed. Crane, 1874; A. S. Curtis, 1875-6; Geo. L. Stephenson, 1877-8. The present officers of the township are: Supervisor, G. L. Stephenson; Town Clerk, O. P. Cooley; Assessor, B. S. West; Collector, L. Burt; Commissioners of Highways, J. C. Burt, H. Fay and Wm. Smith; Constables, F. M. Doolittle and O. Powell; Justices of the Peace, E. Shedd and D. R. Drenkel. Religious services of some kind were maintained by the early set- tlers in this neighborhood from the very first. After the school-house on section 32 was built, preaching was kept up by ministers of differ- ent denominations, with considerable regularity. Revs. Waters, Bartlett, Bremer, Moore and Gale were among the ministers who preached the gospel here then. The first church organization was effected by the Presbyterians, in 1840, Rev. J. G. Wright officiating, at Henderson. The services alternated between Henderson village and the school-house, in Ontario, then called the Camp school-house. This church is now extinct. There are now three church edifices in Ontario township outside of Oneida. Several immigrants hailing from Hew York State about 1837 camped near the southwest corner of Ontario township, by a creek, during the winter. They split some rails, and in the spring launched out to the eastward on the paririe, put up a rail pen and moved in, and lived there during that summer, but erected a log cabin into which they removed before winter set in. MAQUON TOWNSHIP. When the red men roamed unmolested over this beautiful county their principal village was in this township, on Spoon river. As they were driven westward by the advance of civilization, a Mr. Pal- mer, a bee-hunter, came to the township and stopped at their vacated village. He arrived in 1828, but made no improvements the way of fencing, or preparing a permanent home; and as it was not his inten- tion to remain, he could not be termed a settler. He stayed here buHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 497 a short time, when he removed farther west. Interesting remains of this Indian village and of their burying ground are found. It will he noticed that their trails, as marked, on the map in this work, lead from near the town of Maquon. James Millan settled on section 25 in 1830. Among other early set- tlers were Wm. Darnell, Wm. Parmer and Mark and Thomas Thurman. The first Justice of the Peace was Mark Thurman. The first death was that of a little daughter of Mark Thurman, named Rebecca, who was also the first child born in the township. The first marriage was that of Elisha Thurman to Miss Anna Hall. Although they went to Fulton county to have the ceremony performed, yet they resided in this township at the time. The first school-house was erected on sec- tion 34 in 1834. The first school was taught by Benjamin Brooks. In the northern part of the township, on section 4, is situated the town of Maquon. Spoon river passes diagonally across the township in a southwestern direction. The township contains a good proportion of prairie and timber lands. HAW CREEK TOWNSHIP. The prairie and timber land of this township is finely proportioned. Spoon river enters at section 1, flowing south makes its exit at section 35. The C., B. & Q. railroad makes its entrance at section 7, running southeast, converges with the river. The town of Gilson is in the township. This was the second township settled in the county, Hen- derson being the first. In 1829 Parnach Owen, then a young man living with his widowed mother in Ohio, had a strong desire to go westward. He was strongly urged to remain in the bounds of civili- zation, but without avail. His mother, seeing hi6 determination to emigrate to a new country, concluded to accompany him. Accord- ingly she with her two daughters prepared for this western journey. Knox county was their destination, and in September of that year they arrived in this township, where, on section 18, they erected their log cabin. When we reflect that the first white persons inhabiting this vast region of country were a widow lady and her children, it would seem that she possessed bravery unequaled, patience untiring, and a devotion and love for her son that would permit no separation but that of death. Could we give a detailed account of the life of this noble woman, of the trials and hardships and sufferings endured, it would be read with great interest. Mrs. Owen and family moved in- to Knoxville soon after that city was laid off, her son doing the sur- veying. Parnach Owen took an important part in organizing the county. He was a land dealer and speculator, and we are told that.498 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. he lias owned more land in Knox county than any other man. He died in Iowa, Mrs. Owen in Knoxville, and the two daughters are still living. One is the wife of Dr. Rice, of Lewistown; the other the widow of the*late John G. Sanburn and residing in Knoxville. James Nevitt came to the township in the early part of 1832. The first child born in the township was his son, Charles dSTevitt, in 1832. The first death was that of Eleanor Jarnagan. in the winter of 1834. The first school-house was built on section 8 in 1836, and the first school was taught by James or Susan Dempsey. The celebrated Peter Cartwright preached the first sermon in the township about 1831. Linneus Richmond and W. W. Dickerson came into the township at an early day. Mr. Dickerson came in 1827. He remembers hav- ing to go to Chicago for salt one winter, to Peoria to mill, and many other inconveniences. Walter Bell, an aged resident of the township, came into the county 25 years ago. He was 85 years old Aue:. 2, 1878. He is one of the few surviving veterans of the war of 1812. He also served in the regular army. He rode on the first horse car and the first steam car ever run in the United States, and saw the first steamboat run on Chesapeake bay. Mr. Bell enjoys good health, is able to be up and around, and will probably live several years longer. PERSIFER TOWNSHIP. This township, which is bounded on the north by Copley, on the east by Truro, on the south by Haw Creek and on the west by Knox, is largely composed of timber land. There are some as fine farms, and wealthy, enterprising farmers in this township as can be found in the State. R. C. Benson was the first man married in the township. He wedded the only young lady in the township that was old enough at that time to be a bride. She was Miss S. J. Bradford, daughter of Charles Bradford. Benson came to the township in 1835, and was married January 5, 1837. After his arrival he took a claim of 160 acres, and after building a cabin and breaking six acres, sold it for $400 and a horse. He then purchased the farm upon which he now resides with the same money, and a squatter’s cabin for $4.50, which he moved upon his farm. He daubed the stick chimney with black mud or soil, and the first rain that came washed the chimney down. For another chimney Mr. Benson hollowed out a large sycamore tree some seven feet long and three feet in diameter, and with skids rolled it up and 6et it on end upon the jamb of the fire-place. This made a good chimney and was used for a long time. The floor of this rude cabin was made of lin puncheons; the door was made of walnut boardsHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 499 fastened to battens with wooden pins; the hinges were of wood, one piece set into an auger hole in the doorjamb and the other pinned to the door so as to connect with the other piece. The latch was also made of wood with a buckskin string hanging out, inviting neighbors and weary travelers to enter. This is but a fair sample cf many of the abodes of the early settlers of Persifer. Mr. Benson planted two cotton-wood trees in front of his house 39 years ago. These are large stately trees at present. The life of Mr. Benson is but a sample of that of many pioneers of Knox county; and we feel it due to posterity to relate a more detailed description of the manner in which he lived,—of the hardships and trials and suffer- ings encountered during his early life in Persifer township. When he came to the township he was exceedingly poor; he, however, had a gun and an old horse; with these, and two willing hands he started out to make a farm. He did not have even any grain to live on, but subsisted mostly on game. His first task was to fence in a small yard; so with ax, maul and wedge he went to the timber. He could cut the trees and make about 200 rails per day, and frequently in the evening kill a deer. They were seldom out of venison and wild honey. Deer were plentiful at that time. Mr. Benson tells us the largest number he ever saw in one day was 75, and the largest num- ber he ever shot in one day was 25. The most he ever killed and got in one day was three. Once he killed two at one shot. The largest number of bee-trees found in one day was six. The heaviest ladened tree he ever found was a sycamore on Spoon river. From this tree he secured a common tub full, two pails and several sugar-troughs full. The tree was thin-shelled, and when it fell it split wide open. The honey ran out in a large stream upon the ground. After he had filled all of his vessels he stood in honey several inches deep! He finally managed to get some meal, when the family feasted upon mush and milk, venison and wild honey for some time. By the second year he had a small piece of land ready to plant in corn. He took his old horse and laid it off. His wife followed and dropped the corn, and he covered it with a plow. They had a large dog, which they left at the house to take charge of their child. Snakes and wolves, and other dangerous animals were numerous, but the faithful dog would let nothing have his charge; and when the child would tr3r to crawl away, would drag it back into the house. The first Sabbath school of’Persifer township was held at the house of Charles Bradford in 183S, by Rev. S. S. Miles. The lesson was about the three Hebrew children. The first sermon was preached by 2S500 HISTOliY OF KNOX COUNTY. Rev. S. S. Miles, June, 1836, in same house. The first school-house was built in 1841. John McIntosh was teacher. Hon. R. W. Miles now represents the township in the Board of Supervisors, and has filled the office for eighteen years. He is chair- man of that honorable body, John W. Manley, James M. Maxey, John Biggerstaff, James Dawsett and R. C. Benson have served as members of this Board,—the latter by appointment to fill the vacancy made by the resignation of R. W. Miles. A tribe of Indians settled or located on Court creek, Persifer town- ship, whose custom was to make sugar from the maple trees. They used brass kettles in which to boil the sap. It seems one spring, after they had made considerable sugar, they were compelled to leave. Among the Indians was a squaw and her son called “ Bill.” This woman had accumulated great wealth. Not being able to carry all her money, she filled one of her kettles with gold and silver and buried it on the bank of the creek. She was afraid of the whites; so after reaching her destination in the West she sent her son back after her money. Bill made extensive searches up and down the creek, bu failed to find it, and the treasure is supposed to be still buried some- where on Court creek. On the Taylor farm, in 1841, a cellar was being dug, when at a depth of about four feet three bars of copper were found. These had been forged out by hand. A well was sunk, when down about 22 feet the remains of a camp-fire were found. Char- coal and rubbish were discovered, which plainly proved that at one time, within the life of man here, that was the surface. COPLEY TOWNSHIP. There was raised in this township last year (1877) 7,695 acres of corn, which yielded 199,203 bushels. But 187 acres of wheat were sown, which produced a crop of 2,434 bushels; 1,136 acres were devoted to oats, with a yield of 29,810 bushels. There were 308 acres of rye, from which were harvested 5,433 bushels. On the whole, in the production of these cereals, Copley ranks favorably with any other township in Knox county. Its lands are mostly prairie. There are, however, some fine tracts of timber in the southern portion of the township. It is supposed that Larkin Robinson was the first pioneer, he having settled on section 18, in 1837. John McDowell settled on section 16, the following year. He afterwards removed to section 14, where he died in 1867. His son, John-McDowell, Jr., resides in the township, at present. A son of Matthew Herbert was the first child born in Copley. The number of acres of improved land in this township is 21,360;HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 501 of unimproved lands 1,183; total valuation of both $399,214. Of corn grown in 1878 there were 8*,229 acres; wheat, 234 acres; oats, 1,523 acres. Of meadow there are 2,311 acres; of orchard, 184 acres; of woodland, 1,866 acres. Value of town lots, $7,920. There are 781 horses in this township, valued at $29,501; cattle, 1,680, valued at $22,401; of mules there are 21, valued at $1,065; sheep, 666, valued at $1,162; hogs, 3,180, valued at $7,931; carriages and wagons, 303, valued at $6,263; piano-fortes, 3, valued at $190. Total value of farming implements and machinery is $6,843. Total value of per- sonal property in the township is $130,988. WALNUT GROVE TOWNSHIP. John Thompson was the first permanent settler. He was originally from Pennsylvania, but removed from Ohio to Illinois in July, 1836, and settled in Knox county, on section 16, the present site of the vil- lage of Altona. Previous to this Jones and DeHart settled on section 21, but were scared away by the Black Hawk war in 1832. Mr. Thompson’s nearest neighbor lived at Fraker’s Grove, eleven miles distant. During the years 1836-7 a band of Indians, about 30 in number, cauflped for a short time just west of Mr. John Thompson’s residence, and near the present high-school building of Altona. An old Indian and his squaw remained long after the body of Indians left, and most excellent neighbors they were. John Thompson, Jr., was the first male child born in this township. The second child was Helen Maria Ward, now Mrs. A. P. Stephens, of Creston, Iowa. In 1838, Mr. Ward made the first wagon tracks ever made between Walnut Grove and Victoria. At one time Walnut Grove township was the home of a large num- ber of Mormons. It was revealed to Joe Smith, the prophet, that a branch church should be established, and all the inhabitants of this beautiful land should yield up a portion of their increase to the build- ing of a temple, sacred to the Mormon religion. While the great head of the church was at Nauvoo, Hancock county, Illinois, it was intended that a branch church should be established here, and a society of about 100 members was organized. The citizens generally were very much opposed to this plan, and a very strong intimation, backed up by the most resolute and hardy land proprietors, to the effect that the property of the Mormons and the temple of the prophet would not in an emergency be protected by them, resulted in a new “ revelation,” commanding them all to leave their homes and go to Hancock county where the main body of Mormons had settled.502 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. This they all strictly obeyed, many of them making great sacrifices in so doing. Amos Ward was the first Postmaster in the township. He held the office for a long term of years, when it was much more trouble- some than remunerative. A little drawer in a book-case served as a deposit for all the mail, for ten years. The first school-house was built about the year 1811. It was con- structed of logs, and was 16x16 feet. Mary Frail, now Mrs. Tupper, of Altona, was the first female teacher, and Eugene Gross,, who sub- sequently has figured quite prominently in the Legislature of this State, the first male teacher. The character of the school was good. Prominent among the early settlers was Simeon L. Collison, who resides in the southern part of the township. He came from England to the United States in 1830, and to Knox county in 1838. About the first lawsuit in the neighborhood was for the ownership of a tree. The contestants were so fierce as to come to blows. The case was tried before a jury, in a log cabin. After all the evidences were taken, the jury retired to a small rail pen, to decide upon the merits of the question. SALEM TOWNSHIP. Among the first settlers of this excellent township were Solomon Sherwood, Henry Dalton, Alexander Taylor, Felix Thurman, Avery Dalton, Benona Hawkins, John Darnell, Sala Blakeslee, William Kent, John Thurman, and John Haskins. Taylor arrived first, and settled on section 5. The first birth was Laura, daughter of John Haskins, in 1835. The first marriage was that of Avery Dalton, to Delilah Dalton. The first death was Anderson Corbine, in the summer of 1835. The first sermon was preached by Rev. Henry Summers, on section 13, on the 4th of November, 1836. Emeline Shinn was the first to die in the township, on the 9th of August, 1839. The first postoffice was established at a place in the southwest corner of the township, called Middle Grove. The first school was taught by Abid Drew, on section 13, in 1838. The first Justice of the Peace was William Davis. There are three towns in this town- ship, and more miles of railroad than in any other township in the county except Galesburg. The first frame building in Salem town- ship was erected by Sala Blakeslee, in 1837. It was a barn, 30 by 40 feet in size; and burned down the same year. Mr. Blakeslee also brought the first timothy seed into the township, in 1S34. On his farm are ten chestnut trees, growing from seeds planted by him, in 1S1G. Tlicv will now measure two feet in diameter. He also has aHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 503 rail fence, which is lemarkable for its perfect state of preservation. In 32 rods, which was built in 1844, there are not more than five rails but what are sound and good yet. It has never been re-set. He claims that the rails do not rot, for the reason that they were cut in August, and the fence laid while the moon was in its last quarter. He has logs in a corn-crib that were cut in 1829, and gate posts that were cut in 1832. This is one of the corner townships of the county, and joins Fulton county on the south and Peoria on the east. The soil is fertile and the landscape beautiful. Indeed, one of the finest views in Knox county is obtainable from Summit in this township. ELBA TOWNSHIP. In the year 1835 or ’36 John King erected a cabin on section 2 of this township. This was the first attempt known to settle this section of beautiful country. In 1836 came Darius Miller and his brother, who was familiarly known among the pioneers as King Miller. Soon followed John Thurman, Jacob Kightlinger, L. A. Jones and J. H. Nicholson. The first marriage in the township was that of Moses Smith to Miss Tabitha George, by Jacob Kightlinger. The first death occurring was that of John King, the first settler, who died in 1836, the year after his. arrival. The first birth was Tabitha Smith, on section 35. Jacob Kightlinger was the first Justice of the Peace. His commission was dated August, 1839. Here lived the Rev. John Cross, who figured so prominently in the management of the Underground Railroad, and of whom some quite interesting sketches may be found in the chapter on that road in this book. It is said he preached the first sermon at the house of John Tucker on section 1, in the year 1841, but we find Rev. S. S. Miles preached in April, 1839, two years before Mr. Cross preached in this township. From the year 1837 to 1850 there had been a gradual increase of population. During these years they began to think of the need of some educational facilities, and in 1842 a school-house was built. Religious services were held in the school-house soon after its erection, the first being by the United Brethren denomination, with Mr. Cady as leader and preacher. In 1867 a Good Templars’ lodge was 'organized, which met for some time at the house of Mr. Robert Jerman, then occupied by Mr. John Lewis. The society flourished, and in 1869 built the Good Templars’ Hall, a quarter of a mile west of the bchool-house. It was a one-story wooden structure; and as the members of the order be-504 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. came scattered, and the lodge discouraged, it was sold in 1876, and removed by Mr. Jerome Curtiss and used as a dwelling. A post-office was established in the southern part of the township, section 15, in April, 1870, under the name of “Spoon River.” In January, 1871, the name was changed to Elba Centre. Miss Rebecca Boyce was selected as postmistress, and has retained the position to the present time. In the spring of 1872, the old school-house was remodeled and mod- ernized, and in the following year a hall was built opposite in which to transact township business. Two churches were built in 1874,—one by the Methodists a mile west of the Centre corners, the other by the Presbyterians a mile to the north of the same point. The first was dedicated in June by President Evans of Hedding College, Abingdon, and the latter in September by a minister from Galesburg. TRURO TOWNSHIP. This township contains a greater number of miles of Spoon river than any other township in the county. That river touches 17 sections, which is, seemingly, as many as is possible for the same number of miles of a stream to cross in running through a township. The first settler in Truro was John Dill, who came to the township in 1832, and erected his cabin on section 19. Malon Winans, United States’ Mail Carrier, was the first person meeting with death in this township. He lived in Lewistown, Fulton county, and was making his first trip with the mail. O. M. Ross, who came into Fulton county in 1822, carried the mail between Springfield and Monmouth for some years, or rather it was carried by his son, Harvey L., who, when he began in 1832, was but 15 years of age. In 1834 Mr. Ross let out a part of the route, from Lewistown to Monmouth, to a relative of his, Malon Winans. Mr. Winans had a son whom he in- tended to put upon the route, but concluded to go over it himself first that he might make all necessary arrangements for stopping-places. But his first trip was his last, for in attempting to swim Spoon river with the mail-bag strapped to his back, he was drowned. The first marriage ceremony performed in the township was by Rev. J. Cummings in 1833, when he united Jake Ryan and Miss Stambaugh. The first birth was Andrew Dill, in 1S33. The first sermon was preached at the residence of Widow Lambert on section 31, in 1834, by Rev. John Cummings. A ferry was established on Spoon river at section 30, in 1834, by John Coleman. On the northwest quarter of section 31, Truro township, on theHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 507 land afterward owned by Charles Bradford, a number of Indian graves were found when the first white, settlers came there. The corpses had been buried in the forks of the trees ten to fifteen feet above the ground. Logs had been split in halves and excavated for coffins; the forks of the trees were cut away with their tomahawks sufficiently to let them in, and the rude coffins there rested with their skeleton con- tents, until about 1836 the whites took'them down and buried them in the earth. VICTORIA TOWNSHIP. Victoria township lies in the northeast part of Knox county, and was named in honor of Queen Victoria. It is bounded on the east by Stark county, south by Truro township, on the west by Copley town- ship, and on the north by Lynn township. It is well interspersed with timber and prairie, rock is found in large quantities good for building purposes, and coal is abundant. The whole township is un- derlaid with coal, yet the land is good and rich, producing abundant crops. In her mineral resources she has a mine which when worked will produce abundant remuneration to the laborer. The first settlement made in this township was in 1835, by Edward Brown, John Essex and Mr. Frazier. The}7 were soon followed by John Smith, Wm. Overlander, Moses Robinson, Moody Robinson, Archibald Robinson, Charles Bostic, John Arnold, Passons Aldrige, H. Shurtliff, and Conrad Smith, who settled on section 30 in 1838. He died about ten years ago leaving a large family to mourn his loss. This family consisted of 8 boys and 5 girls. Some 15 to 20 years ago these children were scattered into the following States and Territories: Illi- nois, California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington and Utah. They have all, however, gathered back into Knox county save two, one of whom lives just over the line in Stark county, the other in the edge of Peoria count}7. So near together are they living that all of them can be reached in one day by one person. It is seldom that a large family so widely scattered afterward .settle down in the same neighborhood. Sarah, daughter of Moody Robinson, born November 16,1836, was .the first white child born in the township. She is now the wife of Manford Mosier. Mrs. Frazier died in 1837, being the first death in the township. The first marriage was Peter Sornberger to Miss Phebe Wilbur, in 1838.. She is now living with her son, Briggs Sornberger, in the bounds of the township. G. F. Reynolds built the first house on the prairie in 1837, near the present site of Victoria: both he and his aged companion are still living. Passons Aldrige was the first Justice of the Peace, he being elected in 1837. Charles Bostic, a508 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Methodist local preacher, preached the first sermon in the house of Moses Robinson in 1836. Salem school-house was the first seat of learning; it was about one mile northwest of the present site, and was built in 1837. G. F. Reynolds, E. Smith, S. Locke, Rev. J. J. Hed- strom, Isaiah Berry, Peter Yan Buren, Alexander, Peter and Anson Sornberger, M. C. Hubbell, Edward Boyer, the Shurtliffs, Smiths and Olmsteds, with others, were among the early settlers. The town was first organized under the township organization law, April 5, 1853, when J. L. Jarnagan was elected Supervisor; Moses Robinson and John P. Smith, Justices of the Peace; C. A. Shurtliff and Seneca Mosier, Constables; C. A. Shurtliff, Collector; B. Youngs, Assessor; J. F. Hubbell, Clerk; J. W. Mosier, Peter Yan Buren and A. B. Coddling, Commissioners of Highways. The first church was built in the village in 1851; it was the Con- gregational, with S. G. Wright as its pastor. The next church was the Swede Methodist Episcopal, which was built in 1854. This church also has a branch society six miles southeast, yet in the township, that is served by the same minister that preaches in the village. The next church in Yictoria was the Methodist Episcopal, which was organized about 1841. Besides these there is now a Free Methodist church, six miles southeast of the village, in Yictoria township. The Mormons once had an organization in the south part of the township, with some 18 members. This church is scattered; yet there are quite a number that hold to the faith, but have no church organization, having re- moved their membership elsewhere. The Second Adventists have had an organization in this township, but they have principally moved away. LYNN TOWNSHIP. Lynn township has some features peculiar to itself. For instance, it is without a church, town or postoffice within its limits, which can be said of no other township in the county. But with all the incon- veniences and want of high moral sentiment such a statement would generally imply, we find Lynn favored with postoffices at convenient and accessible points, and her people are not excelled in moral tone, by those of any other section in the county. Indeed their reputation in this direction has justly attained so high a standard that we shall class this one of the peculiar features of the township. Substantia- ting this is the highly commendable statement that no person has ever been fined in the township for the violation of law; neither was there ever an indictment found, or suit brought in the Circuit Court against any citizen of Lynn for a criminal offense. Her people, however, en-HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 509 joy the elevating influences of the churches in the surrounding towns, some of which are accessible to all parts of the township. The school buildings and the character of the schools of this township are second to none in Knox county. The soil of the township is fertile, well drained and supplied with timber, a beautiful grove being in its midst. On the southern edge of this grove, in the spring of 1830, Michael Fraker located, being the first settler in the northeastern part of the county. His original cabin, and the oldest house now standing in the county, erected in 1830, is occupied by R. Harrison. This same log house, when owned hy Alden Bennett, was about twelve years ago adorned with blinds by E. Child, of Oneida, and to-day is one of the substantial farm houses of Lynn township. It was erected hy Mr. fraker on section 23, but at present stands on the northeast corner of section 16. Mr. Fraker was a regular pioneer genius, always ready to adapt himself to any unfavorable surroundings. His genius was displayed, shortly after his arrival, in constructing a hand mill to grind his neighbors’ and his own grain. The burrs were about two feet in di- ameter, and were made out of stone called hard-head. Such stones are occasionally found singly scattered over the country. This mill proved a blessing, for when the water mills through that part of country failed, the neighbors went to the Fraker mill, which stood in the living room of the family. Mr. Edward Sellon tells us that many are the times that he has gone there to grind corn and buck- wheat for food for his family. Two persons could grind one-half a bushel of wheat on this mill in an hour, or one bushel of corn or buck- wheat in the same time. William Dunbar purchased the original burrs, as he kept a public house requiring a large amount of flour and meal. Sometimes 25 to 30 men, who were looking for land, would be there over night. Washington Dunbar was the principal miller. Being unable to bolt the flour or meal, Mrs. Dunbar used sieves of two grades before preparing to cook either. Before purchas- ing the old Fraker mill, however, they made a mortar mill by boring, chopping and burning into the top of a burr-oak stump which stood 6ome 20 rods from their house. This by use became as hard and smooth as a stone. A spring pole with pestle attached to break the grain was even a much harder and slower process than the hand mill afforded; besides, it was not nearly so good. In 1830, when the county was organized through the interposition and influence of Riggs Pennington, the two townships adjoining Lynn and Victoria township in Stark county were included within the boundaries of this county. La Fayette was, during its early his-510 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. tory, in Knox county. At the session of the Legislature of 1836-7, an act “for the formation of the county of Coffee” was passed and approved. This new county was to comprise nine townships, six of which were to be taken from Putnam, one from Henry and two from Knox. The two townships taken from this county were to be the two referred to above, and which were subsequently taken. The formation of Coffee county was, however, defeated by the voters of Knox county. A more vigorous attempt to form Coffee county was made in 1838, but proved futile. In 1839, after great difficulty and a close contest, Stark county was organized and townships 12 and 13 north, 5 east, were taken from Knox and added to, or aided in forming Stark county. The first couple of Lynn township to be united in marriage were William Hitchcock and Julia Fraker. They were married in Knox- ville. The second marriage, or the first performed marriage cere- mony in the settlement, was that of Peter Miner and Matilda Smith, by Esquire Fitch. At the appointed time the parties arrived at the cabin of the ’Squire, also some young companions of the groom to wit- ness the ceremony. The happy pair placed themselves in position, when ’Squire Fitch in a dignified manner began the ceremony. When about half through, Mr. Miner suddenly interrupted him by exclaim- ing, “Hold on, ’Squire,” at the same time drawing a paper from his pocket and handing it to him, saying, with a broad grin on his coun- tenance, “ I reckon, ’Squire, you would like to see this ’ere paper be- fore you go any further,” handing him their license. Mr. Fitch, evi- dently embarrassed, hastily exclaimed, “ Why, yes!yes! ” and com- menced reading the document aloud. He commenced at the begin- ning again to tie the knot, when, just as the happy pair were pro- nounced man and wife, down came one of the ’Squire’s large turkey gobblers through the old stick chimne}7 into the room! The newly made benedict seized the turkey, claiming it as a gift sent from above especially for the occasion. This couple in after years proved to be among the most worthy and respectable of the community. In 1851 the streams of Lynn were higher than were ever known before or since. Especially was this so of Walnut creek. At the Gibbs saw-mill, located on this creek, the water rose to the eaves of the building, sweeping away lumber, logs and fences, although the mill and dam withstood the fury of the current. Every seventh year, for a long period, was noted as being a wet season. Especially were the years 1844, 1851 and 1858 noticeable for this. During the winter of 1855-6 apple and other fruit trees, together with the osage, wereHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 511 greatly injured by the severe cold weather. The osage was killed down to within a few inches of the ground. There is a good Town Hall in the center of the township, open and free for all moral public gatherings. Since 1855 the township has given a Republican majority. When the last draft during the rebellion was ordered, Lynn had only 90 men subject to military service, but furnished its quota of 21 men.512 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. CHAPTER XXI. BLOODED STOCK. If there is one interest of greater importance to the farmers of Knox county than any other it is that of stock-raising. Many have realized this, and have turned their attention largely to this branch of agriculture; and the result is that Knox county can boast of the finest stock, especially of cattle, of any county in the State. While this chapter is headed as if to treat on stock indiscriminately, yet as cattle are receiving, and have received, more attention than any other class of domestic animals, we shall devote most of the space to cattle. As thoroughbred stock was introduced into Knox county at a very earl}’- day, as early indeed as in almost any part of the State, we will speak of the first introduction of such stock into Illinois. The first, perhaps,- that were brought into the State were by James N. Brown, in 1834, when he arrived in Sangamon county with the progenitors of his afterwards famed herd of “Island Grove.” Some grades of the “Patton” stock are said to have been found in Madison and in some other southern counties, even earlier. G. W. Fagg, of Perry county, advertised a short-horn bull in the Union Agriculturist in 1841. The Prairie Farmer notices the Devons of James McConnell, near Springfield, in 1843. A letter of Gov. Lincoln, of Massachusetts, to Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, published in the Union Agriculturist for 1841, shows that the former sent some crosses of Ayrshire and short- horn cattle to a son in Alton that year, which was, perhaps, the first introduction of Ayrshire blood even in a diluted state. The Prairie Farmer, in 1844, chronicles the arrival at Chicago of an imported short-horn for Bronson Murray, of La’Salle county. Bv the time of holding the first State Fair at Springfield, in 1851, the short-horn ap- peared in very respectable numbers, and Devons, although not much shown, were said by the Prairie Farmer to be already found in quantity in the northern part of the State. In 1857 the formation of the Illinois Stock Importing Association, and their importations and sales, among4other animals, of twenty-seven short-horns, increased the interest in breeding. The first thoroughbred cattle brought into Knox county was by Israel Marshall, in 1846, at which time he brought some DurhamsHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 513 from Kentucky into Cedar township. This did much to improve the native stock at that time. Mr. Marshall yet lives in Cedar, a very old man, being over 90 years old. He has lived to see a vast im- provement in the stock of the county. Ho special interest was taken in thoroughbred^cattle for several years'after they’were introduced by Mr. Marshall. Some short-horns were brought here in 1860 by Peter Godfrey, who is the first man from Knox county to have a record of thoroughbred stock made in the “American Herd Book.” In 1862 the nucleus of Mrs. E. J. Byram’s herd were brought here from Ken- tucky. Mr. A. J. Dunlap, of Galesburg township, brought some to the county about the same time. From that time to 1870 great in- terest was taken in improving the cattle stock of this county, and many small purchases were made from Byram, Dunlap, and also from the best herds in the State of Kentucky by other gentlemen in the county, many of which have grown to be large and worthy herds. A large number of short-horns were shipped from Kentucky to Gales- burg in the years 1872-3 and 1874, and sold at public auction. The people in general were alive to the importance of improving their stock, and consequently these shipments proved to be very remunera- tive to the interested parties, and highly beneficial to the stock-raisers of the county. The result of these importations and a scientific knowledge of breeding and the expenditure of vast sums of money and close attention, has placed Knox county in the very front rank of the counties of Illinois in the raising of fine cattle. The final grand result of all this outlay of time, labor and money is that dealers and purchasers of blooded cattle are coming to this county to buy them, instead of going to Kentucky. As a proof of this statement, we need but to refer to the shipments made by one gentleman engaged in rais- ing thoroughbred cattle. Mr. J. S. Latimer, proprietor of Cedar Farm, Cedar township, has shipped to the "West, principally to Chey- enne, Wyoming Territory, over 500 bulls and 80 cows and heifers during the last five years. The shipments made thus far this year number 175 cattle. Recently there has been introduced into Knox county the Holstein breed of cattle, which will, no doubt, raise still higher the standard of the cattle stock. Samuel Chapman & Son, of Ontario township, brought their fine herd of Holstein in the spring of 1876. It con- sisted of Siegel (male), No. 124; Camper Down, No. 103, and Lady Young, females. The last was imported too late to appear in volume 2, American Herd Book, but will be recorded in the succeeding vol- ume. W. W. Green, of Maquon, brought his herd of this class a few months prior to Chapman.514 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Sheep were not very extensively raised in the primitive days, when wolves were plentiful in these parts. The first flock of sheep, per- haps, that were brought into Knox county were brought from Ken- tucky by Rev. H. H. Kellogg and Olmsted Ferris in 1842. This flock numbered about 1,500 head. Dexter Farr and Weston Ferris drove them from Kentucky to this county. Calvin A. Cole took the first load of wool sheared from these sheep—consequently the first from this county—to Chicago in June, 1843. On his return Mr. Cole brought a load of leather made in Herkimer county, Hew York, from hides sent there by Olmsted Ferris the year before. The next }'ear Cole took another load of wool to Chicago, and brought back the cloth made of the wool carried the year previous. This cloth was also made at Herkimer. In 1845 Mr. Ferris imported six' full-blood Merino bucks from Vermont, which were the first Merinos brought to the county. The improvement in the hog stock of the county is, perhaps, more noticeable than that of any other class of domesticated animals. Since the arrival of Daniel Robertson and his brother, in 1828, with 80 head of hogs bred and raised entirely in the timber, and almost alto- gether upon the roots and acorns of the native forests, there has been untold numbers of these animals raised in Knox county. It would take millions to record their number. Then, and for many years afterwards, it seemed to have made no difference with the farmers in regard to the breed of hogs. They reasoned that a hog was a hog, and that one was as good as another, and made no effort to better their stock. The first effort, perhaps, ever made in the county to improve this stock was about thirty years ago, by Asa Haynes, of Orange township, when he brought some Poland Chinas from Ohio. This breed, with theBerkshires and Chester Whites, comprise the principal breeds raised in Knox county. In aggregate value the horses of the county are worth more than the combined aggregated value of all other domestic animals. Much interest is now being manifested in the improvement of the farm horse stock as well as the roadsters. W. K. Scott, of Abingdon, has evinced no little interest in this work. He is the proprietor of the celebrated Laurent, an imported French Boulonais stallion, which was brought to the county in 1870. Many other fine blooded animals have been brought to the county by various parties from time to time, all of which have done much to better the horse stock. Among them none have done more than C. E. Cranston, who is well posted in horse flesh, as is attested by his stable of fine Clydesdales. The following is almost a complete list of breeders of thoroughbredHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 515 6tock in this county: J. S. Latimer, farm near Abingdon, short-horn cattle, Berkshire and Poland China hogs; Samuel Chapman & Son, Ontario township, Holstein cattle; J. Branard & Son, Ontario town- ship, short-horn cattle and Poland China hogs; J. Alex. Finley, short- horn cattle, postoffice, Oneida; G. S. Gates, Ontario township, Poland China hogs; I. M. Wetmore & Son, Ontario township, short-horn cattle and Poland China hogs; G. W. Dunlap & Brothers, section 19, Cedar township, short-horn cattle; H. M. & W. P. Sisson, Henderson township, short-horn cattle and Poland China hogs. Among others are Niles Brothers, Robison Brothers, Robert Deatherage, Dowdy & Son, Samuel Morse, William Maxey, Godfrey & Grice, W. H. Heller, A. G. Dunlap, Mrs. Byram, Mr. Woodmansee, W. H. Green.516 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. CHAPTER XXII. MANUFACTORIES. FROST MANUFACTURING COMPANY. J. P. Frost first came to Henderson, Knox county, July 7, 1837, among the pioneers who came to build up Knox College; and like Mr. G. W. Brown, he commenced with a small field of operation, which has since grown to gigantic proportions. He first put up a saw-mill in Henderson Grove, and after running it about six years, he took a farm, and while working that, he did what machine work was to be done in Galesburg and vicinity. He put in the engine and work at the old brick grist-mill on Broad street,—the first work of the kind in the place. In 1855-56 he erected a small shop in Gales- burg, on the north side of Simmons street, between Cedar and West streets, and formed a partnefship with W. S. Bellows and Andrew Harrington, under the name of “ J. P. Frost & Co.” After running for six or eight years under the above name, they re- organized into a joint-stock company under the name and style of “Frost Manufacturing Company,” L. C. Field president, and H. M. Hale secretary. Messrs. Bellows and Field have died within a few years, and Messrs. R. H. and C. M. Avery have bought the interest of Mr. Field. J. P. Frost is now president, T. H. Ayres secretary, and R. H. Avery treasurer. This company has been the leading one in Western Illinois in all kinds of iron work connected with steam-engines, mills and heavy machinery, having a foundry 60 by 120 feet in size, wood shop for patterns and wood work 40 by 100 feet, a machine-9hop and engine room, blacksmith shop, ware-house, and two buildings, each two stories high, containing patterns. It is scarcely worth while to detail the extent of this pattern work, for it covers almost everything from a 150-horse-power engine down to the smallest casting. Time would fail us to tell of the pulleys, cog-wheels, shafting, rollers, pinions, boxes, engine beds, fly-wheels, castings for buildings, hoisting appar- atus for coal mines, e'x.. and castings for sugar mills, hay-presscs, stalk- cutters, etc., which the company has patterns for, and are prepared to make on the shortest notice. Of course they also manufacture andFROST MANUFACTURING COMPANY GALESBURG.HISTOKY (JF KNOX COUNTY. 519 repair boilers, and deal in and repair gas and steam pipe, and the fixtures connected with them. But the most important branch of this establishment is the department for the manufacture of corn- stalk-cutters and corn-planters. The Spiral-knife Stalk-cutter was in- vented by R. II. & C. M. Avery, who commenced their manufacture at Galesburg in 1872. They were afterwards made fora number of years by Geo. W. Brown, but are now manufactured extensively by the Frost Company. These cutters find their way into fields all over the Northwest, and the demand for them is rapidly increasing, which is the best of evidence of their superiority. Their manufacture is be- coming one of the large business interests of Knox county. The various buildings of this extensive concern, which are well represented in the accompanying engraving, occupy the south half of the square bounded by Main, Simmons, Cedar and West streets, Gales- burg. THE STEEL PLOW. It is but justice to this county to perpetuate in history the fact that it furnished the first steel plow in America, thus imparting unappre- ciated pleasure to the present tillers of this soil and increasing the ma- terial wealth of the Mississippi valley alone many millions of dollars yearly; for now the same team power will plow more land in one day and do it better, than in two days prior to 1842. Then, except along some water courses and strips of sandy land, all plowmen had to stop about every 10 rods and scrape the soil off the moldboard, which would pack so quickly again as to make very bad and very slow work. On moving to Galesburg among entire strangers, in 1837, H. H. May began experiments at once in trying to make a plow that would scour bright. In this, one disappointment followed another, and 6neers followed jeers. A prominent man called Mr. May a fool pub- licly for “trying to do an impossibility.” Nearly every man sup- posed it impossible ever to make a plow that would scour brighCin this adhesive soil. But some gave noble encouragements for trying it. Several offered Mr. May $100 each for such a plow; and Maj. Butler offered to give him his choice among 30 excellent horses for such a plow. A plate of wrought iron cut in the shape of a diamond, and stocked like a shovel plow, did scour bright, when set very square to the ground, but when turned back to an angle suitable for turning the soil, it would not scour. But after five years of discouraging ex- periments, on May 6th, 1842, Mr. May noticed that the cavities in fine steel were many times less than in cast or wrought iron, and concluded at once to try fine steel for plows, and within two days 29520 IIISTOKY OF KNOX COUNTY. he had a plow running, made of one of Win. Rowland’s best saw-mill saw plates, and it would scour bright in any soil, which made that day one of great rejoicing in Galesburg. H. II. May’s first application for letters patent for this invention was filed Aug. 20, 1842. It was rejected Sept. 8, 1842, for want of novelty. Being sure the act- ing Commissioner understood the word ‘‘novel” in the law to mean wonderful or strange, Mr. May argued in several letters that “ novel ” there means new, or not so used before, and quoted the action of his predecessors in granting patents for substituting one material for an- other; and he finally invited Mr. May to make a new application, which he did. But a new Commissioner rejected that also Aug. 19, 1844, and in nearly the same words as his predecessor, and he said May could appeal; but the severe and protracted sickness of Mr. May forbade his appeal, and also impelled him under decided medical ad- vice to sell out his plow factory. There can be no doubt whatever that H. IT. May was the original inventor of the steel plow. This question was well ventilated during the famous trade-mark suit between Deere & Co. and the Moline Plow Company during the years from 1867 to 1871 inclusive, when the case was decided by the Supreme Court of the State. Justice Sidney Breese, in summing up the evidence, refers especially to that given by Robert N. Tate, a former partner of Deere, and of whom the Judge says: “We should judge from his testimony that he was a man of some mechanical skill, and well informed generally, and par- ticularly upon the subject of plows. He says the history of this plow goes back to 1841.” In rehearsing some of the historical evidence submitted by Mr. Tate the Judge says: “A person by the name of Hitchcock commenced what he called the diamond plow, in Prince- ton, Bureau county; afterwards May, of Galesburg, manufactured a plow, in shape nearly the form that is manufactured now. This is the earliest he recollects of seeing a steel moldboard. The share and moldboard were combined at that time, and May was the first man that laid any claim to the improved steel plow.” In speaking of the improvements of the steel plow the Judge deduces from the evidence still further facts that go to show the perfectness of the plow invented by IT. H. May. He refers to this point in the following language: “ There is no improvement on the May steel plow as made in 1843, or later, perhaps, up to this time. In the plow afterward made at Pal- estine, in Lee county, by a person named Doan; afterward at Grand De Tour by W. Denney and Deere and Andrus; afterward in Moline by Deere, Tate and Gould, in the fall of 1848; afterwards by Buford ,& Tate in 1856, the working models are all copied strictly after theHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 521 May plow. I essentially consider May the sole constructor in form of the western steel plow.” Tims it will be seen that beyond a shadow of doubt to H. H. May, of Galesburg, the honor, the credit belongs for giving to the world this most useful of all agricultural imple- ments. THE NOVELTY MACHINE WORKS. During the year 1857 Mr. G. D. Colton purchased the lot on the corner of Cherry and Depot streets and proceeded to erect thereon a large frame building for a planing mill and sash factory. In 1864 an additional building was erected for the purpose of manufacturing hay presses, to which Mr. C. for a time devoted some attention. He had just linislied paying for his property, and started upon what augured a successful career, when the fire fiend made its unwelcome advent, Nov. 17,1864, and leveled the buildings to the ground. There being no insurance on the property, the loss, which was about $10,000, was total. Not to be discouraged by this dire calamity, Mr. Colton started to rebuild on the same site with no capital except his trade and a good name; and by March 1, 1865, he had completed a new building more ample and better adapted to his business. In September, 1865, he formed a partnership with S. S. Cheeney and Wm. P. Frailey, and added a foundry and machine shop. The new firm took the name of G. D. Colton & Co., and denominated their manufactory “ The Novelty Machine Works.” In the spring of 1867 Mr. C. S. Colton became a partner, succeeding Mr. Cheeney and Mr. Frailey. The manufactory was started in 1865 with a capital of $7,500. Fourteen hands were employed the first year, and the current busi- ness amounted to $21,400. The amount of capital now employed is over $35,000; from forty to fifty men are worked, and the average an- nnal product exceeds $60,000. The establishment makes all kinds of machinery and does an extensive foundry and repairing business; and the work is uniformly considered first-class. brown’s CORN-PLANTER WORKS. These works have attained a magnitude that claims for them more than local importance. The most extensive and important business interest of Knox county, and even in the west, is that connected with the manufacture and sale of Brown’s corn-planter. This is also the largest establishment engaged in the manufacture of corn-planters ex. isting in any quarter of the globe, and, like almost all worthy and ex- tensive enterprises, has grown to itB present vast proportions from a little beginning.522 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. George W. Brown,* the inventor of the corn-planter, is a practical mechanic; and when the invention was conceived in his mind, lie was working at his trade,—that of carpenter,—going home to his farm, between jobs, to cultivate his crops; and while there he was called upon by his neighbors to make and repair the rude farm implements used prior to 1850. Being both a mechanic and a farmer, his mind was directed to improvements in farming machinery. He studied a great deal and made many plans and.models. John S. Winter, Esq., remem- bers being at his house in 1846, near Tylerville, a small log building. He found Mr. Brown barefoot, his only clothing a straw hat, shirt and jeans pants, literally in a “brown” study upon farm implements. Among the implements used were cultivators, and in 1848 Mr. Brown conceived the plan of turning a cultivator into a corn-planter. His first idea was to drop three rows at once, placing the shovels of the cultivator as wide apart as he wished to have the corn rows, and boxes of corn on the beams back of the shovels, so fixed that the centre of each box would be over the middle of the furrows made by the shovels. A slide was so adjusted that by moving it there would be an aperture at the centre of the bottom of each box large enough for three to five kernels of corn to slip through, which would of course fall into the middle of each furrow behind the shovel. This slide was to be operated by a man walking behind the machine. He attached heavy wheels to the cultivator back of the boxes, which were made of sections sawed off from logs, and which would roll the ground after the corn was dropped in, filling and leveling the furrow. Out of these simple experiments upon a cultivator came the per- fected corn-planter, with which two men and a team can plant from 16 to 20 acres of corn in a day. Mr. Brown had a strong brain, a strong arm and a strong purpose to aid him; the latter was to invent and construct the best corn-planter that the ingenuity and muscle of man could make out of wood and iron. He had little or no capital in money, but he had a better capital than that of gold, silver or cur- rency, in the qualities we have just mentioned. He had a wonderful degree of faith in the ultimate embodiment, in a machine of his idea, of a perfect planter. Whether or not he thought he should achieve this idea in two or three years, we cannot say; but he had the patience possessed always by all great inventors, to labor and to wait. In the spring of 1851 Mr. Brown made the first complete corn- planter of the present style, and planted corn with it the following May. Prior to that he was experimenting, but it was his corn- planter drop attached to a cultivator, already described. In 1852, he * See Biographical Sketch.HISTORY OE KNOX COUNTY. 525 planted with his improved machine 16 acres for himself and 8 acres for Alfred Brown. That same spring he commenced the manufacture of ten machines, but on account of poverty and embarrassments, com- pleted only one. About this time he determined to stake all he pos- sessed upon the success of his invention. He had already sold every- thing about the place, including his last horse, to furnish means to secure his patents. He then sold his little farm for what he could get, went deeply into debt for more money, and took the chances of success. Times were hard, and the facilities for manufacturing poor. He had no such machinery as he now has; but everything had to be done by hand. Yery soon he was so much involved that, had he been called upon to pay, he would not have been worth a dollar. But he was an upright man, had a good name, was full of enthusiasm for his new invention, and his largest creditors were willing to give him a fair trial. But he frequently was obliged to pay exorbitant rates of interest, sometimes from one.to two per cent, a month, and once three per cent, for one month, and a short month at that. . He commenced manufacturing at. Shanghai, and in 1853 completed twelve machines, one of which that season planted three hundred acres of corn. In 1851 he made a hundred machines, and in 1855 he made three hun- dred machines, after which lie removed to Galesburg. In 1856 he made six hundred machines, and in ,1857 he made a thousand machines. It is not necessary to give the number of machines, in detail, manufactured since that time. It is enough to say that lat- terly Mr. Brown manufactures eight thousand machines, per annum, which find a ready sale. . . These machines are now operated in all of the United States where corn is raised,—on the Atlantic and Pacific slopes, as well as in the Mississippi Yalley. Applications have come for them from Europe; they have been sent to Brazil and the Argentine Republic; and a short time ago an order was made from Japan, by the government authority, which was filled. Like all great discoveries and inventions, Mr. Brown experienced great trouble in having the new mode of planting corn accepted. So great was the expense of introducing his machines, that alter ten years of manufacturing in Galesburg lie was not worth a dollar; and at the same time his business was so extensive that he paid nearly $6,000 a year to the government, as income tax; and at present, his city, county and State taxes are about $5,000 per annum. The war closed; the boys had come from tented fields to work upon the farm; the corn- planter had become generally appreciated; orders came in from all526 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. directions, and the road to prosperity and wealth seemed open and smooth. But new obstacles now appeared. It had become known that the corn-planter was a success, and so valuable that men in different parts of the country commenced its manufacture. After considerable delay and a desire to compromise with those infringing upon his patents, and meeting with refusals, he commenced proceedings in the federal courts against them. In May, 1874, after hearing all the evidence and arguments, the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest tribunal on this continent, declared that George W. Brown was the inventor of the corn-planter. This entitled him to a royalty upon all such machines made by others. During July of the present year the U. S. Circuit Court rendered a decision in his favor, against the Keystone Manufacturing Company of Rock Falls, to an amountinvolv- ing about $200,000. During the last twelve years Mr. Brown has employed from 130 to 230 men, paying out in wages alone per annum from $50,000 to $100,000. The shops consume nearly 2,000 tons of coal annually, 500 tons of castings, 250 tons of wrought iron and steel, 15 tons of paints and oils, and 500,000 feet of lumber. For his remarkable success Mr. Brown is largely indebted to the efficient corps of assistants he has called around him. His fine judg- ment led him to select men eminently qualified for the important positions assigned them. Among these are Isaac S. Perkins, the gen- eral manager of the outside business; Loren Stevens, one of the chiefs in the office, and M. D. Hebbard and Adam Dick, under whose imme- diate supervision are the shops. The various buildings, as shown in the accompanying engraving, are all of modern and substantial style of architecture. In their con- struction no means afS spared to make them both durable and elegant, and within the limits of the United States are to be found no factories superior in these respects to those of G. W. Brown. The buildings comprise wood-working department, machine shops, blacksmith shops, pattern rooms, construction department, painting and finishing rooms, storage departments or ware-rooms, and at present there is just finished another building containing more commodious ware- rooms. This building, which is 60 by 120 feet, is of the same archi- tectural style and height as the main structure. All buildings together contain about 100,000 square feet of flooring. These build- ings involved an expenditure of about $150,000, and in addition to this vast amount there is abont $50,000 invested in tools and PBIWI WOW) kw WWW] ifeii HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 529 machinery. In addition, about $200,000 cash capital is required to carry on the business. Mr. Brown has constructed a railroad, for his own private use, from the main line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy road to his shops, a distance of 2,000 feet, by which he is enabled to have the cars run down to his storage rooms, and there load them in that manner, avoid- ing handling the planters many times, and also saving most of tlm time that it would consume to take teams and draw the machines to the cars; and although the construction of the railroad has now in- volved considerable expense, it will in time prove itself a very saving expenditure. BROOM FACTORY. Aaron Boyer, who has for 28 years been blind, after having been some years engaged in the manufacture of brooms, started business in Galesburg, in the year 1867, with $5 worth of stock. He purchased two lots on the corner of Prairie and Berrien streets, on which he erected a two-story frame building, 60 by 90 feet. This building is supplied with the most approved modern machinery, including steam motive power, and every appliance for expeditious and perfect work. One of the most important pieces of machinery in the manufactory is the Adjustable Lever Broom Press, an invention of Mr. Boyer’s own fertile brain, and a very ingenious and nicely constructed piece of mechanism, perfectly adapted to the purpose for which it is designed, which he has had patented, and has sold a large number of them to manufacturers in various parts of the country. When his solicitor sent his application to the Commissioner of Patents he incidentally remarked that it was the invention of a blind man, to which a reply was sent from the Patent Office that it was the first instance on record of a man devoid of sight inventing a piece of machinery. Under the careful management of Mr. B., his business has gradually grown .from the small beginning until he now employs some twenty- five men, who with the aid of the superior facilities at hand manu- facture 9,000 dozen brooms per year. He makes every style and grade of brooms and corn brushes; and so carefully is every part of the work performed that his goods are equal in quality* to any made in this country, and find a market in several States. Until very recently Mr. B. has been his own traveling man, and done all of his own selling. Although the proprietor is deprived of the inestimable blessing of vision, his place is a model of order and system, and is a speaking monument of the possibilities of human energy and enterprise, in the absence of man’s chief source of knowledge and pleasure, heaven’s sunlight.530 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. HEMSTREET' CARRIAGE MANUFACTORY. We believe we are right in saying that the carriage manufactory of the above named gentleman is the oldest of its kind in the city of Galesburg. It was first started in 1862 by JP. P. Iieinstreet, who, being a workman of large experience, soon began to turn out of his then small shops work of a first-class character. Thus he continued, gradu- ally increasing his business, until orders accumulated so fast that sin- gle-handed he was unable to fill them, mostly for want of capital. But his resources have grown, and he now manufactures very extensively. MARBLE WORKS. Mr. James A. Judson established his marble works in Galesburg in 1859, which he conducted successfully to 1869, the time of his death. He was one of the few successful marble dealers of his day. He was succeeded in the business by John Greenwood, who continued in a small way for two years. He then gave way to A. W. Anderson, who at one time was engaged in the business in Galesburg, but not meet- ing with the desired success, moved his works to Monmouth. He re- turned to Galesburg in 1872, and established his works in the old Jud- son stand, where he continued to carry on the business up to June of the present year, when he gave up the business entirely, which now leaves G. A. Stevens’ works the only one of the kind in the county. Mr. Stevens, for three years, was Mr. Anderson’s salesman. He es- tablished his works in May, 1877, but has lately moved to the old Jud- son stand on Prairie street. Although Mr. Stevens has not been en- gaged in the business for himself quite eighteen months, yet his suc- cess is apparent. Notwithstanding the present hard times, he has sold this year to the amount of over $30,000. His sales of fine monuments is unsurpassed in the history of the marble trade in this section of the country. Among the number of fine monuments from his works is one for Mrs. Sarah Laferty, of Monmouth,—a beautiful monument of Scotch granite; when completed will be unsurpassed by any work of the kind west of Chicago; standing over 18 feet high, and costing over $4,000. MAY BROS., WIND-MILLS. S. W. May, the patentee of May Bros., celebrated wind-mills, is well known, by reputation at least, by a majority of the citizens of the county. Not to have heard of S. W. Ma}’, or the farming or manu- facturing operations of himself and brother, is to confess ignorance on a point few desire to acknowledge. S. W. May is a native of New York, having been born in the county of Genesee, in the year 1838.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 531 His parents were H. II. and D. D. May, likewise natives of New York, who were possessed of an ordinary amount of this world’s goods. His parents settled in Galesburg, in the year 1839, and the subject of our sketch enjoj’ed the advantages offered in the Academy and Knox College, where he received a liberal education. He passed his early life with his parents, until of age. At a very early age he manifested a business-like disposition, “ teaming it ” from Galesburg to Peoria, occasionally making trips to Oquawka, as that was then the only mode of carrying on an inland commercial trade, in connection with the steamboat transportation of the day. While yet a small boy he was engaged in peddling his father’s plows, in various parts of the State, which were the first steel scouring plows made in this country. A few years later he purchased a large tract of land near the center of Rio township, began farming and raising broom corn quite extensively, having annually from two to four hundred acres, in which he was emi- nently successful. During the summer of 1871 he invented what is now universally known as the “May wind-mill,” for pumping purposes; and during the summer and fall of 1871 made at his farm-shop over 2,000 of these mills and put them into successful operation. During the winter of the same year a partnership was made with Candee & Co., of Oneida, 111., to manufacture his mills. Soon after, another part- nership was effected with Nelson & Co., of Bushnell, 111., for the same purpose. These partnerships existed near two years. The business was then permanently located in Galesburg, the inventor and patentee taken in as partner,—his brother, H. L. May,—and to-day May Bros.’ celebrated mills are running in nearly every state in the Union, also in Canada and Russia; the business being now exclusively carried on by H. L. May, the present capacity for manufacturing being one of the largest in the State. CHEESE FACTORIES. A. J. Miller began cheese-making in Ontario township, about 1871, with about 100 cows. The business being new to that locality, but little interest was taken in it. Each year it has grown gradually, until several new factories have started. There are at present 30 men furnishing milk for this factory. A daily average of 16 cheeses, of 45 pounds each, are made, and 100 pounds of butter. To the present year full cream cheese were made. The “ Ontario Cheese Company ” was organized in the spring of 1S77. The following persons compose the company: Ezra Shedd, F. M. Doolittle, C. C. Moore, L. G. Wetmore, Joseph Fisher and W. G. Mosher ; with E. Shedd President, C. C. Moore Vice532 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. President, and W. J. Mosher Secretary and Treasurer; E. Sliedd, C. C. Moore and F. M. Doolittle, Executive Committee. They entered into an agreement to run not less than three years, and rented the building formerly used by Samuel Chapman for the same pur- pose; bought the tools and fixtures. They use the milk from about 125 cows, most of the time. The total amount of milk used for the season was about 380,000 gallons; cheese made for the season, 38,000 lbs. The venture was considered quite successful, and began its second year with an increased patronage. Owing to the depressions in prices, it is not as profitable as in former years. The present indi- cations are that it will become an important branch of industry, and cheese factories spring up all over the countoy.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 533 CHAPTER XXIII. THE PRESS. The printing-press is unquestionably one of the most potent agencies in molding the destinies of any community, and perhaps among those least appreciated by the people called upon to sustain them. The advance guards of civilization who first setttled this county httd no daily papers; and even weeklies were like “ angels’ visits, feW and far between,” for mails were irregular and unfrequent, being carried on horse-back, and sometimes not carried at all. Although the first settler came in 1828, there was no attempt to establish a local paper in the county, until 1849,—nearly 20 years after the county was organized. Until that time there were no papers taken by the people, save perhaps a few copies of some religious papers and an occasional copy of some Eastern journal. Mr. William Sanburn, brother of John G. Sanburn, who for long years was post- master at Knoxville, then the principal point in the county, tells us he has opened the mail bag many a time when five or six letters and a paper were the full atllotltit of mail it contained; this, too, when almost the entire county received their mail at that office, and which only came once a weel^ and often at longer intervals. At present there are fourteen regular publications in the county. During the years from the time tllft first paper was struck off, until 1878, the newspaper enterprises are numbered by the score. At regular periods newspaper publications have been introduced to the public in various parts of the county, and almost as regularly have their demise been announced by some of the fraternity. Among the many editors who drove the quill for these publications, were some talented, graphic and cultured writers, some of whom wielded a salutary influence in the community, while others won reputations not enviable. Perhaps no time in the history of the press of the county did the editorial staff of the various papers represent men so young in years as now. Among these editors, some of whom have not even attained that age which gives them the right of suffrage at the polls, are some shrewd busi- ness managers, pleasing writers and high moral characters. May the present press receive the support, moral and financial, to which it is justly entitled. While our hearts are enveloped with “ best wishes ” for the Knox county press, yet we shrink from a wish as boundless as534 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. the sanguine expectation expressed in the introductory of one of the earlier papers. The editor says, and apparently with unshaken confidence in the verity of his prophetic statement, “Our circle at present is small, like that of a pebble dropped in the ocean; but it will gradually and silently expand in every direction, until it reaches the far-off boundaries of civilization.” NEWSPAPERS OF GALESBURG. For sketches of the early papers we quote from Sellon’s history of Galesburg, pablished in 1857. The first newspaper published in Galesburg or in Knox county was called the “ Knox Intelligencer,” and was edited and printed by Rev. C. R. Fisk. It was first issued on or about the first of January, 1849. The Intelligencer was neutral in politics, and lived about two years. The office was first located over L. Sanderson’s store, but was subsequently removed to a building erected by Mr. Fisk, on the southwest corner of the Public Square. Near the latter part of the same year, 1.849, if we recollect rightly, the “ North- Western Gazetteer ” was started, under the editorial and typographical management of Southwick Davis.. For a considerable time after its establishment the Gazetter and the Knox Intelligencer were eagerly sought after by the citizens of Galesburg and vicinity, on account of the College controversy carried op through their col- umns. The Gazetteer, was also neutral in politics, but in religions matters it favored Congregationalism, while the Intelligencer favored Presbyterianism. The Gazetteer was published about two years, we believe, though it may have existed for a longer period. Some time in 1850, if we are correctly informed, tlie, News-Letter made its appearance, under the editorial management of W. S. Gale, Dr. James Bunce and G. C. Lanphere. This paper took the place of the Knox Intelligencer. The News-Letter was an able advocate of local measures in which the people of Galesburg and vicinity were then deeply interested. It had a wide circulation among the friends of the Central Military Tract railroad then projected. Some of the best written articles upon the subject of railroads which were published in the West during that period,jfirst appeared in the editorial columns of tliq News-Letter. The office was over the furniture rooms of W. J. Woods, on the west side of the Square. At a subsequent period, in 1852 we think, the News-Letter passed into the hands of S. G. Cowan, who issued it under the title of the News-Letter and Henry County News. This title was given it to please its Henry county patrons, who were quite numerous. ThisHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 535 was also a neutral paper, though during the latter part of its existence it was somewhat Free-Soilish. In the fall of 1853 the News-Letter office passed into the hands of J. W. Lane, and the first political paper ever published in the town made its appearance under the title of the Western Freeman. It was an anti-slavery paper. This paper lived only two months. The office of the Western Freeman passed into the hands of South wick Davis and William H. Holcomb, and on the 5th day of January, 1854, the Galesburg Free Democrat made its first appearance. This paper then was, aud has ever since continued, an anti-slavery journal. On the 30th of November, 1854, the establishment passed into the hands of William J. Woods, and B. F. Haskins became the editor. On the 8th of March, 1865, Mr. Haskins retired from the paper and C. J. Sellon became editor. On the 26th of July, 1855, the office passed into the hands of S. W. Brown, R. FI. Whiting and D. H. Frisbie. Mr. Sellon still continued to act as editor. On the 1st of November, 1855, the management of the office passed into the hands of S. D. McDonald. December 11, 1855, the office again passed into the hands of W. J. Woods, and shortly afterwards Mr. Sellon resumed his post of editor. On the 18th of August, 1856, Mr. Woods made a sale of the office to J. H. Sherman, who owned and edited the paper until about the close of the war, when Messrs. Bailey & McClelland became proprietors, and the name was changed to Free Press. November 20, 1872, Gen. M. S. Barnes bought the institution, and continues to run it. With the exception of a few weeks he has issued two editions,—a daily and a weekly. His son W. Bennett has the'business charge of the daily. It is now De- mocratic in politics. Gen. Barnes has had forty years’ experience in the newspaper business,—twelve years of which was in connection with a large daily in Chicago, and five years he edited the Dubuque Times, when it was the most influential Republican paper in the State of Iowa. He also started the first daily in the Northwest out- side of Chicago, the Milwaukee Sentinel in 1843. He raised a regiment of soldiers, while at Rock Island during the war, served three years in the army and was brevetted Brigadier General. Knox County Observer.—This paper was published by Louis V. Taft, in 1865; had but a short life. The Liberal.—This paper was edited by Steve R. Smith, and was started in 1867 at Galesburg as a weekly. It went bodlv into the fight for the removal of the county seat from Knoxville to Galesburg. About the year 1870 he discontinued the paper and sold the material of the office to Prior A Emerick.536 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. The Register.—In 1866 this paper made its appearance. It was started by Steve R. Smith, ¥m. J. Monrer and II. D. Babcock. After several changes it was bought by E. F. Phelps in 1872, and shortly afterwards was merged into the Republican Register. The Republican..—This paper was started by C. E. Carr and J. M. Prior in 1872, and was sold to S. W. Grubb in 1872, when it consolid- ated with the Register and formed the Republican-Register. Sidewalkings was a publication in a magazine form, and ap- peared occasionally,as its editor, Stephen R. Smith, thought its influ- ence was demanded. The first number appeared December 13, 1873. It soon became popular as a sensational publication, and even pos- sessed some literary ability, but evidently Was not just the thing, and it soon disappeared to be resurrected no more. The Galesburg Republic was commenced Jan. 1,1873, by Judson Graves, of Kirkwood. It ran as a semi-weekly for three months, and at the end of two years its name was changed to The Plaindealer. It is a weekly; is independent Republican in politics, and has two pages of excellent miscellaneous reading in each number. Mr. Graves is now passing the meridian of life, and has been in the printing and newspaper business ever since he was fourteen years of age. Galesburg Review.—In the fall of 1877 the Colville Brothers com- menced the issue of the Galesburg Review, a weekly, Republican in politics and of high literary taste in its miscellany. In the spring of 1878 it was changed to a monthly, and is now purely a literary peri- odical. Knoxiana.—The students of Knox College have published small literary periodicals. The Knoxiana was commenced in 1850, and for five years was published by the “Knoxiana Publication Com- pany,” and after that by the Adelphi society. The Oak Leaf was commenced in 1856, by the Gnothautii association. Both these pub- lications were discontinued. The Hemlandet, a Swedish Lutheran paper, first appeared in Feb- ruary, 1855, edited by Rev. T. N. Hasselquist. At that time it was the only Swedish newspaper in the United States. After a time it was removed to Chicago, where now, at 85 Jackson street, it is pub- lished by Enander & Bohman. The Republican-Register.—This, the recognized leading journal of the county, is a six-column quarto sheet, published both daily and weekly. The Republican-Register is the result of the consolidation of the Register and the Republican, both Galesburg papers. The former was established in 1866, the latter in 1870. The union was consummated in December of 1872. A company had been formedHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 537 styled the Galesburg Printing Company, for the especial purpose of becoming the owner of the above named papers. Geo. Y. Dieterick is president and S. W. Grubb secretary and treasurer of this com- pany. The editorial management of the paper is under the control of Z. Beatty, and its business interests managed by S. W. Grubb, both of whom are practical printers of many years experience. The paper is uncompromisingly Republican in politics. In its management is displayed considerable enterprise, tact, energy and superior business ability. The local columns of the paper are generally full, well ar- ranged and embrace all the happenings of the city and indeed of the entire county. Its list of regular correspondents in various parts of the county contribute well prepared articles of the news of their dis- tricts each week. It has the largest circulation of any publication in the county. KNOXVILLE PAPERS. The Knoxville Journal—The first number of this excellent paper appeared October 5, 1849. It was a six column folio, and was edited and published by John S. Winter, the present efficient County Clerk, and David Collins, under the firm name of Winter & Collins. The first page was devoted [to poetry and stories; the second page to editorials, sandwiched with local and foreign news; the third page to advertisements; and the fourth to miscellany. There were no columns especially devoted to “Locals.” Indeed, the local news recorded, occupied but a small portion of the paper. One feature worthy of mention was its telegraphic dispatches, which appeared each week. Mr. Winter had telegrams sent to Peoria and brought from there by mail, which gave his readers news of a later date than they could get from the Chicago papers. He published these tele- grams when no paper in Peoria had any telegraphic news. At that time, magazines, periodicals and general literary publications were not so numerous as at present, nor were there many that found their way into the homes of the citizens of Knox county. This paper, therefore, supplied this want, and did it well; for we find the stories and general literary articles of a superior class. They would add merit and give increased interest to any of the publications now issued. The journal was neutral on both politics and religion. In referring to this, in their introductory, they say: “We do not wish it to be understood that we are without either political or religious sen- timents. Far from it. One of us professes the Democratic creed, and the other, with equal ardor, embraces Whig doctrines and Whig principles. A house divided against itself, must stand on neutral538 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. grounds.” From tlie first, the paper flourished. It had on its list, as original subscribers, 210 names. So prosperous was it, that in nine months their list increased to 1,200. The advertising patronage had also kept pace with their growing subscription list, thus necessitating an enlargement, which was made July 9th, 1850. It then appeared as a seven column paper. Prosperity still attended it, and again, May 6,1851, another column was added to each page. Collins retired from the firm, January 13, 1852, leaving Winter sole editor and pro- prietor. The Journal was a financial success. It has no parallel in the rapidity of its growth, in this county, save in that of the Knox Republican. It ran up its subscription list to 1,800, at one time, and hundreds of dollars of advertisements were turned away. The for- eign advertising patronage was large, mostly of patent medicines. Contrary to the present custom, Mr. Winter received double price for such notices. There are many quaint advertisements in this pioneer sheet. The following poetical notice from a postmaster, of an absconding subscriber, was received by theeditor in November, 1853: French Grove, III., Nov. 22. John S. Winter, Dear Sir: Orin Hotchkiss, a subscriber to your paper Has cut a caper, x And has become Homo Libur. In plain parlance, he has gone away, And nothing left his debts to pay; Not e’en a pig or chick to pay his hostage; So you have lost the paper, and I the postage. Amos Wiiettmore. There was a feature of the Journal that especially deserves com- mendation. This is the earnestness and ability with which it advo- cated the building of a Railroad. Commencing with the first num- ber, it ceased only when the Peoria and Oquawka Railroad was com- pleted and trains regularly running. We have seen but few journals which advocated any measure with the force, persistency and ability that the Journal did the building of a railroad. Owing to ill health, Mr. Winter sold the Journal to John Regan, the present publisher of the Maquon Times and the Elmwood Mes- senger. This sale was made March 2, 1855. The paper remained neutral but a short time after the transfer, ’when it espoused the Democratic cause, and after a short and less prosperous career, its publication was discontinued. The Knox Republican.—The Knox Republican is another enter- prise inaugurated and conducted by John S. Winter; and in his introductory, he gives the following reasons lor starting the paper. We quote:HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 539 “Seven years-ago, we commenced the publication of the Knoxville Journal, then until very recently, a neutral paper. Our object then was to present to the citizens of Knox county a medium for obtaining the latest news, a medium of home communication, a paper peculiarly devoted to the dissemination of home intelligence, and one upon which men of all parties could rety for facts, as uninfluenced by party motives or party power. How far we succeeded, we leave to the judgment of the public, feeling satisfied with the success of our enter- prise, as it was conceded that we had a larger subscription list than any paper in the State, outside of Chicago and Alton. On account of ill health, we disposed of the Journal, and hoped that our connection with the press had ceased forever. But a change has come over the spirit of our dreams. The outrages committed in Kansas, and the long train of evils which have arisen from the passage of the Kansas- Nebraska Act', and the repeal of the Missouri Compromise—that ruth- less act of a sacrilegious Senator, the prominent feature of the present corrupt Administration,—have rendered the publication of a Repub- lican paper in our town a matter of importance, and the change recently made in the character of the Knoxville Journal, from neu- trality to open hostility to all that we hold dear in political principles, its open advocacy of the policy of the present Administration, even to the sanction of the policy pursued in Kansas, excusing the acts of the Border Ruffians, called for the immediate establishment of an opposi- tion paper; and having been chosen to conduct it until a suitable per- son could be obtained to take charge of it, we take pleasure in pre- senting the first number of the Knox Republican to the public.” The first number appeared on Wednesday, October 8,1856. It was a seven-column folio, neatly printed and ably conducted. Mr. Winter wielded an able pen, and soon made his paper one of great influence in this section of the State. The paper having been started as a cam- paign sheet, two weeks prior to the Presidential election of 1856, but having been successful, two weeks after the election it was found to have 1,200 paying subscribers, it passed into the hands of John S. Winter, John Winter and R. M. Winans: The enterprise ever dis- played in the management of this paper is illustrated in the following circumstance connected with its history. During its first year, and before everything had got to running smoothly, it was found on one occasion, they had not sufficient paper on which to print their large edition. Mr. Winter hitched up a horse, after breakfast, drove to Peoria, procured the paper and drove back to Knoxville, in time for supper that evening. On April 7th, 1858, John S. Winter & Co. retired from the manage- 30540 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. ment of the Republican, and Beatty & Robinson became the editors and publishers. It is claimed that this paper was the first to bring out the name of Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency in 1860. It was ably conducted and exerted a powerful influence in electing the Republican ticket that year. Mr. Beatty retired from the firm, leav- ing W. T. Robinson publisher and sole proprietor, who, after a time sold out to F. A. Lanstrum in 1875. (Shortly afterwards it fell into the hands of its present editor and publisher, O. L. Campbell. At that time it was an eight-column folio, but it has since been enlarged and donned in a new dress and now appears as a six-column quarto, and one of the neatest sheets issued in this part of the State. It is favored with the largest advertising patronage of any paper in the county, or perhaps with one exception. Mr. Campbell was raised in the Republican office and although young has had long experience in journalism, and extended dealings with the reading public of Knox- ville and vicinity and apparently knows the kind of a paper they de- mand. The Diocese.—This is a religious monthly, published in the inter- est of the Episcopal church. It is the diocesan journal of the Dio- cese of Illinois, and is edited by Charles W. Leffingwell, A. M., B. D., D. D., Rector of St. Mary’s School, Knoxville, and is printed by the Galesburg Printing Company. Typographically this is one of the neatest and most tasty publications issued from any establishment in this part of the State. Indeed, it compares favorably with any journal, religious or secular, produced by the press of this country. Its editorials are carefully and ably prepared, and its columns are scholarly and dogmatical, numbering among its contributors many of the most noted Episcopal writers of the State. Zion’s Banner is a Swedish Lutheran journal, published semi- monthly at Knoxville, 111., and is, as its name indicates, a denomina- tional paper. Its size is twenty-two by thirty-one inches, six columns, folio form. It was first published in Galesburg, July 12, 1871. It now has a circulation of 1,340 copies, and is edited by Rev. C. Ander- son. ABINGDON PAPERS. Abingdon Messenger.—This paper was published by Chambers & White aud edited by O. White. It was established about 1856 and run about two years. This was the first paper published in Abing- don. The Nonpariel.—The Nonpareil was published by D. II. Elliot and lived only about a year.HISTOKY OF KNOX COUNTY. 541 The Reporter.—The next paper that appeared in Abingdon was The Reporter, conducted by C. C. Button. This paper bore date of 1861-2. The Educational Magazine.—This was a monthly of 32 pages, published in pamphlet form during the year 1864-5. It was pub- lished at Abingdon in the interest of Abingdon College, by J. W. Butler. The Gazette.—This publication was an enterprise of E. E. Ches- ney. The Knox County Democrat.—This paper had a longer run than any other publication issued at Abingdon. W. H. Heaton started it in 1869 or 1870 and run it for six years, when it was sold and merged into The Knoxonian. Abingdon Leader.—This was an ably conducted paper. It was originally established in Monmouth by T. S. Clarke, as The Mon- mouth Leader. After his death it was conducted by S. J. Clarke, and in 1874 moved by him to Abingdon where he, with J. S. Badger, established the Abingdon Leader. It lived but about a year. The Knoxonian.—This was the out-growth of the Knox County Democrat. It was conducted by Henry C. Allen till the summer of the present year, when he moved the office to Augusta, 111., where he conducts The Augusta Herald. The Abingdon Express.—Abingdon has had many newspapers during the last two decades. An initiatory sheet would make its ap- pearance with almost startling announcements of what its future course should be, but alas! ere time had unfolded itself into any con- siderable period, the pretentious paper had neither present nor future. With the Abingdon Express a different course was pursued, and naturally a diverse result has followed. Its first number was published some time during the year 1875, and was small in size; but by being ably and judiciously managed it has grown to the creditable propor- tions of 24 by 36 inches. It is Democratic in politics, and some able political articles appear in its columns. It is all printed in the office at Abingdon, and its typography is neat and clear. The office is well supplied with new presses, good material and competent workmen. The Express is edited by Frank L. Ritchey, and published weekly. Abingdon Register.—This journal is the out-growth of the smallest paper ever published in the United States, and it- has probably ex- perienced a greater degree of development in size than any other paper issued from the press of this country. In 1874, Charles K. Bassett, then a lad only sixteen years of age, started an amateur paper of a very diminutive size. We give a reprint of this paper that our readers542 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. may judge of its size and contents. The following is a perfect copy of the News and contains every word it did in its first number. It was printed only on one side. A111I1I MEWS® VOL I JANUARY, 12, 1874. NOI. This, the first number of our Amateur News, we hope you will appreciate and that you will look at it as an Amateur paper. This paper is edited and printed by a couple of enterprising boys. Our terms are easy, for it is a small paper and we sell it for the small sum of 1 cent. We will try and publish it every fortnight. We do not take subscrip- tions, but you will find it for sale in several stores. WARNING TO GENTLEMEN On last Sunday night while a young couple were return ing home from church the young gentleman was stun_ ned by having another gen. tleman, (who we will call W. H.) come up behind the couple and give the girl a kiss. As soon as W. H. kissed the girl he being near home, like a dog crept in. “ And it came to pass that ” gents must take warning. Verily, this was a tiny bit of paper to be called a newspaper. But Charlie was ambitious ’to become au editor; and there laid down a cardinal business principle in the very foundation of his life work, namely, that of not undertaking to do more than he could do well. His miniature journal lived a year and grew in size so that at the ex- piration of one year, when he ceased its publication, it had attained the dimensions of seven by ten inches, In March, 1877, Mr. Bassett published the first number of the Register. Adhering to his former motto, he sent out the first number as a four column folio. It has been enlarged from time to time until it is now a large eight-column sheet, 26 by 40 inches in size. It is well printed, and has a good circula- tion. It is a political paper,adhering to and advocating the principles of the National Greenback party, And is the only Greenback journal pub- lished in this county. Its local columns are especially noticeable for their variety, spice and freshness, many of the local squibs rivaling the sharp sayings of the Burlington Hawkeye. The paper seems to be upon a paying basis, and if encouraged as it deserves, will prove a paying enterprise to the publisher and a credit to the county. Its editor is still in his ’teens, and is the youngest member of the Illinois Press Association. He possesses much native talent both as an editor and publisher and bids fair to shine as a star ot no little magnitude in the journalistic firmament.HISTORY OR KNOX COUNTY. 543 ONEIDA PAPERS. The Oneida News is published at Oneida, every Friday. It was first started in .November, 1876, by the present proprietor, as an amateur sheet, he being only eighteen years of age, and entirely inex- perienced both in the printing business and editorial profession. It was first issued as a four-column quarto, but was enlarged and changed in form to a seven-column folio, its present style, in October, 1877. The News is a very creditable local journal, and is receiving a liberal support, and has already become a permanent and prominent literary fixture of Knox county. The rare ability that Mr. PI. W. Ladd, its founder and present editor and proprietor, has displayed in the man- agement of the News strongly evidences that he is a born journalist. He was born in Ontario township, Knox county, in 1858; and should the citizens of the northern part of the county lend him that moral support and financial aid he deserves and they themselves are capable of doing, Mr. Ladd will give them a journal which they can point to with pride and read with interest. Oneida Journal.—This paper appeared but few times when it was merged into the Galesburg Register, at which office it was printed. MAQUON PAPERS. Maguon Times.—This is a neatly and well printed sheet of good size, and is well conducted. It is edited and published by John Regan) proprietor of the Elmwood Messenger, Elmwood, Peoria county, at which office the Times is printed.544 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. CHAPTER XXIV. EDUCATION. Though struggling under the pressure of poverty and privation, the early settlers planted among them the school-house at the earliest practicable period. So important an object as the education of their children they did not defer until they could build more comely and convenient houses. They were for a time content with such as cor- responded with their rude dwellings, but soon better buildings and accommodations were provided. As may readily be supposed, the accommodations of the earliest schools were not good. Sometimes school was taught in small log houses erected for the purpose. Stoves and such heating apparatus as are now in use were unknown. A mud- and-stick chimney in one end of the building, with earthen hearth and fire-place wide and deep enough to take in a four-foot back-log, and smaller wood to match, served for warming purposes in winter and a kind of conservatory in summer. For windows, part of a log was cut out in either side, and may be a few lights of eight-by-ten glass set in, or just as likely as not the aperture would be covered over with greased paper. Writing benches were made of wide planks, or likely puncheons, resting on pins or arms, driven into two-inch auger-holes, bored into the logs beneath the windows. Seats were made out of puncheons, and flooring of the same material. Everything was rude and plain; but many of America’s greatest men have gone out from just such school-houses to grapple with the world and make names for themselves, and have come to be an honor to their country. Among these we can name Abraham Lincoln, our martyred President, one of the noblest men ever known to the world’s history. But all these things are changed now. We no longer see the log school-house. The last one, we believe, in Knox county was aban- doned last year. Their places are filled with handsome frame or brick structures, which, for elegance and beauty of design, rival those of older settled countries; and in place of the “masters,” who were “looked up to” as superior beings, and were consulted op all matters of law, physic and religion, there are teachers of liberal culture, intel- ligent and progressive, many of whom have a broad and comprehen- sive idea of education, and regard it as something more than teachingHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 545 merely in order to make a living—more than a knowledge of a great number of facts in the universe of mind and matter. It means cul- ture, the educating, developing and disciplining of all the faculties of the human mind. It is comprehension of the entire being of man; and the school or teacher who takes charge and care of the young should provide the means and methods for carrying forward the pro- cess in all departments of their complex natures, physical, mental and spiritual. In these respects the teachers of Knox county, led by their devoted, progressive and intelligent Superintendent, Miss Mary A. West, have made remarkable advances during the past few years. Order, system and progress seem to be her motto, which, together with her zeal in having, fundamentally, practical knowledge disseminated through every school district, and the energy displayed to arouse and create a desire for advanced knowledge, for thorough mind and physical cul- ture and strength in these different departments, eminently fit her for the important position of County Superintendent of Schools. It has been and is the policy of Miss West, since officially empowered, to raise the standard of requirements for teachers’ certificates. One of the most effective and practical means brought to bear in this direction was the establishing of “ teachers’ drills.” Annually she has assem- bled the teachers together, and for a few weeks, with the aid of other able instructors, given a thorough normal drill. Another means adopted by her of aiding teachers in their work, is an ably conducted educational department in the leading county paper. Through this medium she is enabled to encourage and instruct them by giving each week practical suggestions and timely hints, news from their co-labor- ers, the best selections from educational periodicals, and assurances of fellowship in the work. Besides these features, it contains something for the children. This department of* the Republican Register was opened in October, 1875. In addition, there are the “County” and the “ Township Institutes,” also for the improvement and advance- ment of the modern teacher. For twenty-four years a “County Teachers’ Institute” has been sustained, usually meeting semi-annu- ally; but when, in 1875, the “Township Association” was organized, the Institute met but once a year. Still further to educate the edu- cators, an occasional meeting of the principals of the ten graded schools is held. Another excellent idea for uniformity is annual meetings of the township treasurers, and occasionally meetings of the school directors are held in each township. In the educational department of the Centennial Exhibition the Knox county schools bore a conspicuous and honorable part. The ex-546 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. liibit compared well in quality and quantity with exhibits of the large city schools of the State. To create a greater interest in educational affairs the ever fruitful method of competition was employed. In 1877, at the county fair, a school exhibit was a feature. Here specimens of workmanship of many of the schools were displayed. This plan proved a success, and the County Superintendent, anxious to create and foster every means for the advancement and improvement of the schools, determined to make special provision for an exhibition of school work the present year. Acccordingly a building was constructed on the fair grounds at Knoxville, especially for this department; and here, as proof of her zeal and earnestness in educational matters, as well as the interest manifested by Dr. C. W. Leffingwell, Treasurer of the Institute, we will mention that this expenditure was made by them with the prospects of their treasuries being re-imbursed through the liberality of the people after witnessing the effects of it. The County School Superintendent has been agitating the adoption of a definite course of study for all county schools. She claims for it the following advantages: It would give greater definiteness to the work of the school-room and uniformity in the work accomplished. It would prevent the one-sided development too often seen. It would prevent much of the injury now suffered by schools from frequent change of teachers. Directors would be able to give more specific directions to teachers, and to judge more accurately as to their efficiency. It is evident that under the present regime there is a great waste of teaching force. A graphic illustration of the present mode of conducting the country schools in this respect is from the pen of Miss Leanna Hague, the efficient teacher of Cherry Grove school. She says: “What teacher does not have vivid recollections of that awful first day in a strange school, when, after enrolling names and noting studies last pursued, an attempt is made to form classes to suit the assumed needs of the pupils! If no record of classification and pro- gress has been left by your predecessor, if from directors you could obtain no information upon the subject, what wonder you stand bewildered at the ‘ gumbly ’ of studies reported! The name of Ben- jamin Franklin heads your roll. He confidently produces a Fifth Reader for your inspection, reports himself ready for Long Division, guesses he knows the multiplication table, is ignorant of script, but can print. Arabella went faster than her class in Arithmetic, and last term recited alone; ‘ didn’t like grammar,’ so dropped it to take up algebra. Of one thing you may be sure there are candidatesHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 547 for admission to every grade of reader. You make a bold plunge into the sea of difficulties, and assign reading lessons. You find, as the classes come up before you, that the children, shrewdly taking advan- tage of your ignorance, have classified themselves according to their‘own sweet wills.’ You discover that Ben. Franklin, being an enterpris- ing little chap, read his Fourth Reader through at home, during vaca- tion, and now sighs for 4 fresh pastures.’ Arabella, whose taste for mathematics has been indulged at the expense of her elocution, ‘lends to the rhyme of the poet the music ’ of a sing-song tone not approved by the best speakers. Maria’s old reader was in tatters, and her moth- er thought it praiseworthy economy to have the new one of a higher grade. John Henry was out of school while his class studied the Sec- ond Reader, but to-day he is stumbling over the easiest words in his new Third.” The many colleges of Knox county naturally wield an influence for good in educational fields. Pupils can be carried from the primary through all the various grades and studies until graduation in classi- cal, theological or scientific courses of a high standard in established colleges. While the young men have been amply provided for in educational privileges and will probably soon have another institution, Knox Agricultural School, opened especially for them, the young ladies have received equal or greater attention in this respect. There is perhaps nothing which so clearly demonstrates the progress of so- ciety, and the elevated stand of the people of this county, as the great and increasing attention devoted to educating girls. Knox county can boast of schools of this nature inferior to none in this great State. The evils resulting to society in consequence of uneducated women are numerous; and the educators of Knox county seem to be fully awake to these effects, and to the importance of having a highly cul- tured and moral female community. The}7 realize that to a very great extent the education and proper culture of the coming generations de- pend upon the character of the woman. It is she who fashions and molds society by giving, as teacher and parent, the first and most lasting impressions. Her influence is everywhere felt and realized. If her character be pure and her mind elevated, such will be the char- acter of the community. Nature has ^specially constituted women the early guardians and instructresses of children, and clothes her with sympathies suited for this important trust. The first school held in Knox county was at Cherry Grove, Cedar township, in the early part of the year 1832. This antedates the first school at Henderson one year. It was taught by Robert Bell, who therefore was the first school-master ever to wield the rod in this548 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. county. He was a Kentuckian, a thorough teacher, an excellent and much respected citizen. Recently Mr. Bell was heard from by some of his earlier pupils. He was then residing in Red Wing, Minnesota. This first school, was attended by 16 scholars, the greater portion of whom were “grown up;” and was a well regulated, orderly school. The usual Friday afternoon exercises in etiquette, after spelling ex- ercises, common to that period, were observed in this school. Of the pupils now known to be living are, J. C. Latimer, of this county; his sister, Mrs. Coy, of Iowa; Mrs. McMillen, eldest daughter of Abraham D. Swartz, Washington Territory; and Mrs. Benjamin Swartz, of Kansas. Mr. G-. W. Melton tells us that one of the pioneer masters who taught in his neighborhood, made it a rule, in order to insure prompt- ness, to give the last scholar that arrived in the morning a sound thrashing. To be sure this was a severe treatment, but no doubt pre- vented an undue amount of tardiness. Various means have been tried to prevent this troublesome feature, many of which have proven beneficial; but we doubt whether there ever was a rule adopted which proved more effective than the above. There is a noticeable fact in the present system and management of the schools, in regard to punctuality of scholars that is highly commendable. Lateness has been reduced almost to its minimum. In order to enable the reader to note better the contrast between the schools as conducted from a quarter to a half century ago and the present system, we give a few incidents of the earlier schools. HOLIDAY TREATING. A general custom among the early schools was that of “ holiday treating;” and the scholars looked forward with great expectation on the near approach of the holidays. In 1835, in one of the schools, the scholars notified their teacher (lady teachers in those days were almost unknown) that he must treat at holiday time. This he strongly re- fused to do, and the scholars accordingly made out their conditions in writing, that he must treat, or they would stand him on his head in a spring. The scholars, however, were divided, some being on the side of the teacher. One of the pldest pupils, who favored the teacher, was taken by the other side and given a thorough ducking, which readily turned him, too, against the teacher. The teacher, whose turn came next, divining his fate, yielded, and furnished the “stew” for the school. That night the school-house was burned. Who did it was never publicly known. This old custom of treating prevailed more or less until 1852, whenCu.SUPT. OF SCHOOLS .HISTORY OF. KNOX COUNTY. 551 a Yankee teacher broke up the practice. His name was Starr, and at the time he was teaching in the Westfall school-house, situated near the late William McMurtry’s farm, in Henderson township. On the approach of the holidays Mr. Starr was notified by his scholars that he must furnish a bushel of apples as a treat. The rule then was, that if the teacher succeeded in getting to the school-house first in the morning, and held his position until school time, he was acknowl- edged victor, and excused from treating. If the scholars arrived first, and could keep the teacher out until after school time, they were the victors, and the teacher must either treat or take the penalty. On this occasion the teacher secured the apples, took them to the school- house, and got up into the loft with them before any of the scholars came. As the boys arrived, supposing they were first, they began to talk quite freely and tell what they would do; how they would duck their teacher, etc., freely expressing their dislike for him. One, more courageous than the rest, expressed a decided wjsh to give him a good thrashing. To all of these remarks and threats Starr listened quietly, and when the hour arrived for “taking up the school” he opened the scuttle, and emptied the contents of his sack down upon the floor. The younger scholars freely helped themselves, while some of the larger and more daring ones, mortified at their defeat, skulked off. We leave the readers to contrast, for themselves, this with the schools of Knox county at the present time. THE LOUD SCHOOL. In the summer of 1833, on section 14, Henderson township, Frank- lin F. Barber taught the first school in that vicinity, and the second in the county. This was a remarkable school, and for the following interesting facts concerning it we are indebted to T. J. Mansfield and Mrs. G. W. Melton, who, with Mrs. Samuel Melton and Mrs. Ellen Blue, are the only pupils who attended this school that are now living in Knox county. No regular hours of keeping the school were maintained. The teacher began as soon as the first scholar came. T?he boys on enter- ing the room took off their hats and “made their manners” to the teacher, which was a bow. The girls made a “ courtesy.” On Friday afternoon the exercises were in choosing sides and spell- ing for an hour or two, and after returning to their seats they would be given lessons in etiquette. The teacher would appoint one to re- tire with his or her things on, and on returning, another was selected to receive him or her at the door as a stranger, take the hat or bonnet, and wraps off the visitor, lay them away, and conduct around and552 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. introduce him or her to each of the other scholars. This was continued until all had acted the same part. On closing the school, which was about sundown, some were appointed to carry around the hats, bon- nets, coats and shawls of the others. They then retired, one at a time, “ making their manners,” as on entering. This was known as a “loud school,” because every one studied his or her lessons aloud, which was often “confusion worse confounded.” Those studying arithmetic were permitted to go out into the woodsr where it was more quiet, when getting their lessons. In those days “spellin’, readin’, ritin’ and ’rithmetick was all the lamin’ they wanted their children to have.” This school-house was about 16 by 18 feet, and was built of round logs. The cracks between the logs were chinked and daubed. The old-fashioned fire-place occupied one end of the building, with its chimney made of split sticks laid up in cob-house fashion and daubed with clay. The floor was made of puncheon; and for seats was se- lected a bass-wood tree, split and hewed, with hard-wood legs. The writing-desks were prepared in the same way, only a larger tree was selected, and the desks were made against the sides of the building. This completed the school furniture. For the closing exercises of this school, the parents of the children in attendance were invited. The teacher, or “ 6chool-master,” as he was then called, had arranged for a “ stew.” Mary Ann Filey, being the oldest girl, was selected to make it. The afternoon was spent in playing ball and drinking “ stew,” which was not an uncommon drink in those days. It was made of water, sugar, whisky, allspice and but- ter, cooked together by bringing it to a boiling heat. Four of the scholars became quite funny. The teacher also became so “boosy” that he threw a saucer behind the back-log, and it took him until 3 o’clock in the morning to gel home. The girls, seeing the evil effecte of the “ stew,” concluded they would make no more. The school, however, was considered a success, and the teacher was employed for another year.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 553 KNOX COLLEGE. It was often said by the pioneers of Illinois that the great prairies ■would never be cultivated. The early settlers along the edges of the groves, little foresaw that in a few years railroads and cities would be built in the middle of the broadest prairies, and that the whole land would be covered with waving fields of grain. How strange it seemed, when it first became known that more than ten thousand acres of land had been bought in Knox county, and that a colony would soon arrive to occupy the land and found a college out on the wild prairies, and stranger still to those who came from stony old farms carved out of dense forests to delve in the black soil which required only the plow and a year of sun and rains to convert it into a garden ! But apian, the result of long and serious thought, had been matured, and a circular issued setting forth the importance of educating the young. The circular proceeded at some length to advocate manual- labor institutions, and was also in favor of “ providing for the thorough education of women.” Kev. Geo. W. Gale, the author of the plan, was connected with the first regular effort made in this country to combine manual labor with a liberal course of instruction. His thoughts had turned in this direction as early as 1825. Encour- aged by success in the State of Hew York, he drew up a plan for a large institution in the west. In a “ Brief History of Knox College,” written by Dr. Gale in 1845, he gave the plan, a synopsis of which inay be found in the history of Galesburg, in this book. Many to whom the plan was shown urged its prosecution, but the location was not easily settled. “ Michigan, Northern Indiana and Illinois were successively considered but no place selected, which de- layed the enterprise itself, so that at one time the projectors had well nigh or quite relinquished the idea of its prosecution.” However, it was resumed the following year, a subscription was opened, and soon about thirty families embarked in the enterprise, the names of whom and their first labor will be found in the sketch of Galesburg. A second meeting was held at Whitesboro, N. Y., Aug. 19, 1835.554 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. The forenoon was spent in prayer and other religious exercises, and in the afternoon the following resolutions, among others, were adopted: Resolved, That a committee of three persons be appointed to make a purchase and appraisal of lands in Illinois or Indiana, for the objects specified in the circular, and that G. W. Gale, IT. H. Kellogg and Sylvanus Ferris be that committee; also that Hehemiah West be a substitute for Mr. Kellogg. Mr. Thomas Simmons was subsequently added to the committee. About the middle of September, Messrs. Gale, Ferris, West and Sim- mons left for the western country. Rev. Mr. Gale having been detained by sickness, at Detroit, Mr. Samuel Tompkins was added to the committee. Rev. Jno. Waters also accompanied the committee and assisted in selecting the site. They arrived at Knoxville about the middle of October, and soon had their attention called to a tract of land lying along the south side of Henderson Grove, and in a few days a purchase of 10,747 acres was effected. A meeting of the sub- scribers was held at Whitesboro, Jan. 7th, 1836, with Rev. |Tno. Waters chairman, and 1ST. H. Losey secretary, at which the report of Geo. W. Gale, as agent, was accepted. They then voted to divide the land according to the plan, and to appoint trustees, who should have c harge of the property and become incorporated as soon as practicable, by the Legislature of Illinois, under the name “Trustees of Prairie College, Illinois.” The Trustees appointed were Rev. Jno. Waters, Sylvanus Ferris, Rev. H. H. Kellogg, Thomas Simmons, John C. Smith, Walter Webb, Rev. Geo. W. Gale, Nehemiah West, Isaac Mills and Samuel Tompkins. Committees were appointed to pro- vide for building a college edifice. The college was chartered in Feb., 1837, by the name “ Knox Manual Labor College.” But the manual labor plan was abandoned at an darly day, and in 1857 the name was changed to Knox College. There were in all thirty-four subscribers to the original circular and plan. Of these, nine came in 1836. Of the remaining subscribers, a part did not purchase, some returned to their lands, and others sold out at an advance; but there was no want of interest in the enterprise. During 1836, about thirty families took up their temporary abode in the southern edge of Henderson Grove, and others came early in 1837. Aug. 9th, 1837, the College Trustees held their first meeting at the house of Matthew Chambers, in Knoxville. There were present, Jno. Waters, Geo. W. Gale, Jno. G. Sanburn, Geo. H. Wright, Parnach Owen, Erastus Swift, Thos. Simmons, Matthew Chambers, Kehe- miah West and Nehemiah II. Losey. Peter Butler, of Monmouth, Win. Holyoke and Sylvanus Ferris were added to the Board, and itKNOX COLLEGE, GALESBURG. KNOX SEMINARY, GALESBURG.CIRCUIT CLERK.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 557 was “ resolved to receive the property of the association of subscribers, and to carry into effect their original purpose in accordance with the charter.” An academy building was erected in the fall of 1838, on the northeast corner of Main and Cherry streets, and the school opened early in the winter, with forty students, under the direction of N. H. Losey. In 1838, Rev. H. H. Kellogg was appointed Agent of the college, and entered upon his duties as President in Aug., 1841. The college was fully organized, and the first Freshman class entered in the fall of 1841, and the first class graduated in 1846. In Nov., 1839, the interest-bearing funds of the college was reported to amount to $29,715.00, after paying all the indebtedness of the Board. In 1843--4, Dr. Gale obtained in the East, 1,600 volumes for the library, and about $2,000 in money, $800 of which was expended for apparatus. In 1844, President Kellogg, while in England, obtained donations in books and money to the value of nearly $2,000. In 1843, a building which had cost more than $5,000, was burned, without insurance. Soon after, the citizens of Galesburg and vicinity subscribed about $3,500.00 to aid in the erection of college buildings. One building was completed in 1844, and the other a year after, constituting what are known as the east and west buildings.* The following quotation from Dr. Gale’s “ History,” will show the condition of affairs in the year 1845: “ After this outlay of more than $10,000, the productive fund of the institution is more than $20,000. Besides this productive fund, the college has unsold lands, chiefly within the original purchase, valued at $30,000; and unsold lands in other counties worth $7,000 or $8,000 more. There is land and town property reserved for theo- logical instruction, if applied to that use within a given time, valued at $3,000. So that the entire fund for all educational uses, realized from this enterprise, is at present some $70,000. The-town of Gales- burg now has some 70 dwellings, besides mechanics’ shops, stores, mills, Academy and College buildings, accommodating about 800 inhabitants. Profaneness is rarely heard in the streets, and intoxi- cating drinks have neither foothold nor advocates in the community. In 1847, the Academy was removed to the northwest corner of the Public Square, into a brick building, which twenty years afterward gave place to the Union Hotel. In 1848, measures were taken to establish a complete course for the education of young women. This course at first occupied three years, but was lengthened to a four years’ *Mr. J. P. Williston, of Northampton, Mass., commenced contributing to the support of the college, in 1844, and did not cease his benefactions till the year 1855, when they amounted to more than $8,000.558 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. course, in 1868. The first class graduated in Jan., 1851. In 1857, thirty thousand dollars were expended in building the Ladies’ Semi- nary, a large five-story edifice, with chapel, recitation rooms, music and painting rooms, and ample accommodations for boarding. During the same year, the main college building was completed, at a cost of over $50,000. It contains a chapel, lecture and recitation rooms, and rooms for cabinets, apparatus and library. In 1860, a three years’ scientific course was established, which was changed in 1873 to a four years’ course, with the addition of a year to the work of preparation. In 1876, a building, thirty-six by seventy-two feet in dimensions, was erected for a gymnasium, at a cost of fifteen hundred dollars, and the students now avail themselves of the opportunity for gymnastic training.* PRESIDENTS OF THE COLLEGE. Rev. Hiram HuntiDgton Kellogg. 1839-45 Rev. Wm. Stanton Curtis, D. D.,. 1863-68 Rev. Jonathan Blanchard.... 1845-57 Rev. Jno. Putham Gulliver, D.D., 1868-72 Rev. Harvey Curtis, D. D.,... 1858-63 Hon. Newton Bateman, JLL. D.,.. 1875 PROFESSORS MORAL PHILOSOPHY AND RHETORIC. Rev. Geo. W. Gale, A. M.,... 1843-57 Rev. Bradford Y. Averill, A. M., Rev. John W. Bailey, A. M.,.... 1858-63 (acting)................ 1864^65 Rev.Willis Judson Beecher, A.M. 1865-69 LOGIC----RHETORIC AND ENGLISH LITERATURE. John W. Burgess, A. M.,.... 1869-73 Leander H. Potter, A. M.,(acting) 1876 ANCIENT LANGUAGES. Rev. G. W. Gale, (acting).___ 1840-42 Rev. Elisha James (acting). 1872-73 James Grant, A. M.,.......... 1842-69 Rev. F. W. Loba(actiug)... 1873-75 Rev.L6weilyn Pratt, A. M.,(Latin) 1869-71 Albert Hurd, A. M.,(Latin, acting) 1872 Rev. Henry M. Tylor, A. M., Rev. Thomas R. Willard, A. M., (Greek and German). ... 1869-72 (Greek and German)...... 1875 MATHEMATICS. Nehemiah H. Losey, A. M.,.... 1841-63 Milton L. Comstock, A. M.,.1861 Henry E. Hitchcock, A. M.,.... 1850-73 CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL SCIENCE. Albert Hurd, A. M.,—....... 1854 MODERN LANGUAGES. Erastus S. Wilcox, A, M,... 1855-63 *The Western Educational Society bestowed upon the institution nearly $6,000, between the years 1846 and 1855. In 1855, Hon. Chas. Phelps, of Cincinnati, Ohio, gave the college eighteen quarter sections of land, from the sale of which upwards of $25,000 have been added to the funds. In 1875, about $25,000 were subscribed by citizens of Galesburg, for the purpose of increasing the endowment of the college. There still remain unsold, 250 city lots, valued at a hundred dollars each, and 205 acres of land, worth one hundred dollars an acre; and the college buildings occupy a park of seventeen acres.HISTOKY OF KNOX COUNTY. 561 Prof. Geo. Churchill has been Principal of the Preparatory Depart- ment since 1855, and Mrs. Amelia F. Bangs of the Ladies’ Depart- ment since 1873. A few remarks on the foregoing list must suffice. To the usual duties devolving upon the President have been added those of Pro- fessor of Mental Science, and in some instances of Moral Science, ./Esthetics, or International Law. Dr. Bateman is Professor of Men- tal and Moral Philosophy. After the resignation of Prof. Grant, who served the college with distinguished ability twenty-seven years, the duties of the Professorship were divided, and one of the present needs of the college is the endowment of the Latin Professorship. Prof. Losey had charge of the Mathematics from the very beginning, and received his appointment as Professor upon the organization of col- lege classes in the fall of 1841. He was in advance of his time in methods of teaching; and, notwithstanding his arduous labors as Sec- retary and Treasurer of the Board and Surveyor of the colony, carried his department to a high point of excellence. The Chemical Depart- ment was in charge of Prof. Losey till 1851, when Prof. A. Hurd became lecturer, receiving his appointment as Professor in 1854. This gives a very inadequate view of the four hundred and seventy years of teaching with which the institution has been favored.* Two hundred and thirty-four have graduated from the college, of whom twenty-eight were from the Scientific course. Sixty of these have become ministers of the gospel, preaching about eight hundred years, in twenty-eight different states and countries. Seven have been foreign missionaries, ministering about forty-five years. About thirty, who have been members of college without graduating, have become*ministers. Forty of the graduates have become lawyers, fif- teen physicians, and twenty-five teachers. Thirty-three are dead. Two hundred and thirty-eight have graduated from the Ladies’ Semi- nary, of whom five have become foreign missionaries. Twenty-three are dead. Knox College is a cluster of institutions under one head. The college proper, classical course, is modeled on the plan of the best American colleges. The study of Latin, Greek and mathematics is specially pursued as the best preparation for the learned professions and the practical employments of life. With these, the natural sci- ences, modern languages, the various studies of philosophy, rhetoric, ♦From 1842 to 1878 inclusive, during which period annual catalogues 'have been published, the largest attendance during a year was 481, in 1855; the smallest 105, in 1863; the average, 301; number of students for-the year ending June 27, 1878, 332. 31562 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. logic, and general history and literature, are united. The scientific course is substantially the same, with the omission of Greek, and part of the Latin, and tlie Ladies’ Seminary course differs from the scien- tific mainly in omitting the higher mathematics. Young women are admitted to all these departments, and all the classes are under the supervision of the college faculty. The academy comprises two departments, English and Classical. The former gives a full course of English studies, and affords special advantages to students who intend to become teachers. The latter is a preparatory department, devoted to the thorough preparation of stu- dents for the college and young ladies’ seminary. The course of study for students intending to enter the classical course in the col- lege, extends through three years; that for young ladies intending to take the four years’ seminary course, extends through one year. More than three-fourths of the graduates from the classical course received their preparation in the academy. The following quotations, taken from Dr. Bateman’s last report to the trustees, will indicate the present condition of the college. After speaking of the entire harmony existing in all departments of the institution, and the signs of prosperity as shown by an increase of numbers, notwithstanding the severe monetary pressure, he says: “The income from all sources for the college fiscal year ending June 1, 1878, was $18,545.81; the expenditures for all purposes during the same year were $18,443.09, leaving a little balance of $102.72 on the credit side of the account. This result has been reached by the closest economy and the most watchful vigilance on the part of those of us who have had the supervision of the financial affairs of the col- lege.” . . . “The amount of tuition received for the year ending June 1, 1878, was $6,218.30, against $5,683.69 for the previous year, an increase of $529.61.” “ The total of our permanent interest- bearing funds at this time is $110,622.34, against $107,379.16 a year ago. These funds are invested at ten per cent, per annum, and, as we believe, are well secured.” After detailing the wants of the institu- tion and proposing plans for increasing the funds, the President says: “ I am quite sure that under wise and prudent management there is a grand future for Knox College. All the present elements are auspicious.” Knox College is not denominational, but it is religious and evan- gelical. The morning worship occupies half an hour each day, and seems to be not a mere perfunctory service. Daily prayer-meetings have long been maintained, and the Society of .Religious Inquiry is flourishing. There are many other things worthy of mention which,HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 563 if all wore told, would be most complete assurance that the Christian men who founded Knox College performed a grand and noble work. CHERRY GROVE SEMINARY. Cherry Grove Seminary was opened November 1, 1841, under the charge.of Rev. Cyrus Haynes, a minister of the Cumberland Pres- byterian Church. For a period of eight years this school was under his management, and attained a high degree of prosperity, which it maintained in after years, having had during its history some of the best of educators at its head. In the year 1866 there was located at Lincoln, Illinois, a college under the care and patronage of the Cum- berland Presbyterian Church, inconsequence of which it Was thought best to discontinue the seminary. This school was in successful operation for a period of 25 years, and in its early history was the only school of high grade, except Knox College, in this section of the country. Its patronage extended over a considerable part of Illinois, and it often had students from Wisconsin and Iowa. LOMBARD UNIVERSITY. “ Lombard University is the outgrowth of the liberal thought and sentiment of a few noble men and women who were deeply imbued with the Puritan principle, ‘ freedom to worship God.’ By them, ‘ soul liberty ’ was esteemed as the chiefest blessing. Hence they sought to establish an institution of learning where all, under the strictest surveillance of moral discipline, could enjoy the greatest religious freedom and worship God according to the dictates of their own conscience.” At the residence.of Amos Pierce, Greenbush, Warren county, the first meeting was held, and initiatory steps were taken towards establishing a denominational high school or academy. Mr. Pierce was chosen chairman of the meeting. It was resolved to invite Rev. C. P. West to put the matter in form and present it to the next meet- ing of the Spoon River Association. On the 19th of May, 1850, the council of the Spoon River Association convened at Greenbush, and the following preamble and resolutions, introduced by Mr. West, were presented and adopted: “Whereas, the intellectual and moral improvement of our youth is a subject of vital importance, not only to our denomination but also to the community at large; and whereas, most, if not all, the literary institutions of this State, higher than common schools, established by law, ever have been and still are in the hands and under the control of our religious opponents; and whereas, the sectarian influences of564 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. these institutions are detrimental to the cause of free inquiry after religious truth, injurious to the spread of Universalism, and some- times ruinous to the peace and happiness of the students themselves; therefore, “Resolved, That the Universalists of this State ought immediately to adopt measures for the establishment of a seminary of learning which shall be free from the above named objections. “ Resolved, That said institution should be located in Galesburg, Knox, county, Illinois.” Time rolled on, and the little tree then planted grew and flourished. The constant aim of its founders was to establish a thoroughly Chris- tian institution. There were many difficulties to be surmounted. At this time there were only two or three Universalist families in Gales- burg; but soon an army of friends, whose faith knew no darkness, proffered their aid, and Lombard University stands to-day a monu- ment to their liberality. In October, 1850, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the above resolutions, a joint-stock company was organized. The shares were twenty-five dollars each. A sufficient amount was raised to erect and furnish a building suitable for school purposes, which was completed in the fall of 1852, and the institution, under the name of “ Illinois Liberal Institute,” was then opened. A meeting of stock- holders was held at Galesburg October 24, and fifteen trustees were elected, together with a Clerk and Treasurer. A President of the Board was also elected, and a Building Committee. Subsequently the Board decided to erect a building of brick, three stories high, sixty feet long by forty feet wide, at an expense of about six thousand dollars. The act of incorporation was approved February 15, 1851, and the Board of Trustees elected at the October meeting re-organized under it. In 1853 the charter was amended by the addition of a clause giv- ing power to confer degrees for collegiate honors. In 1852 P. Ray- mond Kendall was elected the first Principal of the institution. He entered upon the discharge of his duties in the autumn of that year. The institution began to grow in favor and patronage, and its friends cherished high hopes and great expectations of its ultimate success. The tree was now rooted in prairie soil, and it needed only the fos- tering care of liberal hearts. In the year 1854 J. Y. JM. Standish became Acting President of the institution, Prof. Kendall, who had been elected to the Presidency after the revision of the charter giving to the “ Illinois Liberal Insti- tute ” college powers, being the nominal President. Prof. StandishLOMBARD UNIVERSITY, GALESBURG.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 567 was the Acting President until the fall of 1857. During these years the institution grew into quite large proportions. Its patronage was liberal, more than its friends anticipated. In 185L-5 the number of students was 233; in 1856-7 the number was 245; and it is to be remarked that this prosperity attended the institution under the most adverse circumstances. The “ Institute ” building was burned in April, 1855. No suitable place in the city could be procured for school purposes. The institution was left as a stranger in a strange land. There was no place or spot it could call home. Rooms in different parts of the city were procured for recitations, and the school, without a vacation, went on. These rooms were unsuitable for class- rooms; but the students and patrons loved the institution, and made sacrifices for it. Those who were connected with the “ Illinois Liberal Institute ” during these years will not forget the days of hardship and trial. Early in 1854 a scheme was concocted by Prof. Kendall and others for the purpose of partially endowing the institution. A system of scholarships was devised, by the sale of which a fund of about $60,- 000 was subscribed. The following was the plan adopted: Scholar- ships were divided into three classes,—$50, $100, $200. The amount paid entitled the buyer to double the amount of tuition at the “ Insti- tute.” This fund was secured through the indomitable energy and perseverance of Prof. Kendall, assisted by such men as Rev. J. H. Chapin, Rev. W. S. Ballou, Rev. C. P. West and others. Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Wisconsin were canvassed, and liberal men re- sponded liberally to the needs of the institution. It was at this time that Benjamin Lombard, who then resided at Henry, gave $20,000. In 1855, in honor of him, the name of the institution was changed to “ Lombard University.” During the year 1856 the present college building was erected, at a cost of $40,000, though not wholly com- pleted until several years afterwards. It was occupied for school purposes for the first time late in the autumn of 1856. Rev. Otis A. Skinner, D. D., formerly pastor of the Warren Street Church, Boston, was elected to the Presidency of the institution in the fall of 1857. In 1859 Dr. Skinner was succeeded by the Rev. J. P. Weston, D. D., for many years Principal of the “Westbrook Seminary,” Maine. He held the Presidency of the institution for thirteen years, resigning in 1872 to accept the position of Principal of Djan Academy ot Massachusetts. In 1872 Prof. William Livingston was elected Acting President, which office he held for three years. He had filled the cha,ir of Natu-568 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. ral Science from late in the fall of 1855 to June, 1872. During this interval there were no marked changes, nothing particularly new inaugurated. Late in the autumn of 1875 Rev. Nehemiah White, the present incumbent, succeeded to the Presidency. Formerly he held a pro- fessorship in St. Lawrence University, New York, and latterly was professor of ancient languages in Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio. President White brings with him large experience as an educator. He is both a good scholar and thorough teacher. Although circum- stances have been somewhat adverse since he has been connected with the University, yet it is to be hoped that his administration may be a successful one, and that his arduous labors may secure a rich reward. From September, 1854, to June, 1878, the number of students con- nected with the institution was 4,669; and it is safe to say that more than 5,000 students have enjoyed its advantages since its doors were first thrown open to the public in September, 1852. Of this number there have been 148 graduates; the degree of Bachelor of Arts has been conferred on 63; the degree of Bachelor of Science on 48; the degree of Laureate of Arts on 37. Besides these, there have been 31 honorary degrees conferred. The degree of Doctor of Divinity has been conferred upon 11; the degree of Master of Arts upon 19; the degree of Doctor of Philosophy upon 1. The following constitute the Board of Trustees for 1878: L. C. Conger, John Edwards, Sidney Pulsifer, IL. Buck, A. Harrington, Rev. Andrew Pingree, Rev. Sumner Ellis, Hon. T. J. Hale, Hon. A. Knowles, J. S. McConnell, E. H. Conger, A. Webster, D. Sanborn, B. Lombard, Jr., Rev. John Hughes, J. C. Hunt, B. Lombard, Rev. W. H. Ryder, Mrs. E. G. Hall, Hon. A. M. Brown. The officers of the Board are, Rev. William H. Ryder President, Hon. T. Judson Hale Secretary, David Sanborn Treasurer. The following at present constitute the Faculty: Rev. Nehemiah White, President and Hall Professor of Intellectual and Moral Phil- osophy; John V. N. Standish, Professor of Mathematics and Astron- omy; Isaac A. Parker, Williamson Professor of Greek Language and Literature, and Teacher of Latin ; Miss Mary J. Claycomb, Teacher of French and Assistant Principal of Preparatory Department; Theodore C. Stevens, Teacher of German and Principal of Preparatory Depart- ment; Miss Mary E. Hoyle, Teacher of Instrumental Music. The college grounds, fourteen acres in extent, are ornamented with trees and shrubs of various kinds. The University building is of brick, three stories high. 80 feet long, 66 feet wide, and has excellent rooms for libraries, apparatus, lectures and recitations. The investedABINGDON COLLEGE.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 571 funds of the University, together with other property, amount to about $175,000. The college library contains nearly 5,000 volumes, besides a large number of pamphlets and magazines. The cabinet is large and contains many valuable specimens. The apparatus is sufficiently extensive for class illustration. The Academic year is divided into three terms, the first beginning usually on the first Monday in September, and continuing sixteen weeks; the second beginning immediately after the holidays, and con- tinuing thirteen weeks; the third beginning one week after the close of the second, and continuing eleven weeks. The annual commence- ment is on the third Wednesday in June. It i6 the purpose of Lombard University to afford to students of either sex equal opportunities for thorough courses of instruction; and the studies pursued have been arranged, first, to provide a full collegiate course of four years, such as is usually pursued in the best colleges and universities in this country; secondly, to accommodate those to whose circumstances it may be especially adapted, with a scientific course of the same length, and so arranged as to combine with practical knowledge intellectual culture and discipline; thirdly, to provide a literary course of four years for those who do not desire to pursue the regular classical or scientific course; fourthly, to afford a thorough preparation for each of the collegiate courses; fifthly, to meet the wants of those who are unable to pursue one of the regular courses of the institution. ABINGDON COLLEGE. In 1853 P. H. Murphy opened an academy in a plain wooden building in Abingdon, and conducted it with untiring zeal and marked success until 1855. By this time his extensive canvassing, lecturing and preaching among the people had infused into them much of his own zeal and wishes to such an extent that they were ready to give572 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. the academy the rank of a college and erect the necessary building. The decision was made, and a plain three-story brick building was erected, in which the college work was inaugurated in 1855. Mr. Murphy was elected the first President. He was a very amiable and genial companion, and bore himself as one of nature’s noblemen. He combined with the highest sense of honor and rectitude great child- like simplicity and tenderness. His remarkable command of language and mellow, musical voice rendered him a very acceptable and popular preacher and lecturer, while his learning, for a young man, was am- ple to sustain his reputation. Unfortunately for him and for the cause to which he had devoted his life, his enthusiastic, earnest spirit struggled in a frail tenement, and at length consumption began to tear it down. He continued to fill the position of President until April 19,1860, when on account of failing health he resigned. He died the following August. A charter was obtained for the college in February, 1855, and it went into full operation the next college year. The original incorporators were William Maxwell, P. H. Murphy, J. C. Reynolds, John Miller, George Price, S. H. Ritchey, J. E. Gaston, Whitfield Button, J. C. Latimer, J. E. Martin, Jesse Perdue, J. W. Butler, J. P. Roach, L. S. Wallace, J. M. Dodge, Marvin Baker, S. T. Shelton, James Starke, W. H. Franklin, W. H. Nance, J. A. Maxwell, Thos. Moulton and M. P. King. The Faculty under President Murphy’s administration was com- posed, at various times, of the following teachers: P. H. Murphy, Presi- dent and Professor of Sacred History, Evidences of Christianity and Butler’s Analogy; J. C. Reynolds, J. W. Butler, J. P. Roach, A. B, Murphy, Sarah J. Smith, George C. Mendel, Sarah H. Mendel, A. J. Thomson, Win. Griffin, J. B. Sheitlin, Miss E. J. Shrvock. On the 28th day of Jan., 1861, J. W. Butler was elected to fill the place vacated by the death of P. H. Murphy. Mr. Butler was comparatively young and inexperienced as a presiding officer; the college was greatly em- barrassed by a heavy debt hanging over it, while the whole country was agitated by that terrible excitement that immediately preceded the late civil war. Under these circumstances the Board of Trustees deemed it advisable to secure, if possible, a man of greater age and experience to fill the Presidency of the college. Hence on August 2, 1861, J. W. Butler having resigned, Silas E. Shepherd was elected to fill the place. Mr. Shepherd, on being notified, declined the call. Thereupon J. W. Butler was again elected to fill the Presidency. His term of service expired in June, 1874. During this time a large andHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 575 commodious addition, or what would be regarded from the stand point of the architect as the main building, was erected. The material is of the most enduring kind and the accommodations are ample for the reception of 500 students. The names of those who were mem- bers of the Faculty during his administration were: J. W. Butler’ President, Professor of Sacred History and Natural and Physical Science; A. J. Thomson, Wm. Griffin, G. N. Freeman, H. A. Coffeen, J. B. Sheitlin, Frederick Cliristianer, I. Durham, A. Linn, H. C. Thomson, Annie Whitman, S. P. Lucy, Bettie Davis, Yesper Willis, Miss Mary J. Harris, Miss Maggie Thomson, Mrs. Lizzie Linn, Flor- ence G. Johnson, A. P. Aten, Emma Yeach, Mrs. Louise J. Clark. President Butler’s successor was Orval Perkey, elected June 16, 1874. He resigned March 23, 1876. During his administration the follow- ing are the names of members of the Faculty: Orval Perkey, Presi- dent, Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and Belles Let- tres; A. J. Thomson, D. C. Barber, Marion Ingels, J. Heller, DeWitt S. Harris, Mrs. Libbie F. Ingels, Mrs. Lizzie Linn, Miss Mary Bridge- ford. President Perkey was succeeded by Clark Braden, who was elected June 1,1876. He served for one year, during which time the Faculty consisted of the following persons: Clark Braden, President, Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and Lecturer on Evidences of Christianity and Biblical Literature; A. J. Thomson, D. C. Barber, Marion Ingels, DeWitt Harris, Mrs. Libbie F. Ingels, R. L. Davis, Mrs. Lizzie Linn and Miss Anna Burhaus. President Braden was succeeded by the present incumbent, F. M. Bruner, who was elected July 24, 1877. The present Faculty con- sists of the following teachers: F. M. Bruner, President and Professor of Biblical History and Exegesis; N. Dunshee, Professor of Mathematics; O. P. Hay, Pro- fessor of Natural Sciences; H. L. Bruner, Assistant Teacher of Math- ematics; Miss Josie Dunshee, Assistant Teacher of Belles Lettres and Ancient Languages; Miss Emma Dunshee, Assistant Teacher of Ancient and Modern History and Mathematics; Miss Anna Burhaus, Teacher of Instrumental Music. The President, Mr. Bruner, has enjoyed many rare advantages to tit him for his position. After graduating at one of the best western colleges he spent nearly three years in Germany, France and England, where he studied the languages, ancient and modern, and also pursued special courses in Theology, Philosophy, and the Natural Sciences. He was six years President of Oskaloosa College, and gave that institution a prominence and an organization that576 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. attracted to it as large a number of students as similar schools usually receive in the West. He now proposes to do the same thing for Abingdon College. Professor Dunshee is a ripe scholar. For many years he taught in Hiram College, for six years in Oskaloosa College, and is at home in the Mathematics or Classics as well as the modern languages. Professor O. P. Hay is a young man, active and enter- prising. Already his descriptions of -western plants and some hitherto unknown insects have found their way into the scientific journals. He has had several years’ experience in college work and recently spent one year in Yale. . The ladies employed as teachers are graduates from a thorough classical course, having completed the Mathematics and Languages as required in our best colleges, and for two years studied French and German, also for a considerable time Hebrew. Miss Bnrhaus is an accomplished lady and musician. With such a beginning for a Fac- ulty it would seem almost unreasonable to think of failure. There need be no doubt concerning the thoroughness of the work that these teachers will do. The period from June, 1875,to June, 1877,may be called the dark day in the history of the college. It became involved in a quarrel which had its origin in the church, and these intervening years were spent in what seems to have been a needless struggle for the control of the college. The dawn of hope appeared in a compromise, in which the parties to the troubles agreed to unite in supporting the college. It was upon this compromise that President Bruner was elected as ac- ceptable to both parties. But the college was b}r this time without students and its funds in a situation to be almost unavailable, and besides, and perhaps worst of all, public confidence had been de- stroyed and sympathy for the institution turned away. But even now a change is setting in and there is no good reason why the school should not again prosper. It has buildings worth about $45,000, with every facility for a good school. The courses of Instruction arranged by the present Faculty are as follows:HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 577 COURSES OF INSTRUCTION. ACADEMIC COURSE. Middle Preparatory. FIRST TERM. English Grammar. Geography. Arithmetic. Spelling and Defining. SECOND TERM. English Grammar. United States History. Higher Arithmetic. Spelling and Defining. THIRD TERM. Higher Arithmetic. History of England. Physiology. Composition and Rhetoric. Junior Preparatory. FIRST TERM. Latin Grammar and Reader. Natural Philosophy. Composition and Rhetoric. Elementary Algebra. History of Germany. SECOND TERM. Latin Grammar and Reader. Elementary Algebra. Chemistry. Greek Introductory. History of Germany. THIRD TERM. Latin—Ciesar, and Prose Composition. Higher Algebra. Composition and Rhetoric. Greek Introductory, and Prose Composi- tion. Hart’s “ In the School-Room.” Senior Preparatory. FIRST TERM. Latin—Cicero, and Prose Composition. Higher Algebra (Completed). Greek—Xenophon’s Anabasis, and Prose Composition. History and Progress of Education. SECOND TERM. Latin—Sallust, and Prose Composition. Geometry. Greek—Xenophon’s Cyropedia,and Prose Composition. Mental Philosophy. THIRD TERM. Latin—Virgil. Geometry. (Completed.) Botany. Greek—Memorabilia. Mental Philosophy. (Completed.) In addition to these daily studies, the students of this department will have the benefit of all the lectures before the school, and will be required to prepare weekly rhetorical exercises. Every morning the Bible will be read, and this will be accompanied with a lecture upon some portion of it. CLASSICAL COURSE. Freshman Class. FIRST TERM. Latin—JEneid; Prose Composition. Greek—Prose Composition; Selections. Mathematics—Plain Trigonometry. English Literature—General History; Ancient Geography. SECOND TERM. Latin—Virgil’s Eclogues and Georgies; Prose Composition. Gh^eek—Prose Composition; Herodotus’ History. Mathematics—Spherical Trigonometry. English Literature—General History. THIRD TERM. Latin—Cicero’s De Senectute et Ami- citia; Prose Composition. Greek—Prose Composition; Homer’s Ulysses. M athematics—Survey i ng. English Literature—General History Sophomore Class. . FIRST TERM. Latin—Livy’s History; Antiquities; French. Greek—Homer’s Iliad; Antiquities; German. Mathematics—Conic Sections. English Literature-English Literature. SECOND TERM. Latin—Horace’s Odes; Prose Compo- sition ; French. Greek—Plato’s Apology and Crito; Prose Composition; German. Mathematics—Analytical Geometry. English Literature—March’s Philol- ogy; Craik’s Shakespeare.578 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. THIRD ERM. Latin—Horace’s Satires and Epistles; French. Greek—Thucydides’ History; German. Mathematics—Calculus. Natural Science—Botany. Junior Class. FIRST TERM. Latin—Tacitus’ Germania et Agricola; French. Greek—Demosthenes’ De Corona; German. Mathematics—Calculus. Natural Science—Chemistry. second term. Latin—Christian Latin ; French. Greek—Christian Greek; German. Natural Science—Physics. English Literature—Logic; The U. S. Constitution. third term. Latin—Christian Latin; French. Greek—Christian Greek; German. Mathematics—Astronomy. Natural Science—Physics; Physiology. Senior Class. FIRST TERM. Greek—New Testament. English Literature—-Mental Philoso- phy (Porter). Natural Science—Zoology; Physiology. Theses upon subjects assigned by the Faculty. SECOND TERM. Greek—New Testament. English Literature—Moral Science; HSsthetics. Natural Science—Mineralogy. Theses upon subjects assigned by the Faculty. THIRD TERM. English Literature-Butler’s Analogy; Political Economy; Evidences of Chris- tianity; International Law; Rhetoric. Natural Science—Geology. Theses upon subjects selected by the students. THE BIBLE DEPARTMENT. Junior Class. FIRST TERM. Exegetical Lectures—Matthew. Hermeneutics. Biblical Archaeology (Jaim's); and Geography of Palestine. Evidences — Stowe’s History of the Books of the Bible. SECOND TERM. Exegetical Lectures—continued, Bible History—Old Testament. Archaeology—comp] eted. Evidences—completed. THIRD TERM. Exegetical Lectures—Romans. Biblical History completed—New Tes- tament. Remedial Scheme. Homiletics. (Sliedd.) Middle Class. FIRST TERM. Exegetical Lecture — Hebrews and James. Hebrew, Old Testament. Church History. (Kurtz.) Homiletics. (Composition and Read- ing.) SECOND TERM. Hebrew, Old Testament. Church History. (Kurtz.) General History and Ancient Geogra- phy- Christian Greek and Latin. THIRD TERM. Hebrew, Old Testament. General History—continued. Christian Greek and Latin. Theses—assigned by Faculty. Senior Class. FIRST TERM. The Septuagint. The New Testament in Greek. Horne’s Introduction. Theses—assigned by Faculty. SECOND TERM. History of Doctrines. (Shedd.) History of Philosophy. The New Testament in Greek. Prophecy—Old and New Testament. THIRD TERM. Mental Philosophy. History of Doctrines. (Shedd.) Moral Science. Prophecy—completed. This department is open to both sexes, and proposes to prepare its students to meet the demands of the age for a bolder defence of the foundations of the Chris- tian religion, and for the satisfaction of demands of the church for a better and purer life.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 579 HEDDIXG COLLEGE, ABDfGDOX. That coming events often cast their shadows before is truthfully illustrated in the history of this institution. Many years before any plan was consummated, the idea of a college to be located on its pres- ent site originated in the far-seeing and almost prophetic mind of that excellent Etnd much esteemed man, Abraham D. Swartz, who came to the vicinity of Abingdon during the year 1829, and built a cabin near where the city cemetery now is. His companion being lonely and almost disheartened, he took her out to walk one day, and as they came upon the ground where the building now stands, he asked her to look around; but only a widely extended and rolling prairie could be seen except in the direction of their cabin. He then said to her, “ Mother, we will live to see a village here, and where we stand a college will be built.” Hedding College at that moment, we suppose, had its inception, although twenty-five years rolled by before plans for its organization were matured. Rev. Wm. Clark says: “ Returning from Quincy, June 26, 1836, I stopped for the night at the house of the proprietor of Abingdon, Mr. Abraham D. Swartz, then living near where is now the city cem- etery. On the following morning he wished me to go with him and look at his town site. After traveling for some time we at length arrived on the lovely rise where Hedding now stands. He stopped, took off his hat, and said with emphasis, ‘ Here is my college site. I580 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. do not expect to live to see it, but I liave an impression that some day there will be a college built here.’ ” About the same year language of similar import was used by this far-seeing man to Dennis Clark, County Judge, then a boy plowing corn on or near the present site of this college. This noble Christian man, who could thus read the wants of the generation yet to be as the county developed, had so im- pressed his wishes upon the minds of his children that after his death they labored to have his desires carried out. In the division of prop- erty the present site of the college fell to his daughter Sarah E. Swartz, who afterwards married Thomas B. Wilson. Thej7 gave the five acres of ground and $500 to carry out the plan of building an institution. Oregon P. and Benjamin 0., sons of A. D. Swartz, were also among the most liberal donors. Hedding Collegiate Seminary was opened by its first Principal Nov. 19, 1855. The first and second years the classes recited in the old M. E. Church, Bev. N. 0. Lewis, A. M., Principal, and Elizabeth Patrick, Assistant. School year closed July 3, 1856. The second year, with the same Principal, assisted by Matthew Andrews (now Superintendent of Schools of the city of Galesburg) and Elizabeth Patrick, opened Aug. 25, 1856, and closed July 2, 1857. The Seminary was erected in 1856 by voluntary subscriptions. In September, 1857, the Peoria Conference held its annual session in its chapel. The institution from its opening has been under the care of the Peoria (now Central Illinois) Conference. Sept. 16, 1857, the school opened in the new building with Bev. N. C. Lewis, A. M., Principal, and Chas. C. Griffith, A. B., and Nancy Simonds as teach- ers. Mr. Griffith was a good scholar, especially as a linguist, a pleas- ing man in his appearance, and pious, and much was expected from him; but after teaching about one week he was taken ill, and after two or three weeks’ sickness died. Matthew Andrews, of the Sophomore class at Evanston, taught one term; then Mr. Black, a graduate of Abingdon College, until E. D. Chipman from Philadelphia was secured. Miss Emeline S. Fillmore, a lady of eminent ability, taught the spring term. Whole number of students this year, 183; the previous year, 135. Feb. 9, 1857, a charter was granted by an act of the Legislature which changed the name from Hedding Collegiate Seminary to Hed- ding Seminary and Central Illinois Female College. By said act the following were named as the Board of Trustees. There were two classes, each class to be divided into three sections and hold office re- spectively; one, two, and three years. The local trustees were: Oregon P. Swartz, Wm. Stewart, Bichard II. Bussell, Philip M.ill M. H MilHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 583 Shoop, Jesse B. Quimby, Kent M. Chesney, Benj, C. Swartz, M. L. Brown and Franklin P. Foster. The second class were, Rev. J. W. Flowers, Rev. John Borland, Rev. Wm. Hunter, Rev. Richard Haney, Rev. Nathaniel C. Lewis, Rev. Justus Soule, Rev. S. G. J. Worthing- ton, Rev. John P. Brooks, and Rev. Henderson Ritchie. Oregon P. Swartz was President of the Board, and probably held that office more years than any other man. At the close of the Aca- demic year of 1857-8 Rev. N. C. Lewis, the first Principal, resigned on account of his health. In August, 1858, J. T. Dickinson, A. M., was called from New York to take charge of the institution. He held his position for nine years. During this period there were times when dark clouds, finan- cially speaking, rested over Hedding; but these were all dispersed by the generosity of friends, in the time of Rev. F. M. Chaffee’s very efficient agency, and the building was fitted up with many conven- iences. This was during the civil war, and Hedding is proud of the record made by those who went forth from her halls to defend the country’s flag. There were times when nearly all the male students of suitable age were in the field of strife. In 1866, which was the Centennial of American Methodism, an effort was made to secure an endowment for the Seminary. About $11,000 was taken, mostly in subscriptions, but a large portion of this, with the consent of the donors, was diverted to a fund for the new building. July 3, 1867, the first class graduated in the regular Sem- inary course. July, 1867, Prof. Dickinson retired from the institu- tion, leaving it in a healthful and flourishing condition. In 1867 Prof. M. C. Springer, A. M., who had been Prof, of Ancient Lan- guages for two years, was elected Acting Principal, and in 1868 Prin- cipal. Assisted by an able corps of teachers, he remained in charge till June, 1872. In March, 1869, by a special act of the Legislature, the name was changed to Hedding Seminary and Female College; also the founda- tion, in part, for a new main building and jving was laid, but it being considered both insecure and too large, building thereon was aban- doned, until work on the present new building was begun. In the summer of 1872 Rev. J. G. Evans, A. M., was elected President, and remained in charge until June, 1878. President Evans, a man of great energy of character, served the institution with untiring devo- tion and a fair degree of success. In the summer of 1873 the present main building was commenced. It was sufficiently completed for occupancy in 1871 and entirely fin- ished in the winter of 1876-7. Cost of buildings and grounds, some584 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. $45,000. Much credit is due Philip M. Shoop as general superinten- dent of construction. When he consented to leave his business in charge of others and take the general oversight of the work, it seemed to give new life to the project and bring to its aid substantial friends. Daniel D. Shoop and Abner Vichey, as builders, are deserving special praise. The first building, erected in 1856, was a brick structure TO by 40 and two stories high. The lower story had a north and south en- trance, with a commodious hall, on each side of which were three reci. tation rooms. The upper story contained the chapel. Over the northern portion of the building is the belfry. This, with the ad- dition of some ten feet constitutes the wing of the present college building. The upper story of this wing is now the college chapel. The lower story is now devoted to a reading and library room, janitor room, suite of rooms for the President and a ladies’ reception room. The main building was commenced in 1873. It is a substantial brick structure, 71 by 70 feet and three stories above the basement. Main entrances on the east and south. Basement contains three rooms. There is a main hall on the first floor, the south entrance of main building connecting directly with hall of wing. On the east side of this hall are the President’s office, Treasurer’s office, hall to east en- trance, reception room and music room. On the west side are three recitation rooms and stairway leading to second floor and the chapel. Second floor, east of the hall are the recitation room of the Prof, of Natural Science, laboratory and museum, also a small music room; west of hall, three recitation rooms. The institution has a small supply of apparatus and quite a good cabinet. The third floor has four rooms on the west side, both of which were tastefully finished and elegantly furnished by the members of the societies. These societies admit both sexes, and are in a very flourishing condition. The Oliniana was first organized in May, 1856. It bore at first the name Adelphi, which was soon changed to the one it now ha6 in honor of the lamented Dr. Olin. The Lincolnian was formed during Lincoln’s administration and named in honor of him. In the early history of the institution the ladies had two organizations of their own, the Sigourneian, in honor of Mrs. Sigourney, and the Zetale- thean. As early as March, 1863, we find a joint exhibition given by these societies. The programme is an interesting one. These prospered in their time, but were afterward merged into the present societies. Each of these societies has a respectable library. June 22, 1875, the Board of Trustees decided to organize under the general law of the State. In August a charter was granted and the institution changed to Hedding College. The college is under theHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 585 control of a Board of Regency or Trustees, composed of twelve minis- ters and twelve laymen. It is divided into three classes, each class to retire in succession, holding office for three years. The following persons were elected the first Board under the present charter: Min- isters—W. H. Hunter, C. C. Knowlton, C. Springer, H. Ritchie, B. E. Kaufman, G. M. Irwin, W. C. Knapp, M. C. Bowlin, A. K. Tullis, A. R. Morgan, H. C. King, P. A. Cool; laymen—J. W. Spencer, New- ton Barr, Peter Godfrey, Joseph Amey, W. F. Archer, P. M. Shoop, J. L. Knowlton, G. W. Brown, C. W. Moore, Harry Weaver, W. J. McCutchen, J. W. Fate. H. Ritchie was President and G. M. Irwin was Secretary of the Board of Trustees. In July, 1878, Rev. George W. Peck, Pli. B., a graduate of Syra- cuse University, New York, was called to the Presidency of Hedding College. Under the new administration the college is rapidly advanc- ing in grade and usefulness, by elevating the standard of mental and moral culture. President Peck is a man of fine education, sound judgment and great energy, and is universally successful with students and people. The members of the Faculty are: Rev. George W. Peck, Ph. B., President, Professor of Mental and Moral Science; J. T. Dickinson, A. M., Yice President, Professor of Mathematics; Rev. W. C. Knapp, A. M., Professor of Natural Sci- ence; Rev. George W. Waughop, A. M., Professor of Ancient Lan- guages; Miss Katie B. Ross, B. S., Professor of English Literature and Instructor in Elocution; Miss Loriette Duffield, A. B., Professor of Modern Languages; Miss Leonora Burr, L. A., Professor of Yocal and Instrumental Music; R. T. Neill, M. Acc’ts, Professor in Com- mercial Department; R. A. Brown, Teacher of Yocal Music. The college building as it now stands furnishes ample room for 500 students. There are three courses of study—the Scientific, of four years; the Latin Classical, of five; and the Classical, of six. The expense of either course, including tuition and incidentals, is only thirty-six dol- lars per annum. ST. MARY’S SCHOOL. An historical sketch of St. Mary’s School would be imperfect with- out an account of another institution of learning which previously oc- cupied the same ground as does St. Mary’s School at present. In February, 1859, the State Legislature chartered Ewing Female University, of Knoxville. This institution wras named in honor of an old resident of that city. A building, as shown in the engraving and at present the western portion of the structure now occupied, was erected in 185S, and for several years, or until 186 7, it was conducted 32586 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. an the interests of education under the name of Ewing Female Univer- sity. Mistress Dyer and Miss Antoinette Proseus were Principals of the schools during these years. The following was the Faculty for 1865: Miss Antoinette Proseus, Principal; Miss M. Hester. Miss Gabriella Taylor, Miss S. M. Gray, and Miss S. A. Hill, teachers. Trustees at the same time: Cephas Arms, President; Henry Arms, Mr. Bliss, Z. Beatty, John W. Oarns, Z. Cooley, A. M. Craig, John Eads, G. M. Ewing, C. Holland, J. Knox, H. M. Keightley, A. Light- aier, A. W. Martin, E. Marsh, Thomas Muir, W. Y. Miller, C. Run- kle, M. Smith, P. Ii. Sanford, S. G. Simpson, T. S. Yaill, W. H ST. MARY’S COLLEGE. Whitton. Humber of Scholars in 1865—Collegiate Department, 22; Preparatory Department, 68; Art Department, 15; Total, 105. Ewing University failed to meet with the success that an institu- tion of its pronounced intention deserved, and accordingly in 1869 it was elosed and has never re-opened. The stockholders, realizing the importance of having a school where their daughters and other young ladies of the West might receive all the advantages afforded by the best of schools, tendered the institution to the Protestant Episcopal Church of Illinois. The proffered building was accepted, and imme- diately preparations were made for opening the school under a new and different management. Dr. C. W. Leffingwell was called to the Rectorship of the new institution, which was christened “ St. Mary’s School.” After making some needed changes and improvements in the building, St. Mary’s School was opened April 12,1868. Beginning with but three boarding pupils and a few day scholars, without prestige or influence, and without attractive buildings and needful appliances, the school has won its way to the confidence of a large circle of patrons and friends, and to a high standing among the educational institutions of the West. The number of pupils had soHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 587 increased that the present year they numbered 99, only 24 of whom resided in Knoxville; and instead of a corps of four teachers, there are now employed 12, including the officers. The school prospered so well that within four years it outgrew its accommodations, and received from the Hon. James Knox a gift of $11,000, for enlargement of the building. Accordingly, in 1872 an addition was erected doubling the capacity of the room. In addition to this, $25,000 has been ex- pended in the improvement of the property. The building and outfit are now valued at $75,000. Another extension is required to complete the architectural plan and to provide for the increase of pupils. For this purpose Mr. Knox has bequeathed $10,000 on the EWING FEMALE UNIVERSITY. condition that an equal sum be raised by the friends of the school. It is expected that this will be done, and that the building will soon be completed The school building is situated on a beautiful four- acre lot, on the corner of Douglas and Market streets, Knoxville. The grounds are richly set with flowers, shrubbery, fruit and shade trees. The size of the building is 110 feet front and the greatest depth is 75 feet. It is of a modern style of architecture, light, showy, convenient, and is four stories and basement in height, includ- ing the story in the Mansard roof. Over the main entrance is a belfry, surmounted by a cross which is 100 feet from the ground.588 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. The accompanying engraving is a fine representation of the exterior of the structure. The house is divided into 50 rooms, all of which are large, well ventilated, amply lighted and finely furnished. On the first floor they are frescoed, and finished in ash and walnut. They are warmed by hot-air furnaces and steam radiators. All con- veniences for school and family are under one roof. The private rooms are so arranged that each girl may have a sleeping apartment to herself. Each group of three or four alcoves ha^a private parlor adjoining. The annual cost of running the school is $20,000, and as there is no endowment fund, that amount is raised from scholar- ships, etc. Many of the rooms are elaborately furnished. Among those more particularly noticeable are the Rector’s studio (which alone cost $1,200 to fit up), the reception parlor, the art studio, library and study hall. These are adorned with many rare works of art, among the principal of which are, a copy of Murillo’s Madonna and child, from the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy (this copy is the size of the original, and is encased in a richly carved Florentine frame); a copy of Correggio’s Betrothal of St. Catherine, from Naples; a portrait of Honorable James Knox, copied from Healy; copies of Fra Angelico on gold; pen drawing of Washington by Dr. Leffingwell, and a copy of Raphael’s St. Cecilia, now on the way from Bologna, Italy. Other rare works of art also grace the walls,—almost all of which were pro- cured by Dr. Leffingwell while in Europe. In statuary are also some works of interest. Among them are original statues in Carrara marble, by Larkin’ G. Mead, Florence? Italy; and numerous statuettes in alabaster and lava, copies from old masters. There is a library of 1,500 volumes, of which many are the finest and costliest works. Among them is a complete set of Audubon’s “ Birds and Quadrupeds of America.” These were presented by ILon. James Knox, and some elegant volumes of photographs of Euro- pean scenes collected by the Rector. There are also in the building, cabinets of geological specimens and fine collections of stuffed birds, etc. Among the relics is the working model from which the first river gun-boats of the world were constructed. This relic of American enterprise was presented by Captain James Laning, who assisted in the construction of the fleet, and commanded one of the ships on the Mississippi river. The school is well furnished with musical instruments, of the best make. There is a pipe organ, costing $1,000, and 7 pianos, costing in the aggregateST. MARY’S SCHOOL, KNOXVILLE.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 591 $3,000. In fact, the school is liberally supplied with everything requisite to make it successful and attractive. During the past ten years it has received the commendation of bishops and clergy of the Episcopal Church, and the approval of patrons in various parts of the country. The location of the school is all that could be desired; for while it is removed from the excitement and interruptions of large cities, it is at the same time very accessible, being near the convergence of several great lines of travel. The aim of the school is to provide for girls of the West the best advantages STUDIO, ST. MARY’S SCHOOL. for thorough intellectual training, combined with social culture and Christian influence. The course of instruction is comprised in seven departments, requiring four years for its completion, after the preparatory studies are finished. They are History, Literature, Language, Mathematics, Science, Sacred Studies, Music and the Arts of Design. These branches are taught by an able faculty, composed of the following, including officers: Rev. C. W. Leffingwell, D. D., Rector; Rev. E. H. Rudd, A. M., B. D., Chaplain; Nancy Meneely Hitchcock. Vice Principal; Anna Francis, Organist; Carl Laux, Professor of Music; Mary H. McCracken, Lucia W. Moore, Mary E. Weaver, Sarah Baker, Teachers; M. A. McClelland, M. D., Visiting Physician. Officers of the House-592 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. hold: Mrs. Leffingwell, Matron; Louise S. Nichols, Assistant Matron; Marie Antoinette Bouvet, French Governess. The following are the names of the twenty-six graduates who have received the Cross of Honor and the Graduates’ Diploma: Jennie E. Hunter, Ada A. Runkel, Clara J. Wilson, Mary IL. McCracken, Mary E. Winter, Theresa D. Woodruff. Alice Winter, Ida M. Burrows, Marion E. Grover, Edith J. Mosier, MaryJE. Weaver, Helen Johns, Alice Overton, Anna Sanford, Emma Taggart, Cora I. Whitaker, Marion Winter, Frances Woodmansee, Florence Dukes, Ida Keightley, Lydia Mary Laning, Ethel IL Martin, Jennie Woolworth, Maude I. Burrows, Mary C. May, Helen M. Williamson. To Rev. J. S. Chamberlain is due the inception of the plan of founding a Church school in Knoxville, he having made the first negotiation for the school property in behalf of the Diocese. The following are the names of the gentlemen composing the Board of Trustees: Bishop McLaren, Rev. Dr. Harris, Rev. Dr. Locke, Rev. Dr. Leffingwell, Rector, I. P. Koons, Th. Gilbert, Miles Smith, R. L. Hannaman, Cephas Arms, P. H. Sanford, S. LI. Tompkins, J. C. Cover, Henry Arms, Z. Cooley, P. D. Rogers, G. W. Ewing, G. G Weeks, C. E. Chandler, Dr. McClelland, J. H. Lewis, J. W. Carnes, C. Runkle, G. W. Lleagy, John Eads. U IN HEART.’' ‘BLESSED AREl PUREHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 595 WESTERN BUSINESS COLLEGE. The Western Business College is the junior member of the trio of colleges in the city of Galesburg. It was founded in the year 1860, by Prof. Hayes, and is consequently in its eighteenth year. This, like all enterprises which spring from the brain and hands of man, and only grow into proportions to benefit and bless society, had its ger- minal period and its season of infantile growth. But its roots were planted in the needs of the business world, and its practical value was soon demonstrated and appreciated. Prof. Hayes conducted the school until 1865, when Prof. J. B. Harsh, since a member of the firm of Harsh, Perrin & Co., bankers, Creston, Iowa, became the sole pro- prietor. During the year 1867, Prof. W. B. Richards was engaged to superintend the writing department; and being, perhaps, the finest penman and the best teacher in the West, placed the institution among the first of its kind in the country, and it numbered its students by hundreds. In 1869, Mr. Richards resigned his position. Prof. Poole became the sole proprietor in 1870, and conducted the college until 1871, when it was transferred to Mr. J. II. Snelling. He, after a brief and successful period, was obliged to suspend the school in Feb- ruary, 1873. The college halls now became vacant for the first time- in eleven years, till July, when Prof. John M. Martin & Brother, former proprietors of Union Business College of Monmouth, became the proprietors. They re-opened it under rather unpropitious circum- stances; but they were young men, possessed of both energy and experience, and by careful attention to all the interests of the college and inaugurating a thorough and practical course of instruction, the school rapidly gained the prestige and prosperity of its palmy days, and may now be classed as one of the first business colleges of the land. The course of study embraces the science of accounts, penman- ship, business and general correspondence, telegraphy, arithmetic, orthography and English language lessons. The college rooms and appointments are ample and well arranged. The Western Business College included among its students of 1877, representatives from six different States. Under the judicious management of the Martin Brothers, this school bids fair to continue in the future, as it has been in the past, an institution of which Knox county may well be proud.596 HISTOKY OF KNOX COUNTY. ANSGARI COLLEGE, KNOXVILLE. In Knox county the Swedish nationality is largely represented. In- deed the natives of that northern country and their posterity form an important element.of the life, energy and enterprise of this county. Yery early in the settlement of the county a few Swedes located here, and so favorable was their fortune and their freedom from all personal restraints so far as consistent with the rights of others, that through their influence many of their relatives and friends were attracted hither, until at present they are numbered by thousands. A large per cent, of the Swedish population, especially those who have adopted the manners and customs of the American people, are greatly infatuated with this country, and as adopted sons and daughters claim to be Americans in the broadest and fullest sense. As a class they are a religious, peaceable and generous people, possessing a vast deal of energy, with a rare degree of physical and mental ability. They have the tendency to elevate the moral tone of society rather than lower it, and to contribute vastly to the enterprise displayed in busi- ness circles, and to the improvement and cultivation of the soil. Aside from Ansgari College, they have a number of church edifices, all of which reflect honor upon them as a people and their religious organizations, as well as credit to the count}7.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 597 Ansgari College is the out-growth of a school known as “The Mission Institute ” of Keokuk, Iowa. In the year of 1873 that school was first opened in a chapel on the corner of 14th and Morgan streets in that city, removing from there to the corner of 7th and High streets. In 1875 Prof. Charles Anderson, the Principal of the Keo- kuk school, and since then President of Ansgari College, made a tour through various localities in search of a location for a college. In May of that year he accidently met with the Hon. James Knox in the bank at Knoxville. Mr. Knox had long desired to found an institu- tion of learning in Knoxville. The location and surroundings being favorable to Prof. Anderson, the two gentlemen readily co-operated in the work of building a college, Mr. Knox- donating $10,000 im- mediately. The amount of his subscriptions was subsequently in- creased by $2,950. Some $10,000 more was added by other sub- scriptions, D. M. Eikn, J. H. Lewis and Prof. Anderson being instru- mental in securing this amount. July 3, 1875, two months from the time Mr. Knox and Prof. An- derson first met, ground was broken for the construction of the college building, and August 1, 1876, the edifice was completed. The alacrity with which all the business affairs, as well as the mechanical labor, was carried on, has scarcely a parallel, especially when we con- sider it an institution founded by subscription. The cost of building and furniture has been over $22,000. The building is a four-story brick structure on a cut limestone basement, and with French roof. It is 74 feet long by 44 wide, and contains 39 rooms. In the base- ment story is a spacious dining-room, a kitchen, pantry, cellar, laun- dry and other rooms. The first story is devoted to school purposes. The rooms above are occupied by students. The architectural design of the building is modern, well proportioned, and presents a neat and pleasing appearance. The accompanying engraving is a good repre- sentation of the exterior. It is situated on a plat of 4 acres of ground on East Main street, Knoxville. The college is conducted in the interests of the Evangelical Luth- eran church. It is both secular and religious in its courses of in- struction. Connected with it is an academic department, having a two years’ course. The collegiate course of instruction occupies four years and the theological course two years. The instruction in the latter department is conducted in the Swedish language. The num- ber of students has varied from 40 to 60. The expense of the students is very reasonable, being for board, furnished room and tuition about $110 for the entire year. While the college building was being constructed, a preparatory598 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. school was opened in St. Paul’s Evangelical Lutheran Church, Octo- ber 1,1875. The Faculty was: Prof. C. Anderson, Rev. J. Anjon, Rev. J. A. Lowe and Miss S. Larkee. The Faculty remained the same during 1876, and at the close of this year it consisted of Rev. Charles Anderson, Rev. J. Anjon, Oscar M. Esterday and L. P. Cravens. The college library, which was furnished by the ladies of Knoxville, was opened August 1, 1877. It contains 1,000 volumes. Connected with the college are two literary societies, “ The Phreno- kosmian” and “Societas Demosthenis.” The former is an English, and the latter a Swedish society. One noticeable feature is that during the existence of the institution at Knoxville there has not been a single case of sickness among the students. The original Trustees were Hon. S. H. Tompkins, Knoxville, Pres- ident of the Board; Rev. Charles Anderson, Knoxville, Secretary; D. M. Eikn, Treasurer; P. H. Sanford, J. H. Lewis, C. A. Lindstrom, J. S. Holmes, A. Kelson, A. N. Anderson, Rev. J. Anjon, Lewis Palm- quist, S. Peterson, George Larkee, J. P. Lawson, P. Mattson. KNOX AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL. In educational interests Knox county ranks among the leading counties in the Northwest, and she is destined to have another insti- tution of learning added to her half-dozen prosperous colleges. The liberality of the Hon. James Knox, of Knoxville, was often mani- fested during his active business life, and his generosity was almost boundless. He gave freely to all proper charities ; but the most munificent gifts were devoted to educational enterprises. He gave liberally to St. Mary’s School, to Ansgari College, and to other insti- tutions. The largest gift, however, was the bequest he made for founding “ Knox Agricultural School.” He had long considered the feasibility of building such an institution during life, but over-burden- ing business cares prevented him from putting into execution his long-cherished plans. Death came, relieving him of the cares of life and robbing the county of a beloved benefactor. Previous to this, how- ever, he made the necessary arrangements for the execution of the plans entertained in life. For this purpose he bequeathed a magnifi- cent sum, the residue of his large estate after liberally providing for his relatives. The gift, which amounts from $90,000 to $100,000, was conditional. Desiring to have the county pecuniarily interested in the enterprise, apd to have a larger endowment, he made the gift as the will reads, “4on condition that citizens of Knoxville and Knox county should, within six months after death, pledge and subscribe atHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 601 least $40,000 for like purpose.” In case tlie amount was not pledged within the stated time, $40,000 fell to Yale College, Connecticut, and $40,000 to Hamilton College, New York, and the remainder to St. Mary’s School, Knoxville. Two months passed after his demise without an effort to raise the required amount. But four months remained, and the hardships of winter naturally prevented many contributions; but with a stronger determination, and the possibility of losing almost the entire amount, greater efforts were made, and before the expiration of the six months $43,061 was subscribed. This subscription was presented to the executors of the will and the bequest claimed. Immediately, how- ever, Yale and Hamilton Colleges commenced suit to prevent the gift being used for an agricultural school and to obtain it for themselves, claiming that the will was not complied with fully. The case is now pending in the United States Court. The Trustees, however, enter- tain no doubt but that a decision will be rendered in their favor. After the necessary amount had been contributed the institution was organized and chartered by the State June 5, 1877,/with the fol- lowing Trustees: A. M. Craig, A. C. Clay, J. H. Lewis, William Swigart, William P. Parker, R. W. Miles, Prank Wilson,- Samuel McFarland, George A. Charles. The officers are: A. M. Craig, President of the Board of Trustees; R. W. Miles, Yice President; J. H. Lewis, Secretary; George A. Charles, Treasurer. There were thirty-six incorporators, who reside in all parts of the county. The amount raised in the county was contributed from each town- ship. The city of Knoxville-and Knox township led the van in point of liberality, giving nearly $20,000, and many of the citizens of that city deserve much credit for the interest manifested toward securing the school, which, according to the will, is to be located at or near that city, and the subscriptions were made with the understanding that it would be within a radius of one mile and a half of the city. It is understood to have been the wish of Mr. Knox to found a practical training school, and not an expensive college; but a school where young men under good influences, and withdrawn from the temptations of the city, might be prepared for an active and useful life. Especial attention would be given to agriculture, and to the sciences and mechanical arts related to it. However, all branches of literature and science would be taught. The young men would be instructed in all departments of farm work, composition of soils and fertilizers, drainage, road and bridge-making, stock-raising, plain and ornamental gardening, fruit culture, etc. Under such a course of training, combined with a moderate amount of actual work, there602 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. would be no danger of turning out mere “theoretical book farmers,” or young men broken down by dissipation and spoiled for work by the false views of life so often imbibed in youth. This school will not, to a great extent, compete with the existing colleges of the county, for its students for the most part are those who without such aid as will be afforded at this school would secure but a limited education. It is calculated, if possible, to furnish tuition and room rent free to all students from Knox county. Under the management of the efficient Board of Trustees it is expected that at the earliest possible time the wishes and plans of Mr. Knox will be transformed into a veritable institution that will alike confer honor upon them, and the county, and perpetuate the memory of its generous benefactor. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS. In the year 1861 the public schools of the city of Galesburg were organized accord- ing to the graded system, which has since proven so highly beneficial both in econo- mizing the labors of the teachers and in the progress of the pupils. Rufus B. Guild was the first Superintendent of the city schools. He continued in office but a short time, and was succeeded by Junius B. Roberts, under whose efficient supervision, extending through many years, the' schools took rank among the best in the State. After twelve years of service Mr. Roberts resigned, at the close of the school year, in June, 1875. He was followed by Matthew Andrews, the present Superintendent. These schools employ thirly-four teachers, all ladies. The High School building, siluated on the corner of Broad and Simmons streets, was erected in 1866, at a cost of $60,000, and is the oldest permanent school structure in the city, and one of the best school-houses in the State. It has ten school rooms, besides a chapel, office, recitation and museum rooms. There was a time within the memory of those now living when one little wooden building furnished ample accommodations for schooling the youth of Galesburg, and when the only school tax was a cord of wood to supply the school-house fire. The thirty-four teachers engaged in these schools have been employed various periods of time, as follows: One for 15 years, 1 for 11 years, 1 for 10 years, 2 for 8 years, 1 for 7 years, 3 for 6 years, 3 for 5 years, 2 for 4 years, 4 for 3 years, 3 for 2 years, and 13 for 1 year. The Central Primary School is situated on the corner of Broad and Tompkins streets. The building is a one-story wooden structure containing-rooms. The number of pupils enrolled for the month of April, 1878, was: Boys, 85; girls, 104; making a total of 189. The average daily attendance was 171. The Third-Ward School is situated on the corner of Cherry and Selden streets. The building is a substantial brick structure of modern style, containing four school rooms, two on the first and two on the second floor, with fine broad halls from front to rear, and double doors at each end. It was erected in 1875; is two stories and basement in height; has a seating capacity sufficient to accommodate 432 pupils, and is one of the neatest, best arranged school-houses in the county. The number of pupils enrolled for the month of April, 1878, was: Boys, 114; girls, 103; total en- rolled 217; average daily attendance, 195. The Fourth-Ward School is located on the corner of Mulberry and Day streets. The building, which is two stories, with basement, was erected in 1869. It is constructed of brick with stone foundation, and contains four school rooms, two on each floor, with halls and stair-ways well suited to the convenience of its occupants. The number of pupils enrolled for the month of April, 1878, was: Boys, 127; girls, 146; total enrolled, 273; average daily attendance, 241. The Fifth-Ward School is a two-story brick building with stone basement; is located on the corner of Academy and Second streets; contains two school rooms on each floor. Its internal arrangement is convenient, and its external appearance creditable. The enrollment of pupils for the month of April, 1878, was: Boys, 90; girls, 115; total enrollment, 205; average daily attendance, 184.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 603 The Sixth^Ward School is located on the corner of Clark and Losey streets. The building is neatly and substantially constructed of brick, with stone basement, and was erected in 1877. It is two-stories high, with two school rooms on each floor, and is heated by steam. The number of pupils enrolled for the month of April, 1878, was: Boys, 80; girls, 63; total enrolled, 143; average daily attendance, 127. The Seventh-Ward School is situated on the corner of Seminary and Third streets. The building is a two-story brick, with stone basement; is neat and substantial in construction, and contains two school rooms on each floor. It was erected in 1876. The number of pupils enrolled for the month of April, 1878, was: Boys, 124; girls, 127; total enrolled, 251; average daily attendance, 216.604 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. CHAPTER XXY. RELIGIOUS. The early establishment of religious institutions in new settlements is a prominent feature in the history of this county. "With the very first settler came good old Elder Gum, who preached almost every Sunday in some of the cabins at Henderson. It is evident that a com- munity in which the school-house and church find a special recognition will always be selected by those seeking homes, in preference to the one in which they are not found. Men of the world recognize the fact that educational and Christian institutions are the handmaids of general thrift and prosperity. Improvements in the manners, tastes and moral status of the people follow closely the preaching of the gospel. These facts and the love of the gospel prompted the early settlers to erect churches. The following sketches of the various congregations are as full as space in these pages will allow, and as reliable and authentic as patient inquiry and exhaustive research can furnish. While a few of our readers may deem them too brief, we believe they contain all the important facts. THE OLD-SCHOOL PREDESTINARIAN BAPTISTS. This is the oldest existing religious organization in the county. It is known as the “ Henderson Church,” and was constituted at Hen- derson Grove August 14,1830, by Elders Stephen Strickland and John Logan. The church building is located on the southwest corner of the northeast quarter of section 28, Rio township. Present membership number 45. Elder J. M. Brown is present pastor. METHODIST EPISCOPAL. Knoxville M. K. Church.—Knoxville was made an appointment on the Henderson Mission as early as 1831. It is understood that Bar- ton H. Cartwright preached the first sermon in a small tin shop, when Knoxville was but a small village. The present church edifice was erected in 1865, at a cost of $4,460. Abingdon M. E. Church was organized in 1833, by A. D. Swartz and wife, and 5 others. House built in 1846 or ’47. The congrega-FIRST M E. CHURCH, GALESBURG.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 607 tion now owns and occupies a large, handsome building costing near $20,000. Victoria M. E. Church.—This church was organized about 1841, by Rev. J. Anthony, and at that time stood in connection with the Salem society, which was organized by Rev. Z. Hall in 1836. This church, with its branches, numbers about 175 members. Oneida.—The Methodist Episcopal church of Oneida was erected in 1863 at a cost of $3,500. The society was organized by Rev. R. N. Morse in 1845. The present membership numbers 125. Yaluation of church building $2,500, and of parsonage, $1,200. Galesburg.—The First Methodist Episcopal Church of Galesburg is located on the northwest corner of Tompkins and Kellogg streets. This church is the finest in the county; is built of brick and neatly trimmed with stone, of Gothic style of architecture, and is alike an ornament to the city and a credit to the denomination to which it be- longs. It was erected in 1872 at a cost of $40,000. The accompany- ing engraving of the edifice is a fine representation of its exterior. The Methodist Episcopal Church society was organized in Galesburg by Rev. J. J. Hedstrom in 1847. For several years this church was included in the Knoxville circuit, but in 1851 the first edifice was erected on the ground where the pres- ent beautiful structure now stands. It was dedicated by Peter Cart- wright. From the very first there has been a gradual increase of membership. In 1855, when the church became a “ station,” Rev. Mil- ton L. Haney was its pastor, and G. W. Brown is its present pastor. The basement of the present church building was completed soon after its erection, and all the services of the congregation were held in it until February 26, 1876, when the whole edifice was entirely completed and dedicated, Bishop Harris presiding over the impressive services. The present membership numbers 500. Present valuation of church building, $37,000; parsonage $3,500. Average salary for pas- tors, $1,650. Amount raised each year for all church purposes, $4,- 000. Number of scholars in Sabbath school, 375; contributions for all purposes, $150. Altona.—The Methodist Episcopal Church in Altona was organized August 14, 1853, by Rev. J. B. Quinby. The church has had a steady, healthy growth, and has been blessed with many revivals. The num- ber of members has increased from the original 13 to 160. Victoria.—The Swedish Methodist Episcopal Church building was erected in 1854, there having been preaching in the village some time previous, under the direction of Rev. Jonas J. Hedstrom. This church also has a branch society six miles southeast, in the same608 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. township, that is served by the same minister. These two branches number about 150 members. Elba Chapel and Bethel M. E. Churches.—The former church is situated in Elba township one mile west of Elba Center. It is a neat frame structure 30 by 53 feet in size, and cost $2,500. The society was organized in French Creek circuit in the fall of 1856 by Creigh- ton Springer. The latter was organized in 1876. African M. E. Church, Galesburg.—This church structure is on Tompkins street between Cherry and Prairie streets. It is a good frame building 40 by 60 feet, with main audience room above and lecture room in basement. It was erected in 1876 at a cost of $4,000. Rev. J. W. Malone is the present pastor. The First M. E. Church of Wataga was organized in 1857, by Rev. J. D. Taylor. Their church edifice, which is a wooden structure 60 by 40 feet, was erected on Church street, in 1868, at a cost of $3,000. Rev. N. G. Clark is the present pastor. Wataga M. E. Church.—The Swedish Methodist Church of Wataga was organized in December, 1857. The first pastor was Rev. Y. Witting. The church edifice stands on Summons street, and was erected in 1857, and its value is about $1,500. The present member- ship is fifty. The officiating pastor is Rev. Oscar J. Nelson. Summit M. E. Church.—The church edifice of this congregation was erected in 1864. It is a good frame structure, located in the town of Summit. Rev. H. S. Humes preaches here every alternate Sunday. Bethel M. E. Church.—This is one of the four good churches of Persifer township. The building stands on section 30. It is a good frame structure and was erected about 1863. Maxey Chapel M. E. Church.—This church building stands on section 4, Persifer township. Yates City M. E. Church.—This church building was erected in 1866-7, at a cost of $5,100. Henderson M. E. Church.—The church building was erected in 1874, and is a neat frame worth $2,500. The present memberhip is about 35; pastor, Rev. H. S. Humes. A Union Sunday School is held in connection with the United Prethren, of which Mrs. Barbara Nel- son is Superintendent. Maquon M. E. Church—Much zeal and energy was displayed by earnest workers before a church was erected in Maquon, and many were the failures, until it seemed almost impossible to establish a church there. Persistent effort, however, succeeded and the beautiful edifice was completed, and Tuesday, Sept. 11, 1877, was dedicated byHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 609 Bishop J. T. Peck, of Syracuse, New York. The entire cost of the church and grounds was $6,739.14. SWEDISH M. E. CHURCH OF GALESBURG. This church edifice stands at the corner of Waters and Kellogg streets in Galesburg, and was erected in 1872 at a cost of $18,700. The congregation was organized in 1852 by Rev. Unice Hedstrom with between 15 and 20 members, and Rev. Peter Newberg pastor. The present membership numbers 282. There were raised for all purposes last year $2,757.47. In the Sunday school are 140 scholars; annual contribution $70; S. J. Johnson superintendent. CHRISTIAN. Abingdon.—The Christian Church of Abingdon was organized in 1840 by Hiram Smith and Richard Johnston. The first church building was erected in 1849, and cost $1,000. The present building was erected in 1855, being the chapel of the old building of Abingdon College. The pastors at present are, Marvin Baker, M. Jameson and J. W. Butler. Knoxville Christian Church.—Monday, Feb. 27, 1871, this organ- ization was effected and consisted of 13 members. The Broad Street Presbyterian Church building was purchased for $2,000, and the ser- vices of Elder J. H. Garrison was secured for one-fourth his time. The present membership numbers 40. The property is worth $3,000 Sunday School organized in May, 1871. Christian Church, Galesburg.—A.fter the organization of this con- gregation for some time meetings were held in the office of Dr. Yiv- ion, when the old building of the Swedish M. E. Church was purchased for $1,000. It then stood on E. Ferris street, but has since been removed to the corner of Cedar and Tompkins streets, and refitted and remodeled. The church has met with many difficulties, and but little progress has been made toward increasing the membership, which at present numbers 60. Dr. J. B. Yivion, Elder; Henry Bruner and J. B. Scheitlin, Deacons. The Jefferson Street Christian Church, Abingdon, was organized in Oct., 1S74, and now meets for worship on the corner of Washington and Jackson streets. Wataga Christian Church.—In 1875 a neat frame structure was erected, costing $2,000. The membership is about 25. The pulpit has been supplied by Elder Burton and J. S. Edwards. 33610 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. PRESBYTERIAN. Galesburg.—The history of the Presbyterian church in Gales- burg begins with the foundation of the colony. For some years the Presbyterian church which was organized in 1837 was the only church in the place. But that church having, however, gradually adopted the Congregational polity, steps were taken in April, 1851, to organize another Presbyterian church. Thirty-seven members of the First Church sent a fraternal and respectful letter to that church, requesting letters of dismissal. These persons were organized into a body as the Second Presbyterian Church of Galesburg, on the 29th of May, 1851, by a commit- tee of Knox and Peoria Presbytery. The.first public service of the Second Presbyterian Church was held in Knox Academy, June 29, 1851. There was preaching in the morning by Rev. Glen Woodr and in the afternoon communion service was conducted by Rev. Geo. W. Gale, D. I)., and Rev. Glen Wood, at which time John McMullen and W. A. Wood were installed as elders. The church continued to worship with the First Church until near the close of the year 1851, when they commenced holding regular services by themselves in a building erected near the present site of the First Baptist Church for a session room, and presented to the church by Sylvanus Ferris, Sr. They continued their services in this build- ing until 1856, when a larger building was erected on the corner of Main and Kellogg streets, with the expectation that a still larger and better edifice would soon be built. In 1863 they entered upon the work of building a permanent church edifice upon a lot front- ing the College park on Cherry street. This structure was completed during the autumn of 1864 at a cost of about $20,000. The Galesburg Presbyterian Church was organized with eighteen members, on ihe 30tli of December, 1854. The first and only church building was on Cedar street, near the site occupied by the residence of Mr. A. S. Hoover. It was afterwards removed to the corner of Prairie and Simmons streets, where it was destroyed by fire in 1870. During the winter of 1869-70, when it became apparent that the two great branches of the Presbyterian church in the United States were likely to be brought together in organic union, the question began to be agitated whether the interests of the cause of Christ in Galesburg, so far as represented by the Presbyterians, might not be better promoted by a union of the two churches than by preserving a separate existence. After a few weeks of fraternal negotiations upon this subject, an arrangement was effected by whichHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 611 the Second Presbyterian Church of Galesburg and the Galesburg Presbyterian Church ceased to exist as separate organizations, and united as one, under the title of The Presbyterian Church of Gales- burg. The union went into effect on the 1st day of March, 1870. The congregation still worship in the building that formerly belonged to the Second Presbyterian Church. Knoxville.—The Presbyterian Church of Knoxville was formed by the union of the Neto and Old School churches, the result of a joint conterence held November 4, 1870, at which a committee was ap- pointed to draft a plan of union. The united congregation took pos- session of the Main street church the first Sunday of January, 1871. The first pastor, after the union, was D. W. Bradford; present pastor J. M. Waddel. Altona.—The Presbyterian Church of Altona was organized April 25, 1857. Eighteen members united with the church at this meeting. The present membership numbers 46, who contribute $700 per annum. Presbyterian Church of Elba was organized about 1861, but many of the members a few years later removed to the West, and the or- ganization was discontinued. After an interval of 12 years, by the effort of Rev. J. E. Carrethers, Rev. Reasoner and W. B. Mathews, another organization was effected and steps were at once taken toward the erection of a church building, which was completed in 1874 at a cost of $3,000; present membership 37, with Rev. T. S. Scott as pastor. Presbyterian Church of Oneida was organized May 4, 1863, at the school-house in district No. 3, by a committee appointed by the Pres- bytery of Schuyler Rev. C. B. Bristol preached a sermon, when the committee proceeded with the organization. Mr. Joseph Findley and James B. Ralston were chosen, ordained and installed elders; and the church was then fully organized under the name of the First Presby- terian Church of Ontario. Again, on September 24, 1865, by order of the Presbytery of Warren, the name of this church was changed to that of the First Presbyterian Church of Oneida. Yates City Presbyterian Church.—This church edifice was built in 1866-7 at a cost of $5,000. The congregation numbers 135. Abingdon Cumberland Presbyterian Church was organized at Cherry Grove, in 1835, by Rev. James Stockton, and in 1866 the congre- gation built a nice edifice in Abingdon, which was dedicated February 3, 1867. “ FIRST CIIURCH OF CHRIST,’’ GALESBURG. The history of the “ First Church of Christ” differs from that of most pioneer churches in several particulars. It passed through no612 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. period of infantile growth, but sprang into existence at once, strong and well disciplined, with efficient men and women to labor and pray for its success, and experienced officers to guide its affairs. Instead of receiving aid, it has always ministered to others, now and again sending forth of its strength to build upon other foundations, thus be- coming the “Mother of Churches.” Its relations with Knox College have been intimate, and it has received permanent benefit from the labors of presidents and professors, and the youthful zeal of students. The founding of this church w^as embraced in the same plan which gave origin to Galesburg and Knox College, and a detailed account of the whole movement will be found in its appropriate place in this volume. In the fall of 1836 more than thirty families were located in cabins on the south side of Henderson Grove, awaiting the approach of spring, when they were to begin in earnest the erection of buildings and the opening of farms. These families were homogeneous in their character, partaking of the spirit, as they sprang from the blood, of the Pilgrim Fathers of New England. They loved the Bible, the Sab- bath and the sanctuary. They cherished, with slight or no variation, the same views of gospel truth, and felt, as their fathers felt, the im- portance of transmitting the institutions of religion to those who should come after them, as the richest inheritance they could leave. Nor were they, the first winter, without the manifest presence of the Holy Spirit. Rev. John T. Avery, visiting his friends in their new home, spent several weeks aiding the officiating pastor. The way for the organization of a church being thus prepared, the profes- sors of religion met at the school-house in Henderson Grove February 15, 1837. The ministers present were Rev. John Waters, who pre- sided, and Rev. Geo. W. Gale. It was resolved: 1st, “That it is ex- pedient, as soon as practicable, to form a church in this place;” and 2d, “ to hear each give an account of his or her hope.” February 15th, 17th, 21st and 25th were spent in this way, and, when completed, a confession of faith and covenant were unanimously approved. Rev. Mr. Noel, of Knoxville, was also present, he having been appointed by the Presbytery of Schuyler to assist in its formation. Sunday, February 26th, the confession of faith and covenant were adopted, and the or- dinances of Baptism and the Lord’s Supper were administered. April 5th it was unanimously resolved “ that it is expedient to organize the church fully as Presbyterian, and to choose three elders and two deacons.” Nehemiah West, Neheiniah H. Losey, and John Kendall were chosen elders, and Thomas Simmons and Abel Goodell deacons. April 9th these were all installed in office, and the church was declaredHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 613 organized by the name of the Presbyterian Church of Galesburg. Rev. Geo. W. Gale reported to the church, April 25th, that it had been received under the care of the Presbytery of Schuyler. Thus the church began with eighty-one members, sixty-three having pre- sented letters, and eighteen uniting on profession of faith. During the summer of 1837 meetings in the village were held in the school-house, which stood on the north side of Ferris street, be- tween Broad and Cherry, till December, 1838, when the Academy building was used till the erection of the church, in which the first service was held June 21st, 1846. This building still stands, plain and unpretentious, at the southwest corner of the Public Square, a monument to the sacrifices of those who built it. Its value cannot be named, for it was the work of the community, and every beam and nail was consecrated by self-sacrifice. The additions to the church in 1837 were: by letter 35, on profes- sion 6. By the close of the year 1839 the number of members was 190, 26 more having united by letter, and 42 on profession. The whole number of members received to July 8, 1878, is 1,319, of whom 682 were received on profession: 11 of these became ministers of the Gospel. Of the whole number of members, 47 have become ministers, of whom 31 were college students; 520 have been students in the departments of Knox College, and 350 of these entered the church on profession. The church now numbers 419. For the last twelve years the collections have averaged $4,631, of which $1,568 a year have been given to the various missionary societies and other benevolent objects. The remainder has been employed in paying the pastor’s salary, $1,800, and other expenses. The church was at first strictly Presbyterian. Various modifica- tions took place up to June, 1845, when a compromise was adopted, which secured to the Congregationalists and Presbyterians their pre- ferences, and gave the church a double ecclesiastical connection. In 1855 the church withdrew from the] Presbytery “ on account of slavery.” In October, 1856, the name was changed from “First Pres- byterian” to “First Church of Christ.” May 29, 1851, 37 members were dismissed to form the Second Pres- byterian Church of Galesburg, and within two years 11 others were dismissed to unite with the same church. Again, November 9th, 1855, 47 members were dismissed to organize the First Congregational Church of Galesburg. There were 82 dis- missed to unite with that church between November, 1855, and February, 1858. The doctrines of the church are evangelical,, having been the same614 HISTORY OF- KNOX COUNTY. \ as those adopted in 1831 by the Presbytery of Oneida, New York, until July, 1858, when a confession of faith identical with that of the New England Church of Chicago was adopted. The church polity is that of independence. The church recognizes no right of appeal from itself to any ecclesiastical bodj7; it however acknowledges the frater- nity of churches, and chooses a delegate to the General Association of Illinois, and is also represented in the nearest local association. Annually, the church chooses two elders and two deacons, who hold office three years, and the twelve officers so chosen constitute a Board competent to adjudicate any case of discipline, the member against whom charges may have been preferred having at the same time the option of being tried by the church, the decision in either case being final. BAPTIST. Galesburg.—The First Baptist Church of Galesburg was organized in 1847. During the first ten years of their existence, they purchased the lot on the corner of Broad and Tompkins streets, where they built a house of worship and continued to worship until the year 1857, when a portion of the membership withdrew and formed what was afterward known as the “ Cherry Street Baptist Church.” More or less prosperity attended them in the years following up to the latter part of the year 1864, when the two churches united, and formed what is now known as the First Baptist Church of Galesburg. In the spring of 1865, the church called to the pastorate the Rev. W. D. Clark, who served with acceptance during the three years fol- lowing, and during which time the present house of worship was erected, completed as it was in the spring of 1868, at a cost of some $32,000. The dedicatory services of the present church building were held on the 9th of April, 1868, the exercises being conducted by the Rev. J. H. Griffith, who had settled as their pastor. He continued to min- ister to them until the month of November, 1872, when he resigned and was soon followed by the Rev. William M. Haigli, who continued as their pastor until the first of August, 1877, at which time he resigned. The Rev. J. W. T. Boothe, D. D., is their present pastor. The present membership numbers 360. Annual church expenses $2,500. In connection with the church is a large flourishing Sabbath-school of 370 scholars, of which Mr. M. S. Smalley is Superintendent. Ontario.—The Baptist Church of Ontario was organized in April, 1854. The character of its growth has been gradual, though it has passed through several seasons of refreshing revivals. Rev. C. O. Moore is the officiating pastor. The church has a present member- ship of sixty. Their church edifice was erected in 1851. The valueHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 617 of the building is about $3,000. The church has a parsonage worth $1,500. The salaries paid to pastors average $800 per annum. The gross amount raised by the church for all purposes is $1,100 a year. Second Baptist Church, Galesburg.—This congregation is com- posed of colored people, and was organized in 1865, by A. W. Jack- son. The church edifice, which stands on the corner of South and and Cherry streets, is a good frame building and cost several thousand dollars. The present value of church property is about $10,000. Present pastor is Rev. J. C. Graves, who has been with the church for 10 years. The present membership number 89. The average salary of pastor is $500; $700 are raised annually for all church purposes. In the Sunday school are 48 scholars. CONGREGATIONAL. Ontario.—This congregation worship in a frame building, 48 by 26 feet, which stands on the southwest corner of section 31. It was erected in 1851 and dedicated November 4 of the same year. The society was organized August 12,1848. The original members num- bered. 17; of these, 9 have since died. Rev. Henry M. Tupper, the present pastor, has supplied the pastorate since February, 1872. Victoria.—Congregational Church of Victoria. The society was organized by Revs. Gale, Waters and Wright, as a Presbyterian Church. It was changed to Congregational in 1849. The church building was erected in 1851. This church has a branch, five miles east, which is recognized as a part of the same church, and is num- bered with them and served by the same pastor. Wataga.—TheJFirst Congregational Church of Wataga was organ- ized June 10, 1855. The church property consists of church edifice, which was dedicated September, 1860, costing with lot about $3,300, and a .parsonage built in 1875-76, at a cost of $2,200. IT. P. Roberts is the present pastor. Galesburg.---The First Congregational Church was organized November 9, 1855, by members of the First Church. A commodious church edifice was erected shortly afterward, on Broad street, between Tompkins and Simmons streets. The present membership numbers 306, of whom 116 are males and 190 females. During 1877-78, 61 were added. Rev. Alfred A. Ellsworth, the present pastor, was called to the pastorate in 1876. Salary $2,500. The benevolent contribu- tions, for the year ending March 31, 1878, amounted to $1,625.20; clinrch expenses $1,340. Total expenditures for all purposes $5,465.20. Value of Church property $33,200. Frank D. Bellows, church clerk. Attendance at the Sabbath-school 230.618 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Oneida.—The Congregational Church of Oneida was organized by a council on Saturday, Dec. 22, 1855. This church has always occu- pied advanced ground in the reforms of the day, such as anti-slavery and temperance, and has maintained from the first a vigorous and efficient Sabbath-school, holding firmly the great cardinal doctrines of the Christian system. Orange.—This church was organized April 12, 1872. The mem- bership numbers 14,—7 males and 7 females. W. T. Howies, clerk. The attendance upon the Sunday-school is 80. LUTHERAN. Galesburg.—The First Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church of Galesburg, situated on the corner of Seminary and "Waters streets, is a frame building 55 by 110 feet, including tower. It was erected in 1869, at a cost of $13,500. The society was organized in 1852 by Rev. T. 17. Hasselquist. The present pastor is Rev. S. P. A. Lindahl. The present membership numbers 900. The value of church building and lot is $18,000, and of parsonage and lot $2,500. Knoxville.—The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church was organ- ized in 1853 by Rev. T. 17. Hasselquist, D. D. Rev. J. F. Borg is the present pastor of the church. Altona.—The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran congregation of Altona worship in a frame building 35 by 70 feet and eighteen feet high, erected in 1864 at a cost of $4,000. The congregation was organized in 1859. Rev. A. Lindholm is the present pastor. Wataga.—The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in 1856. The first church edifice was erected in 1860, and on July 17, 1875, was struck by lightning and destroyed by fire. The following fall the present commodious structure was completed. Rev. J. F. Borg is the present pastor. Galesburg.—The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church building of Galesburg, which is located on the north side of Simmons street between Kellogg and Seminary, was erected in 1869. The society was organized August 21, 1868, by Nickolaus Bergenskold. CHRISTIAN CHURCH OF THE CHRISTIAN CONNECTION. Ontario.—This church is not of the “Disciples of Christ,” some- times erroneously called “Cainpbcllites.” The church building is located on the northeast corner of section 2 of Ontario township. It was erected in 1866, at a cost of $2,000. The society was organizedHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 619 in 1853 by Rev. Samuel Croy; present pastor is Rev. G. Atwood Brown. UNIVERSALIST. Galesburg.—The Upiversalist Society of Galesburg was organized January 20, 1856, with some twenty-live or thirty members. Any person sustaining a good moral and religious character and subscrib- ing to the following “Profession of Faith,” may be admitted a mem- ber of the society: “ Art. I.—We believe that the Holy Scriptures of the Old and Hew Testaments contain a revelation of the character of God, and of the duty, interest and final destination of mankind. “Art. II.—We believe that there is one God, whose nature is love, revealed in one Lord Jesus Christ, by one Holy Spirit of Grace, who will finally restore the whole family of mankind to holiness and hap- piness. “Art. III.—We believe that holiness and happiness are insepar- ably connected, and that believers ought to be careful to maintain order and practice good works; for these things are good and profit- able unto men.” The church was organized in October, 1860. Yates City Church.—This congregation has a neat church edifice which cost $3,400. The present membership numbers 75. CATHOLIC. Galesburg.—There is but one Catholic church building in the city of Galesburg. This church edifice, called after the name of St. Pat- rick, is located on Academy street. It was built over fifteen years ago. The congregation was organized about twenty-two years ago, by Rev. John O’Neil. Rev. Joseph Costa is the present pastor. Wataga Catholic church was erected in 1877 at a cost of $2,000, Rev. P. McGai r in charge. PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL. Galesburg.—The Grace Church Parish of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Galesburg was organized in 1859; present rector is G. H. Higgins. The church building is situated at the corner of Prairie and Tompkins streets; is a wooden structure and built in Gothic style. Abingdon Protestant Episcopal Church was organized in 1839 or ’40, and now owns and occupies a well arranged building, erected some 11 years ago, at a cost of about $6,000.620 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. UNITED BRETHREN. Persifer Chapel.—The church building of this congregation is located on section 31, Persifer township, and was erected about eight years ago. Mound Chapel.—This church erected their meeting-house about 1872. It is located on section 8, Persifer township. PROTESTANT METHODIST. The Bethesda Protestant Church was organized by Rev. J. W. Stevens and W. Mount, of Louisville. Their first church building, which burned down, cost them about $500. Their present church edifice is constructed of wood; vras erected in 1869 at a cost of $5,000. It is located on section 9, Cedar township. Haynes Chapel was organized in 1870, with 13 members, by A. M. Ravenscroft. The church building was erected in 1871 at a cost of $1,600. Present membership about 30. Scholars in Sunday school 70, contributing $40 per year. Ontario.—The Protestant Methodist Church of Ontario was organ- ized by Rev. L. S. Hitchens in the winter or spring of 1871. The present pastor is Rev. George Briden. UNITED PRESBYTERIAN. Summit Church was organized in 1871. Arrangements were made with the Methodist denomination at Summit, by which the U. P. congregation occupy their house of worship. Prof. J. C. Hawkinson, of Monmouth College, is stated supply. SWEDISH INDEPENDENT. Oneida.—This church edifice is located on Pine street, in the city of Oneida; is 50 by 30 feet in size, and in Gothic style of architecture. The church was organized in 1877 by Rev. Charles Anderson. The present pastor is J. W. Stromberg. GALESBURG CITY MISSION. On the 22d day of February, 1858, Rev. J. W. Bailey, Isaac Delano, A. N. Bancroft, H. S. Hitchcock and J. S. Kuhn, a committee ap- pointed by their respective churches, adopted the following preamble as a basis of organization in this mission work: “In view of the rapid increase of population in this city and the fact that many will be liable to be without the means of grace, unless measures be taken to make them acquainted with the various churchesHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 621 of the place, and in order to secure religious instruction to such as are not inclined to attend any church, and the benefit of the Sabbath- school to children whose parents are indifferent to their spiritual in- terests, we, the undersigned, appointed to represent our respective churches, would recommend to them the appointment of a City Mis- sionary to act under the direction of the pastors, and two members to be appointed by each church, in promotion of this object.” March 1st, 1858, there met at the house of I. Delano, Rev. C. M. Tyler, pastor, and A. K. Bancroft and J. S. Kuhn, from the First Church; Dr. Beecher, I. Delano and A. S. Martin from the First Congregational Church; Rev. J. W. Bailey, W. A. Wood and H. E. Hitchcock, from the Second Presbyterian Church; Dr. Candee, C. H. Matthews and S. Jackson from the Old School Presbyterian Church. A full organization was effected, W. A. Wood being made President of the Board, and Deacon Leonard was employed as City Missionary. A mission school was organized, and held every Sunday in one of the cars of the C., B. & Q. Railroad, that was kindly given by Superin- tendent Hitchcock, till the autumn of 1861, when a mission chapel was built on railroad ground, where it remained till 1866. When the company needed the ground, the chapel was removed to its present site. Besides these favors from the railroad company through their Superintendent H. Hitchcock, the children of the school have had given them a yearty picnic and excursion to some pleasant spot on the line of the railroad. Deacon Leonard filled the office of City Missionary until his death, February 11, 1865. Probably no man ever lived in Galesburg who was more universally esteemed and beloved than good old Deacon Leonard, and certainly no man’s death was more sincerely mourned by the poorer classes than was his. After his death there succeeded him Mr. Burton, who remained until he left for his present mission field in Africa; then Rev. Main, then Rev. S. Dilly, then Mr. Inger- soll, then Mr. Sears, and on April 1st, 1871, the present efficient City Missionary, Geo. Holyoke, was chosen. Too much praise cannot be given those who have given their labors in this good cause. It must be added in the history that very early the Baptist and Methodist churches came into the Board by pastor and delegates, and took their part in the labors.622 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. CHAPTER XXVI. CITIES AND TOWNS. KNOXVILLE. Knoxville is beautifully located in the southern portion of Knox township, about midway between the Mississippi and the Illinois rivers,—between the points of two fine timber groves, which, approach- ing the city from the east, seem to converge, leaving a narrow neck of prairie, upon which the city is located. After leaving the city, trav- eling westward, it expands into a broad and most delightfully rolling country. The farms scattered over this expanse are fine and well equipped. Knoxville is the oldest town in the county. It was laid off by order of the County Commissioners’ Court in 1831, Parnach Owen doing the surveying. As the early history of Knoxville is in- corporated and given in detail in the second chapter, we refer the reader to that portion of this work. This was the seat of justice for the county for more than two-score years, and naturally many of the public actions of the county officials are but the history of the city. Knoxville was prosperous, and grew in size. Soon a town organiza- tion was wanted, and accordingly an election was called for March 5, 1836, to vote for or against incorporation. At this election 24 votes were cast for and one against the measure. Six days thereafter an election was held to elect five trustees. The following men were chosen: W. H. Higgins, John G. Sanburn, Samuel Lyter, B. Methushead and Charles Hansford. A little over a decade had passed when, the village having grown so rapidly, Knoxville aspired to be a city, with a Mayor and Aldermen. This desire was gratified, and in 1853, the first Mayor, James Price, was chosen. Since, the following gentlemen have received the honor, and in the order which we give them: T. J. Hale, Hugh S. Woods, Benjamin Hebard, John Jack- son, H. 1ST. Keightley, Jehiel B. Smith, John W. Cams, A. M. Bur- dett, Henry Arms, Zaccheus Beatty, P. H. Sanford two terms, Al- bert Pierce, Henry Arms, Abraham Lightner, J. C. Cover two terms, Elijah T. Eads two terms, Stephen II. Tompkins three terms. Clothed in the garb of a metropolis, it may be readily imaginedHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 623 that Knoxville at once assumed “ city airs.” New sidewalks were laid out, streets were improved, and everything that belonged to the public in common was watched over by the city fathers of the day, with wise solicitude. Everything went smoothly for a time, when an alarming and what proved to be a serious question arose. It had its origin in Galesburg, and was nothing less than an attempt to take the county seat from Knoxville. This city had long cherished and taken pride in this feature, an important factor of itself, and to see it taken from her by a younger and more prosperous town would only be permitted when her power and resources failed her. The people of this city rose in their might and fought a hard fight, and contested the ground inch by inch, but finally, overcome by Galesburg, she was compelled to yield, and in 1873 saw the county records, which had known no place but Knoxville, carted away to Galesburg. She is noted for her good schools and colleges. The fine High School building, shown in the engraving, was erected in 1876, at a cost of $18,500. It is a neat, finely proportioned and showry building, of 6 rooms. Everything in connection with it is in good taste and reflects credit upon the city. The principal of the school is John Maclanahan. The other teachers are Miss Edith Mosier, Miss Mary Parmenter, Miss Allie O. Sanburn, Miss Mary E. Grimes and Mrs. Ada Evans. There are in attendance 300 scholars. The Knoxville Public Library and Reading Room, organized under the State law, in February, 1878. Books now in library, obtained by donation and subscriptions. Number of papers taken, 19; num- ber of magazines, 6. The officers of the Board of Directors are: President, J. H. Lewis; Secretary, D. B. Huggins. There is an average of 36 visitors a day. HENDERSON. At one time in this county’s history, Henderson played an impor- tant part. It was laid out June 11, 1835, by Calvin Glass. It is located on section 14, Henderson township. March 7, 1838, an election was held to vote for or against incorporation; 28 votes were cast for the measure and none against it. GALESBURG. Galesburg is beautifully situated, on a high, undulating prairie, on sections 10, 11, 14 and 15, of Galesburg township, near the middle of the western side of the county. It is by rail 164 miles from Chicago, 100 from Quincy, 53 from Peoria and 43 from Burlington. Tims situated, in one of the most fertile regions of the globe, with624 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. excellent railroad facilities and with no city of equal size between it and either of the above, save Aurora (38 miles this side of Chicago), its future greatness is destined. The growth of the city, from its inception, has been of a stable, steady and permanent character. Its history, from the moment its founder conceived the idea of building a city upon the broad prairies of Illinois, until to-day, when it numbers 15,000 inhabitants, is one replete with extraordinary events, and will be read by posterity, especially, with great interest. G. W. Gale originated the idea of founding a colony early in 1834. We give a brief personal sketch of this man, in order that posterity may know something of him who was the prime mover in founding their beautiful city. George Washington Gale, son of Josiah and Rachel (Mead) Gale, was born .December 3, 1789, in the town of North East, Douches county, N. Y. He graduated at Union College, N. Y., and Prince- ton Seminary, N. J. He entered the ministry about 1820. From ill health, he was obliged to quit ministerial labors, when he retired to a farm; but being so desirous of seeing the young around him receiving better education, he could not remain inactive in this great field. Accordingly, he commenced teaching the young men of his neighborhood, asking no compensation, and receiving none save the satisfaction of seeing their conditions bettered. This really was the germ implanted, which in a few years led a band of worthy pioneers to the wild prairies of Knox county. He was rather sanguine of the success of his undertakings. His ambition was lofty and noble, inspiring him with high thoughts and anxiety to do something great and good for the benefit of others. Consequently he was always engaged in some public enterprise, which, backed by his powerful energy, excellent judgment and the enthusiasm of his sanguine nature, was almost invariably crowned with success. From poor health his naturally even temper had become irritable; but he subdued it by the magnanimity of his spirit, comporting himself with a courteous and gentle gravity, and never indulging in any intemperance of language. He was of a religious temperament and a zealous member of the Presbyterian Church; nor did his piety consist in mere forms, but was genuine and fervent and partook of that lofty and solemn enthusiasm, with which his whole character was strikingly imbued. He was one of the most agreeable and instructive companions. Though always pious, there was nothing austere, obtrusive or revolting in his religion; and in his domestic circle he would often indulge himself with great playfulness and humor, yet no occasion was ever lost in instilling into the mindsHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 625 of his children or companions pure, honorable and lofty sentiments and principles. He departed this life on the 13th day of September, 1861, in the city of Galesburg, and his remains were consigned to earth in Hope Cemetery in the western part of the city. Thus ended the life of a good and noble man, one whose memory will grow brighter and dearer as the city which perpetuates liis name shall grow larger. So thoroughly imbued was Mr. Gale with the idea of starting a colony in the West and then founding a college, that he lost no opportunity to consult the wisest men of his vicinity and to present the scheme for their criticism and suggestion. After maturing a plan by which a colony might be formed, he issued a lengthy circular setting forth the necessity of converting the young to Christianity and of giving them the advantages of a liberal education. In this circular he also made known his plan,—a remark- able combination of philanthropy and sagacity. It was extensively approved by prominent men, who warmly advised and urged its prosecution; and the unquestionable wisdom of this plan is demon- strated by the fact that although but about one-half the sum origi- nally contemplated was ever received from subscribers and only 10,- 746 acres of land purchased for the colony, yet on this greatly dimin- ished scale of operation the enterprise has proven eminently success- ful. There was, however, one feature of Mr. Gale’s plan which proved to be impracticable in this western country, and that was the idea of aiding students by affording manual labor. Mr. Gale, by the early part of 1835, had secured a subscription to the amount of $21,000. On the 6th day of May of this year the first meeting of the subscribers was held in Rome, N. Y. At this meet- ing an organization was effected, and a Prudential Committee ap- pointed, consisting of George W. Gale, H. H. Kellogg, J. C. Smith, Is. West, Thomas Gilbert and Walter Webb. This committee appointed an exploring committee which consisted of Hehemiah West, Thomas Gilbert and Timothy B. Jervis. They were not to purchase land, but examine the country and report a suitable location for the objects of the colony. A purchasing committee was subsequently appointed to proceed forthwith to Illinois, select a location if possible, and make a purchase. This committee were Sylvanus Ferris, Hehemiah West, Thomas Simmons and George W. Gale. They left Hew York Sep- tember, 1835. The committee entered about 17 sections of land in township 11 north, 1 east, Knox county, at $1.25 per acre, and returned home, being absent but about 8 weeks. At a meeting of the subscribers held in Whitesboro January 7,626 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 1836, they named their embryo village “Galesburg,” and their insti- tution “Prairie College.” A plat of the purchase was now prepared, and from it the land was distributed among the subscribers, only two of whom had ever seen the country. There were 10,746 eighty-one hundredths acres, which cost with expense of exploring $16,559.70; 560 acres were reserved as town property, and 1,004 acres were reserved for college use. The balance of the purchase was divided into farms, which were appraised upon the average of $5 per acre. The town plat made in the center of the laud purchased embraced 560 acres. The form, size and price of lots were fixed. A 10-acre lot on each side of the town was reserved for male and female academies, also a cemetery of 5 acres, ground for a meeting-house and a lot for a parsonage. Plans for academy build- ings, public house and steam-mill were suggested, but the latter were finalty left to private enterprise. When the committee were entering the land at the land office in Quincy, they visited Marion College, Missouri, and met Sherman Williams and Henry Perris. Both of these gentlemen decided to go to the new village. Ferris immediately started, and by the first of November, 1835, was on the ground, the first actual resident col- onist. On the 2d day of June, 1836, the first company of settlers, 25 in number, arrived at Log City. This was a place at Henderson Grove selected as a temporary location until they could erect houses on the site of their proposed village. This place received the name “Log City” from the fact that all its dwellings were constructed of logs. A second company, under the leadership of John C. Smith, pur- chased a canal-boat at Ntica, N. Y. On this they embarked with their families and effects. Their voyage was long, their progress slow, the boat was crowded, the weather was warm, and the alternation of scorching heat by day and chilly dampness by night necessarily sub- jected them to sickness, which very few, if any, escaped. Wagons were sent to Illinois river to carry them to Log Cityr, but they were found at an inn nearly all sick. Forty persons were crowded into one narrow canal-boat from two to three months in the warm season of the year. Three of the leading men died from the effects of the trip. Colonel Isaac Mills died ten days after arrival. Captain Smith speedily followed Mr. Mills to the grave. Mr. Lyman, after being removed from the boat to the grove lingered about two months and then died. Others came during the summer of 1856, until when cold weather began more than 30 families, or 170 persons, were located in cabinsHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 627 on the south side of Henderson Grove. There they spent their first winter, preparing to improve their farms and commence the building of their village the next season. How the colonists lived during their temporary sojourn at Log City is graphically described by Mary Allen West in a paper read before the “Old Settlers’ Association” July 4, 1873. In speaking of one family, she says: “Their goods came all the way by water to Chicago, and did not reach here till six weeks after the folks came. Consequently their supply of furniture was rather limited. As near as I can discover, all the ‘kitchen fixins’ they had during those six weeks were a long- handled frying-pan and a horse pail. (Not that horse pails usually belong in that category, but this was an exceptional one.) The frying-pan performed all offices for which iron was necessary, and the horse pail did the rest. Indeed it seems to have been the most im- portant member of the colony just then: and if a stave of it remains it certainly deserves a pension. It must first water the horses; that was what it was made for, and pa’s horses were always of the dainty kind that would not drink out of a trough; then after a good scrub- bing it must submit to having bread mixed in it, for what else was. there to mix it in ? The frying-pan managed the baking, but after the baking came the eating, and after the eating’came the dish-wash- ing. I don’t 6ay the dishes were washed in that long-suffering pail, but only remind you it was tlieonly thing in all the colony that would hold dish-water. “Then the people were rather thick for the limited accommodations, especially after Mr. and Mrs. Gale came with their six children. But children are easily disposed of, in warm weather, when one lives in the woods. I have heard some of these boys, now bearded men, sigh for a lodge in the wilderness; well that’s just what they did have then,— those children. A rude tent was built out of boughs, off in the woods, and thither, each pleasant morning, trooped the delighted youngsters, dinner-baskets in hand, to spend the day as it seemed unto them good. Oh, the delights of those long summer days in the green wood! I know their memory was fondly cherished by at least one of their band till her dying day. “It has ever been my great regret that I did not arrive on the scene early enough to take part in these sylvan pleasures. At night, when the men returned from work, and the children rushed in, ravenously hungry, then came the tug of war. But the house-mothers had been hard at work all day preparing for the onslaught, and now they man- aged to fill all the hungry mouths and, what was more wonderful, stow away all the tired bodies in bed. Imagine the stowTing-awav628 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. process, following close on the feeding! At least Iknow Brother ;Byr won’t let his children be sent to bed till they want to go, remember- ing the torture he endured from the sun shining in his eyes through the chinks of the log cabin, after he had been put to bed to be out of the way. But if misery loves company, he ought to have been con- tent, for he had enough of that. The space between the two parts of the double cabin, four or five feet wide, had been enclosed, bedding spread down, and here without regard to sex, and the children do aver, with alternate heads and feet, like sardines in a box, were stowed away for the night the future lawyers, doctors, engineers, farmers, legislators, housekeepers and teachers of our city.” Of the pioneers of Galesburg the following are still living. There were many children, of course, that are still living, but we give only those married at that time or connected with the enterprise personally. Widow of Nehemiah West, Galesburg; widow of 1ST. H. Losey, Gales- burg; widow of Leonard Chappell, Galesburg; Daniel Wheeler’s widow, at present a Mrs. Anderson; William Hamblin and wife, Gales- burg; widow of ITenry Wilcox, Galesburg; C. S. Colton and wife, Galesburg; widow of Isaac Colton, living in New-York; John G. West, living west of Galesburg; widow of Lorentus E. Conger, Dex- ter, Iowa; John Kendall, Cleveland, Ohio; George Avery and wife, Galesburg; widow of Sylvanus Ferris, Galesburg; George Ferris, Nevada; Western Ferris, came in 1835, went back, and returned in 1839, Galesburg; widow of N. C. Ferris, Galesburg; Levi Sanderson and wife, living with children in Galesburg and in Brooklyn, New York; Eli Farnham, Galesburg; G. D. Colton, Galesburg; H. IL May, Galesburg; Sheldon Allen, Galesburg; Abram Tyler, living in Iowa; Ralph Skinner, Galesburg; A. Z. Hay nor, Galesburg; widow of Edward Dailey, Galesburg; A. C. Higgins, Galesburg. During the summer of 1836 Professor Losey surveyed the village and lands, in accordance with the plat made in New York. In November, 1836, a bachelor, Phlegmon Phelps by name, com- menced a frame house on block 16, of the newly laid-out town. This building was afterward known as the Iloiyoke house, and stood on the north side of Main street, just east, of Prairie street. The first mar- riage which occurred was during the winter passed at Log City, and was that of Henry Ferris. He and Maria Hudson were then united in the bonds of matrimony. Fidelia Wheeler, now Mrs. Albert Por- ter, was born here this winter. Professor Losey, assisted by Miss Lucy Gay, opened a school in January, 1837. Yery earty in the spring three houses were built in the village ^ all of which are now standing: The house on the southwest corner ofHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 629 Cedar and Ferris, built by Mr. Wheeler, the one on the northwest corner of the same block, built by Elisha King, and one on Cedar and Simmons streets. Several log cabins were occupied in May, in which month, in the cabin standing where President Bateman’s residence is, and occupied by Colonel Caleb Finch and family, was born Harriet Finch, now Mrs. Luther Wilcox, who was the first child born in Gales- burg. The summer was a busy one upon the prairie. Houses -were being constructed, the virgin soil was being plowed and everybody busily engaged in making preparations to enter their new homes. In the spring, Messrs. Swift, West, King and Gale erected a steam saw- mill on block 8, of which Mr. Swift soon became sole owner. The town was not without its store. May 1, 1837, the County Commis- sioners granted a license to Chancey S. Colton, to sell general mer- chandise. He was the first merchant of Galesburg. Matthew Cham- bers also erected a small building on the east side of the square, but moved to Knoxville. This building was used as a school-house on week days and a meeting-house on Sunda}rs. By the time cold weather began, in 1837, most of the colonists were permanently settled, and then began in earnest the stern, long-pro- tracted labors and trials incident to building up a city on the wild, unbroken prairies,—labor and trials that can never be appreciated by the present and future generations. A town was now fairly started. It consisted of those who came in 1836 (173 individuals), and those who came in 1837 (59), making a total population of 232. While under village organization, Galesburg was always a strict prohibitory town on the liquor question, and for many years after assuming the title of “city” no saloons were on her streets. Indeed, the saloon is a new feature to Galesburg life. It may be supposed that more or less liquor was sold during all these years, but it is quite evi- dent the gilded signs of “ Saloon ” were not visible on every hand, as now. In accordance with a clause in the first city charter, which was granted by the Legislature, February 14, 1857, the people were to vote for or against granting the city council discretionary power to license the sale of liquors. Accordingly, on the first Monday in April, a vote was taken on the question, resulting in 462 votes for prohibition and 104 for power to license,—a majority of 358 for temperance,—thus making prohibition a clause in the fundamental law of the city, and seconding the efforts of the founders of the city, who had inserted the temperance clause in the deed to every lot. * The liquor question was the cause of much local discussion, and every turn was taken by the friends of license that could possibly be630 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. conceived to have granted saloon licenses. They found, however, that under the old charter nothing could be done; so the agitation of a new charter was commenced, and on July 17, 1876, an election was held in the city to vote for or against tlie city organizing under the general incorporation act. The main feature of the new charter over the old one was that its charter gave the city council power to regulate the licensing of saloons^ where the old charter gave them no power what- ever in the matter. Great interest was manifested by both the license and anti-license people. Indeed, it was one of the most exciting elections ever held in the city, for never before, save one year, 1872, had a saloon been licensed in the city. During that particular year the council took it upon themselves to grant license, but the following year, believing they had no power to do so, .refused to give any legal right to engage in the liquor traffic. There was another point at issue, although subordinate to the license question, which was the power granting to each ward the privilege of electing two aldermen instead of one, thus increasing the council to 14 members. Originally each alderman received $200 per year: the present charter allows $2 per meeting; and although the number of aldermen has been doubled, for 1877 the 14 were paid one-half what the seven formerly were. Both parties fought hard for what they believed to be their right. The new charter was adopted by a majority of 220, there being 971 votes for, and 751 cast against its adoption. The question of minority representation was also voted on at this election. This mode would have given to eacli ward three aldermen. It was almost unanimously voted down, there being but 12 votes cast for it, and 1,707 against, defeating the measure by 1,695 votes. The new charter giving the council the privilege of granting licenses, that body shortly after the election exercised the power, and at present from its effects there are 16 licensed saloons in the city doing a thriving business; at least enough to enable them to pay $600 annually for the privilege of selling. Early in the winter of 1854-5 railroad trains reached Galesburg. This was a season of joyous demonstration by her citizens. They had labored long and earnestly for it. We speak at length of railroads in another chapter, to which we refer the reader. From the earliest pei^od of the history of Galesburg until slavery was crushed, there was no place in the liberty-loving North that took a more active part in breaking the chains of bondage and making free- men out of four million of people born under our national ensign ofHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 631 liberty, the stars and stripes. The first anti-slavery society formed in this section of the State was organized here the first winter after the arrival of the colonists. Herejwas a [depot of the famous President of the company, was the most prominent man engaged in the enterprise. C. E. Carr was the first Secretary. The present in- cumbent is J. K. Mitchell. There are 12 men employed by the com- pany. The factory is on Cedar street, between Ferris and Waters. There are 135 street lamp-posts in the city, costing annually $22 apiece to run them. Eli F. Jackson has been connected with this company from the be- ginning in the manufacture of gas. Water Works — The water supplies for the city of Galesburg areHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 633 furnished from wells and cisterns. Of the wells there are two, one located in George W. Brown’s works, and the other at the Frost Manufactory. The one at Brown’s is 12 feet in diameter, and was dug as deeply as it could be for the influx of water. The city has con- structed a large reservoir on Seminary street, with a capacity of 1,100 barrels, and one on West street, holding 1,500 barrels. These are kept constantly filled frotn the wells. The water pipes extend only through the central portion of the city. At various points on the mains are located 12 hydrants. The water is forced through these pipes by two large steam pumps, one at Mr. Brown’s works, and one at Frost Manufacturing Company’s works. Besides these wells the city has made some 20 large cisterns. Fire Department.—The first effectual move to have a Fire Depart- ment was made in 1856, when the Council ordered a fire engine, and the “Prairie Bird,” with hose cart, was bought. The company was organized the same year, with H. R. Sanderson, Chief. It was com- posed of almost all the business men of the city. In 1860 went to ■Quincy, and took first prize in a tournament. In 1862 “Pioneer Hook and Ladder Co.” was organized, but disbanded in 1863. In 1865 the “Erickson Engine Co. No. 2” was organized, with new engine, and also the “Marshall Hose Co. No. 2.” June 25, 1873, the boys took engine and cart to the square, and made their farewell par- ade and play. In July, 1869, the “Rescue Hook and Ladder Co. No. 1” was organized by prominent men, who bought their own machine, and tendered their services to the city. “Steam Pump Hose Co. No. 3” was organized in 1870. It is located at Brown’s shops. The “Tornado Engine No. 1,” and the “Stewart Hose No. 1,” located near the City Hall, was organized several years ago. The companies have won several prizes at State tournaments. Galesburg Public library.—In the “Centennial History of Gales- burg” prepared by Prof. George Churchill, he says, in giving an his- torical sketch of the Public Library: “Either in 1857 or 1858, the ‘Young Men’s Literary and Library Association’ was organized, but as the records of the association have been unfortunately lost, I am unable to give the names of the founders, the dates of organization or subsequent operations with as much accu- racy as would be desired. In the newspaper reports I find the names of Newton Briggs, J. W. Baker, J. C. Hurlburt, F. Colton, M. M. Clark, E. R. Adams and Prof. A. Hurd, as taking an active part in its early history. I find also numerous reports of debates and literary exercises held, in which many of our lawyers and leading citizens took part.634 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. “In the winter of 1858-9 a lecture course was arranged, and Pres. H. Curtis, John Lyle King, Prof. A. Hurd, Fred Douglas and Geo. D. Prentice gave lectures. In the winter of 1859-60, the Lecture Committee was M. M. Clark, N. Briggs and f J. W. Baker, who brought forward as lecturers, Doesticks, Rev. T. Starr King, R. W. Emerson, Rev. E. H. Chapin, Prof. Youmans and H. Greeley. I suppose these lectures proved financially successful, as on Feb. ly 1860, the association had 400 volumes of standard works, and over $100 worth of furniture in their hall. At this time it was deemed best to enlarge the field of operation, and after due consultation the constitution was remodeled, its preamble setting forth that its object was ‘The diffusion of sound knowledge among our citizens.’ “On June 15, 1860, the directors invited the public to attend their re-opening, and notice was given that thereafter the Library would be open for drawing books every Friday evening. The Cityr Library, as thus * organized, pursued the even tenor of its way, with ups and downs, yet nevertheless with a steady increase of books and interest, until the winter of 1873-74, when an arrangement was made by which, under the general law of the State, it became ‘A Free Public Library for the city of Galesburg.’ ” The number of books thus transferred was about 3,732. Since then by purchase and gift it has more than doubled. The present Board of Directors are T. J. ILale, Dr. G. W. Foote, Dr. C. E. Stone, P. M. Johnson, J. W. Cothren, Prof. Geo. Churchill, II. W. Belden, Wm, Davis and Dr. A. G. Humphrey. Mrs. F. A. Smith was chosen permanent Librarian, Oct. 21, 1874, which position she still retains. In the discharge of her duties she is prompt, affable and impartial. The following is her report for September, 1878: No. of vols. drawn....................2G48 No. of tickets issued.................. 19 No. of visitors.......................4802 No. of dailies in reading room............ 9 No. of weeklies...................... 84 No. of monthlies....................... 14 Whole No. periodicals................ 57 No. of books overdue................. 19 Amount of fines incurred.........$10 10 Amount of fines collected........ 8 01 No. of hooks purchased............... 14 Whole No. adfled..................... 14 An interesting and instructive feature is the collection of a museum. L. G. Conley, Esq., has presented an excellent collection of geologi- cal specimens. The great success attained is largely due to the per- sonal labors of Profs. Hurd and Churchill and Dr. Foote. Health Institutions.—Galesburg is the oldest point west of New York State known as a health retreat, not because it is a,healthier place than any other, but because the first “ water-cure ” in the West was started here. The first building opened in the city for the treat- ment of patients by the hydropathic and h}rgienic system was the oneHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 635 erected by Theodore Jennings for the purpose on North street. It was opened May 1, Dr. John B. Gully, now of Geneva, 111., being the physician. Although the patronage was all the institution could ac- commodate, the hard times of 1857-8_caused it to be closed in the fall of the latter year. In the fall of 1862 Dr. A. G. Humphrey and wife, both physicians, came to Galesburg, and in the following spring re-opened the old ‘‘Water-Cure” on North street. They^had fair patronage until in 1865, -when they sold out their interest to Dr. Henry McCall, and went to St. Anthony, Minn., taught a class in Dr. Trail’s Hygeio- Therapeutic College for a short time, and in the spring of 1866 re- turned to Galesburg and established a health institution near Lom- bard University, which he has conducted ever since. From 1860 to 1865 the name “water-cure” was dropped by most of the health reformers, as it was so inappropriate, the believers attach- ing far more importance to pure air, movements, rest, diet, tempera- ture, etc., than to water. The term “Hygienic”fcis now generally as- sumed. Dr. McCall had excellent success and an extensive patronage until February, 1873, when the building was burned down by accident. In June, 1877, Ewing Summers and wife, the latter a physician, came from Lansing, Mich., and took possession of the institute near Lombard University, retaining Dr. Humphrey as a partner, but in April, 1878, they removed up town and opened a “Health Institute” at 74 East Main street. As a city, Galesburg has furnished these institutions a very large patronage, but patients are also received by them from all parts of the Northwest. Sketches.—The first sketch of the town was prepared by its founder, Rev. G. W. Gale, in 1845. It was entitled “A brief history of Knox College,” and contained 15 pages, 12mo. So closely were the town and college allied at that time that a history of one would necessarily in- corporate that of the other. This sketch was afterward bodily intro- duced into Sellon’s History of Galesburg, which was printed by J. H. Sherman, Galesburg, in 1857. This is a pamphlet of 64 pages, and contains the history of Galesburg from the time it was founded in 1837 to 1S57. An “ Historical Discourse” concerning Galesburg was delivered in the First Church, June 22, 1866, by Rev. Flavel Bascom, and a Statistical Paper, prepared bv Rev Frederic T. Perkins, pastor of the First Church. An entertaining and highly romantic story, entitled “Annals of Our636 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Tillage,” by Mary AllenWest, ran through 15 numbers of Our Rome Monthly, published in Philadelphia. This story commenced in the October number, 1873. Although the writer made no claims to pen- ning a history of Galesburg, yet the foundations of the highly graphic and romantic story were taken from the history of this city. A Historical Paper, read by Mary Allen West before the Old Set- tlers’ Association July 4, 1873, and published in the Republican- Register of July 29 and August 5, 1873. In 1876 Prof. Geo. Churchill prepared by request a “Centennial History of Galesburg.” This was by far the most complete and elaborate history ever published of the city. It is well written, and embraces the history from its inception to 1876. The Union Hotel Bloch.—This fine structure, which is shown in the engraving, stands at the north side of the Public Square, in the city of Galesburg. It is modern in style of architecture, substantially built of brick and stone, four-stories high, and has a frontage of 114 feet on the square, and a depth of 90 feet on Broad street, besides an ample two-story addition in the rear for kitchen and servants’ rooms. It is the property of the Galesburg Hotel Company, which was organized in March, 1869, with a capital stock of $300,000 in shares of $50 each. The site was purchased, and the erection of the original building— since burned down—was begun in the fall of 1869, and completed in October, 1870. The old block was, in all essential points, a duplicate of the present one. It had been finished and occupied but a few months when, from some unknown cause, it took fire on the evening of April 18, 1870. It was resolved to rebuild; and by April 1, 1872, at a cost—lot and building—of about $100,000 the present structure was erected. The entire block was at once leased and occupied by prominent business firms. The Union Hotel proper occupies a portion of the first floor and the entire upper stories of the block. A Western Union telegraph office in the main front hall furnishes ready means, with its myriad wires, for the transmission of thought to and from all portions of the civilized world. The house is lighted with gas and heated by steam. It has all the modern improvements and elegant appointments of a first-class city hotel. The Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank was chartered March 31st, 1869, with an authorized capital of $200,000. Its banking office is located in an elegant corner-room of the Union Hotel Block. The bank room and parlor are conveniently arranged and neatly furnished. The massive vault was constructed after the great Chicago fire, andW ^ -Mi ' i; r:; ■ . &T-: h' '&i5 S'/ - : r- IMISI UNION HOTEL, GALESBURG.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 639 combines the latest improvements to guard against fire and burglary. Inside of the vault stands a new steel cash-box, made of 32 thicknesses of steel and weighing 6,000 pounds, secured by four combination and chronometer locks of the latest invention. The following gentlemen are Directors: C. S. Colton, Capt. Charles E. Grant, E. R. Adams, Geo. Y. Dieteri.ch, Francis Colton, Wilkins Seacord, Wyrum Wiswell, Geo. C. Alden and Job Swift. The officers of the bank are: Francis Colton, President; Charles E. Grant, Yice President; Wm. H. Little, Cashier; P. F. Brown, Teller; G. Y. Dieterich, Clerk of Board. George Bremler, druggist, an occupant of this Hotel Block, estab- lished his business here in 1872. By judicious management he has gained a prominent place in the drug trade of the city. With a large stock of all articles appropriate to his line, his fine location and ample experience, Mr. B. possesses facilities for supplying the wants of cus- tomers equal to any house in the country. GALESBURG HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Antedating the Galesburg Horticultural Society there existed in Knox county a society which represented the combined interests of horticulture and agriculture, under the name of the “ Downing Hor- ticultural Society.” As early as 1857 there are extant records of the meetings and doings of a “Farmers’ Club,” of which Eli Farnham was President, and C. A. Hinkley, Secretary. In the latter part of that year the Downing Horticultural Society was organized, and for two years held its monthly meetings, at which interesting reports were read and topics discussed pertaining to the plants, trees and flowers of this locality. The officers of the present year are as follows: President, Prof. J. Y. K. Standisli; Yice President, Mrs. T. J. Hale; Secretary, Albert J. Perry; Treasurer, Mrs. J. Y. N. Standish; Executive Committee, T. J. Hale, Dr. A. G. Humphrey, R. W. Hunt, Mrs. J. W. Dieterich, and Mrs. J. Y. H. Standish. The membership now is over 200. GALESBURG PHILHARMONIC SOCIETY. The Philharmonic Society is a large and fldurishing musical asso- ciation located at Galesburg. It has for its object the mutual improvement of its many members in the art and rendition of music, and the development of musical taste within the sphere of its influ ence. The Board of Management at present consists of five trustees and the following officers: President, Alonzo Wookey, Galesburg;640 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Yice President, F. G. Sanbnrn, Knoxville; Secretary, Milton E. Churchill, Galesburg; Treasurer, N. C. Woods, Galesburg; Musical Director, Prof. Carl Laux, Galesburg. “the PIONEER RELIEF ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA.” This association was organized in the city of Galesburg, 111., on the 22d day of Feb., 1878, by the following gentlemen, who are corporate members under a charter granted by the State, and who constitute the Board of Directors and officers of the institution, viz: lion. Newton Bateman, President; Hon. Francis Colton, Yice President; Capt. Francis Fuller, Treasurer; Hon.'0. F. Price, Attorney; A. P. Wil- loughby, Esq., Secretary. The remaining directors are J. C. Stewart, Geo. W. Brown, B. L. Hannaman, and Judge Dennis Clarke. This association is strictly a benevolent institution, organized for the purpose of affording relief to the families or friends of the mem- bers, when disease or casualty shall disable such members. It is purely mutual in its operations. The well-known character and ability of the officers and directors, and the benevolent features of the institution have already made it popular and successful. The semi- annual statement just issued makes a very gratifying exhibit. MAQUON. The town of Maquon was laid out on the northeast quarter of section 4 in Maquon' township. The survey was completed October 24, 1836. The proprietors were Parnach Owen, John G. Sanburn, William McGowen, B. L. Hannaman and Biclimomd & Beers. Ben- jamin Cox erected the first building, a frame, to be used as a hotel. He kept it for a while; afterwards kept for 20 years lyy Nathan Bar- bero, and was known as the “ Barracks.” Matthew Maddox built the first store in 1839, expecting to occupy it for that purpose, but never did. John Hippie kept the first store in the place. Joseph Delay and Jacob Consor erected the two first brick dwellings in the summer of 1839. William McGowen was the first Justice of the Peace and the first Postmaster in the town. There was no school-house built for 12 years after the town was laid out, and Mr. Nathan Barbero fitted up and furnished school- rooms for the accommodation of the pupils and kept them in repair, rent free. The first school was taught by Harriet Hamlin in 1839. The first school-house was erected in 1848. The present school build- ing is of wood, 54 by 36 feet, contains 3 large school-rooms, was erected in 1866, at a cost of about $9,000. Maquon was incorporatedHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 641 Marcli 19, 1857. The fil-st Board of Trustees were S. A. Huber. Horace Jones, W. J. Lane, Samuel Longwell and Dempsey Capps. The first Police Magistrate was Anson S. Potter. The present Board of Trustees are: J. H. Wagner, President; J. G. Hamrick, G. W. Benson, A. C. Housh, L. J. Dawdy and A. J. Clayton. William Burklialter is Clerk, and A. M. Maple Treasurer. Police Magistrate, J. L. Burklialter. The estimated population of the town is now 800. It is an important point on the C., B. & Q. R. R.,for the shipment of stock.. Milroy.—This place, which exists only in name, was laid out about 1837, or ’38 by Conrad Leek, on section 33, Lynn township, and named Centerville. The first house was built by Simeon Ellis. The town grew and flourished for a time, but the railroads attracted trade and business to new towns, and Milroy remains only a fertile cornfield. HERMON. This town is located on section 19, Chestnut township, and was laid out by Archibald Long in 1840, on land owned by himself and Simon Markham. The surrounding country is settled byvsome of the best farmers in the State,—those who fully understand the theory and practice of the pursuit of agriculture. ABINGDON. The city of Abingdon is situated on the Cedar and Indian Point township line, upon a very high and a surpassingly beautiful prairie. The eye gazes from this point upon one of the most beautiful agricul- tural districts in Illinois. In every direction the whole country is dotted over with fine farm residences, fertile fields, woody vales and high and densely timbered groves. A graphic writer who visited Abingdon in an early day speaks of the freshness of the atmosphere surrounding it in this language: “The monotony of vast prairie landscapes, such as the traveler often meets, would be as wearisome as that of the ocean were it not relieved in some degree by elasticity of the atmosphere. The writer the last time he approached Abingdon was sensible from its elevation and its situation in open prairie on every side, that the atmosphere must be very healthy and invigorat- ing. The sky presented that same delicious blue for which the sky of Italy is so renowned, and as the sun was sinking behind the great swell of the western prairie, I thought this one of the most desirable points for a residence in the great valley of the Mississippi.” The original town of Abingdon was laid out by A. D. Swartz, in642 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. May, 1836, on the S. W. quarter of section 83, Cedar township; and the original town of South Abingdon was laid out by Frederick Snyder, April 2, 1849, on the H. W. quarter of section 4, Indian'Point town- ship, immediately south of the former. The two towns with several additions were organized as a city, April 21, 1857. Its first Mayor was W. IT. Gillaspie, who also served in 1858-60. In 1859, Thaddeus Merrill was Mayor; in 1861-62, TIenry Frey; 1863, D. D. Shoop; 1864, W. IT. Gillaspie; 1865, A. J. Thomson; 1877, ITenry Frey; 1868, C. C. Lewis; 1869 -70, W. M. Yeatch; 1871-72, J. B. Strode; 1873-74, A. Yickery; 1875,'VVrn. Johnson; 1876, TI. C. Murphy; 1877, Henry Frey; and 1878, A. Yickery. Abingdon was named by A. D. Swartz, who formerly lived in Abing- don, Mo. The first house was erected on Main street by A. M. Curry. It was a log hut. He and John Green built a log store near the dwelling. The first license to sell goods in Abingdon was issued to Green & Bowman Dec. 4, 1837. Public sale of lots was held in the spring of 1837, some of which are now worth $2,000 and upwards. A Mr. McIntosh taught first school in 1838. Alonzo Reece was first male child born. Mr. Duffield, father-in-law of John C. Evans, was the first person who died. He was an old man, and died in 1838. The Postmasters of Abingdon have been A. D. Swartz, D. Reece, S. IT. Richey, W. Shannon, B. Bradbury, Jesse Chesney, W. D. Lomax and A. B. Cochran. Among Abingdon’s chief attractions are its churches and schools. Besides good public schools, Abingdon and Hedding colleges are located here. The Horth Abingdon High School is conducted in a fine two-story brick building which was erected in 1868 at a cost of $20,000. The South Abingdon High School is successfully conducted by J. B. Strode, Principal. Abingdon Fire Department was organized in Jan., 1878. C. C. Perdue, Fire Marshal; J. S. Richey, Assistant. Abingdon Hook and Ladder Co. Ho. 1 is composed of 28 men, H. H. Bellwood, Foreman. Abingdon Chemical Engine Co. Ho. 1 has 24 men: C. W. Bassett, Foreman. This company has an engine costing $1,000. The Hook and Ladder Co. have attended State tournaments, and have run 300 yards in 53f minutes. UNIONTOWN. This is one of the prettiest locations for a town in the county. It is situated on a rolling prairie, gradually descending from all sides, making the location high, dry and pleasant. It is one of the oldest towns in the county, but railroads have drawn its trade to other points, and but few houses remain. It is located on section 19, Salem township.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 643 VICTORIA. The village of Victoria was laid out May 11,1849, by A. 0. Denney, County Surveyor; the proprietors were John Becker, John W. Spaul- ding, George F. Reynolds, Albert Arnold, Jonas J. ITedstrom, W. L. Shurtliff, Jonas Helstrom, Joseph Freed and John I. Knapp. Old Victoria lay one mile and a half southeast of its present site; but here Jonas J. Hedstrom had a blacksmith shop, John Becker a store, G. F. Reynolds a tavern, so that they with others concluded to build a town, and laid out the present village site. Formerly the main route for the mail ran through the place, and a four-horse stage run through twice a day. The route ran from Bur- lington, via Knoxville, to Chicago, making Victoria a place for the change of horses. George F. Reynolds came to this county in 1836, from Barrington, New Hampshire. He built the first house on the State road between Walnut Creek and Knoxville, in Victoria township. He kept the first hotel in the vicinity, which he continued for fifteen years. He has entertained nearly all the first settlers of Galesburg at his house. His hotel consisted of a' cabin 18 by 20 feet in size. ONEIDA. The original town of Oneida was laid out September 1, 1854, by C. F. Camp and B. Si West. It embraced most of the northwest quarter of section 36, in Ontario township. Subsequently S. V. R- Holmes and G. D. Camp became interested with the original incor- porators, and the firm was known as Camp, West & Co. Other addi- tions were soon made, and Oneida began to grow. A rough board shanty was erected that same fall, and work was begun on the hotel. About Christmas the hotel warming took place, and about the same date the cars on the C., 13. & Q. railroad began to pass this point. J. J. Rodgers erected a house for himself meanwhile, and these three were the only buildings occupied the middle of May, 1852. By the 4th of July the infant town contained eight families, namely: those of C. F. Camp, J. J. Rodgers, C. W. Robertson, J. Kinney, S. Cooley, J* Eckley, M. Osgood and E. Child. The 4th of July, 1855, will be remembered as the great day for Oneida. From 9,000 to 10,000 people gathered on the broad prairie? where never a tree had been planted or a garden made. They were tempted by the enticing offer of a “ free dinner and a big time.” The postoftice was established the previous winter. C. F. Camp was the first Postmaster, since succeeded by E. Collamer, N. H. Walworth, J.644 IIISTOKY OF KNOX COUNTY. A. Pratt, C. B. Wetmore, J. McQuade, R. Voris, J. B. Shaw and W. B. Le,Baron. The first school-house was commenced June 27. The first school session was opened in September by Miss Mary Allen West. “The old South School-House ” was justly styled “Freedom’s Hall,” for any citizen could appoint a meeting in it, for any speaker, at any time, provided that it did not interfere with any previous ar- rangement. Oneida became a station, with an agent, in the fall of 1855. The side track was gratuitously graded by the citizens. Oneida has suffered severely from fires. The whole business row on Center street, a grist mill, planing mill, school-house, cabinet shop, wagon shop, blacksmith shop, several dwellings and other buildings have thus been destroyed. The people of Oneida and vicinity are emphatically a reading community. Consequently its postoffice is largely patronized. Its cemetery is ample, has a good location, con- tains many fine monuments, and is well kept. The Oneida High School building is a handsome and substantial brick structure two stories high with a stone basement. It contains six large school-rooms and commodious chapel, seated with 300 chairs. This building was erected in 1870, at a cost of $14,000. The accom- panying engraving is a fine representation of its exterior. The town of Oneida was incorporated in January, 1857, and organ- ized as a city in March, 1869. ALTONA. When the Central Military Tract R. R.—now C., B. & Q.—was be- ing built J. B. Chambers furnished the men with supplies. He opened a store here, being the first one. The town was laid out in 1864 by heirs of John Thompson (one of the early settlers of the county) and called La Pier, and in 1863 was changed to Altona. During the same year an addition was laid out by Daniel Allen and E. B. Main. The town is located on section 16, Walnut Grove township. The surround- ing country is unsurpassed and the town is a pleasant, neat place. WATAGA. The village of Wataga was commenced in 1855. J. M. Holyoke was the first resident. The first religious services were held in pri- vate houses and’then in the depot building. The first store was built by J. M. Holyoke and A. P. Cassel for the firm of Willard & Babcock. The railroad depot and Wataga House were built in 1856. Besides the Town, Masonic and Odd Fellows halls, there are 6 churches in the town. No people have been more enterprising socially and alwaysHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 645 foremost in reforms, as her numerous organizations and 6 churches in- dicate. One of the latest enterprises is the opening of areadingToom, Oct. 1, 1878. ST. AUGUSTINE. This town is near the southern boundary of the county, in Indian Point township, section 32. It was laid out by Harry Mattingly in 1856. Previous to this there was a town just over the line in Fulton county called by the same name, which was one of the oldest towns in this section; but after the railroad was built it was abandoned and a new town started. SUMMIT. Summit is located on the C., B. &. Q. railroad, and was laid out October 17, 1856, by W. K. Wear, and named Summit because it was supposed to be the highest point of land between the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. The view of the surrounding country presented from this point is really grand. This luxuriant prairie, dotted with fine farm houses, barns, orchards, school-houses and churches, and skirted by stately groves, is seen for miles on every hand. Truly Summit is appropriately named, and the location for a town is not excelled in this part of the State, as far as the position of the land is concerned. It is located on section 7, Salem township. GILSON. On the southwest quarter of section 7. Haw Creek township, the town of Gilson is located. It is a neat little place on the Peoria branch of the C., B. & Q., 11 miles from Galesburg. It was laid out by Lennuis Richmond July 10, 1857. The county has been settled up around the town for many years: indeed it is one of the oldest set. tied communities in Knox county. YATES CITY Is located on section 11 in Salem township. It was laid out by Amos C. Babcock, William Babcock and James Burson, who purchased the land from R. II. Bishop, Mrs. Gray and W. D. Dixon. The town was surveyed by E. T. Byram, County Surveyor, in 1857. It was named in honor of Yates county, New York, where Wm. and A. C. Babcock were born and educated. The first building was erected by James Burson, in 1857, on the corner of Union and Main streets, occupied as a store. In 1858 a grocery and provision store was built by W. D. Dixon and Mr. Wyningee. The same year D. B. Coykendall, Mr. Stimalt, John Sonnemaker and A. Kerns erected dwelling houses. 35646 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. In 1866 and 1867 three churches were erected,—the Presbyterian, at a cost of $5,000; it has a membership of 135. The Methodist edifice cost $5,100. The Universalist building cost $3,400, and the church numbers 75 members. The town has school buildings valued at from $5,000 to $6,000, and one hotel. It is located at the crossing of the Peoria and the Rusli- ville branches of the C., B. & Q. railroad; is a pleasant town, sur- rounded b}T fine country, and has as residents some wealthy, refined and influential people. RIO. The village of Rio is very pleasantly located on the southwest corner of section 16 and the southeast corner of section 17. It was laid off by William Robinson, Deputy Surveyor, in the summer of 1871. The public sale of lots occurred soon after the plat was made,—the first sale being by G. M. Wetmore to Schroder and Owens, on the southeast corner of section 17, for the consideration of $125. Upon this lot they built the first store. The average price of lots was $100. Soon after L. G. Bair built a small house near the southwest corner of section 16, and started a store with a small stock of drugs, but afterwards removed to the building erected by the Masonic order, on the opposite side of the street. Mr. H. P. Winchell represents the hardware and agricultural interests, and is doing a fair trade. There is one church and one school building in the village. The town was originally called Coburg, in honor of Coe brothers, promi- nent men there then. The postoffice was first named North Prairie, but was changed to Rio. The following are the names of the post- masters, in the order that they have served: Nelson Coe, J. Bart- lett, Sr., Eber Goddard, Larkin Robertson, Benjamin Iiarvey, Win. Dailey, Ira B. Hahn, and Charles F. Schroder, who is the present incumbent. Rio contains about 300 inhabitants. The following are the officials of the village: Assessor, D. Rusk; Clerk, S. II. Brace; Constables, William Dunlap and R. Yickery; Commissioners of Highways, G. S. Snow, R. Robson and H. Gillis; Collector, William Dunlap; Justices, Robert Deatherage and G. M. Wetmore; Pound-master, Samuel Lafis; Supervisor, L. G. Bair; Trustees, William Melton, Henry Locklin and Samuel Junk; Treas- urer, H. Gillis.BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES The Name and Post-office Address of each and every Subscriber for the History of Knox County is given below, with personal sketches of many. Adams, E. R., merchant, Gales- burg. Aldrich D. W., M. D., is a gradu- ate of Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, 1874. He was born in Boone county, 111., April 1,1848; is the son of William Aldrich and Sarah (Bassett) Aldrich; was a student at Knox College, and in 1869-70 attended Rush Medical College at Chicago; was married Aug. 1, 1872, to Margarette McBride, and two children have been the fruits of the mar- riage; joined the United Baptist Church in 1877; has served as Supervisor and held the office of Coroner of Knox county. Republican in politics. His address is Gilson, where he is engaged in the prac- tice of his profession. Anderson, A. G., conductor, is the son of A. and Anna M. Anderson, of Sweden; was born in that country Oct. 26, 1844; came to America when twenty years of age; married Kate Lundquist Sept. 13, 1870; they have one child. Mr. A. is connected with the First Lutheran Church, Galesburg, where he resides. He is a Republican. Anderson, Rev. Charles, Presi- dent of Ansgari College, was born in Denmark, July 24, 1843; came to Ameri- ca with his parents in 1848; graduated at Illinois State University in 1863; in 1865 served as Chaplain of the 46th Wiscon- sin Infantry; in 1866-9 was pastor of the English Lutheran Church, Mt. Carroll, 111.; 1869 to 1873 pastor of Second Luthe- ran Church, Galesburg; 1871-78 editor of Zion's Banner; 1873-75 Principal of the “Mission Institute,” Keokuk, la.; 1875 to present time President of Ansgari College, Knoxville. He was married to Nettie A. Whipple; they have four chil- dren. Republican in politics. Anderson, Riss Clara, resi- dence, Galesburg. Anderson, R. E.,farmer; was born in Virginia Jan. 6,1825; his parents were David and Mary Anderson, of Virginia. He attended school in a log school-house; came to Illinois in 1855; has been en- gaged in the mercantile business. Mr. Anderson was Alderman in 1873-4, and Mayor in 1875 of Yates City. He was married in 1847 to Miss Martha H. North, aqd they have had twelve chil- dren. He is connected with the M. E Church, and is independent in politics. Postoffice, Yates City. Anderson, J. F., proprietor of Cornucopia restaurant, Main street, Gales- burg. Anderson, R. P., residence, Gales- burg. Anderson, J.W.,merchant, Gales- burg. Anderson, Olof, son of Peter and Betsey (Nelson) Anderson, of Christian- stad, Sweden; was born in Sweden; is a farmer by profession; removed to DeKalb county, 111., in 1854, to Knox county, 111., in 1856; was married to Hannah Ellison on the 13th of July, 1859. In political views he is a Republican. In 1854 he united with the Lutheran Church, and is a Trustee. He was shipwrecked off the coast of Newfoundland in 1857. All the passengers were lost but 5. P. O. Wataga. Anderson, William F., mer- chant, born in Bedford county, Pa., May 17, 1835. His parents, John and Eliza- beth Anderson, were natives of Penn. Was educated in the public schools of Penn.; removed to Warren co., HE, thence to Knox county in September, 1858; was married to Sarah Cox, and they are the parents of four children; fol- lowed farming for some time; was a sol- dier in 102d Illinois Infantry^ is a mem- ber of the United Brethren Church, of which he is Steward and Class Leader64 S HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. has been School Director, Town Trustee and Treasurer; Democrat. Postoffice, Henderson. Allen, Sheldon W., son of Ches- ter and Eunice (Baldwin) Allen, was born in Oneida county, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1808. There he received a common school edu- cation. He worked at the tailoring trade until nineteen years old, when illness pre- vented him from continuing at it longer. He then hired out by the month, and sub- sequently went into the butcher business, which he followed for twenty-five years; was first butcher in Galesburg. Mr. A. came to Knox county in 1837, lived three years in Henderson township, then moved into Galesburg, where he now resides. His parents spent the last days of their life at his home. In 1834 he was married to Fidelia Leacli; by her he had eight children, all of whom are living, and all married. She died Nov. 22,1855, and he again married in January, 1858, this time to Nancy Shaver; seven children blessed this union, three of whom are dead. Mr. A. has reared a large and much respected family. The following are the names of his children, with occu- pation; James 8., butcher; S. O., farmer; Alden H., butcher; Henry A., J. P.; Nor- man T., M. E. preacher, lloseville, 111.; Chester, butcher; Mary F., wife of Job Wykoff, Canton, 111.; John S., physician, Keithsburg, 111.; Frank S., car builder, Ch’cago; Lida K., living at home; Fred R., in hotel, Peoria; and the youngest, Ida D., a little girl. Mr. A. is a zealous and practical temperance worker. His gifts for this noble work show him to have his heart truly in the cause. He is connected with the 1st Church, Gales- burg. Republican in politics. Allen, S. O., was born at Log City, Henderson township, Knox county, Sept. 10, 1838. He is son of S. W. and Fidelia (Leach) Allen, pioneers of this county; was educated in Galesburg; marriedZip- porah Edwards Oct. 25, 1860; Dora F., born Aug. 30, 1862; Edwin A., born Dec. 8, 1866; Geo. S., born Dec. 18, 1870; and Laura M., born Sept. 18, 1876, are the fruits of this union; joined Baptist Church, Galesburg, in 1855. Mr. A. is first male child born in colony at Log City. He is an earnest temperance worker. Republican. Runs dairy farm. Postoffice, Galesburg. . Allen, H, A., butcher, Galesburg. Alien, Henry C., editor of Augus- ta Herald, Augusta, 111., formerly a resi- dent of Abingdon. Allen, Edwin, son of Calvin and Eunice (Delano) Allen, was born in Farmington, Genesee county, N. Y., June 23, 1813. Removing to Ohio he was edu- cated in tin common schools of Madison county. His early life was passed on the farm, and been very successful; was mar- ried Dec. 5,1833, and has been the parent of ten children, of whom nine are liv- ing; removed to Illinois in 1837; was School Director three years, and has been Road Commissioner three years; is a Democrat. Postoffice, London Mills, Fulton county. Annis, Andrew, son of Eleson Annis (a native of Maine) and Catharine Annis, of Massachusetts. Andrew was born in Maine April 17, 1825; in 1831 re- moved to Ohio, and six years later, 1837, came to Knox county, 111., where he settled on a farm. He was married Aug. 30, 1849, to Leah Brown, who has borne him five children—four boys and one girl; has served as Road Commissioner and School Director many years; was received into the Advent Church by Rev. Daniel Clark in 1862, and has held the office of Deacon for fourteen years successively. Repub- lican in politics. Postoffice, Victoria. Arnold, B. F., attorney, Galesburg. Armstrong, William H., son of Wm. H. and Saloma (Bennett) Arm- strong (the former a native of Rhode Island and the latter of Connecticut); was born in Connecticut June 28, 1818; was educated at a Theological Academy in Otsego Co., N.Y.; early life passed in a store, but subsequently he learned the trade of carpenter and civil engineer- ing, which he followed to some extent, but is now an insurance agent; removed from Connecticut to New York, thence to Galesburg, 111., in 1858; served in in- fantry, Co. D., in Buffalo, N. Y.; married Mary J. Autor, Nov. 1, 1848, who died June 1, 1875. They were the parents of ten children. In 1849 he united with the Congregational Church. In politics is Republican. Postoffice, Galesburg. Avery, Geo., son of Wm. T. and Phebe (Throop) Avery, of Connecticut; was born in Columbia county, N. Y., Dec. 2, 1802. There in the common schools he received his education, on the farm passed his early life, which busi- ness he has continued to follow; married Seraphina P. M. Phelps in 1839. They have six children living, one dead ; has been Deacon of First Church, Galesburg, for 12 years; in politics a Republican. Postoffice, Galesburg. Avery, R. H., Galesburg. Avery 1). M., merchant, Gales- burg. Atherton, Joseph, residence, section 31, Golhen township, Stark coun- ty. Postoffice, LaFayette. Babbitt, Mrs. M. A., Abingdon. Babcock, Ransom, Sparta town- ship. Postoffice, Wataga. Bacon, DeWitt Clinton, M.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 649 D., was born in Oneida county, N. Y., April 23, 1826. He is the son of Ab- ner and Martha (Blackman) Bacon, the former of Dedham, Mass., and the latter of New York, fie was educated in com- mon and select schools, and in the Bap- tist Seminary at Clinton, N. Y. When not in school he labored in his father’s shops or mills, or on his farm in horti- cultural pursuits; spent a year in Missis- sippi teaching and hunting. On his re- turn went to learn dentistry, which led to the study of medicine. He attended lectures at Geneva Medi< al College, then went to the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York city, where he graduated in 1849; came to Oneida, Illi- nois, in 1855. He married Louisa S. Knight in 1855. Two sons and three daughters are the fruit of their union. Mrs. B. died Feb. 26,1871; Dr. B. moved his office to Galesburg in 1877. Bair, tevi G., merchant, son of David and Mary Ann Bair, of Frank- lin county, Penn.; was born at Chambers- burg, Penn., March 10, 1842; received his education in the subscription school of Franklin county, Penn.; came to Illi- nois irt 1851, settling in Knox county in 1860; married Amanda Mann Nov. 15, 1866. Three children were born to them; was married again April 5, 1874, to Martha S. Deatherage. Democrat in politics. Was seven jrears Collector in Rio, Town Clerk two years, and at pres- ent Supervisor; is in good circumstances. Postoffice, Rio. Bair, David, residence, Rio. Baker, C. B., Station Baggage Agent C., B. & Q. R. R„ Galesburg. Baker, Jflorvan, farmer, came from New York (where in Washington, July 30, 1819, he was born) to Knox county in 1839. His parents were New- ton and Ann (Spaulding) Baker, natives of New York; Morvan was reared on a farm; had but little schooling; worked at coopering for many years; has been School Director, Treasurer, Trustee, and Justice of the Peace; was married Sept. 2, 1840, to Alida Lansing. They have had leu children, eight of whom now live; united with the Christian church iu 1837. Republican. Postoffice, Abingdon. Bancroft, Addison Newton, grocer, son of William and Sallie (Briggs) Bancroft, of Worcester county, Mass., was born in that county June 4, 1820. He spent his childhood on a farm. At the age of 16 he learned the trade of brick mason, which he followed for twenty years. In 1838 he went to Steuben county, N. Y., where he remained till 1842; then he went to Iowa, where he lived till 1849; thence to Galesburg. He married Cath- arine Blair March 15, 1849. They have had seven children, only three of whom are living. He has been a member of the Congregational Church for more than forty years, and has been an Elder of the First Cnurch for fifteen years. He has been in the grocery business since 1858. He is Republican in politics. Mr. B.’s oldest son, Ed wa- d A., a graduate of Knox College in the class of 1878, won the prize for oratory in the Inter-State Collegiate contest at St. Louis in June, 1878. Bandy, Bichard, farmer, son of Reuben and Libby (Adkasin) Bandy, both of Virginia, was born in Tazewell couuty, 111., March 14,1833; was educated in the common schools of the county. His par- ents came to Knox county in 1837. He was married to Lucinda Nelson Jan. 15, 1857. He has held the offices of School Director and Road Commissioner for manyyears; is aRepublican politically; and a successful farmer. P. O. Galesburg. Barber, J. G., farmer, son of James and Mary (VLcForlard) Barber, the former a native of Maryland, and lhe la'ter of Ohio, was born in Ohio, Oct. 7, 1848. He was educated in the common schools; early life passed in learning a trade; fol- lowed the business of engineering and sawing, which proved satisfactory to him, but finally changed it to farming; re- moved from Ohio to Knox county Nov. 28. 1868; was married to Mary Ellen Fields. They are the parents of four children. He has been quite successiul as a farmer, and is now in moderate cir- cumstances. In politics he is Democratic. Postoffice, Knoxville. Barbero, Nathan, son of John and Sarah (Van Patten) Barbero, natives of New York, was born in Montgomery county, N. Y., April 13, 1805; had a lit- tle schooling in district school before 10 years old; reared on farm; learned the trade of carpenter; built many carding machines at Maquon; drove a team in the war of 1812 ; came to Knox county in 1839; married Calista W. Loomis March, 1832; parents of four children. Mr. B. drove from New York once wiih 1,500 pounds on wagon in twenty-two days. He is a member of the Christian church; Republ ican; residence, Maquon. Barker,‘John F., photographer, is the son of Amos and Sophia Barker, both of Connecticut, was born in Nunda, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1831. He received his education in the district schools of Nun- da and by study and observation since. Most of his early life was spent on a farm. He learned photography. He was As- sistant Postmaster in Belfast. N. Y., and was Commissary Sergeant and military detective in the late war. He went from New York to Whitewater, Wis ; went back to Nunda, and thence to Galesburg.650 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Has been a member of the M. E. Church since 1856; is Steward and Trustee. Isa Republican. Barnes, M. S., editor of Galesburg Press, was born in Malone, N. Y., March 4, 1824. His parents were William and Margaret Barnes, of Vermont. He re- ceived a liberal education; learned the printer’s trade, and became an editor at 16. He served in Second Illinois Regi- ment in the Mexican war; was at the battle of Buena Vista—wounded After war conducted SouthportAmerican(Wis.); 1849 became editor of JndependentWatch- man, Ithaca, N. Y.; remained till 1856; he then removed to Chicago and became editor Chicago Daily Ledger, and when the war broke out was editor Rocklsland Daily Register. Helped raise 37th Illi- nois Infantry; was commissioned Colonel and served with distinction and after- wards was breveted Brigadier General. Lelt army in 1863 and published Rock Island Union. Raised 140lh Regiment, but did not enter field. Gen. B. is per- haps the oldest newspaper man in Illi- nois. In political views a Democrat. Barnes, E. F., farmer, son of Ezra and Ann C. (Davis) Barnes, was born May 7, 1840, in Clinton county, O. He was reared upon a farm, and received his ed- ucation in the common school; came from Ohio to Knox county in 1868. He married Sarah E. Moon Sept. 29, 1859. They have two sons and two daughters. He lias been a member of the Christian Church since 1857. Political views Dem- ocratic. Postotfice, Hermou. Barringer, Henry, son of Peter D. and Elizabeth Barringer, natives of Rensselaer county, N. Y., born at Poesten- kill, Pine county, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1821; was blacksmith, but changed his trade to that of carpenter in 1874; was in Company K, 83d Illinois Infantry; in 1853 removed to Pike county, 111., and to Wataga in 1857; married Margaret E Simmons July 20, 1844, and they are the parents of one son and one daugh- ter. He is a Close-Communion Baptist, uniting with the church in 1855. Is a Republican. Postoffice, Waiaga. Barton, I. H., Galesburg. Bartholomew, T. E., Galesburg. Bartlett, John D., Sr., born at Norridge, Vt., 1805. His father, Geo. C. Bartlett, a native of same place; his mother, Anna (Swain) Bartlett, was born at Newark, N. J.; removed to New York, 1807, to Ohio, 1814; came to Rio town- ship, Knox county, 1844; was connected with U. S. mail service in Genesee county, N. Y., and Postmaster sixteen years in Rio; married Sarah Pryne; they have hree sons and two daughters; is a farmer in good circumstances: in politics a Re- publican. Postoffice, Rio. Bartlett, h. S., upholsterer, Gales- burg. Bassett, Chas. K., editor Abing- don Register, was born in that city Feb. 24, 1859. His parents are George and Nancy (Wilson) Bassett, the former a na- tive of New York, the latter of Ohio. Charles spent six years in the common schools of’Abingdon, and then com- menced the printing business, issuing a tiny amateur paper. For his journalist- ic career we refer to sketch of his paper in this book. Bateman,Hon.Newton, Presi- dent of Knox College, was born in Cum- berland county, N.J., July 27, 1822; came to Illinois in 1833. His opportu- nities for education in early years were very limited. In 1835 he attended the an- • niversary exercises of Illinois College, and was deeply impressed with the addresses of the graduates, and then and there he formed the determination that he too would deliver a graduate’s oration from that platform. Poverty stared him in the face, and for four years he was pre- vented from commencing to execute his plans. In 1839 he entered upon preparation. So zealous were his ef- forts, and so remarkable his powers of acquisition, that in less than four months he passed a satisfactory ex- amination, and entered the freshman class. The rigid economy practiced, the arduous labor performed—chopping wood, sweeping rooms, making fires, and all manner of work, besides teaching at in- tervals, and his constancy of purpose and application, and the marvelous rapidity with which he advanced appear like a stirring romance. While fitting for col- lege he studied in the woods in warm weather; but when the cool season came ou, a huge elm tree which stood near his home was selected. It was hollow. He cut a hole in one side for a door, cleared it out and furnished it with a rough stool and table, and a piece of carpet. In this novel domicil, warmed by a fire in front of the door, the master pursued his studies for months. When he entered upon his freshman year his cash capital was $2 50. He supported himself unaided through his college course; his boarding expenses during the sophomore year aver- aged only 11 centsper week; and through the whole four years averaged but 45 cents per week. In June, 1843, he did deliver his grad- uating oration from that same platform. After a brief attendance at the Lane The- ological Seminary, at Cincinnati, he ac- cepted a traveling agency for a historicalHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 651 States, which brought him in contact with many teachers and prominent men, and afforded him an opportunity to be- come acquainted with the educational deficiencies and needs of the people. In 1845 he opened a private school in St. Louis. In 1847 he was chosen Pro- fessor of Mathematics in St. Charles Col- lege, Mo., and remained till 1851, when he went to Jacksonville, where he was elected Principal of the Public Schools. While there he was twice elected County Superintendent of Schools In 1854 he assisted in organizing the State Teach- ers’ Association, and was one of the committee who established the Illinois Teacher. He was one of the first board of editors, and in 1858 principal editor; same year he was chosen Principal of Jacksonville Female Academy. Early in the year he, with others, began efforts which resulted in establishing the Nor- mal University. Mr. B. was first nominated for the po- sition of State Superintendent of Public Instruction by the teachers in conven- tion in 1855; and the following year by the Republican Slate Convention, hut de- clined. In 1858 he was elected to the that office. He received in all seven nominations by the Republican party, find five times was elected by a large majority,—one time by a larger major- ity than any Congressman or State officer had ever received. In 1860 ap- peared the first of that series of mas- terly biennial reports which charac- terized him as one of the leading edu- cators of this country. In these re- ports he grappled with the profoundest as well as the most practical educational questions of the day. As a teacher he has been eminently successful. He was elected President of Knox college in 1874. An interesting volume could be com- piled of his life work, but our space for- bids. Baxter, .Toshaa, Section 26, Hen- derson township. Postoffice, Henderson. Beach, J. W., merchant, Gales- burg. Beatty, Zaccheas, editor of the Republican Rer/inter, Galesburg. Becker, John, merchant and farmer; was born in Otsego county, N. Y., June 10, 1811; his parents were Philip and Catherine (Wager) Becker, the former of Otsego county, the latter of -Columbia county, N. Y. He spent his childhood on a farm, and his educational -opportunities were limited to the district schools of his native county. He en- gaged in the mercantile business at the *ge of 18, and continued in it till 1866. In 1844 he came to Victoria, this county, and built a store and started in business. In 1845, June 10, he married Mary Jane Smith, by whom he has had seven chil- dren, of whom only three are now living. They removed to Galesburg in 1866. Mr. B.’s attention has been divided between merchandising and farming, he having purchased and managed a large farm which he still owns. Republican. Beechtel, George, carpenter, born in Pennsy lvania in 1881; his parents are John Y. and Susanna (Gerhart) Beech- tel, of Pennsylvania. He was educated in common schools; was musician in the 16th Illinois Infantry; came to Illinois in 1856, went to Kansas in 1870, and re- turned in 1874; married Miss E. S. Haines in 1868; two children of the four born to them are living. Postoffice, Galesburg; politics. Republican. Behringer. George, farmer, son of Michael and Helen Behringer, natives of Germany; was born in Galesburg Ncv. 4, 1856; moved to Sparta township in 1875; independent in politics. Post- office, Wataga. Belden, Harcns, farmer and grain merchant, was born in Greenfield, Saratoga county, N. Y., April 1, 1815. He is the son of Aaron and Sarah (Wood) Belden, of the same county; his early life was spent on a farm, and his educa- tion obtained in the common schools and by individual effort. When he was 10 years old his parents moved to Genesee county, N. Y.; he came to Galesburg in the spring of 1840; since he settled in Illinois he has been engaged in farming and dealing heavily in grain. He has held the office of Mayor of Galesburg, and has been Alderman for six years; April 21, 1846, he married Ann Norton, who was the mother of four girls. He married LouvicaB. Rigby for his second wife, by whom he has two sons and two daughters; he has been a member of the Congregational Church for years, and an Elder in the “First Church of Christ” for twenty years. He was a strong Abo- litionist, and an active member of the Underground Railroad Company; he has hauled many loads of wheat to Chicago, and has camped opposite the Tremont House. Postoffice, Galesburg. Belden, H. W., proprietor Depot Hotel, Galesburg. Belden, Clark, farmer, son of W. O. and Nancy Belden, of New York; was born in Cedar township, Knox county, 111., in 1855; was educated at the district school; he removed to Towa, but returned after a short stay. Mr. B. has always been quite active in society circles. He is a Republican. Postoffice, Galesburg. Bell wood, Janies, farmer; son of Seth M. and Polly C. (Shumaker) Bell-652 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. wood, natives of Ohio; was born in this county March 3, 1845, where, in the com- mon schools he was educated; served as School Director, and is Constable; was married Aug. 11,1870, to Sarah E. Shu- maker; two children have blessed this union; one dead. Democrat. Postoffice, St. Augustine. Bellows, Frank D., foreman molding shop, Frost factory, Galesburg. Belknap, Erwin H., conductor C., B. & Q. R. R.; residence, Galesburg. Bennett, William, farmer, son of George and Betsey Bennett, of Eng- land; was horn in England in 1831; he spent his early life till 25 years of age in a cotton mahufactory, after which he turned his attention to farming; his edu- cation was obtained chiefly in evening schools; he came from England to Knox county, 111., in 1856; he has filled the of- fice of school director for six years in this county. He married Sarah Chap- man in 1860, by whom he has had th.ee children, two of whom are living; his po- litical views are Republican. Postoffice, Douglass. . Berggren, Augustus W., Sher- iff; was born in“Amot,” Sweden, Aug. 17, 1840. He is the son of Johan and Karin Berggren; he received his educa- tion in the country schools of Sweden and by instructions from his father, who was a well-read man. He spent his early life until 14 on a farm. At that time he contracted to serve a five-year apprentice- ship at the tailor’s trade, the first three for his board, the last two for a very small additional compensation. In 1856, his father, five brothers and one sister and himself started to America, and after a nine weeks’ voyage in a small sailing ves- sel they reached New York, from whence they proceeded to Oneida, Knox county. The subject of this sketch worked at his trade in Victoria the first year after his arrival, for $8 per month, at the expira- tion of which time he came to Galesburg, where he has lived since, except four years spent in Monmouth,Warren county. He was elected City Justice in 1869. at the age of 29, and while filling that office in 1872, was elected Sheriff by the Re- publican party; he was again re-elected in 1874, 1876, and 1878 nominated for the fourth term, and again re elected. Mr. Berggren has a fine talent for music, and lor several years teaching music was his principal occupation; he was leader of a string band at Monmouth and at Galesburg; taught and arranged music for bands. He was married to Christine Naslund, March 10, 1806, which has resulted in a family of one daughter and three sons; he is a promi- nent member of both the Masonic and Odd Fellow orders, and a high official in each; he has been a member of the Swe- dish M. E: Church since 1870, and is President of the Board of Trustees of the church in Galesburg. Politically he is a staunch Republican. P. O. Galesburg. Bevard, George, farmer, was born in Huntington county, Pa., April 16, 1801; he is the son of John B. and Hester (Smith) Bevard; father born in Ireland, mother in Maryland; his early life was passed on a farm, and his educa- tion was such as the common schools afforded; he removed from Pennsylvania to Ohio when that country was new; left Ohio and came to Fulton county, 111., in 1845, from there to Knox county in 1854; he was married to Hannah Crone Sept. 21, 1826, which union resulted in ten children, of whom four sons and three daughters are living. He has been a member of ihe Christian church since 1837; is a Republican. P. O. Hermon. Bevier, Celia K. A. L. R. Bevier, her father, was born in Ulster county, N. Y., July 16, 1820, and her mother, Adaline (Misner) Bevier was a native of Sullivan county, N. Y., horn April 20, 1826; Celia was born at LaFayette. Stark county, 111., May 23, 1855, united with the Stark County Congregational Church, was received by Elder Dellc, of La- Fayette. Postoffice, Mitchellville, Iowa. Biggerstalf, William, farmer, was born in Athens county, Ohio, Sept. 11, 1803; he is the son of John and Mary Biggerstalf, the former of Virginia, the latter of Pennsylvania; he was educated in the common schools, and learned the harness-maker’s trade in youth : later in life abandoned that business and devoted himself to farming; he also engaged in the mercantile business in Gilson for a time; he came to Knox county in 1851; in 1823 he married Mary Kirgan, and as his second wife he married Debora Ducenberry, in 1877; he joined the M. E. Church in 1833. Politically he is Dem- ocratic. Postoffice, Elba Center. Binge,George P., farmer;resides on section 1, Walnut Grove township. Postoffice, Galva, Henry county, 111. Bishop, Samuel H., farmer, was born Feb. 24, 1837, in the State of Penn- sylvania; his parents were John M. and Jane Elizabeth Bishop, the former a na- tive of New York, and the latter of New Jersey; he enjoyed only the advantages of a common school education ; he came West to Indiana in 1852, and to Knox county, in 1860. He was married Jan. 27, 1864, to Amelia Calkins, and has three sons and one daughter living, and one daughter deceased; joined the M. E.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 653 church in 1861, is Class-leader and Sec- retary of the church. Politically is a Republican. Postoffice, Oneida. Blair John li., physician, Abing- don; was born in Franklin county, Pa., Sept. 18, 1845; his parents were James and Mary (Lawton) Blair, the former of ■ Maryland, the latter a native of Ireland. Dr. B. was educated at Dickinson Sem- inary and Marshall College, Pennsyl-. vania, regularly preparing himself for the study of medicine; he entered the University of Michigan, after which he went to the University of Maryland, where he graduated, holding a place in front rank. He has also attended lec- tures at the Universities of New York and Edinburgh. In a scientific point of view the Dr. has but few equals, which is shown in a clock constructed by him alone and inside of a period of a year, during leisure. As a piece of mechan- ism it has no equal. In it are combined the sciences of astronomy, anatomy, mathematics and mechanics. It tells the minutes and hours, and has but one1 hand; it tells the day of the week, the week of the year, the month and the day of the month. It also tells the time of day in any part of the world; it explains longitude and time. There are three skeletons: One strikes the time of day, one plays a tune every hour five minutes before striking, the third represents Father Time. On the top of the clock stands two small forts—Moultrie and Sumter—mounted with small cannons; Sumter is fired on by Beauregard, giving the date. It also shows the assassination of Lincoln by Booth, who fires at Lin- coln and he drops forward; this is only visible the day of the year the President was killed. It also shows any historical scene you may want, and as many. It represents the fall of the Southern Con- federacy with Jeff Davis in petticoats. Astronomically this clock shows the earth passing around the sun every 365^ days, and on its own axis each day; in passing through its orbit, goes through the twelve constellations or signs of the zodiac, as well as through her seasons she enters her solstices. It shows the moon and all its movements, and all the planets and their movements. Hal- ley’s comet is shown, and other wonders. He was married to Sadie Ann Anderson Feb. 27, 1867, who has borne him two children. Blakeslee, Mala, farmer, son of Sala and Mary (Merchant) Blakeslee, of Connecticut; was born Jan. 14. 1805, in the State of Connecticut. His education was limited to the common schools; he worked a while at the blacksmith trade in his youth, but abandoned it for the the farm ; his parents moved to Ohio in 1817, and he came to Knox county in 1834; he was married on Jan. 10, 1830; he has held the offices of School Director and Commissioner of Highways for many years. Postoffice, Douglass. Blanchard, Jonathan, was born in Rockingham, Vt., Jan. 19, 1811; he shared the labors and the sports of New England farmer boys, laying there the foundation for that superb physique for which he has since been so distin- guished. He attended the district school of his native place, going thence to Ches- ter Academy, where he fitted for college; he graduated at Middlebury College in 1832. Though but 21 years of age, he was immediately elected Preceptor of Plattsburg Academy, where he taught two years to earn money to continue his studies. Prior to this, however, he had consecrated himself to the work of the ministry, and in 1834 he entered Ando- ver Theological Seminary, where he re- mained two years. About this time the cause of human freedom began to revive; the smoke of the slavery controversy began to blacken the air, the war in words waxed fierce, and the valiant little band of anti-slavery workers sent up a cry for help. Mr. Blanchard responded; leaving the sem- inary, he spent a year in Pennsylvania battling for the right, where he soon be- came a leader of the noble band of re- formers. He then finished his theologi- cal course and graduated at Lane Sem- inary, Cincinnati; was ordained and then installed over the Sixth Presbyterian Church in that city, Oct. 31, 1838, where he remained nine years, serving with so great fidelity that 500 were added to the church. He was also active in the va- rious forms of Christian, temperance and other philanthropic work in the city. Stationed thus on the boundary between the slave States and the free, his anti- slavery zeal was kept well fired up; he was sent in 1843 as a delegate to the sec- ond World’s Anti-slavery Convention in London, and was there elected the Amer- ican Vice-president of that body. In 1846 he was called to the Presi- dency of Knox College. So promptly and completely did he and his amiable wife identify themselves with every in- terest of the college that before they had been here a month every citizen felt that they had always lived here. During the fourteen years of his presidency here there was not one agency in the village for the promotion of good which did not receive their aid; he was 35 years of age when he eame to Galesburg. Teaching all day, writing much of the night, preaching a great portion of the time,654 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. taking the lead in all good enterprises, caring with fatherly kindness for all the students, spending his vacations in travel- ing and striving to enlist his friends in the interests of the college.—with all these labors abundant, it is no wonder that he grew aged before his time. He came here in his early prime, he left here an old, gray-haired man. When he came, the college was in its in- fancy ; he graduated its very first class and the 13 following. The “Seminary” had no existence, the ladies’ collegiate course being organized under his direction. Financially, also, his administration was a success. He found the college in debt several thousand dollars and running behind, and for several years before he left it each annual report of its treasurer showed it free from debt; the main col- lege building and the seminary was erected and paid for, and when he re- signed, the college property wa9 estima- ted at $400,000 to $500,000. Much of this increase was of course due to the rise in real esiate; but credit is due to Mr. Blanchard, as he collected or received from personal friends and paid into the treasury over $50,000, which obviated the necessity of sacrificing real estate be- fore it attained its highest value. He was naturally a teacher, and in- spired his pupils with such a love for learning that all their future lives felt the influence of that inspiration. He possesses in a wonderful degree that personal magnetism which draws people unto him. In spite of all the seeming hard- ness which his life-long conflict with evil has developed, or rather with which it has encased him, underlying the strength of his character is a vein of tenderness which makes children always recognize in him a friend. When his resignation was accepted he was invited to continue in charge of the -college the following year, which he did. At its close he became pastor of the First Church. He was closely identified with all kinds of Christian wmrk throughout this county. The first sermon in Oneida was preached by him. In 1860 he ac- cepted a call to the Presidency of Whea- ton College, where he has labored un- tiringly for these 18 years. He has his faults, but they are the faults of a strong nature, and such as necessarily arise from his hand-to-hand conflicts with evil. A reformer by na- ture, he must ever suffer, as all reformers do, from being misunderstood by his fel- lows, because he is in advance of them. During these years the part which Mrs. B. took was scarcely less important than his. She gave gentleness, regularity and cheerfulness to their whole work. Bliss, Cyrils, farmer, was horn in 1834,in Chautauqua, N.Y.; son of Z.G. and Mabel (Gillett) Bliss, the former a native of New York and the latter of Connecti- cut ; early life was passed on the farm. His general character in youth was hon- est and upright; moved to Peoria county, 111., in 1837, and settled there until 1853, when he moved to Knox county; in 1855 was married to Angelina Smith, and now are the parents of six children; in 1859 united with the Christian Church; has always been engaged in farming, and been quite successful. P. O. Yates City. Block, Charles Owen, mer- chant, Galesburg; was born in Muscatine, la., May 8, 1846; had a good common school education; embarked in dry-goods and notion business several years ago in Galesburg with small capiM, but now has an extensive trade and carries a large stock. Blood, B., Deputy Sheriff, Gales- burg. Bloomfield, John E.,farmer, son of Isaac and Mary (Hahn) Bloomfield, of Hamilton county, O.; was born in Butler county, O., June 9, 1836; spent his youth on a farm, and obtained his education in the common schools. His parents re- moved to Montgomery county, Ind., in 1837, and he came to Knox county in 1845. He first married Elizabeth Coziah April 1, 1858; and as his second wife he married Hannah C. Gritton June 25, 18;i8. He has two sons by his first wife, and four sons by his second wife, three living and one dead. Politically he is a liberal Democrat. Postoffice Bio. Bloomfield, William, farmer, was born in Indiana Aug. 18, 1837. He is the son of Isaac and Mary (Hahn) Bloomfield, the former a native of Ohio, the latter of Indiana. He was educated in the district schools; spentliisyouth on a farm, and his mature life in the same vocation. Came west and settled in Bio township in 1845. He was married to Euphemia Becd Oct. 13, 1865. Their union has resulted in three sons and two daughters; one s m deceased. P. (). Rio. Bine, Eleanor (Bice). Mrs. Blue was born in Crawford county, Ind., Jan. 17, 1826. Her parents, Jonathan and Margaret, were natives of Hardin county, N. Y.; received a common-school educa- tion; was married to Wm. B. Blue, and is the mother of five children. Posloflice address, Henderson. Boden. Samuel, farmer, was born in Pennsylvania March 14, 1809. He is the son of Andrew and Margaret (Fitchjarves) Boden, the former born in Pennsylvania, the latter born in Ireland. His eclucation was limited to the common schools of Pennsylvania. He was rearedHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 655 on a farm, and continued a farmer from choice; came from Pennsylvania to Ohio in 1838, thence to Knox county in 1848. He was married Sept. 25, 1832; has been a member of the M. E. Church since 1842; in politics,Democrat. P.O. Maquon. Boggs, James Buchanan, at- torney, Galesburg, son of Johu and Isa- belle C. Boggs, natives of Pennsylvania, was born in Green Castle, Franklin county, Pa., Oct. 20, 1828; studied law in Chandlersburg, Pa., with McGanalian & Reilly. He came to Galesburg June, 1856; served as City Attorney live years; married Susan C. Weeks, who has borne eight children, but three of whom are living; is member of Presbyterian Church and Trustee. Republican in politics. Boher, David, farmer, son of John and Rachel (Lewis) Boher of Pennsyl- vania ; was born July 1,1835, in Summer- sett county, Penn., was reared on a farm, and never attended school a day in his life. In 1847 his parents moved to Ken- tucky, thence to Ohio in 1848, and Mr. B. came to Knox county, 111., in 1858. He married Martha Gooch in November, 1866. Two children are the result of their union; one daughter living. He has filled the offices of City Marshal of Farmington, 111., and Road Commission- er and School Director. P. O. Yates City. Bolding, Wm., son of Thos. and Sally (Wayman) Bolding, the former a native of Kentucky, the latter of New York, who were in comfortable circum- stances; was born in Kentucky, Oct. 9, 1825, and was educated in the common school; was of good moral character in youth; removed from Kentucky to Koox county; in 1865 went from the county and served in the war of the rebellion; was a School Director in 1874; learned the trade of a blacksmith, and also fol- lowed the life of a farmer; has been quite successful, and is now in moderate cir- cumstances; in 1875 united with the Methodist Church of Victoria; Oct. 20, 187 was married to Maria Wayman. Is Democratic in politics. P. 0. Knoxville. Boud, Levi, was born June 9, 1852, in Ohio. His parents, Walter and Eleanor Bond, were natives of Maryland and Tennessee respectively; was educated in common schools of Hcrmon, Knox coun- ty, parents coming to the county in 1852; was married to Sarah Drumm, Nov. 11, 1875, had one child, died May 18, 1878; joined the Christian Church in 1874; in politics a Democrat. Postoffice, Hermon. Bond, Henry, sec. 8, Chestnut township. Postoffice, Hermon. Bond, Cynthia A., Hermon. Bond, Klemender, farmer, son of Walter and Eleanor (Moon) Bond, the former a native of Maryland, and the lat- ter of Tennessee; was born in Clinton county, Ohio, Dec. 15, 1834; received a common school education; moved to Knox county, Sept. 7, 1852; was married Feb. 27, 1862, and has been the parent of eleven children, of whom seven are liv- ing ; was School Director for four years and Pathmaster in Chestnut township; is a Democrat. Farming has been very sat- isfactory, and he has been successful. Postoffice, London Mills, Fulton county. Boone, Mrs. L., residence, Gales- burg. Booth, Jacob, son of Isaac and Mary (Gernell) Booth, natives of Maine, was born June 1, 1821, in Maine. His early life was passed on the farm; re- ceived his education from the common schools; learned the trade of wagon maker; also followed other business, but changed to farming, in which he has been successful; married Melinda Housh Sept. 17, 1844, and was again married Oct. 24, 1869, to Edith Martin; moved to Illinois, then to Iowa, returning to Knox county in 1865; was School Director for five years. Is Republican. P.O.Maquon. Borg, Bev. John F., pastor of Lutheran Church, Knoxville, was born in Sweden, Dec. 13, 1849; his parents were G. A. and Grata (Johnson) Borg, natives of Sweden; came to Galesburg in 1869; he was reared on a .farm and fin- ished his education at Augustana College, Rock Island, 111., and chose the ministry; was married June 28, 1878, to Miss M. Clay Anderson. Republican. Bowens, Jacob, born April il, 1816, in Frankfort, Ohio; his parents were Solomon and Elizabeth (Bush) Bowens, natives of Virginia, educated in the old log school-house in Indiana; he has been Road Commissioner and School Director in Schuyler county, where he moved in 1854; he came to Ontario in 1865: he was married June 2, 1842, to Esther Hadley, or' Indiana, and Aug. 2, 1855, to Zelinda Fuller; had six bovs by the first wife, and three girls ancl one boy by the second; joined the M. E. Church in 1813: Steward and Class-leader. Republican. Postoffice, Ontario. Bowhay, Joseph, farmer, son of William and Mary Bowhay, the former of England, the latter of Ireland; was born in Pennsylvania in 1825; his early life was passed on a farm, and his edu- cation was obtained in the common schools; he came from Pennsylvania to Illinois, and settled in Knox county, in 1855; married Elizabeth Householder. He has tilled the offices of School Direc- tor and Road Commissioner; he is Dem- ocratic in politics. Postoffice, Yates Cityi656 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Boyer, Aaron, Galesburg. (We re- fer to Broom Manufacturers, in Chapter XXII.) Bradbnry, James J., artist, son of Benjamin and Hannah A. (Stevens) Bradbury, the former of Ohio and the latter of Illinois, was born in Knox county, Indian Point township, April 17, 1848; was educated at Abingdon College; married July 20, 1869, to Belle S. Mc- Kinnie, who has borne him one child ; he has studied art lrom childhood, and is occupied at his chosen calling now in Abingdon, where for the last few years he has been a Professor in Hedding Col- lege, teaching drawing and painting; he has been very successful in enlarging pictures. Bradbury, Otis T., of the firm of Bradbury & McOmber, planing mill, Galesburg. Bradtield, E. H., • farmer, son of E. H. and M. A. Bradtield; was born in England in 1828; educated in common schools. His early life was spent in market gardening; later, spent four years in lithographing, and some time in the wholesale grocery business; came to Illi- nois in 1854; married Mary Crandel in 1862; has six children. Is a Republican. Postoffice, Elba Centre, Bradford, Harvey S., farmer, was born in Maine, Sept. 27, 1809; par- ents were Charles and Elizabeth (Brown) Bradford, the former a native of New Hampshire, and the latter of Maine; was educated in the common schools; his early life was passed on the farm; learned the tanner’s trade, but gave it up for farming; removed from Maine to Ohio, thence to Knox county; married to Hes- ter Whitter Oct. 24, 1886. They have been the parents of nine children, of whom six are now living; he has been very successful in business and well prospered. In political views he is Re- publican. Postoffice, Gilson. Bradford, Winslow W., son of Wm. 8. and Nancy (Youngs) Bradford, both natives of Ohio; was born in Per- sifer township, Knox county, Aug. 13, 1843; his early life was passed on the farm: received his education from the common schools; was drummer in com- pany H, 102nd Illinois Infantry. April 26, 1866, married Victoria 8. Beck. They have been the parents of seven children, of whom five are now living; removed from Knox county to Galena, 111., but returned; he has held the offices of Township Clerk and Road Commis- sioner in 1869 and 1872; in 1870 joined the church of United Brethren, of which he was Trustee and Treasurer in 1871; he has been very much prospered as a farmer He is a Republican. PoslofHce, Knoxville. Brainsi i d, Jeptha, son of Jeptha and Catluiriue (Comstock) Brainard, the former of Connecticut, the latter of Mas- sachusetts ; he was born in western Oneida county, N. Y., March 17, 1822, and came to Ontario township, this county, where he now lives, in 1860; educated in com- mon schools and at the Liberal Institute, New York; raised as a farmer, he has continued that occupation ever since. Postoffice, Oneida. Brainard, Edwin,born in Oneida county, N.‘ Y., Nov. 9, 1809; his father, Jeptha Brainard, was a native of Connec- ticut, his mother, Catharine Brainard, was a native of Massachusetts. Edwin received an academic education at Whitestown, N.Y., and chose the l ife of a farmer; served in the militia; married Mercy White Dec. 21,1842, four children being the fruits of the marriage; came to Oneida in 1855, where he now lives, still pursuing his chosen occupation of farmer. Brechwald, Charles, liquor dealer, Galesburg, was born at Klein Winterheim, Germany; he is the son of Michael and Margaret (Fleck) Brcch- wald; came to United Stales in 1858, and to Galesburg in 1856; in 1863 engaged in the retail liquor trade, and in 1872 in the wholesale trade; he was married April 2, 1854, to Barbara Waltz, and is the par- ent of seven children, two of whom are dead. Bridson, Samuel, farmer, was born on the Isle of Man, Dec. 25, 1827; his parents were John and Margaret (Tier) Bridson, both natives of the Isle of Man; his education was confined to a few months in a common school. He emigrated from his native country to New York, and thence to Knox couniy in 1853. April 2, 1851, he married Dolly Cole, by whom he has two sons and one daughter. Farming has been the occu- pation of his choice; he is a Republican. Postoffice, Hermon. Briley, Benjamin, farmer, was born (n Clermont county, Ohio, Feb. 22, 1825. Parents ivere Samuel and Catha- rine (McGarvey) Briley, the former a na- tive of Delaware and the latter of Ohio. His early life was passed on the farm; was educated in the common schools moved to Knox county MarHi 31, 1H62; was married March 4, 1851 to Cassandra Smiser. They are the parents of eleven children. Mr. Briley is a Democrat: was Road Commissioner in Ohio six years and six years here; united with ChristianHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 657 church in 1870. Postoffice, Hermon. Bristol, H. C., conductor C., B. & Q. Railroad, Galesburg. Bristol, Richard, son of Rich- ard and Lucy (Edgerton) Bristol, of New York, was uorn in Wyoming county, N. Y., Aug. 29, 1818; was married to Laura J. Smith, Oct. 8,1845. One boy and one girl has blessed the union; learned the trade of carriage-maker and trimmer. Moved to Oneida, where he now lives, 1855. Brooks, T. C., farmer, resides on section 3, Victoria township. Postoffice, Victoria. Brown, Aaron B.. farmer; was born in Cortland county, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1831. His parents were William and Eunice (Kinney); they were both born in New York Stale. He was educated in the common schools. His parents moved west to Cook county, 111., in Oct. 1843; thence to Knox county in 1853. He set- tled in Oneida township; he has held the offices of School Director and Justice of the Peace for a number of years. On Oct. 8, 1854, he married Alvira Buck, formerly of Jefferson, N. Y. They have one son. He has been a member of the Universalist church for ten years, and is Trustee of the church. Postoffice, Oneida. Brown, Benjamin F., M. D., was born in Troupsburg, Steuben county, N. Y., March 5,1839. He was educated at Troupsburg Academy; studied medi- cine three years with Dr. McFarling, and graduated from the Albany Medical Col- lege, N.Y. He was Alderman two years in the city of Oneida. Dr. Brown was Assistant Surgeon three years during the rebellion; he was married Nov. 20, 1866, to Jennie McCornack, has five children, all boys. He is a member of the M. E. Church; held the office of Steward for the past five years. Political views, Repub- lican. Postoffice, Oneida. Brown, Frank A., merchant, Galesburg. Brown, James Harvey, son of James and Polly (Baker) Brown, was born in Clinton, Ohio, Sept. 4, 1823; edu- cated in common schools, and reared on the farm which he continued to follow; married in Nov., 1846, to Lyda L. Barnes, who bore him seven children, five of whom now live; joined Christian Church in 1855; has been Deacon for several years; Democratic in politics. Postoffice, St. Augustine. Brown, George W., inventor of “Brown’s Corn-Planter” and proprietor of the extensive corn-planter works loca- ted at Galesburg, was born in Saratoga county, N. Y., Oct. 29, 1815; lie remained upon the farm where he was born until he was 14 years old, when he learned the carpenter’s trade, in which he worked many years. In July, 1836. he came to Illinois, locating near Galesburg, being one of the earliest settlers in this section. Previous to coming west Sept. 1, 1835, he was married to Maria Terpening. They did not live in the lap of luxury, but were hard-working pioneers, and he earned a living by farming and working at his trade. Many houses through the county were erected by him. On his arrival in Warren county, he traded his team for a piece of land and went to farming; he had a log house to build for himself, and his neighbors needed his mechanical services. For a long time he went out to work at his trade, and his wife conducted the farm. In 1848 Mr. B. conceived the idea of turning a cultivator into a corn-planter; he saw the great need of a machine that would plant the grain which was so universally cultivated as corn was in Illinois. Nature had gifted him with faculties of genius of superior quality, and with untiring energy and persever- ance he labored on until he gave to the civilized world one of the most useful implements ever invented. As we speak of this great invention at great length in a sketch of “Brown’s Corn-planter Fac- tory,” we will not repeat here. Mr. Brown has been no office-seeker, nor has he held many public official po- sitions, his large business commanding his attention. In 1876, however, he was elected Mayor of Galesburg and served the city well; he joined the Methodist Church in 1835, and ever since has lived a faithful, consistent and conscientious Christian life. He is eminently noted for his zeal and earnestness in religious works. No man in this part of the State gives more abundantly and from purer motives than he. To him the M. E. Church, Galesburg, is indebted for the finest church edifice in Knox county, and the city of Galesburg for much of its bus- iness ; he is the parent of three children, one son and two daughters ; James E., born April 12, 1837, is married and asso- ciated with his father in the corn-planter business; Elizabeth A., born March 21, 1839; is the wife of Mr. T. L Perrin, a banker of Creston, Iowa, and Sarah J., born June 12, 1844, is the wife of W. S. Cowan, merchant in Galesburg. Mr. B. has not only blessed his race by giving the corn-planter, but also for his practi- cal philanthropy thousands bless his name. He lias no great scholastic at- tainments but is endowed with those eminently superior faculties, rare prac- tical judgment and knowledge, and great native genius. Brown, Harmon G„ farmer, son658 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. of Samuel and’ Henrietta (Hobbs)Brown ; was born in Nelson county, Ky , Dec. 20, 1803; bis father was a native of Penn- sylvania, his mother of Kentucky; he was educated in a private school in Ken- tucky; brought up on a farm. Came to Knox county in 1831, and located on llie farm where he now lives in 1832. He participated in the Black Hawk war; was elected Justice of the Peace, but de- clined 1o serve; was married to Nancy. Hogan Sept. 1, 1840, who has borne him twelve children, of whom six sons and two daughters are living. He is a mem- ber of the M. E. Church. A Republican in politics. Postoffice. Galesburg. Brown, John V., son of Andrew J. Brown, whose nativity is Jackson county, Ohio, and Mary A. (Ferguson) Brown, native of Hart county, Ky; was born in Knox county, 111., April 23, 1844, has always been a farmer from choice; enlisted in company D, 7th Illinois Cav- alry, Nov. 9, 1863, and served till the close of the war in 1865. Was married to Alice Harshborger, Jan. 31, 1869; joined the United Brethren Church in 1874. in which he was chosen Class-leader in 1875. Postoffice, Maquon. A. student n. Prominent member of the Oliniana society. Brown, V. R., Galesburg. Bruner, Henry, was born in Breckenridge county, Ky., Dec. 12,1812; his parents were Henry and Eves (Fry- mire) Bruner, of Kentucky. He only attended school a few weeks, in a log house without a floor; moved to Warren county at a very early date, where he lived for some years; filled the office ot Road Commissioner there; came to Galesburg in 1856; he was married Jan. 8, 1833; he has ten children, seven of whom are living. He has been a mem- ber of the Christian Church since 1840, is now a Deacon in the congregation at Galesburg. Mr. Bruner has been a hard- working man and very successful in life. When he arrived in Warren county he had but 75 cents. Bruner, Francis M., President of Abingdon College, is the ton of Henry and Matilda (Claycomb) Bruner, of Ken- tucky; was born in Breckenridge county, Ky., Dec. 28, 1833. When about one year old his parents moved to Warren county, 111., locating on a farm, where he attend- ed the country schools until 19 years old. The first school he attended was three miles or more from his home. His father attended the same school, carrying his son behind him on a horse. Presi- dent Bruner gives his father credit for giving him the best part of his education in the persevering, industrious habits Brown, Rev. R. Hedding College, Abingdo which he cultivated in him under Ihe arduous labors and trials of pioneer life. At the age of 19 he entered Knox Col- lege, where he spent 5 years, graduating in 1857 from the classical course. Not being content with this, he earned about $400 teaching, received more from his lather, married and went to Germany, where he spent nearly two years in the Royal University at Halle on the Sarlc in Prussia. Here he enjoyed the benefit of eminent lecturers; he became profi- cient in the German language, lie vis- ited Berlin and studied the city, then went to Paris, where he spent five months acquiring the French language and hear- ing lectures on botany, physiology and anatomy, zoology, anthropology, etc., by eminent scholars. He then went to Lon- don and home, after three years absence. President B. has always had a love for farming, but from early youth his mind has turned to preaching; while following the plow he frequently became highly exalted of religious sentiments. He has loved the languages, and while in Europe combined the ancient and modern lan- guages with his Bible, thus ably fitting himself to both teach and preach. One reason for so much special preparation was to be correct in religious matters; his study of the languages, although never teaching them, has been a source of much strength in preaching. On re- turning from Europe he labored as an evangelist for about four years; was then ordained Elder in the Christian church, Monmouth, 111., where he preached five years; resigned and became President of Oskaloosa College, Oskaloosa, Iowa, where he remained for six years; he then returned to Monmouth and preached, and July 24, 1877, accepted the Presi- dency of Abingdon College, where his labors have already been felt for good to the school and community. In 1863 he was appointed Captain of Company A, 7th United States Colored Infantry, doing much service in the South: from ill- health, resigned. He was elected to the Legislature from Warren coi nly in 1866; was married to Miss Esther Lane Apri. 1,1858, a graduate of Knox College; made a profession of faith in Christ at the age of 14, and united with the Christian church. Republican in politics. President B. envies ho man because of his success, nor tries to pull him down that he might get his place, for it has so happened that most of the positions he has filled have been such as others had abandoned or would not have. Brnner, Mrs. Elijah, section 25, Rio township. Postoffice, Rio. Brnf ngton, Ben j ant in, farmer, is the son of George and Mary Bruing-HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 659 ton, the former born in Maryland in 1776, the latter in Pennsylvania in 1782. Ben- jamin was born in Kentucky in 1810; he was educated in the common schools, and spent his early life on a farm. At the age of 25 he eame to Warren county, thence to Knox county, 111. On Dec. 6, 1836, he married Mary Scott, of Ken- tucky, who has borne him two sons and one daughter, all living. He had one son, Thomas P., in the 102nd Regiment Illinois Volunteers in the late civil war; he has filled the offices of School Direc- tor and Supervisor. Votes the Demo- cratic ticket. Postoffice, Galesburg. Bulkley, John Adams, photo- grapher, Galesburg, is ihe son of A. W. and Margaret A. (Coenhoven) Bulkley, the former of Connecticut, the latter of New York City. He was born in Can- ton, III., Sept. 23, 1842; reared on a farm; served in the late war three years in Com- pany I, 102nd Illinois Infantry ; came to Galesburg in 1871. Was married Sept. 23, 1872, to Emma H. Copley, and has one son; joined the M. E. Church in 1872. In politics a Democrat. It nit am, Matthew, farmer, son of Stephen and Esther Buffum, the former a native of Vermont, the latter of Ohio; was born in Ohio, Nov. 31, 1820. He grew up on a farm, and obtained his ed- ucation in a log school-house. He left Ohio and came to Knox county [in 1837J. He married Lidia J. Jobes. Banker, Dwight W., merchant, son of Samuel and Silvia (Walton) Bun- ker, was born Nov. 4, 1846, in Lake county, Ohio. He enlisted in Company K, 45tli Illinois Infantry, Oct. 20, 1861; was wounded at the battle of Shiloh. He was left on the field to die. He so far recovered that he walked from the battle field to the river, where he remained for seven days in an old tent, upon wet straw without blankets or covering, his wounds not being dressed. From 1864 to 1873 he was engaged in railroad build- ing; served as County Clerk of Harvey county, Kansas, came to Galesburg and embarked in the boot and shoe trade in June, 1874. He married Mary Bell Car- penter, who has borne him one son. Re- publican. Burkhalter, James L., County Treasurer, is the son of David and Mary A. (Marks) Burkhalter, of Pennsylvania; was born in Lehigh Co., Pa., April 15, 1835. Educated iu common schools and academy, and reared on a farm. He learned the carpenter trade and com- menced the building business in 1852 and has followed it since; came to Knox county in April, 1856. Was married to Martha E. Adle Nov. 2, 1858, who has borne him eight children, six liviog. In 1862 he recruited a company for the Union army; commenced July 23, com- pleted Aug. 10; was chosen Captain and kept recruiting until he raised nearly two companies. His was the first recruiting commission obtained by a Knox county man. He was often detailed in various staff positions, much of the time in charge of sappers and miners. During his last 3'ear he served as Assistant Adjutant General, and always received favorable mention in Gen. Buell’s reports; for meri- torious services at Beatonsvilie, North Carolina, was promoted io Major; was with Sherman on his march to the sea. He is a Republican, and was elected Treasurer of Knox county in 1875, and re-elected in 1877. Residence, Maquon. Burnangh, George W., carpen- ter and farmer; was born Oct. 28,1830, in Clermont county, Ohio. He is the son of Joseph and Lydia (Black) Burnaugh, both from the Eastern States. He passed his early life on a farm, and his educa- tional facilities were confined to the com- mon schools. He served an apprentice- ship of four years at the carpenter’s trade, and worked at it five years, until his health failed, when he changed to farm- ing, in 1855. He came from Ohio to Illi- nois in 1844; lived in Knox county since 1856. He married Rebecca Cramer, March 8, 1855. They have one daughter, who is married, living in Orange town- ship. He is a Republican, and a mem- ber of the M. E. Church; has been a Trustee of Orange township. Postoffice, Knoxville. Butler, James W., has for many years been prominently before the pub- lic as an educator and preacher of the Gospel of the Christian Church. He was born in Warren county, Ky., Oct. 2,1826. His father, Peter Butler, moved to War- ren county, 111., in 1829, hence was among the earliest settlers in this part of the State. In 1853 he removed to Polk county, Oregon, where he died in 1856. His mother was Rachel (Murphy) Butler, of Kentucky. The first school attended by Mr. B. was taught in a log school- house in Warren county, 111. His first teacher was Alexander Reynolds, a preacher; subsequently he received train- ing of that successful teacher, officer and farmer, Howell Haskell. In 1845 he en- tered Knox Academy, Galesburg, and after two years entered Knox College. In 1847 he entered Bethany College, Bethany, Va., where he graduated in 1850, and soon entered upon the ministry. It was under the preaching of Alexander Campbell while at Bethany that he made a profession of religion and was im- mersed by W. K. Pendleton, the present President of Bethany. Among his class-660 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. mates were J. B. New, late Treasurer of United States, and J. W. McGarvy, Pro- fessor in Kentucky University. July 1, 1851, he was married to Mary E. Ground, daughter of Henry Ground, who resides two miles west of Abingdon. Mi>. B. has ever been a faithful and devoted wife. In 1858 he was elected Treasurer of War- ren county, which position he held until called to the chair of Mathematics in Abingdon College in 1855. The princi- pal work of his life was performed while President of that college, which position he filled for fourteen years. During the war it seemed the College must fail, the trustees could not pay the Faculty, but President B. assumed all, and by his un- tiring labors raised it to prominence among Western Colleges. In 1867 he was called to the Presidency of Christian College, Monmouth, Oregon. The trus- tees of Abingdon College would not ac- cept his resignation, but consented to his absence six months. In Aug., 186 7, he and his family sailed from New York city for California, whence, after a short visit, they went to Oregon. Feb. 2, 1868, thejr started home by rail. At Rowling Springs a heavy snow storm was en- countered, which stopped the train and cut off all communications either way. The snow filled the cuts to the depth of 25 feet. After three weeks delay, and in great danger they proceeded on their way. In 1874 he was called to the Pres- idency of Christian College, Santa Rosa, California, which position he filled for one year, where he also was Pastor of the Christian church. He is logical and for- cible in argument, pleasing and courte- ous in manner, and possesses rare good judgment, In 1877 he was elected Su- pervisor, and re-elected in 1878. He has but one child living His son, Seldon H, is a graduate of Abingdon College, also of the Law Department of the North- western University, Chicago. Butt, Charles Norris, farmer, was born in Champaign county, Ohio, March 10, 1833. He is the son of Thomas D. and Sarah (Williams) Butt, of Green- briar county, West Virginia. His parents came to Knox couDty, 111., in 1837. He was educated in the district schools of Persifer township. He still lives on the old farm six miles east of Knoxville, where his parents seit ed forty-one years ago. He filled the office of Road Com- missioner in Knox township, in the years of 1875-6-7. Dec. 31, 1857, he married Sarah S. Montgomery, who has borne him one child, a son. Politically, he is Republican. Postoffice, Knoxville. Byram, Nielson B., son of Joseph and Abigail L. (Harris) Byram, natives of New Jersey; was born in Dayton, Ohio, April 4, 1818, educated in common schools in Indiana, and reared on the farm; learned the blacksmith trade,which he changed to farming ; was married Dec. 24, 1847, to Rebecca jane Hamilton, who has borne him three children; united with M. E. Church in 1857; has been Collector, Town Clerk and Justice of the Peace. Republican in politics. Post- office, Knoxville. Cad well, J. P., Postoffice, Altona. Cadwallader. William O., miller, of London Mills, Fulton county, 111., was born Sept. 10,1830, in Hahoning county, Penn.; his parents were Eli and Catharine (Hank) Cadwallader, the for- mer a native of Pennsylvania and the latter of Maryland. He received a com- mon school education; worked at shoe- making until 1858, then followed other professions and business until he changed to milling, in which he has been very successful. June 11, 1855, he was mar- ried to Isabel Sence; they have been the parents of one child, a boy, who died at three years of age. He removed to Ohio, thence to Iowa, and to Illinois in 1866; he is Republican; he clings to the Uni- nitarian doctrine: was Township Clerk in Iowa, Postmaster in Ohio, and is now Postmaster. Postoffice, London Mills, Fulton county. Calkins, Wm. C., attorney, Gales- burg, of the firm of McKenzie & Calkins. Calkins, Edwin J., son of Elijah and Philena (Coleman) Calkins, was born Oct. 23,1811, in Hillsdale, Columbia coun- ty, N. Y.; he learned the carpenter trade in his youth, and followed the business until 1837, when he quit it and went to farming; he settled in Sparta town- ship in 1837, where he has since re- sided ; he wras united in matrimony with Harriet Alvira Park in 1836, who bore him three sons and two daughters; he is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and is one of its Trustees; polit- ically lie is a Republican. Postoffice, Oneida. Campbell, Orange L., editor Knox Republican., is the son of Elisha and Mary A. (Lowell) Campbell, the for- mer of Ohio, the latter of Maryland; he was born in Knoxville March 7, 1852; educated in public schools and the print- ing office; learned the printer’s trade quite young; is City Clerk of Knoxville; was married June 10, 1873, to Miss A. S. Bull, who has borne him two children; a Presbyterian in religious faith and Re- publican in politics. Carditt", Mrs. Edward, Section 2, Lynn township. Postoffice, Galva. Carr, Clark E., Postmaster Gales- burg. Carr, M. S., M. !>.. Galesburg.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 661 Carpenter, Asaph Newton, is the son of Asaph and Caroline Carpen- ter, of Rehobnth, Mass., where he was born June 2, 1828; his parents lived on a farm. Early in life he manifested a genius for invention, which took the di- rection of landscape architecture; he labored at his chosen art with an i>den- sity of devotion, without an instructor, until it can be truthfully/ said he is mas- ter of it, having conceived and executed some of the most extensive and beautiful scenic effects, in both private and public grounds, to be found in America. His love for his calling: amounts to a fascination, and he still plies himself to it with an unabated zeal. On the 20th of November, 1858, he was married to Mary Elizabeth Winter; their family con- sists of two daughters. They came to Galesburg in 1854. Cashman, D. A., Indian Point township. Postoffice, Hermon. Cashman, J. C., farmer, the son of George and Rebecca J (Murphy) Cashman, was born in Clinton county, O., Jan. 6,1836; he had such educational advantages as the common schools of Ohio afforded till he was 14 years of age, when his parents came and settled in Tazewell county, 111.; he removed to Knox county in 1856, where he has since lived; he has held the offices of School Director and Road Commissioner in Indian Point township; he married Martha E. Bond Dec. 31, 1858, by whom he has one son and one daughter; he is a Deacon in the Hermon Christian Church; has been a member since 1852; Democratic in poli- tics. Postoffice, Abingdon. Cashman, I. M., farmer, whose parents were George and Rebecca J. (Murphy) Cashman, formerly of Vir- ginia, was born in Tazewell county, 111., Feb. 11,1850; his educational advantages were the High School of Cherry Grove and a course in the Abingdon College; he was married Jan. 1G, 1873, since which time he has lived in Knox county; he lias been a member of the Christian Church since 1870: politically he is a Democrat. Postoffice, Hermon. Cassel. Elmer, Sparta township. Postoffice, Wataga. Castle, Renben, farmer, was born at Green Prairie, W. Va., Sept. 15, 1813; his parents, Henry and Sarah (Curry) were natives of Virginia; he was raised on a farm, and obtained his education in the old log school-house; came to Knox county in 1884; was married March 18, 1841, to Mary Long; they have four chil- dren ; has bi.cn ociiool Director and Road Commissioner; is member M. E. Church, joined in 1831; Republican. Postofflce, Knoxville. 36 Catterton, J. R., farmer, son of Diler and Sarah Ann Catterton, was born in the State of Kentucky Aug. 20,1819; his only opportunity for education was in common schools; he served an ap- prenticeship at the harness trade at the age of 14: he followed the business for a time, and then turned his attention to farm- ing ; he served in the Mexican war under General Scott, and was a member of the 102d Regiment Illinois Infantry from 1862 in the war of the rebellion; he mar- ried Sarah Ann Organ on the 18th day of February, 1849; they have had nine chil- dren, four of whom are living; he joined the Christian Church in 1844; politically is a Republican. Postoffice, Elba Center. Canlklns, Samuel, farmer, born in Washington county, Ind., Oct. 21,1821; married Sarah Ann Stewart Dec. 8, 1842; they have a family consisting of eight children living, 2 having died, making ten in all; he united with the Church of the United Brethren faith 1840, in which he served as Steward and in 1843 as Class Leader; was Justice of the Peace in Hen- derson township in 1868; came to Knox county in 1855 and has never desired to remove. Postoffice, Gilson. Cawlkins, Albert A., farmer, son of Stephen and Anna (Smith) Cawlk- ins, both of New York, was born in Co- lumbia county, N. Y., June 1, 1803: his childhood was spent on a farm, and his only educational facilities were the com- mon schools; he learned the trade of house carpenter and plied himself to it for many years, but turned his attention to farming later in life; he came to Knox county in 1836, and settled on section 2, Sparta township,.where he has lived ever since; he was one of the first settlers on the prairie; May 1, 1837, he married Louise M. Park; they have had eight children, six of whom are living; he has been a member of the Baptist Church since 1832; he has been a pronounced Republican since 1850. Postoffice,Oneida. Chaffin, S., Galesburg. Chambers, Jacob S., retired merchant, was born in Addison county, Vt., March 14, 1816; his parents were Matthew and Hannah (Smith) Chambers, the former born in New Hampshire, the latter in Vermont; Jacob was educated in the common and select schools of his native State; he began the mercantile pursuit in his boyhood and continued in it until 1868; his father, Matthew Cham- bers, purchased property in Galesburg with the colony, and erected tne second store in the place; he settled however in Knoxville, where he remained several years; then came to Galesburg, where he died in 1869. Jacob went from Knox- ville to Whiteside county, but finally662 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. settled in Altona, and opened the first store in the town; after conducting his business there successfully for a number of years he came to Galesburg, where he now lives, retired. On Sept. 28, 1857, he married Amanda M. Parsons, who is the mother of three children living and one dead; he is a member of the First Church; politically a Republican; he was for several years Supervisor, and filled the office of Road.Commissioner in Wal- nut Grove township. Cliandler, Charles I*., mer- chant, of Galesburg, was born in Scioto county, O., Aug. 2, 1817; his parents were Ellis and Deborah Chandler, the former a native of Pennsylvania, the lat- ter of Vermont; his education was lim- ited to the common schools in the vicinity of his father’s farm, where he remained until he was 23 years old; on Nov. 10, 1840, he married Azuba G. Miles, who has borne him eight children, seven of whom are living; Ellis Chandler was born Feb. 12, 1846; A. Deborah, born Oct. 29, 1848; Sally Miles, born Oct. 5, 1851; Joseph Barton, born June 20, 1854; Charles P., Jr., born Jan. 17, 1859; Stephen, born April 1, 1862; Har- riet M , born May 26, 1868. Ellis died Oct. 5, 1847. Moved to Missouri in 1841; remained until 1844, when he returned to Ohio, and in 1867 came to Galesburg, where he now resides; he was Sheriff of Scioto county, O., two terms, and Treas- urer one term; served as Provost Mar- shal during the rebellion, and in Mis- souri was elected Justice of the Peace; he is a member of the M- E. Church, and politically a Republican. Chapman, .Ezra, son of Asa and Susanna (Berry) Chapman, of Providence, R. I., born in Whitestown, N. Y., Jan. 28, 1797; had only a common school educa- tion; machinist by trade, at which he lias worked thirteen years, and followed farming since; has held offices of Justice of Peace and Postmaster; married Sarah Ann Lanfear April 8, 1825; they have had two boys and three girls; one girl dead and one boy received a wound in army from which he died. After working in machine factory about three years it stopped; he then went to Western Penn- sylvania and worked at a variety of oc- cupations, barely making a living, being just after the close of the war'of 1812; at the end of five years Mr. Walcott pro- posed to open his works, when Mr. C. re- turned and went to work; the fellow workmen indulged in gambling, but Mr. Chapman would never lake part; he ad- vised all young men to abstain from it. Postoffice, Ontario. Chapman, Samnel,Jr., section 29, Ontario township. Postoffice, Oneida. Chappell, llobt., clerk, Gales- burg. Oharlson, lions, iron molder, son of Charles Frederick and Catharine (Soldwin), was born in Sweden, Oct. 24, 1822; his early life was spent on alarm, and his education was obtained in the common schools of Sweden ; he learned the tailor’s trade and followed it for six- teen years; came to this country and set- tled in Victoria, Knox county, in 1852; he married Ellen Peterson July 4, 1856, bv whom he has had five children, four of whom, two sons and two daughters, are living; he removed to Galesburg, where he now lives, in 1868; he lias been a member of the Lutheran Church for over forty years. Chesney, John E., wagon and carriage maker, Abingdon, is the son of Thomas and Hannah (Mitchell) Chesney, of Maryland; was born in Hartford coun- ty, Maryland, in April, 1815; was edu- cated in common schools of Indiana; learned his trade with his father; came to Abingdon April 21,1842; was married to Hannah J. Swartz June 6, 1844, and the second time to Eliza E. Foster Dec. 21,1854; is a member of the M. E. Church and Class Leader; Republican in politics. Chesney, Mrs. J. H., residence Abingdon. Child, Erastns, son of Charles T. and Clarissa Child, of Connecticut, was born Oct. 4, 1817, in Exeter, N. Y.; his early life was spent on a farm; think- ing to become a public speaker, entered Oneida Institute, New York, in 1838, graduating in 1841; that not proving sat- isfactory, and after teaching school for a long time, settled down as a mechanic, still clinging in some form to books and the press; has been a regular newspaper correspondent for twelve years; was the Oneida correspondent for the Galesburg Republican from the first, and siuce for the Republican-Register; he also deals in the Simmons’ sash supporter; was married April 29, 1846, to Rachel Foster, of Whitestown, N. Y.; of their children Sarah E. is now the wife of F. B. Webb, Bedford, la.; Charles F. met his death by scalding when young, and Julia I. is with her parents; he came to Oneida in 1855; was a radical Abolitionist, now Republican. Postoffice, Oneida. Chittenden, Martin W., book- keeper, Galesburg. Christianer, Frederick, den- tist and jeweler, Abingdon, is the son of August T. and Dorothea J. (Obrock) Clirislianer, natives of Germany, where, in Ostercappeln, Nov. 22, 1829, he was born; when 16 years old he came to America, going to St. Louis; in 1846, commenced business for himself; movedHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 663 to Canton in 1849 and to Abingdon in 1856, where he has since lived; he has served as City Clerk ten years, Justice of Peace and Police Magistrate for eight years, also Township Clerk and School Director; in 1869 was elected County Superintendent of Public Schools and served four years; married Dec. 5,1850, to Jane E. McMillen. Churchill, Geo., Principal of Knox Academy, Galesburg, was born in Winfield, N. Y., April 2, 1829; he is the son of Norman and Anna (Eggleston) Churchill, Hie former born at Hubbard- ton, Vt., Nov. 5, 1799, his mother in Ba- tavia, N. Y., Jan. 24, 18)6. George was reared on a farm, attended school and worked ai mecDauical labor, and gradu- ated at Knox College in 1851; he came to Galesburg with his parents in 1839, and since remained here save two years passed at Farmington, 111., where he had charge of the High School; he has given particular attention to educational mat- ters, and has done much to give Gales- burg the excellent school system she now enjoys; he visited schools in different parts of Europe, especially in Germany, and studied their systems; he worked faithfully 4 years to consolidate the 8 district schools of Galesburg and inau- gurate the present system; was Chairman of the Committee of Citizens who pre- pafed the charter of the schools and got it through the Legislature, and finally effected the organization; he employed, mostly at his own expense, Hon. William Baker, of Connecticut, to labor in the city for this end ; he served as Alderman 4years; is present City Engineer and has been for 8 years; is member of both the Board of Park Commissioners and Li- brary Board; was member of Board of Education 14 years: was employed 1 year as Assistant Civil Engineer on the Cen- tral Military Track Railroad, and has done much surveying through the coun- try. lie has been Principal of Knox Academy since 1855; he joined First Church Galesburg in 1846; lie is deacon, and has been for 20 years, and is also Su- perintendent of Sunday-school, which position he has occupied with great suc- cess for 21 years. He prepared an elab- orate history of Galesburg in 1876, to which we are indebted for much valuable information. Prof. Churchill was mar- ried first time in 1855 to Clara A. Hurd, again to Ada A. Hayes in 1858, and the third time to Ellen S. Walker in 1869; is the parent of 4 sons Republican. Churchill, Norman, Jr., ice dealer, son of Norman and Aim (Eggle- ston)* Churchill, the former a native of Vermont, the latter of New York, was born in Herkimer county, N. Y., July 16, 1833; educated in common schools and reared on a farm; came to Galesburg with parents when 6 years old; was mar- ried Nov. 20, 1863, to Ann E. Hinsev; they have three children. Republican in politics. Clark, Dennis, County judge, was born Aug. 14, 1817. in Washington, Ind ; his parents were Walter and Mary (Young) Clark, the former of Virginia, and his mother a native of New Jersey; he was educated in common schools, and attended Cherry Grove Seminary in 1841-2; his early boyhood days were passed on a farm, and in the year 1837 commenced teaching school in winter and farmed in summer; followed this for several years; after he was married commenced the study of law at home; admitted to the bar in 1866; he was mar- ried April 10, 1845, to Martha Meadows, who has borne him ten children, five of whom are dead. Judge C. is one of the pioneers of Illinois: he came to the State in 1823 with his father, who moved to Wisconsin in 1828, where shortly after he was poisoned drinking mineral water, when the whole charge of the family fell upon Dennis; with an ox team he has made trips 50 miles to provide food for the family; in 1829 family moved to St. Louis, then to Sangamon county. 111., where he was bound out to a farmer; he got $5 ahead, left and came to Knox county in 1833, settling near Abingdon; he served as Captain of mili- tary company in 1836 and for several years afterwards; has been Township Clerk, Overseer Poor, and in Nov., 1865, was elected County Judge, and re-elected three times since; during the war he rras enrolling officer, and labored earnestly to relieve the families of soldiers who were in the field; he is possessed of good practical judgment, sympathetic, always ready to accommodate, benevolent, and is highly respected and honored; in politics he was formerly a Whig, but now a Re- publican; he resides at Abingdon. Clark, W. E., farmer; Postoffice Abingdon; Republican; was born in Haw Creek township, Knox county, Feb. 28, 1838; he is the son of Wm. M. and Lydia (Carmichael) Clark, the former of Kentucky, the latter North Carolina; was educated at select school Knoxville and Hedding Seminary, Abingdon; in 1861 enlisted in 8th Missouri Zouaves; dis- charged July 9, 1864; was married July 4, 1866; joined the M. E. Church in 1853, wife joined in 1860; served as Class Leader, and been an Exhorter. Clark, Luther, son of Abram and Anna (Wise) Clark, natives of New York, was born in Tioga county, N. Y., July 1,1829; was raised on farm and664 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. educated in common schools; came to Orange township in 1843, where he still resides; was married Feb. 3, 1859, to Sa- rah Yeager, who has borne six children, all living; politically a Democrat. Post- office, Knoxville. Clay, A. C., section 20, Galesburg township. Postoffice, Galesburg. Clay, H. H., farmer, was born in Windsor county, Vt, in 1888. His pa- rents wore John and Louisa M. Clay; they came to Knox county in 1840. He attended the common schools, and was one year at Lombard College. His early life was passed on the farm where he now lives, in which vocation he has been quite successful. He enlisted in the I02d Regiment Illinois Infantry in 1861 as a Lieutenant, was promoted to Captain, and afterwards to Major, for bravery. He commanded the regiment from Atlanta to Goldsboro, N. C., under Sherman dur- ing his famous “March to the Sea,” and was with the regiment in every battle. He is a Democrat. P. O., Galesburg. Clearwater, Abraham S., son of Jacob and Esther (Shealy) Clearwater, natives of New York, was born in Mont- gomery county, N. Y., May 3, 1818; reared on a farm, and educated in com- mon schools; came to Knox county in 1843; was married April 18, 1856, to Margaret J. McGreggon, who has borne him one boy and one girl. He joined the Baptist Church in 1837, and is con- nected with Ontario Church. Republi- can in politics. Clesson, Joseph, farmer, son of Joseph and Mehetabel Clesson, was born in Deerfield, Franklin county, Mass., in 1818, wbere he received a common school education. He came west and settled in Shelby county, 111., in 1837, where he remained until 1842, when he removed to Knox county, where he still resides. He has filled the offices of School Trustee and Road Commis- sioner. He was married in 1844; is now living with his third wife, Hepsia Carr; is a professor of religion, hut not con- nected with any church; is a Democrat. Postoffice, Yates City. Cleveland, Mrs., Superintendent County Alms-House, Knoxville. Cochran, Andrew, son of Simon and Margaret Cochran, natives of Vir- ginia, was born in Franklin county, 0., Aug. 27, 1809; was raised on a farm, and attended the subscription schools ;learned blacksmithing, and in 1867 went into the drug business; came to Illinois in 1837; was married to Nancy I. Cannon Aug. 22, 1833; has been School Director. As- sessor and Postmaster; joined the M. E. Church in 1825, held church offices; Re- publican; resides in Abingdon. Cochran, Josiali C., Abingdon. Cochrun, Asbury, Yardmaster, Galesburg stock yards, Galesburg. Codding, Albert S., son of Al- bert and Abigail Godding, of Canan- daigua, N. Y., was born in a log cabin on section 6, Victoria township, Knox county, May 1st, 1846. His education was acquired at a district school half a mile distant; is a farmer from choice; served five months as a private in the war of the rebellion. He was married to Eleanor Clesson Aug. 4, 1874. They have two children, both girls. He is a professor of religion, but is not con- nected with any church. His postoffice is Victoria. Codding, Mrs.A. B , sec. 6, Vic- oria township. Postoffice, Victoria. Coffman, William, farmer and stock dealer, was born in Chestnut town- ship, Knox county, Aug. 12, 1858. His parents were Samuel and Mary (Burn- side) Coffman; his father was a native of Clinton county, 0., and his mother a na- tive of Virginia. He was educated in the graded schools of Chicago and in Bryant & Stratton’s Business College. He lived with his parents in Chicago from the age of thirteen till he was eighteen, since which time he has resided in Knox county. His postoffice address is Maquon. Coleman, James, son of James & Sarah Coleman, of Pennsylvania, was horn in Mercer county, Pa., Dec. 27, 1830; was reared on a farm, and sent to common schools; was married Nov. 1, 1859, to Charlotte Kane; they have four children; is a strong Republican. Post- office, West Jersey, 111. Cole, C. A., sec. 7, Walnut Grove township. Postoffice, Altona. Cole, George W.,saddle and har- ness maker, Prairie street, Galesburg. Collier, Mrs. Helen M.,teacher, Galesburg. Collinson, Charles, farmer, son of Thomas and Hannah, natives of England, was born at Yorkshire, Eng., May 14, 1826. and spent his early life in the coal mines of Pennsylvania, where he went with his parents at the age of four years; came to Knox county in 1852; was married July 17, 1847; is the father of eleven children; united with M. E. Church in 1857, has acted as Steward and Sunday-school Superintendent; served three years in the war for the Union as Corporal; Dem- ocrat. P. O., Galva, 111. Collinson, Geo. M. Thomas, his father, was born in England, and his mother, Louisa, was a native of France; George was born in Pennsylvania April 12, 1846; spent his early days on a farm;HISTOKY OF KNOX COUNTY. 665 removed to Lynn, Mass., in 1851, and soon after came to Illinois; married Mary A. Murray May 22,1868, and lliey have three children, all girls; lias been a mem- ber of the Board of Education in the Col- linson Academy nine years; is a Derno- •crat in politics. Postoffice, Altona. Collinson, Henry G. His father, Simon L. Collinson. was a native of Eng- land, and his mother, Mary M. Collinson, born in Pennsylvania. Henry was born in Lynn township, Knox county, Jan. 4, 1840, where he has a fine farm. He has always been a farmer from choice; served in the war for the Union three years; married March 7, 1867, Miss Jan- nett McKie, who bore him two sons, neither of whom is living; united with the Presbyterian Church in 1870. Post- office, Altona, where he now resides. Collinson, Simeon L., is the son of Thomas and Mary (Kirby) Collin- son, natives of Yorkshire, England; Sim- eon was born July 7, 1806, in Yorkshire, England; spent liis youth and received his education in his native country; came to America and settled in Pennsylvania, where he spent five years in the coal mines; came to Illinois, where he en- gaged in farming, accumulating a large property, and is now the owner of 1,700 acres of beautiful farm land; has been twice married; Nov. 5, 1834, to Mary Craver, who bore him nine children, five boys and four girls; Nov. 21, 1874, to Mrs. Jane McClure, one son being the issue. Has held the office of School Trustee eight years; first Assessor after township organization two years; Road Commissioner, ten years; served seven years in Pa. Light Inf. under the State law; always lea a moral life, resolving when young never to gamble or lead others by his example into bad habits. Postoffice, Altona. Collinson, Thomas W., born in Pennsylvania July 2, 1835, is the son of Simeon Collinson, native of England, and Mary Collinson, born in Pennsyl- vania. He came with his parents to this county in 1838, when but three years of age, and is therefore one of the earliest settlers of Knox county. He chose the best of all occupations, that of farmer, in which he has been very successful; was married on Nov. 25, 1858, to Miss Sarah Brooks, from which union sprang eight children, seven boys and one girl, two of whom are dead; has served as School Director ten years. Postoffice, Altona. Colton, Chauncy S., retired merchant and capitalist, was born in Springfield, Luzerne co„ Pa., Sept. 21, 1800. Ilia parents were Justin and Abi- gail (Sill) Colton: and were both natives of New England. Soon after the birth of Chauncy they returned to Massachu- setts. He was educated in the common schools of that State. In 1820 they re- moved to Maine, where five years later he was married to Emily H. McLana- than. In 1836 he came west. In the spring of 1837 he was the first to break ground for building on the site of Gales- burg. He erected the first store in the infant village that summer, and filled it with the first stock of goods ever brought to this part of the county. For thirty years he carried on a general merchan- dising business. At the close of this long and successful career he retired from mercantile life. He has been al- ways actively identified with the educa- tional interests of the county; he has for many years been Trustee of Knox Col- lege, and is now its Financial Agent, and has by his wise counsels, ardent la- bors and generous donations been effici- ent in building up this institution. He was one of the chief originators of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, and has been one of its Directors ever since the company was organized until recently. Its present charter was ob- tained by him. Though Mr. Colton is verging upon four-score years he is re- markably well preserved and active, and has personal management of the affairs incident to his large estate. Colton, Hon. Francis, Presi- dent of the Farmers & Mechanics’ Bank, Galesburg, was born in Monson, Mass., May 22,1834. He is the son of Chauncy and Emily H. (McLanathan) Colton; his parents came to Galesburg in 1837; he grew up amid the native beauty and ex- pansive freedom of the broad prairies, and spent his early school days in the public schools of Galesburg, finishing up with a classical course in Knox College, where he graduated in 1855. On leaving school he engaged in the mercantile busi- ness wilh his father, in which he contin- ued until 1864, when he was elected Vice President of the First Naiional Bank of Galesburg. He filled this office for two years, and at the same time held the office of Internal Revenue Collector. In 1866 he was appointed U S. Consul to Venice, and held the position four years, return- ing to Galesburg in the fall of 1869. He assumed the duties ot a general officer of the Union Pacific Railroad in October of the same jrear, and had charge of the general passeng* r traffic. In 1670 he was appointed Foreign Agent of ihe U. P. and C. P. Railways; and sent to Japan, China and India to arrange for the tea and silk trade of the Orient. He also at the same time made a circuit of the globe, and established several thousand agencies in Europe and Asia, for a.gen-666 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. eral passenger and freight business be- tween Europe and Asia via the United States. To him is also due the honor of introducing “round the world” tickets. In 1871 he was elected to tue presidency of the Farmers & Mechanics’ Bank, which position he now fills. He again went to Europe in a semi-official capaci- ty; he was chosen Centennial Commis- sioner for the State of Illinois in 1876. During his residence in Europe he achieved some journalistic honors as Vi- enna correspondent for the Tribune and other New York journals, which he maintained during and subsequent to the Austrian-Prussian war. Colton, Cad Dudley, manufac- turer, was born Jan. 10, 1816, at Monson, Mass., which was also the native place of his parents, Justin and Abigail (Sill) Col- ton. He was educated in common schools; learned the building and cabi- net trade; came to Galesburg in 1837, where he built the first store building. In 1854 built first shop run by steam in Galesburg; in 1856 erected a planing mill; was burned out Nov. 17, 1864. In 1865 G. D. Colton & Co. added a foun- dry and machine shop and denominated it Novelty Machine Works. He is a mem- ber of the Congregational Church, hav- ing joined in 1839. He has been four times married, and is the father of ten children, of whom only four are living. Residence, Galesburg. Colville & Bro., editors and pub- lishers of Galesburg Review, Galesburg. Comstock, Milton Lemmon, was born in Hamilton co., O., Oct. 19, 1824. His father, Rev. Jacob Comstock, was a native of the same county; his mother, Jane (Lemmon) Comstock, was a native of Hartford co , Md.; was reared on the farm from his early boyhood, spending the winters in the district school until 18.9, when the family re- moved to Des Moines co., Ia. There the subject of this sketch lived until Septem- ber, 1844, with little schooling. He then spent a year in Knox Academy, Gales- burg; after which he spent two winters in teaching in Des Moines co., Ia. He entered Knox College in September, 1847, and received the^degree of A. B. in June, 1851. He chose the profession of teaching; he was Principal of Knox Academy three years, then for three years he engaged in horticultural pur- suits, being also editor of the Iowa Farmer. A year was then spent as pro- fessor in Yellow Springs College, Des Moines co. In September, 1858, he re- turned to Knox College as assistant pro- fessor of mathematics, and in 1861 be- came Professor of this department, a po- sition he now holds. July 30, 1851, he married Cornelia Ann Churchill; six children have been the fruit of their mar- riage, of whom four are living; is a member of the “First Church of Christ ” Galesburg, since 1851; has been Elder and Clerk. Coners, James. Conklin, Jokn R.,butcher, Gales- burg, is the son of John and Maria (Richey) Conklin, both from Ohio. He was born in Muskingum co., O., Dec. 13, 1838; raised on farm, educated in com- mon schools, and has followed stock-rais- ing and the meat business; enlisted April, 1861, in Co. E., 20th 111. Inf., served three years, pro. Sergeant, then Major, and then was a member of Gen. Leggett’s staff; was married March 29,1866, to Al- bina M. Pharis; is the parent of four sons, two living; of the Universalist be- lief. Republican. Cook, E. C., Victoria township. P. 0., Victoria. Cook, Giles, Jr., was born in Lebanon, N. H. His father, Giles Cook, was a native of Lebanon, and his mother, Parthena (Allen) Cook, was a native of Connecticut. He cam'e west and settled in Victoria, Knox co., at which place he has been Postmaster for six years. He was married to Miss Abial Johnson Jan. 2, 1821, who has borne to him eight chil- dren, five of whom are sons. He em- braced the Mormon faith in 1832, and has since been a believer in that doctrine. Republican. Address, Victoria. Cook, James, born in Roxbury- shire, Scotland, Oct. 22,1816; son of Rob- ert and Jeannette Cook, natives of Scot- land. He is a farmer by profession; re- moved to Ohio in 1836, from that State to Knox co, 111 , in 1842; was married March 3, 1853, to Agnes Stine of Edin- burg, Scotland, They are the parents of six children, one son and five daughters. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church; Republican. P. O., Victoria. Cook, J. P., merchant, Galesburg, of the firm of Cook & Beach, dealers in paints, oils, wall paper, etc. Cooke, M. D., magistrate, was bom in Cornwall, Addison co., Vt., June 4, 1819. He availed himself of the superior educational advantages afforded in his native State, finishing up with a com- plete course at Middlebury College, Vt., in 1812. After leaving college he spent several years in teaching. lie came to Illinois in 1852 and located in Render son, where he engaged in teaching tor three years. In 1856 he removed to Galesburg; and in the spring of 1857, at the first election of officers under the city charter, was elected Police Magis- trate, which office he still holds. In 1862 he was licensed by the Supreme CourtHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 667 to practice law, but owing to the duties of his official position he lias not at- tempted to engage in his profession. Forest F. Cooke, now practicing law in Galesburg, is his son. Cooley, Orin P.,son of Samuel H. and Mary M. Cooley of Ohio, was born in Suffield, O., Sept. 30,1843. He was educated in common schools and read law. Has been Town and City Clerk and Tax Collector; enlisted in 42d 111. Inf., Co. C., Aug. 10,1861; discharged July 20, 1865; was captured by rebels at Decatur, Ala., and taken to Castle Morgan, Cata- ba, Ala.; kept five months; was appointed Judge Advocate 2d Brigade I. N. G. July 25, 1877. Belongs to Episcopal Church. Democrat. P. O., Oneida. Coombs, Andrew Jackson, son of James and Henrietfh Coombs, natives of Oneida co., N. Y.; was born March 25, 1855, in Faberg, Oneida co., N. Y.; received a common-school educa- tion ; spent his boyhood days on a farm; worked four years in the cotton factories of his native State; came west in J870, and to Knox county in 1872; remained here since, engaged in farming and cheesemaking, in which he has been very successful, and now in good circum- stances. Republican. P. O., Oneida. Cooper, E. S., M. D. The ances- tors of Jacob Cooper, the doctor’s father, were Welch, and emigrated to the United States under Wm. Penn in 1635. His mother’s ancestors were of Scotch-Irish origin. Dr. C. was boru Jan. 1, 1820, in Butler co., O., near Oxford, the seat of Miami University, where he received his education. He, however, obtained his academic degrees from the college of South Hanover, Ind., and several other colleges have also conferred on him the degree of A. M. He spent a portion of his early life working on a farm, and on every occasion engaged in the study of mathematics. He has taken great inter- est in botany, and the sciences of mathe- matics and astronomy. He calculated all the eclipses of this century at the age of 17; is familiar with the name and properties of almost every plant in North America. He was com. Surgeon of the 83d 111. Inf. Dec. 1,1862; in August, 1863, detailed to take charge of the United States General Hospital, Clarksville, Tenu., where he remained until dis- charged from service July 3, 1865. He was ulso Medical Director of the District of Middle Tennessee. He came to Hen- derson, this county, in 1843, and has continued to reside there. About that time married Mary E. Martin, and they have four sons and two daughters. He especially qualified himself for his chosen profession by four years’ study under eminent medical men at the Cin- cinnati Medical College; three of his sons are physicians. Dr- C. is deeply read in the holy scripture in the old tongues as well as in tneology as taught by St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, St.. Liguori and other standard theolo- gians. He is a scholar of great attain- ments. Republican. Copley, Joseph H.,son of Joseph and Mary Copley of Connecticut, was born at Harpersfield, Delawareco., N. Y., Jan. 9,1814; educated in common schools of New York; raised on a farm, but learned the tanner’s trade, which proved unsuccessful, when he changed to farm- ing, which he follows at present. Has represented Victoria tp. in Board of Sup- ervisors four years; and has held all the minor town offices; School Director for seventeen years; Captain of militia; came to this county in 1856; married to Ruth Ann Hinman March 6, 1848; they have five children living, three girls and twof boys; one son dead. He is a member o the M. E.* Church, joined 1852; Class" leader. Republican. P. O , Altona. Corbin, Emery J., farmer, is the son of Henry and Olive (Harris) Corbin, both natives of South Carolina. They came to Knox county in 1840, and on ar- riving had twenty-five cents in money. Emery was born in Truro township, Knox co.. Ill, March 10, 1847, and re- ceived his education in the common schools of that township. Having been brought up on a farm he chose the voca- tion of his father. He married Sept. 10, 1872, and now resides on a 160-acre farm of his own in Truro. He has served as Assessor and Commissioner of Highways in the township. Republican. P. 0., Eugene. Corey, David. Dec. 24, 1824, in Cheshire county, N. H., there was born to David and Betsey Corey their fourth son, David. He grew up under the pa- rental roof, work ing on the farm in sum- mer, receiving only a common-school education with an occasional term in the town academy. At the age of seventeen he was employed as teacher. Dec. 29, 1850, he married Charlotte English of Marcus Hook, Pa, and soon after pur- chased a farm in Kent co., Md. He trav- ersed the country from Red Wing, Minn., to Cario, 111., in September, 1855. March, 1856, he came to Salem township, Knox co. February, 1848, he formed a busi- ness partnership with his brother J. M. There have been born to David and Charlotte Corey two eons. P. O., Yates City. Cotbren, James W., height agent C., B.& Q. Railroad, Galesburg. Cover, J. Calvin, son of Jacob668 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. and Mary (Jones) Cover, natives of Mary- land ; was born in Adams co., Pa., March 29, 1829, where he remained until his re- moval to Knox county in 1856, since which time he has been an activ e enter- prising citizen of the county. In youth he learned the trade of a tanner, which business he followed for some years. He is at present engaged in the book busi- ness in Knoxville, also Postmaster of the city. Republican. He served the county as Sheriff during the trying days of the rebellion, being elected in 1862. He also has held the office of Mayor of Knoxville for two terms. Mr. Cover was united iu marriage to Miss Mary L. Cooper on the 16th of November, 1852. They have four children. He is genial, generous and en- terprising, possessing rare business capa- bilities and fine personal appearance, thus making him well calculated for public life. Cox, G. W. P. O , Yates City. Cox, JL. J., sec. 16, Ontario tp. P. O. , Oneida. Craig, Alfred M., Judge of the Supreme Court of Illinois, residence, Galesburg. Crane; Edward, sec. 32, Ontario tp. P. O., Ontario. Crane, J. W., sec. 33, Ontario tp. P. O., Oneida. Cranston, Charles E., was born in Champaign co., 0.. April 19, 1833. His parents were Christopher and Sara (Parks) Cranston; the former born in Ohio, and the latter in Connecticut. Mr. Cranston, Sr., was a well-to-do farm- er, and his son chose the same voca- tion. His education was limited to the common schools of Ohio. He came from Ohio to Knox county in 1863, where he has since lived. He married Keturah T. Park March 15, 1860. He has at various times held the offices of Postmaster, Jus- tice of the Peace, and Revenue Collector. Republican. Pecuniarily well fixed. P. O., Knoxville. Crocker, E. O., residence, Copley township. Crossett, Samuel, is the son of Liberty and Lydia Crossett, both of Massachusetts. He was born in Geneseo, Henry co., 111., Jan. 7, 1857. He was brought up on a farm; attended the com- mon school in the neighborhood, and spent some time 'at the High School at Abingdon, III. He learned the telegraph- ing business with B. F. Davis at Abing- don, in the years 1875-6, and is now op- erating in the employ of the C., B. & Q. Railway. He came from Henry to Knox co. in 1865. Republican. P.O., Abingdon. Cross, Ld. N., farmer, was born April 19, 1858, in Ohio; passed his early life in the rolling mills of Ohio and on the farm. His parents, H. E. and Sarah J. Cross, were both natives of the Old Keystone State. Republican. Lives on a farm near Gilson, his postoffice address. Cummings, William J., is the son of William and Mary Cummings. He was born iu Brinfield, Mass., March 27, 1842. His education was limited to the common schools of that State. His early life was spent chiefly in the New England cotton mills, lie has spent much of his life in traveling, since which time he has been in business in Maquon. Cummings, William. P. O., Maquon. Cunningham, N., farmer. P. O., Yates City; was born Jan. 7, 1834, in Pennsylvania; his parents were Joseph and Sarah Cunningham of that State; at- tended corfimon schools of his native State; came to Illinois in 1865; is Assess- or for 1878-9; served in the Pennsylvania militia; married Miss Elizabeth Buchan- an ; they have had seven children, five now living; is a Presbyterian. Mr. Cunningham has been a successful farm- er. Republican. Davidson, George W., eon of Robert and Julia A. (Lasher) Davidson ; born at Springfield, III., Dec. 28, 1846. Educated in the common schools; chose agricultural pursuit. Democrats in poli- tics; served as Postmaster and School Director. Removed to Henderson, thence to Galesburg and back to Henderson. Married Sarah J. Bair Oct. 8,1870; joined the United Brethren Church; wascho;en Class-leader and Stewart. Is now owner of a good farm in Henderson township. Postoffice, Henderson. Davis, Mrs. D. W., was born in Mt. Vernon, Knox county, Ohio, April 5, 1840. Her parents, Garrett and Har- riet White, were natives of the same State, the former born in Greenfield, the latter in Mt. Vernon. Mr. D. W- Davis, her husband, was a native of Farming- ton, Me., and was born June 21,1828, and was a mason by trade. He commenced his trade in Knoxville in 1848; was mas- ter builder of the Town Hall and High School of Wataga, and the Alms-House at Knoxville. Died Nov. 21, 1873. They were married Nov. 27, 18H7. They had but one child, a son. Mrs. Davis has been a member of the M. E. Church since I860. Postoffice addiess, Wataga. Davis, E. F., dentist, Galesburg. Davis, George, Treasurer of Knox College, Galesburg; was born in Ireland in 1814. That country is also the native place of his parents, Robert and Mary A. (Earls) Davis, lie received a sound English education, as far as it went, in Ireland. Has been City Treasurer, Township Treasurer, County Treasurer.HISTOKY OF KNOX COUNTY. 669 and Assistant United States Assessor. He was married in 1843 to Sarah Books; they have one daughter; he is a member of First Congregational Church, and in politics Republican. Davis, George R., son of Solo- mon and Lucinda Davis, natives of Ken- tucky ; was born in Henderson township’ in 1845. His early life was passed on the farm. Received a common school education. In politics he is a liberal Democrat. From choice he has always followed farming and been very success- ful. At present is Road Commissioner. Postoffice, Galesburg. Davis, Jefferson T., farmer, son of Solomon and Lucinda Davis, was born in Kentucky, Aug. 26,1826. His parents came to Knox county and settled on sec- tion 32,Henderson township,in June, 1829, where Jefferson still lives. His education was limited to the common schools. He has held the office of Collector two years, lhat of Constable fifteen years, and School Director twenty years. He is Demo- cratic in politics. Postoffice, Galesburg. Davis, John A. W., dentist, Galesburg. Davis, Mary E. Her father, Rob- ert H. Davis, was born in Livingston co., Ky., and her mother, Elizabeth Davis, was born in Athens county, Ohio. Mary E. Davis is a native of Knox county, 111., born Feb. 14. 1858. Her parents, being in good circumstances, gave her a lib- eral education in the high schools of her native county. She also has a fine mu- sical education, having qualified herself for a teacher of music. Miss Davis in- herited a strong love for individual lib- erty, and advocates the right of her sex to elective franchise. Postoffice, Maquon. Davis, Samuel, farmer, son of James ana Martha (Edwards) Davis, natives of England; was born in Eng- land April 10, 1826. His early life was passed on the farm; received his educa- tion from the night and day schools of England, and Knox College, Galesburg. He learned the mason’s trade, but changed afterward to farming, in which he has been very successful and well prospered. Removed from England to Canada in 1816, thence to Cook county, 111., in 1847, and to Knox county in 1848. Dec. 26, 1858, was married to Lucy Jane Bond. They have been the parents of eight children, of whom seven are now living. In 1866 he was baptized by Rev. David Thompson, and united with the Christian church, of which he is Deacon and Trustee. He is Republican in poli- tics. Postofflce, Hermon. Davit*, William, attorney; post- office, Galesburg; born in England Sept. 24, 1824; parents were James and Martha Davis, natives of England. He removed to Canada in 1847; learned his profession partly in England and partly in Canada; married in 1861 to Anna M. Hewson, of Canada. They are the parents of four children, of whom one is dead. He moved from Canada to Galesburg in 1862; is a Republican; was baptized in England, and upon a confession of faith united with the First Church of Christ (Congregational) in 1863; has been very successful as a lawyer. Bawdy, Jefferson M., farmer, son of James and Margaret (Morse) Dawdy, natives of North Carolina; was born in Kentucky Jan. 24, 1812; received a common-school education; moved to Knox county in 1847; married Elizabeth Amos May 24, 1833. They are the parents of eight children. In 1848 he united with the Christian Church of Ab- ingdon ; was Township Collector for sev- eral years; Democrat. P. 0., AbingdoD. Dayton, Benjamin, son of Byron C. ana Lydia (Copley) Dayton, of Delaware county, N. Y.; was born March 13, 1834, in Harpersfield, N. Y.; re- ceived a common-school education; came to Knox county, 111., in 1854, walking from Peoria; has devoted most of his time to farming; has held the office ot School Director, Trustee, Commissioner Highways and Assessor. Politically al- ways Republican. Postoffice, Altona. Dean, Joseph II., farmer. Sam- uel L. Dean, his father, was a native of Nashville, Tenn.. and his mother, Julia Ann (Hahn) Dean, was born at Craw- fordsville, Ind. Joseph Dean was born July 21, 1836, on section 27, Rio town- ship, Knox county, 111.; was twice mar- ried, Sept. 2,1858, to Melvina J. Coleman. They had three sons and two daughters, and Feb. 3, 1870, married Abbie Dalton, who bore him one son. Abbie Dalton is a native of Rio; went to Kansas in 1856: returned in 1870. Mr. Dean is now en- gaged in the butchering business in Rio, his present address. Conservative in politics. Dechant, Peter, son of John P. and Louisa Dechart, was born in Mont- gomery co., Ohio, Nov. 17, 1815; reared on farm and educated in common schools; learned brick-mason trade, also farming; has been School Director, and is Road Commissioner at present; came to Knox county in 1864; was married Oct. 12,1843, to Nancy J. Hall, who has borne him twelve children, eleven living. Repub- lican. P. O , Abingdon. DeGrooit, Edward H., conduc- tor C , B. & Q. R. R, Galesburg. DeGrummond, J. J., son of Wm. J. and Julia Ann DeGrummond; was born in Reading, Pa., Jan. 4,1838.670 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. He was educated in the common schools; his early life was passed as a painter and cabin boy on steamboat on Lake Erie; learned the trades of painter and miller, and was a clerk in a store, but changed his business to that of grocery and dry- goods merchant, and has been very suc- cessful. Was married Aug. 21, 1858, to Mary Ann Corbin; they are the parents of one adopted son; he has traveled through Pennsylvania and Canada, and finally removed to Knox county; was in ser- vice during the Kansas troubles in 1856; served in Co. C, 47th Reg. 111. Yol. in 1he rebellion; was taken prisoner in Missis- sippi and confined four months in prison at Macon, Ga. He is a member of the Congregational Church. Republican. P. O., Knoxville. Delano, Isaac, son of Barnabas and Ruth (Ladd) Delano, of Connecticut; was born in Williamstown, Vt., Feb. 12, 1802; raised on a farm and attended common schools; engaged in mercantile trade; kept temperance store in native town; came west to Bureau co., 111., in 1838, and to Galesburg in 1848, where he engaged in mercantile trade till 1856; was City Treasurer of Galesburg six years. Married Alice Smith Oct. 1825, who bore him five children, two living, son in Washington, D. C., since 1862; member Congregational Church. Re- publican. Residence, Prairie st., Gales- burg. DeLong, J. Frank, engineer, Galesburg. Dennis, Albert. Nathaniel Den- nis, the father of Albert, was a Pennsyl- vania farmer, and was a native of that State, and his mother, Margaret Dennis, was born in Indiana. Albert Dennis first saw the light in Knox co., 111., May 7, 1857, where his parents had settled, preferring the broad prairies of Illinois to the stony hills of Pennsylvania. Al- bert has chosen agricultural pursuits, and now lives on a farm near Maquon, his P. O. address. Dennis, Rev. L. B., Ilermon. Dickerson, .James, son of a farmer,was born in Knox county, J an. 21, 1848. Being raised on a farm, he con- tinued in agricultural pursuits from choice. His father, William W., was a native of White co., 111., and his mother, Sarah E., was born in Indiana. James was educated in the schools of his native county; married March 28, 1876. Dem- ocrat. P. O., Gilson. Dickerson, Wm. W., son of Louis Dickerson, of Georgia, and Eliza- beth (Beck) Dickerson, native of South Carolina. He was born in White co., 111., Aug. 3, 1820; married March 10, 1842, to Miss Sarah Iloust, the union being blessed with eleven children, and just twenty years from date of marriage Mrs. Dickerson died; he was married again, Nov., 1865, to Elizabeth Highfield; they have two children. He has been School Director twenty years, Road Com- missioner three years, and Overseer of Roads many times; is a farmer. Demo- crat. P. O., Gilson. Dickinson, John T., A. M., Professor in Hedding College ;was born in Cincinnatus, N. Y., July 7, 1832. He is the son of Abel and Mary M. Dickinson. His early life was spent in district school, on the farm or in shoe shop. In 1847 entered Oneida Seminary, Cazenovia, N. Y.; graduated from Wesleyan Uni- versity, Middletown, Ct., in 1853, after which he taught select school. Since 1855 has been professor in different in stitutions of learning; has been identified with schools of Knox co. 13 years; now fills chair of Mathematics in Hedding College. Diefendorf, J. W., P. O., Doug- las. Dilley, Levant, machinist, Gales- burg. Doak, John, son of Wm. and Helen Doak, natives of Scotland; was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, May 22, 1822. He has always followed farming; in 1848 removed to Copley township, Knox co.; Oct. 10, 1855, married Jane Morrison. They are the parents of eight children ; he is a member of the Presby- terian Church ; Republican. P.O.,Oneida. Dodd, Horace F., son of John W. and Sarah Dodd, the former of New York, his mother native of Vermont; was born in Waterford, Pa., Sept. 20, 1837; educated in schools of Oshkosh and Whitewater, Wis. He is train-mas- ter C., B. & Q. R. R. at Galesburg; was married to Mary A. Duncan Jan. 31, 1860, who bore him one son, Frank S.; he was again married to Rosie Naper Feb. 20, 1878. Resides in Galesburg. Doiiason, Alexandra, son of Alexandra and Kirdelia (Weaden) Don- ason; was born in Belmont co, Ohio, Oct. 10, 1834; received a common-school education, also attended at Lombard, Galesburg; has always followed farm- ing. March 11, 1855, married Ann M. Barbero, and they are the parents of seven children. Greenbacker. P. O., Maquon. Has been Road Commissioner, Supervisor, and is Road Commissioner at present time. Dore, Alfred F., grocer, Gales- burg; is the son of Franklin and Harriet Dore. and was born in Canada near Mon- treal ; educated at Mt. Morris and Evans- ton, 111.; engaged as a traveling sale-man for a wholesale drug house, Chicago, atHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 671 the age of 19 and traveled seven years; commenced the grocery business in Galesburg in 1876; has an extensive trade; was married Jan. 4,1871, to Addie Sargent. They have two children. Dorman, Jacob, farmer, son of Henry and Sarah (Hendricks) Dorman, the former a native of Maryland, and the latter of North Carolina; born in Scott co., Ind., March 19, 1824; educated in the common schools; moved to Fulton co., 111., in 1839; thence to Knox co. in 1864; married Mary Ogden Dec. 9,1851. They are the parents of nine children. Democrat. P.O., St. Augustine; owns ICO acres of land; was School Director for six years in Knox county. Dossett, James, son of James and Thorny (Williams) Dossett, both natives of Virginia, and in moderate cir- cumstances; was born in Virginia Oct. 27, 1827; was educated in the common schools. He learned the trade of a tailor in which business his early life was passed, but afterwards became a farmer so that his trade and profession have been that of farmer and tailor; removed from Virginia to Illinois; thence to California and Oregon, and from those States to Knox co., 111. Aug. 7, 1851, was mar- ried to Cynthia A. Butts. They have been the parents of eleven children, of whom eight are now liviDg. In 1863^4 he held the office of Supervisor and Col- lectoi of Perfiser township. Republican. P. O., Knoxville. Douglass, Leander, attorney, Galesburg. Downs, William M., sec. 3, Victoria township. P. O., LaFayette. Dowson, Noah Clark, farmer, was born in Ohio Jan. 2, 1828. His early life was passed in the mill and on the farm; in youth was always noted as being generous-hearted; educated in the common schools; April 18,1850, married Minerva Wyman; in J 849 was baptized by Rev. Wm. Haney and united with the Church of United Brethren ; removed to Knox co. in 1853; was elected to the of- fices of Assessor, Town C.eik and Com- missioner in 1872-7-8; was Class-leader of the church in 1872. Farming has been very satisfactory to him and he is now in quite prosperous circumstances. Republican. P. O., Knoxville. Draweker, Mary A., Salem township. P. O., Yates City. Driggp, Wm. 31., merchant; born May 26, 1837, at Rome, N. Y.,and is the son of William and Millicent Driggs, both natives of Rome, N. Y. He en- listed as private in Co. B, 133th Ul.\Vols.; was married to Miss Lucia F. Higgins, of Mecklinburg, N. Y., Sept. 15,1869; united with the Congregational Church in 1855. Republican P. O., Wataga, Knox co., 111. Driecol, Guy Carlton, son of Rev. Luther Driscol (who was born May 14, 1791, in Connecticut, and died April 5, 1858, and was one of the pioneer preachers of this county) and Mary (Neal) Driscol, who was born Dec. 28, 1809, in Pennsylvania, and died July 30, 1876. Guy C. was born in Victoria, Knox co., July 23, 1854; reared on farm; was married Oct. 24, 1877, to Mary C. Haynes. They have one boy. Repub- lican. P. O., LaFayeite, 111. Duflield, C. W., farmer, son of David and Martha (Cattle) Duflield, of Virginia; was born in Nickles co., Va., Oct. 24,1816; came to Henry co., 111., in 1837, and from there to Knox co.; reared on a farm, attended common schools and learned fhe trade of boat-building; has served as School Director and Trustee of Hedding College; married Sabina Walk- up May 26, 1840, who bore him eleven children, only six liviDg now; member of the M. E. Church; Class-leader and Steward. Republican. P. O., Abingdon. Dunlap, G. W. & Bro., thor- oughbred stock-raisers, sec. 19, Cedar township. P. O., Abingdon. Dunn, Joseph H., grocer; is the son of Augustus and Mrs. Wyckofl' Dunn, the former of Georgia, and the latter a native of New Jersey. He was born in Peoria co., 111., on Dec. 3,1845; spent his early life in town, and attended the com- mon schools. He worked a year and a half at the printing business, commenc- ing at the age of 13 years, in the town of Cambridge, 111. He came to Galesburg and embarked in the mercantile business when 18 years old, in which he is still engaged; he married Anna A. Soule March 22, 1870, by whom he has one son and two daughters. Republican. Pecu- niarily, comfortable. Dunn, Rev. Frederick J., son of David and Philenda (Cady) Dunn, na- tives of New York, born in Oneida co., N. Y., May 22, 1819; educated in com- mon schools, academy and seminary of Whitestown, N. Y.; followed farming, but became a minister of the gospel in 1838, united with the M. E. Church, but in 1858 joined the United Brethren Church; joined the Conference in 1861, and was ordained in 1854; M arch 4. 1864, married Susan P. Wetmore. They are the parents of 4 children. He moved to Knox co. in June. 1853. Republican. P. O., Ontario. Dunbar, Geo. W., Jr., son of G. W. and Milly (Colins) Dunbar, was born in Stark co., 111., March 8,1846; reared on a farm; wras in Co. E, 83d 111. Inf.; married Eva McElhany, Feb. 23,672 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 1863. They have 3 girls. Member of the United Brethren Church; Class-leader. Republican. P. O., Henderson. Duval, Thomas C., farmer; was born in Culpepper, Va., Feb. 28, 1802; son of James and Judith (Jennings) Duval, who were in very poor circum- stances. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812; moved to Bath co., Ky., in 1809; to Warren co., III., in 1835, and to Knox co., 111., in 1837; married April 2, 1822, to Nancy Shumale. They are parents of 10 children; he united with the Christian Church about 1830. Re- publican. Commenced with nothing, but has been very successful in business. P. O., Wataga. Dyer, Marion, farmer; son of Joseph and Margaret (McClintock) Dyer, natives of Ohio, born in Fulton co., 111., Aug. 32, 1836. His early life passed on the farm; received a common school ed- ucation. Dec. 25,1855, married Hannah Hall. They are the parents of 5 chil- dren, of whom 4 are living. He was a soldier in the 47th 111. Inf., and was in several battles and skirmishes. March 1, 1864, moved to Knox co. Was School Trustee for 8 years, and now holds the offices of Justice of the Peace and School Director. P. O., London Mills, Fulton county. Edwards, George, residence sec- tion 28, Ontario tp. P. O , Oneida. s Edwards, John, was born in In- diana Territory, Dec. 1, 1814; he is the son of Isaac and Rachael Edwards; he had fifteen months’ schooling, mostly in a log school-house, with oiled paper win- dows; he started in business with 75 cents capital; has spent most of his life on a farm; in 3 841 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature; was once a Whig, now a Republican. Postoffice, Galesburg. Edwards, Geo. E., born at Som- crton, Eng., March 3, 1813; his parents were George and Elizabeth Edwards, of England, who were in good circum- stances; he was educated in common and select schools of England and district schools in Illinois; has always followed farming; resides in Ontario township; postoffice, Oneida; married Mary J. No- ble Nov. 6, 1867; they have one child, a girl. Republican in politics. Edwards, Samuel, son of Geo. and Elizabeth Edwards, of England, was born in England June 26, 1847; educated in common schools of Eng- land and Illinois; came from England to Ontario, where he resides on a farm, which occupation he has always fol- lowed; married Dec. 9, 18'>8, to Amy Roe; they have five children, three bo}rs and2girls. Republican in politics. Post- office. Oneida. Eiker, David M., miller, Knox- ville, son of John and Charlotte (Myers) Eiker, was born in Hagerstown, Md., Feb. 11, 1826; reared on farm; educated in common schools; learned milling trade young; has been Alderman of Knoxville sixteen ycrirs, and Supervisor five years; came to Knox county in 1854; married Oct. 1, 1850, to Helen Jacobs; they have five children. Member of the Presbyterian Church. Republican. Eiker, Mrs. E., Postoffice, Knox- ville. Eiker, John€., farmer, was born in Adams co., Pa., Jan. 24, 1833; he is the son of John and Charlotte (Myers) Eiker, both of Maryland; they removed from Pennsylvania to Knox co., 111., in 1852; his education was obtained in tlio common schools; he was married March 4, 1858, to Sarah A. Armstrong, who has borne him six children; Mr. Eiker has held the offices of Supervisor, Assessor and School Director in Orange township; Republican; and has been a member of the Presbyterian Church for fifteen years. . P. O., Knoxville. Ellis, Mrs. EauraM., Postofficc, Oneida. Ellett, Edwin T., son of Benja- min and Mary (Anderson) Ellett, natives of Virginia, was born in Virginia June 30,1810; he received a good English and Latin education, and liis early life was passed in teaching school; he chose the ’ business of merchandising, but changed to farming; moved from Virginia to Illi- nois in 1836; July 14, 1837, married Francis W. Snead; they are the parents of eight children, of whom but three are living; united with the Baptist Church in 1829, and afterward joined the Chris- tian Church; held the office of Postmas- ter sixteen years; was Justice of Peace thirty-six years, County Treasurer four years, and Town Treasurer twenty-four years; is a Democrat; at one time was Elder in the Christian Church. Post- office, Henderson. England, Andrew, farmer, son of Peter and Catherine Englund, was born in Sweden, Sept. 5, 1848; came to this county in 1853; educated in High School. Galva; has served as Collector of Victoria township; married Ann Hed Jan. 31, 1871; they havel boy and 4 girls. Republican. P. O., Victoria. Ennis, J«'’n, son of John and Elizabeth (Kelley) Ennis, natives of New York, was born in New York, June 24, 1806; he was educated in the common schools and Whitesborough Seminary, N. Y.; his early life passed in lumber- ing, farming and teaching school; he studied engineering, surveying, and has followed farming: was married in 1828 to Sally Loomis ; they are the parents olHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 673 11 children, of whom 8 are living; re- moved to Knox co.; was School Com- missioner, Commissioner and Inspector of Highways in New York, and School Director and lload Commissioner in Illi- nois; lie united with the Methodist Church inl860; Republican. P.O., Yales City. Emmeng, Henry, farmer, was born in Ashland co., O., Oct. 15,1816; his parents, Benjamin and Anna (Adams) Emmens, were both natives of Jefferson co., O.; he was reared on a farm, and educated in district schools; he came from Ohio to Knox co. in 1837; removed from Knox to Fulton co., 111., and in 1862 came back to Knox co.; Republican; comfortably circumstanced pecuniarily. P. O., Elmwood, Peoria co , 111. Emry, John G., farmer, born Sept. 24, 1839, at West Jersey, Stark co., 111.; his parents, Frederick and Hannah (Gaff- ney) Emry, were natives of Pennsylva- nia, and came west at an early day: was sent to the common schools of Stark co.; removed to Henry co. in 1860 and to Knox co. in 1866; was married to Ruth A. Friend Dec. 24, 1872, 6 sons being the issue of the union, 5 of whom are now living; Republican; has held the office of Road Commissioner and been School Director for many years. P.O., Galva, 111. Epperson, Pedro W., whose parents, Charles aud Sarah Epperson, were Virginia farmers, was born in Al- bemarle co., Va., April 13, 1800; when 3 years old his parents removed with him to Hawkins co., Tenn., where he spent his school-boy days; went to Kentucky in 1812, where he married Dec. 4,1824, Miss Elizabeth H. Dalton, which union was blessed with 11 children, 7 sons and 4 daughters; 4 years later, 1828, removed to Indiana, and in 1836 to Knoxville in this county; in 1823, at Richmond, Ky., he joined the Drownding Creek Baptist Church, in which church his father served as Deacon 10 successive years; owns a fine farm in Rio township, where he now lives. P. O., Rio. Epperson, Thomas P., horn in Rio township, Knox co.. Ill, in 1842; married Oct. 16,1862, to Miss Sophronia Abbott Oris; engaged in farming from choice, and has always continued in agri- cultural pursuits, in which he has been very successful; served in the I02d 111. Vol. Inf. during the late war; has acted as School Director in Rio township; Dem- ocrat. P. O., Rio. Epperson William I>., farmer, was born in Madison co., Ky., Nov. 17, 1827; his parents were P. W. and Eliza- beth (Dalton) Epperson, both of Virginia; the family moved from Kentucky to In- diana in 1828, thence to Knox co., 111., in 1836. The subject of this sketch re- moved to Iowa in 1868, and came back to Knox co in 1877; his education was limited to the common schools of Knox co.; he now resides on his farm in Rio township, and devotes himself to farming and dealing in coal; he married Mary J. Westfall Sept. 27,1848, which marriage has resulted in a family of 7 sons and 5 daughters; has been a member of the M. E. Church since 1847; Republican. P. O, Rio, 111. Erickson, Oloi*, born in Sweden, Jan. 12, 1837; parents, Erick and Martha (Olson) Erickson, were natives of North- ern Sweden; received a common and high-school education in Sweden; came to Knox county in 1855; married Marga- ret Ann Emberg Sept. 19, 1867; has 5 children, 3 boys and 2 girls; follows farm- ing; united with the Lutheran Church in Sweden; now attends the Methodist Church at Victoria; was in a railroad ac- cident near Mendota in 1865, while re- turning from a trip to Sweden, in which 6 emigrants were killed. P. O., Altona. Evans, Charles B., farmer, was born in Knoxville, Knox co., 111., Feb. 22, 1846; his parents, Charles and Ann Evans are natives of New York; his ed- ucation was obtained in the public schools of Knoxville. For three years he resided three miles west of Galesburg, since that time in Henderson township; he was em- ployed by the Government in the Quar- termaster’s department at St. Louis dur- ing the rebellion; in March, 1867, mar- ried to Sarah B. Frans; the result of the union is 2 sons and 1 daughter. Demo- crat. P. O., Galesburg. Ewing, James P., millwright, son of James and Gennette (Scott) Ew- ing, wa9 born in Lancaster co., Pa.; his parents came to Tazewell co., 111., in .1834; moved to Franklin co. in 1837; ' when the California fever ran high in 1850, Mr. Ewing went there to seek his fortune; he remained there 6 years, en- gaged chiefly in building mills; was Su- perintendent of Sacramento water works for two years; he came home and re- mained in Galesburg for one year, then returned to the “Golden State,” where he died in 1868; he married Adeline Clen- dennin in February, 1836, and has 2 sons and 4 daughters; Mrs. Ewing has been a member of the First Church during her 22 years’ residence in Galesburg. Farnham, Ell, son of Capt. Levi and Eunice (Judd) Farnham, who emi- grated from Connecticut to New York in 1800, and lived on a farm near Pompey Hill, where the subject of this sketch was born Dec. 1, 1803; came to Galesburg in 1839, where lie engaged in farming, in which he has been successful; married674 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. to Jeruska Brewster Loomis in 1834; they have had 5 children; united with the Congregational Church in 1829; on com- ing to Galesburg united with First Church, and was soon elected Elder and holds the office yet; Republican; in 1845 was elected Trustee of Knox College which he continues to be. P. O., Gales- burg. Fargo, Rev. Isaac, son of Isaac and Sarah L. (Rogers) Fargo, of Connecti- cut, was horn in Salem, Conn., Jan. 10, 1817; came to Knox co. in 1862; P. O., Ontario; his earl}'- youth was passed on a farm; he attended Middlebury Academy and Madison University, and entered the ministry, which he loves; was married May 11, 1846, to Elizabeth Chapman; Alida E., Geo. L. and Kate K. are the fruits of the union; joined the Baptist Church in 1837. Faulkner, Thomas R., farmer, the son of William J. and Isabella Faulk- ner, of New York State, was born in Orange co., N. Y., Jan. 17, 1819. The subject of this sketch went to Michigan in 1828; and in 1838 came to Knox co., 111., and settled iu Sparta township, where he has since lived; June 21,1855, he mar- ried Sarah Goff; married Paulina Shanon May 5, 1865; he has 3 sons and 2 daugh- ters; in the fall of 1873 he took a trip to San Francisco, Cal., by rail, and thence by boat to Portland, Ore., and from there home overland, consuming 2 months; he came near losing his life by robbers on the route; Republican. P. O., Wataga. Fenniger Frank, Yates City. Ferris, Mrs. H. T. Ferris, Henry, son of SylvaDus and Sally (Olmsted) Ferris, was born in Herkimer co., N. Y., Oct. 18, 1809; was raised on farm and sent to the common schools; < came to Galesburg in 1835, being the first colonist; was married to Elizabeth Hudson in 1836; of 7 children born to them 1 boy and 3 girls are living; has been successful in life; Republican; resides at Galesburg. Ferris, Sylvanus H.,Galesburg. Fetters, Joseph, Salem town- ship. P. O., Yates City. Field, Royal C., manufacturer, was born in Cornwall, Vt., Feb. 28, 1824; his parents were Simon and Abigail Field, both of Vermont; his education was lim- ited to the common schools; he came to Galesburg in 1852, and for a number of the last years of his life was President of Frost Manufacturing Company; he served as Alderman in Galesburg 2 terms and Mayor 1; iu 1848, Sept. 28, he married Clara A.Davison,wlio bore him 2 children; he died July 17,1878. Artumas Davison, father of Mrs. Field, was born in Connecti- cut, 1793; settled in Henderson in the spring of 1839; was a Presbyterian ; mar- ried Polly Smith in Marathon, N. Y., in 1817; Whig; was accidentally killed while hunting turkeys in Henderson Grove, by his son-in-law, J. L McHaughlen, Nov. 17, 1842, leaving a wife and 11 children, six of which are living. Finley, J. A., residence section 24, Ontario township. P. O., Oneida. Finley, Mrs. S. A. P- O., Oneida. Fink, William F., farmer, P.O., Yates City, was born in 1839, in Freder- ick co., Md.; parents were Solomon and Sarah (Bixter) Fink, both natives of Car- roll co., Md.; removed from Maryland to Indiana, thence to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1846; his early life was passed on the farm, and he was educated in the com- mon schools of Fulton co ; Democrat; has held the office of School Director for some time; he has been successful iu farming. Fisher, Joseph, farmer, P. O., Oneida, was born in England May 27, 1831; his parents, David and Jane Fisher, were natives of England; he came to the United States, settled in Ohio, then moved to Illinois. Joseph was educated in com- mon schools in Ohio and Illinois; mar- ried Oct. 20, 1852, to Emily Fisher; pro- fessor of religion, but not a church mem- ber; Republican. Fitch, John C., farmer, was born in Baltimore, Md., April 9, 1836; is the son of Gideon and Mary (Lynch) Fitch, natives of Maryland; was educated in schools of Baltimore; engaged in butcher business, which he changed for farming; has moved many times; was married July 6,1858, to Margaret De Haven; they have 1 girl living; member of the Christian Church; Democrat. P. O., Abingdon. Fitch, Rather. His parents were Luther and Mary (daughter of Capt. Smith, of Oneida, N. Y.) Fitch; Mr. Fitch was born in Westmorland town- ship, Hampton village, Oneida co., N. Y., June 10, 1814; educated in the com- mon schoo’s of Whitesboro and Hamp- ton; married, March 19, 1835, Miss Ann Harvey, daughter of Rev. John Harvey, of New York Mills, 4 children being the issue Amos S., John II, Mary A. and Elizabeth H.; became a member of the M. E. Church in 1832; formerly Whig, now Republican; was member of the Whitesboro cavalry in 1832; served in Rio, liis present address, as School Di- rector. Fletcher, Lawrence !>., farmer, was born in the great Prairie State of Illinois in 1851; his parents, Elias and Margaret Fletcher, were natives of Ohio, but came to this State at an early day; Lawrence spent his boyhood days in Sa- lem township, this county; accepted fromHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 675 choice the occupation of farmer, which he has pursued with much vigor and ability; was engaged in the grocery busi- ness one year, but returned to the farm; was married in 1871 to Mary E. Ander- son. Democrat. P. O., Yates City. Flynn, John, son of William and Mary*Flynn, natives of Ireland, was born Nov. 7, 1811; came to America when a child; at the early age of 13 engaged as har tender in a saloon; came west in 1834, settling in Illinois; July 27, 1838, he married Mary Spears, who bore him 13 children, 9 of whom are living. Dem- ocrat. In 1861, when our country’s flag was fired upon, he was the first in his township to offer his services; he is a radical temperance man and a hard worker in the cause; on the 22d day of May, 1878, lie gave a large temperance picnic at his place, at which over 600 people assembled; he formerly was very intemperate, but has thoroughly re- formed, and is a member of temperance organizations and the Baptist Church; he has held local offices for over 20 years. P. O., Knoxville Foote, George W., physician, Galesburg. Ford, Dyer. P. O., Oneida. Foster, James M., farmer, son of Zebulon and Elizabeth (Wingate) Fos- ter, the former a native of New York and the latter of New Jersey, was born Jan. 2. 1808, in Hamilton co., O.; moved to In diana in 1814; received a common-school education moved to Illinois in 1830, set tiing in Fulton co. until 1833, when he moved to Knox co.; was married June 13,1841 to Eliza Combs, then again to a second wife, Louisa Roads, Sept. 1848; he is the parent of 9 children, of whom 7 are living; was a soldier in the Black Hawk war; has been School Director, School Trustee and Supervisor; Repub- lican. P. O., Maquon. Frail, J. C., residence section 12, Walnut Grove township. P. O., Altona. Freer, F. A., residence Henderson. Freeberg, Andrew C., farmer, son of S. T. and Nilla (Oredsson) Free- berg, natives of Sweden, was born in Feleberga, Sweden, May 30, 1858; edu- cated in public schools and college in Christianstad; formerly followed book- keeping; came to Galesburg in 1875, and on to his farm in 1876; joined the Lu- theran Church in 1875. Republican. P. 0., Abingdon. Freeman, Fred. E., was born in Lagrange, Lorraine co., O.; is the son of Rev. F. R. and Lucy (Ritta) Freeman, of New York; he was educated in the Seminary at Norwalk, O., and studied law with W. F. Hopkins, of Morris, Guernsey co., O.; some years since he en- gaged in railroad business, in which he is now employed; during the late war he entered the army as a private in the 106th Reg. N. Y. Inf., and was promoted to Hospital Steward of the regiment; he came from Ohio to Illinois in 1854; was married to Annie M. Bunker; he strongly opposed the great railroad strike of 1877, being then as now connected with the C., B. & Q. R. R. Republican. Member of the Baptist Church. P. O., Galesburg. Frey, Henry, shoemaker, Abing- don, was born in Switzerland June 29, 1826; is the son of Ca-per and Anna (Nateely) Frey, of the same nativity; came to Abingdon in 1855; learned his trade when young; has served as Mayor 4 years, Alderman, City Treasurer and School Director; was married April 26, 1851, to Sarah Bell, who has borne him 2 girls. Republican. Frost, John E., insurance agent Galesburg. Fuller, Francis, President First National Bank, Galesburg. Fnller, C. H., train-dispatcher C-, B. & Q. R. R , Galesburg. Fniton, Robert A., son of Alex- ander and Catherine Fulton, natives of Pennsylvania, was born in Indiana co., Pa., Nov. 27, 1838; received a common- school and academic education; was en- gaged in mercantile business, afterward became a book-keeper, then farmer; served 18 months in late war in 63d.Pa. Inf.; was married Dec. 31, 1868, to Mar- garet J. Campbell; they are the parents of 4 daughters; moved to Knox co., 111., Jan. 19, 1869. Republican. In 1856 united with Presbyterian Church; has been very successful in farming; has s rved as School Trustee in Salem town- ship. P. O., Yates City. Gale, W. Selden, residence, Galesburg. Gardner, B. H., farmer, son of William and Catharine (Holland) Gard- ner, of Virginia; was born in Louisa co., Va., July 14, 1811; had but little school- ing and raised on a farm; moved to War- ren co. in 1834, and into Knox in 1869. He opened a coal bank in Warren co. in 1838 from where coal was taken for miles; it was the first bank worked in Warren co.; was married Jan. 1835 to Jemima R. Wallace, and again in 1864, Aug. 23, to Mary A. Deatherage; is the parent of 7 children; joined the Chris- tian Church in 1838; baptized by Levi Hatchett. P. O., Abingdon. Garrett, Mary, daughter of An- thony and Mary (Nelson) Franklin; was born in Ohio Nov. 21, 1822. She spent her early life on a farm and was educated676 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. in the common schools; she removed to Knox co., 111., in 1852; joined the M. E. Church in 1832, and has been a member since. P. O., Knoxville. Residence, Cedar township, sec. 12, where she runs a large farm. She takes great interest in agricultural pursuits, and is fully com- petent to manage large business inter- ests, as she has proven. Garrison, Ralph Richard, son of William and Sarah Ann Garrison, of Orange co., N. Y.; was born in New York City, Feb. 21, 1847; attended the common schools in New York; passed his early life on a farm; enlisted in Co. C, 12th U. S. Reg. Inf.; again in Co. G. 21st U. S. Regular Inf.; whole term of service, 6 years, 1 year as Corp’l and 3 years as Sergt.; went to Arizona Ter. on duty in Indian war; was active in the capture of Indian Chiefs Del Shay, Red Sash, and One Eyed Riley; discharged as trustworthy and reliable June 30, 1875; was sailor 6 years and 7 months. Republican. P. O., Oneida. Gates, Geo. JS., sec. 13, Ontario wnship. P. O., Oneida. Gearheart, Allen R., son of Thos. and Ellen Gearheart, the former a native of Virginia, and the latter of Ken- tucky; born in Nelson co., Ky., April 22, 1826; educated at St. Mary’s College in Kentucky; early life passed in trading, learned the trade of a blacksmith, but not proving satisfactory, retired from that business; was a soldier in 1st Regt. Ky. Vol.; married to Eliza Ann Feather, Oct. 14, 1847. They have been the par- ents of 8 children, of whom 6 are living. P. O., Galesburg. Democrat. Gee, David, farmer, was born in Fulton co., 111., Aug. 31, 1849; his par- ents, David and Sarah (Morgan) Gee were natives of New York; he was edu- cated in the common schools, spent his early life on a farm, and continues in it from choice. He moved from Fulton to Knox co. in 1872. He married Mary Monrose Nov. 4, 1877. Republican. P. 0., Hermon. Geer, Anson C., farmer. P. O., Douglas; son of Winthrop and Sophia (Crain) Geer, natives of Connecticut; born in Windham co., Conn., July 22, 1834; educated in common schools of Salem township, 111.; removed from Con- necticut to Ohio in childhood, thence to Illinois in 1840, and to Knox co. in 1841; early life was passed on the farm; learned carpentering and millwrighting, but changed to farming; was Sergeant in Co. G, 83d 111. Vol. Inf.; in 1865, married to Marie A. Hunt. They are the par- ents of 1 child. Greenbacker; has been School Director, School and Road Com- missioner. Gehring;, Alexander, son of Anthony and Mary (Moser) Gehring, both natives of Germany; was born in Germany Dec. 1, 1844. In 1857 moved to Knox co., 111.; is a farmer. May 30, 1867, was married to Jerusha Squires. They have 3 daughters; is a member of the Methodist Church and a Trustee. Republican. P. O., Wataga. Gehring, Haver, farmer, son of Bennet and Elizabeth Gehring; was born in Baden, Germany, Feb. 9, 1825; he served as a private soldier in the regular army of Germany. He immigrated to America in 1849; remained in New York till 1854, when he came to Illinois and settled in Sparta township, Knox co. In 1850 he married Elizabeth Heminger. They have 2 sons and 1 daughter; he is a member of the Lutheran Church. Re- publican. P. O., Wataga. Gibbs, Jonathan,whose parents, Martin and Hannah Gibbs, were both natives of Burlington co., N. Y.; was born in the same county, Dec. 22, 1808; was educated in the common schools among the Quakers; when 12 years of age began chopping cord wood in the pine and cedar swamps; at 15 appren- ticed to a cabinet maker; at 20 engaged as window glass blower, which he pur- sued for 9 years; was married Aug. 13, 1832, to Tamar Norcross; they have had 9 children, 2 of whom are dead; removed to Washington City in 1835; came to Knox co., 111., in 1838, where he engaged in farming. Republican. Has served 12 years as Justice of the Peace, and held the office of Supervisor 9 years. P. O., LaFayette, Stark co., 111. Gibbs, Joseph D., sec. 35, Lynn township. P. O. LaFayette. Gibson, Peter, was born in Swe- den, June 21, 1829; was educated in Swedish schools; chose agricultural pur- suits; came to America in 1854, settling in Bureau co., 111.; remained there, how- ever, but one year, when he came to Knox co.; was married in March, 1859, to Anna Lyburg; again in Dec. 25, 1863, to Anna Eng; is the father of 1 boy and 2 girls. Mr. Gibson lives an exemplary Christian life; is a member of the Bap- tist Church in which he now holds the office of Clerk. P. O., Altona. Gillaspie,Wm. H., J.P., Abing- don, is the son of Simon and Juliette (Halloway) Gillaspie, natives ot West Virginia; was born in Montgomery co., Ky., Sept. 17, 1823; spent his early life on a farm and attending school at the old log school house: has been Mayor of Abingdon 4 years, City and Town Clerk several years each, and Justice of the Peace 4 terms: came to Abingdon in 1854; joined the Christian Cl urchin 1841; is clerk of Jefferson Street Cnurcn; mar- ried Mflry Add Murcli il ever pi oved by white man in Galesburg t wnsliip. He is a member of the Christian Church. P. O., Galesburg. Scott, Walton K., Abingdon, farmer, son of Martin and Sarah Scott, of Kentucky; was born in Kentucky Jan. 4, 1822; was educated in the common schools. He came to Illinois and set- tled in McDonough co.; Oct. 20, 1848, he married Sarah J. Stickel; he is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and an Elder. Republican. Scudder, Spencer, Justice of the Peace, Galesburg, recently deceased. Seacord, Wilkins, superinten- dent Galesburg and Quincy Stockyards. Resides in Galesburg. Selby, Mrs. Mary, P. O., London Mills, Fulton co. Selk, Charles, boot and shoe man- ufacturer, Galesburg. Sellon, Edward, Supervisor, sec. 15, Lynn township. P. O., Galva. Shatter, B. F., farmer, Truro township. Shaw, A. J., real-estate dealer, Galesburg. Shear, Henry D.. was born in Schoharie co., N. Y., April 10, 1811; his parents were Daniel and Mary (Zimmer) Shear, natives of N. Y.; attended school but little; followed the trade of carpenter from 1833 to 1857, then went to farming; married Eliza Ann Multer Nov. 30, 1834. She was born Aug. 6, 1810; has 8 chil- dren, 7 boys, 1 girl; moved to Knox co. in 1857; is a member of the Dutch Re- form M. E. Church; has held the office of Steward, Trustee and Class-leader. Republican. P. O., Altona. Shear, Joseph M., born in Scho- harie co., N. Y., Aug. 27, 1837. His par- ents, Henry D. and Eliza Ann Shear, were natives of the same county. He passed his early life upon a farm and in attendance upon the common schools; always followed farming. Came to Knox co. in 1857: resides in Walnut Grove township. P. O., Oneida. Married Jan. 28, 1864, to Mary E. Griffith; 4 boys and 2 girls have blessed the union. Joined the M. E. Church in 1867, Steward and Trustee. Sheets, Andrew, son of JacobHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 705 and Nancy (Sinks) Sheets, natives of North Carolina; was born in Miami co., O. , Oct. 21,1809; came to Indiana in 1824, and to Illinois in 1853;. was married April 12, 1846, to Martha Elliott; before this, in 1836, was married to Margaret Conn, and afterwards, Oct. 30, 1849, to Mary Conn. He was educated in com- mon schools and reared on a farm. Re- publican. P. O., St. Augustine. Shehan, Mrs. John, sec. 34, Lynn township. P. O., Qalva. Shelton, Robert, was born in Suffenham, Rutlandshire, Eng., March 21, 1815; his parents, Isaac and Mary Shelton, were natives of England. He came to this country in 1850, stopped in Indiana, then went to Michigan, then followed railroading, then went to farm- ing with $25, but by shrewd manage- ment has accumulated a handsome for- tune; was married to Miss Mary Jack- son in 1840 in England. They have 5 children, 2 boys, 3 girls; is connected with the M. E. Church. P. O, Yates City. Sherman, Isaac, was horn in Vermont July 10,1813. His parents were Evi and Betsey (Bennet) Sherman, both natives of Vermont; removed to New York, thence to Knox co.; Dec. 31, 1835, was married to Eliza Wood. They are the parents of 8 children. He has al- ways followed farming and been very successful. Republican. He has held the offices of School Director and Road Commissioner. P. O.,’Knoxville. Sherman, Jay, farmer, son of Isaac and Louisa Sherman, of Vermont; was born in Persifer township, Knox co. Attended the country schools. He served in the 59th 111. Inf. in the late war; has held the office of School Director and Trustee; was married Nov. 22, 1866, to Miss Mariali Upp; they have 5 children. Republican. P. O., Douglas. Shields, George A. Shrieves, Wesley, farmer, son of Benjamin and Elizabeth Shrieves, the former a native of Maryland and the lat- ter of Virginia; was born Aug. 1, 1800, in Landers co., Va.; his life was passed on the farm until 17 years of age; learned carpenter’s and tanner’s trades, but changed to farming. Was married to Mary Willson Nov. 17, 1835. They are the parents of 8 children, of whom 3 are living; came to Knox co. in Feb., 1849; united with the M. E. Church in 1832, of which he has been Trustee, Steward and Class-leader; was first a Democrat, but is now Republican. Joined the temper- ance cause in 1834, and still clings to it. P. O., Maquon. Shriver, Solomon C., son of Geo. W. and Melissa A., both of Pennsyl- vania; born in Fayette co., Pa., Sept. 16, 1851; came to Knox co., May 10, 1875; attended the common schools, and at the age of 16 began the printing trade. His health failing, was compelled to return to the farm ; is at present in the lumber business; was married June 1, 1876, to Miss Julia Johnson; has one daughter. United with the Christian Church Feb. 1875. Democrat. P. O., Henderson. Simmons, Dr. Downer D., proprietor Galesburg Eye and Ear In- firmary. Simpson, D. M., sec. 61, Walnut Grove township. P. O., Altona. Sipee, J. M., farmer, sec. 2, Lynn township. P. O., Galva. Sipes, Henry, farmer, son of Gep. H. and Ida Sipes, of Pennsylvania; was born in that State Sept. 6,1830. He spent his childhood on a farm. Early in life he wrent to Ohio, where he staid only a short time, returning to Pennsylvania; he came to Illinois in 1857. In 1857 he married Mary Hausehalder. Democrat. P. O., Elba Center. Sisson, Henry M„ farmer, was born in Clinton, Oneida co., N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; he is the son of Pardon and Abbie M. (McCall) Sisson, the father from Newport, R. I., the mother from Lebanon, Ct. His education was ob- tained in the common schools, and a par- tial course in Knox College. Reared on a farm and has continued at it; has made a specialty of raising fine stock; he came to Knox co. in 1843; has held a number of prominent local offices. Dec. 25,1860, he married Eliza J. Miller, by whom he has had 6 girls and 2 boys; both sons dead. P. O., Galesburg. Republican. Skinner, Ralph, farmer, Gales- burg. Sloan, John, Salem township. P. O. , Yates City. Smalley, M. S., Cashier First National Bank, Galesburg. Smith, Anthony L., son of Sam- uel and Clarrisa (Gozso) Smith, born in Ulster co., N. Y., June 24, 1840; reared on a farm; married to Maggie A. David- son Feb. 6, 1866; has one boy; joined the Church in 1870; Trustee. P. O., Hen- derson. Smith, Arthur J., farmer, son of Jacob C. and Louisa M. (Gould) Smith, the former a native of Pennsylvania, and the latter of New York; was born in Wis- consin Aug. 11, 1858; his early life was passed on the farm; was educated in the common schools of Knox co.; has been quite successful as a farmer. Democrat. P. O., Victoria. Smith, Franklin C., City At- torney, Galesburg, was born in Alle- ghany co., N. Y., July 22, 1824. His706 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. parents were Cyrus and Lovina Smith, of Vermont; his early life was passed on a farm; he received an academic and col- legiate education; he chose the profession of law, and read with Attorney Flint, a former partner of Millard Fillmore. He engaged in contracting for the construc- tion of public works, enlarging canals, and building railroads for 15 years. He was appointed Assessor of Internal Rev- enue, and served in 1856-7. He recruited Co. I of the 102d Regt.; was elected Lieut. Col. Sept. 2, 1862, and afterwards promoted to Col.; was wounded at Pine Hill, June 16, 1864, by which he was disabled 6 weeks, when he re-en- tered the army;.was promoted to Brevet Brig. Gen. In 1854 he married Sarah M. Gilbert, by whom he has had 3 chil- dren, 2 living; he has been connected with the Baptist Church since 18 years old. Democrat. Smith, Henry, mechanic, was born in Lexington, Ky., in 1817; his pa- rents were Nicholas and Anna Smith, the former from England, the latter from Virginia; he lived on a farm until 16 years old, when he began the black- smith’s trade; never attended school, but obtained some education by. study at home; came to Illinois in 1836, and to Knox co. in 1846. He has held many local offices. Was married to Lucinda Melton in 1838, who bore him 2 children ; in 1846 he- married Rebecca Bardoa, by whom lie had 5 children. He has been a member of the Christian Church since 1840. Democrat. P. O., Elba Center. Smith, Ira A., farmer, was born in New York in 1822; he is the son of Silas and Maranda Smith, the former of Connecticut, the latter of New York; his early life was passed on the farm, and he chose that for his life pursuit. He came from New York to Illinois in 1850; married Sarah Rose in 1842, by whom he had 11 children—8 living. He has been a member of the church since 1842, and a Class-leader for a number of years. P. 0., Elba Center. Smith, I. I>., photographer, PraU rie st., Galesburg. Smith, T. A., was born in Ohio in 1814; son of G. W. and Mary Smith, the former a native of Virginia, and the lat- ter of Ohio. Moved from Ohio to Illi- nois; was educated at Knox College, Glalesburg, and Peoria Business College; farming is his chosen profession. Was married in 1871 to Reenie Ewalt. Demo- crat. P. O., Elmwood. • Smith, Joseph M. Parents were Robert E. and Eliza J. (John) Smith, natives of Ohio, where, in Clinton co., Aug. 6,1854. Joseph was born; cgme to Illinois in 1856; traveled imtke West con- siderably; was reared on a farmland attended common schools of this county. Married, Dec. 9, 1875, to Harriet A. Og- den; the union has been blessed with 1 girl. Greenbacker. P. O., Hermon. Smith, Rev. O. F., sec. 25, Rio township. P. O., Ontario. Smith, Phillip Augustus, born at Victoria, Knox co., lib, Dec. 5, 1813, is the son of John and Mary Smith, both .natives of Pennsylvania, who came west at quite an early day and settled in Victoria. He enlisted in Co. K, 83d 111. Vol. On returning from the war, was married, Aug. 22, 1866, to Miss Ma- lina Ebright. Farmer. P. O., Wataga. Smith,. William, born in the town of Elmore, Vt., Sept. 15, 1816: edu- cated in common schools and at New- berry Seminary, Vermont; his parents, Samuel and Betsey (Rood; Smith, were farmers of Vermont, where William spent his early life; was trader for 22 years, and has followed farming since; moved , to New York, then to Montreal, Ca., and to Ontario, 111., in 1859; married Margaret Bolier, Dec. 27, 1865; they had 1 boy and 2 girls. P. O., Oneida. Smith, William H., farmer, P. O., Hermon, is the son of Charles W. and Sinia C. (Moon) Smith, his father of Virginia, mother of Ohio; was born in Clinton, Ohio, March 27, 1848; at- tended common schools and Abingdon College.. He is Justice of Peace and School Director. Married Martha B. Price Feb. 2, 1871; they, have 3 boys. United with the Christian Church in 1870; is Clerk. Republican. P. O., Hermon. Snider, Mrs. Susan S., daugh- ter of Peter and Hannah Wright, natives of Vermont, who afterward settled in Saratoga co., N. Y., where Susan was born Aug. 29, 1827, and ten years later came to Illinois and settled at Harkness Grove; in 1849, came to Knox co. Susan was married to John Snider, March 1, 1849, and was blessed with 7 children, 5 •boys and 2 girls, 1 of whom is dead. Is a member of the Freewill Baptist Church. P. O., La Fayette, Stark co. Soles, James, farmer, was born in Oneida co., N. Y., Feb. 27, 1820; his parents were James and Mary (Davidson) Soles, of Goffstown, N. H.; his early life was passed on a farm, and his educa- tional advantages limited to the common schools. He came to Peoria, 111., in .1839, where he worked at the cooper’s trade for 15 years; came to Knox co. in 1854. He has held the offices of Trustee, Supervisor and Sheriff. Oct. 24,1842, he married Anna Maria Knight; they have bad 6 boys and 2 girls—2 boys and 1 •girl deaxl. Republican. P. 0.T Galva.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 70J Spencer, Charles, farmer, was born in Erie co., Pa., May 4, 1836; his parents were Joshua N. and Mariah (Stevens) Spencer, the former of .Maine, the latter of New York. He was edu- cated in common schools; came to Illi- nois, and settled in Truro township, Knox co., in 1840. He has filled the offices of School Director and Road Commissioner. Oct. 28, 1858, he married Rosana Welch; they have 3 sons and 4 daughters. P. 0„ Truro. Stalker, Thomas H., farmer, son of Thomas and Maria L. Stalker, was born on the Isle of Man in 1821; he came from the Isle of Man to America in 1841. He married Maria Corlett; they have had 8 children, 4 of whom are living. He was a Republican. Mr. Stalker died March 11, 1877, and his wife died March 18, 1877. The 4 chil- dren have since lived together, and one of them, Elizabeth Stalker, subscribed for this work. P. O., Eugene. Standish, Prof. John V. Professor Lombard University, Gales- burg, was born in Woodstock, Yt., Feb. 26, 1825. His parents, John W- and Caroline W. (Myrick) Standish, were natives of Massachusetts and Vermont, respectively. He was reared on a farm, and graduated at Norwich University in 1847. He has made teaching, his life work. Is of Universalist belief. Repub- lican. Was married to H. Augusta Kimdall in 1859. Steele, William L., teacher, Yates City, son of W. L. and Anna Steele, was born in Adams co., O., July 22, 1854; he got his education at Mon- mouth College; was brought up on a farm, but has chosen the profession of teaching, with marked success. He has been Principal of the High School at Yates City for 3 years. Republican. {Stephenson, Geo. 1<., merchant, Oneida, born in Scotland, Oct. 20, .1837, came to America in 1850; married, in 1855, to Grace L. Stewart; they have 4 children, 2 boys and 2 girls. Republi- can. Has been Collector and Supervisor in Ontario township. {Stephens, J. W., Cedar town- ship, sec. 16. P. O., Abingdon. {Sterns, Gardner G., farmer, son of George and Fanny (Arms) Sterns, of Franklin co., Mass., was burn in Com way, same county, Feb. 9, 1836; he came to Knox co, in 1858. Enlisted in the United States service on the 22d of April, 1861, in Co. D of the 1st 111. Cav. He was wounded at tlie siege of Lexington, Mo., Sept. 20, 1861, and was discharged Feb. 19, 1862; afterward re-enlisted ip the 77tli 111. Inf., and was elected First Lieutenant in August, 1862; was pro- moted to Captain February, 1864, and continued in service till close of the war. Oct. 2, 1865, he married Lucy Rukle, by whom he has 4 children. P. O., KnoXr ville. Stetson, Charles A., merchant, Yates City. - St. John, E. C., sec. 35, Ontario township; P. 0., Qneida. Stevens, Gilbert A., marble manufacturer, Galesburg, was born in Fulton co., 111., Oct. 20, 1842; early life spent on a farm at hard work; he follow- ed farming until 1872 when he came • to Galesburg and engaged in the marble .business. He married Susan Pence. , Stevens, S. O., section 30, Walnut Grove township. P. O., Oneida. . Stevenson, T. W., mechanic, son of Robert and Nancy Stevenson, of South Carolina; was born in Sangamon co., Ill:, July 17, 1827. He never attended school; spent his early life on a farm, but learned .the blacksmith trade, which he has fol- lowed for 36 years. He served during the Mexican war under Gen. Shields. He married Rebecca. Neland, by whom he has 3 children. Republican. P. O., Ma- quon. Stilson, Capt. John F., sea captain and merchant, Galesburg; was born in Waterville, Me., March 5, 1827. His father was Lemuel Stilson, born in Sid- ney, Me., and his mother, Rhoda A., born in Frankfort, Me. John F. was educated in the Waterville Liberal Institute; while young he evinced a taste for seafaring life, and at the age of 16 sailed for the West Indies. The brig was wrecked on this first voyage off the coast of the Bahama Is- lands, and he saved his life by clinging to a piece of the wreck. He spent 13 years, on salt water, during which he pass- ed through many severe hardships and hairbreadth escapes; five years he was Captain. In 1851 he carried the specie cars to Aspinwall in which the treasure from California to New York, via Panama, was transported. After leaving Aspinwall the early part of July his vessel drifted about for 19 days with all on board sick; sev- eral of the hands died, and they were obliged to be tumbled overboard without any preparation for burial, or funeral ceremonies. The Captain was 21 days without taking a particle of nourishment. He was finally picked up, and taken into Pensacola. In 1853,. while in charge of the ship Kate Wheeler, she sprang a leak on a passage from Trinidad de Cuba to London, and for 51 days and nights the men were kept at the pumps; landed her safely however, and after needed repairs were made sailed for home with 4 men in irons. Soon after clearing the laud. th« vessel experienced a very heavy gale, and708 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. for 26 clays there was not a table set on board, pockets being the only available tables and dishes. In 1856 he shipped from New York to Cuba, expecting to sail from there to Europe. On arriving at Havana he found the yellow fever raging terribly; business was demoralized, and every one anxious to escape from the dev- astating pestilence. Mr. Stilson and his brother, who was First Mate, and ten of his men were stricken down with the fever, and of the number he is the only one who left Havana alive. Bidding good- by to the sea, came west in Sept., 1856, and has since been engaged in the hardware trade and the manufacture of agricul- tural implements in Galesburg; is now a member of the firms Babcock & Stilson and Reed, Babcock & Stilson, who in ad- dition to their other lines of business are extensively engaged in the manufacture .of drain tile. April 4, 1853, he married Mary Ann Wheeler, by whom he had 3 daughters and 1 son. He joined the Con- gregational Church in 1858. Republican. Stringliam, Mrs. 1*. C., widow of the late Chas. P. Stringham. Gales- burg. Strode, J. B., teacher, Principal of South Abingdon High School; was born in Fulton co., 111., Feb. 18,1845. He is the son of James and Sarah (Parks) Strode. He passed his early life on a farm, and obtained his education in Abingdon Col- lege; has followed teaching for 12 years. He came to Knox co. in 1865, where he has since resided; has been a member of the City Council of Abingdon for 8 years, and one of the School Board for 2 years. In 1863 he enlisted in Co. G. of the 50th 111. Inf.; discharged July, 1865. Oct. 10, 1867, he married Eunice Smith; they have 1 son. He has been a member of the Christian Church 12 years. Stacker, Jacob A., meahanic, son of Andrew and Elizabeth (Fix) Stucker, the former of Kentucky, the latter of Virginia; was born in Jefferson co., Ind.; he learned the blacksmith trade, and has followed it, except from 1871 to ’76, which years he was farming. He re- moved to Knox co. in 1864; was married to Rachel Righthouse in 1865, by whom he has 6 children, all living. He was married Oct. 7, 1869 to Malinda Joy, by whom he has 1 child, girl. Is a member of the Christian Church, Abingdon, since 1869. Republican. P. O., St. Augustine. Stuckey, Simon Silver, son of Samuel S. and Ann (Silver) Stuckey, of Bedford, Pa.; was born Dec. 8, 1823, at the same place, received a fair common- school education; was raised on a farm, and has continued the calling ever since with reasonable success; married Caro- line Border in 1849; has 5 sons and 4 daughters; came to this co. in 1855; has held the office of Church Trustee. P. O., Altona. Sumner, Calvin, farmer, son of Palmer and Eufrecia Sumner, of New York; was born in that State in 1833; he spent his early life on a farm; removed from New York to Indiana in early life thence to Michigan; thence to Illinois in 1866. He married Catharine E. Wolf, by whom he has had 3 children, 2living. He has been a member of the Episcopal Church since 1849. Republican. P. O., Eugene. Summers, Ewing. Parents were Robert Summers, a Kentuckian, and Mary Clark (Peirce) Summers, a native of Vermont, and he was born at Water- ford, Fulton co., Ill, Feb. 28, 1836; par- ents were as poor as the law would allow; he was educated in the common school and at home; etyly life was passed on the farm, but since he was 13 years of age he has been on the farm only one-third of the time, the remainder of the time being spent in various pursuits, particu- larly school-teaching. General charac- ter in youth, studious; was in the Meth- odist Episcopal ministry from the age of 19 to 26, in the Central Illinois Confer- ence, but withdrew on account of oppo- sition to his preaching some of the re- forms of the day; has never held any po- litical office, has had no “military record,” has “changed residence” too many times to enumerate; first married to Joanna Colburn in 1859, of whom were born two children; one is now living; then married in 1868 to Sara F. Rice. He is a Republican, but splits tickets most wofully! At present he is a proof- reader, and his wife is physician of the Galesburg “ Health Institute.” P. 0., Galesburg. Swanson, N. P„ resides at Gales- burg. Swanson, S, W., son of Peter and Betsey Swanson; born in Christianstad, Sweden, June 14, 1833. Removed to Knox co. in 1852; married Nellie Troed- son April 3, 1855; parents of 7 children ; united with Lutheran Church in 1847; is Trustee; engaged in farming. Repub- lican. P. O., Galesburg. Swartwont, Stenben P., farm- er, son of Steuben and Judith (Wildey; of New York; was born in Westchester co. N. Y., Aug. 28, 1828. He was liber- ally educated; he followed surveying and book-keeping before coming west; since coming to Illinois in 1861, has been en- gaged in farming. He was Postmaster in Farmington, N. Y. Dec. 25, 1850, lie was married, and has had 2 sons acd 5HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 709 daughters; one son dead. He has been a member of the Presbyterian Church since 1852. P. O., Galesburg. Swegle, Lafayette, farmer, was born in busses co., N. J., Sept. 24, 1824; his parents were natives of that State; his opportunities for attending the dis- trict schools were very limited; his early years were spent on a farm; came to Knox co., in 1850. He married Amelia Mor- gan Feb. 7, 1850; they had 4 children. He married Mary Ann McElrea in 1861, by whom helms had6 children, 4 living. Republic an. Residence, St. Augustine. Swift, Job, retired farmer, is the son of Erastus and Louisa (Everest): was horn in Addison co., Vt., May 9, 1811; he was educated in Shoreham Academy, Vt. His early life was passed on a farm, and he devoted his attention to farming chiefly; spent some time in the milling business. He came from Vermont to Galesburg in 1886; has held the office of Alderman of the city for years. He mar- ried Amanda M. Sumner, Feb. 14, 1854, in Granville, N. Y. They have 2 daugh- ters. Republican. Residence, Galesburg. Swigart, William, Maquon. Symons, William, tailor, Yates City, is the son of William and Sarah Symons; was born in England Dec. 16, 1830; had no school education; came to Illinois in 1869: served 5 years as soldier in England. Married Elib Conroy in 1853; 6 children living, 4 dead. Repub- lican. Talbot, Thomas, farmer, sec. 21, Ontaiio township. P. O., Oneida. Tasker, William, farmer, P. O., Maquon; son of Wm, and Mary (Rooke) Tasker, natives of Ringmer, Sus- sex co., Eng.; was bom July 18, 1848, in Sussex co., EDg. His early life passed mostly on the farm. When 15 years old he went to sea 3 years; emigrated to America, coming to Knox co., Dec. 14, 1866. Married Eda Moore April 6, 1873. They are the parents of 3 children. Greenbacker. Tate, J. W., stock dealer, Bedford, Iowa. Taylor, A. B., P. O., Yates City. Taylor, James Martin, banker Yates City, son of Samuel and Marv Tay- lor; was born in Clarksburg, Pa., March 24. 1844. He was educated in the public schools and at College in Pittsburg, Pa. In youth he learned the printer’s trade; then short-hand reporting; afterwards farmed for a series of years, and finally engaged in the banking business in Yates City. He served in the United States army during the rebellion. Feb. 18, 1858, he married S. J. Davids, by whom he has 2 sons. He is connected with the Presbyterian Church. Republican. 40 Taylor, Warren, farmer, Salem townsfiiip. « Taylor, Mrs. S. E., sec. 4, Lynn township. P. O., Galva. Taylor, John, farmer, son of John and Anna Taylor; was born in Cham- paign, O. His early life was passed on the farm; received his education from the common schools; moved to Illinois; thence to Missouri, stayed 3 years, then moved to Knox co. in 1848. Married Eunice Milum in 1847 They have been the parents of 12 children, of whom 8 are now living-. Democrat. He has been very successful in farming. Temple, John, druggist, Gales- burg, son of Thomas and Elizabeth Tem- ple; was born in Yarm Branch Station, Durham co., Eng , Jan. 18, 1835. He is self-educated from the age of 10 years; he came to America in 1855, and to Gales- burg in 1857; engaged for a short time in farming, then re-entered upon the drug business; he enlisted April 19, 1861, as a private in Co. E, 17th Regt. 111. Inf.; was appointed Hospital Steward May 14, and held that position till mustered out June 7, 1864. Jan. 30, 1867, he married Anna Peterson. They have 4 children; 3 living. Terry, Rufns E., farmer, son of John and Nancy H. (Benson) Terry, of Greenbriar co., Va.; was born in Chest- nut township, Knox co, 111., Aug. 20, 1848. He was educated in the common schools, and at Abingdon College. He was brought up on a farm and continued farming from choice. June 19, 1873, he married Alma F. Halten. They have 1 boy and 1 girl. Democrat. P. O., Her- mon. Terwilllger, Philip Xelson, farmer. P. O., Midway, Fulton co., 111.; was born in Pickaway co-, O., June 13, 1847; parents were Abraham and Pency (Rector) Terwilliger, natives of Ohio. His early life was passed on the farm; moved to Fulton co., 111., in 1850; at- tended school at Hedding College, Ab- ingdon. Married Sosa Welch Jan. 1,1871. They are the parents of 4 children, of whom two are living; moved to Chestnut township, Knox co., Feb., 1871; was School Director. In 1863 united with the Methodist Church, of which he was Class-leader. Thomas, James, farmer, was born in Guernsey co., O., Dec. 19, 1824. He is the son of Enoch and Anna (Dilley) Thomas, the father of Pennsylvania, the mother of New Jersey. He was educated in the common schools ; spent his early life on a farm; came from Ohio to Knox co., 111., in 1856; has held the offices of J. P., member of the School Board and Trustee in Victoria township; Sept. 14, 1847, he married Caroline Creighton, by710 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. whom he has 7 sons and 3 daughters, 4 dqgd; has been connected with the Metho- dist Protestant Church since 1851. P. O., Abingdon. Thomas. James Edwin, me- chanic, son of Edward and Laurena (Kid- well) Thomas, of Indiana, was born in Wayne co., Ind., Dec. 8,1843. He was edu- cated in the common schools; learned the wagon-maker’s trade, and has followed it; in the fall of 1858 came to Wataga; served in the U. S. army during the rebellion as a member of Co. B, 138th 111. Inf.; in Sept., 1868, married Elvira Morrison, by whom he has 2 children; is a member of the M. E. Church. Republican. Thomas, Milam,' farmer, Rio township. P. 0., Rio. Thomas, W. H., carriage manu- facturer, Abingdon, the son of Edward and Laurena (Kidwell) Thomas, of Ohio, was born in Madison, Ind., in 1842. He came to Knox co. in 1860; settled in Ab- ingdon in 1875; served 3 years at the car- riage trade with Sheldon & Harrison in Galesburg; traveled 2 years before settling in business for himself; in 1873 married Ellen Morley. Greenbacker. Thomas, William IVewton, son of Edward and Laurena (Kidwell) Thomas, of Indiana, was horn in Wayne co., Ind., May 14,1842; learned the black- smith trade, which vocation he has fol- lowed ; came to Knox co., 111., in 1858; during the late war enlisted in Co. A, 9th Mo., but was transferred to the 59th 111.; was married in Dec., 1869. Independent. P. O., Wataga, Thompson, George Wallace, attorney, Galesburg, of English parentage, born near London, Canada, Aug. 9, 1851; educated at Upper Canada College and a graduate of the University of Toronto, taking the degree of B. A. and the Uni- versity gold medal in 1874; studied law in Toronto and was admitted to practice, 1877, and came to Galesburg immediately and formed a partnership with William Davis; early life passed on a farm; his parents live on a farm near Galesburg; selected the profession from a liking for it, and to make money and have an occu- pation. Thompson, I>avid, farmer, born in Indiana Dec. 6,1835. His father, John Thompson, horn in Pennsylvania; his mother, Catharine Thompson, was a na- tive of Ohio. David spent his early life on a farm, and has never had reason to engage in anything else; was married July 2,'1868, to Catharine Richmond; they have 5 children, 3 boys and 2 girls; when our country's tiag was fired upon he showed his devotion by enlisting, and served 3 years. Democrat. P. O., Al- tona. Thomson, Prof. Adoniram Judson, is the son of Herbert C. and Louisa W. (Hail) Thomson, the former of Virginia, his mother a native of Ken- tucky. He was born in Cumberland co., Ky., Sept. 3, 1835; his parents came to Illinois when he was about 3 years old; at the age of 14 his mother died; he soon entered a dry-goods store as clerk, remain- ing over 3 years; in the meantime he con- fessed his faith in Christ, and was bap- tized by Elder Ziba Brown and united with the Christian Church at Macomb, which then had hopes of making him a preacher, and but few preachers of the gospel have done more efficient labor than he; many have confessed Christ un- der his preaching, and scores of our sub- scribers were baptized by him ; in 1853 he entered Abingdon Academy, and in 1858 graduated from Abingdon College, and until 1865 was connected with 1 lie college as tutor and professor, when he was Principal of Hiram College; in 1866 he was recalled to the chair ot languages in Abingdon College; severed his connec- tions with the college in 1877; has served a number of times as Alderman and once as Mayor of Abingdon; was married Jan. 1, 1860, to Aldula Gertrude Price; 2 sons and 2 daughters have been horn to them; 3 now living. Republican. Residence, Abingdon. Thitrman, Elisha, farmer, P.O., Maquon, was born July 1, 1812, in High- land co., Ohio. Parents were Thomas and Feba (Goard) Thurman, natives of Virginia. His early life was passed on the farm; moved to Illinois in 1830, settling in Knox co., and has been out of the county only three years’ time since. Dec. 25, 1834, was married to Anna Hall. They are the parents of 9 children, of whom 7 are living. Was first a member of the Methodist Church, but now be- longs to the Christian, which he joined in 1838 or ’39. Has been School Direc- tor and Trustee. Republican. Owns 592 acres of land. Thurman, W. H;, farmer, son of Philip and Jane Thurman, from Vir- ginia, was born in Highland co., ()., March 27, 1822; only atiended the dis- trict school a few terms. Came to Illi- nois in 1841; worked the first 3 years for his board and a 3-year-old colt; and the next summer for $9 per month. Jan. 3, 1845. he married Phebe Jane Thurman. He has been a member of the Christian Church for many years; has been a mem- ber of the School Board of the township. Republican. P. 0., Yates City. Townsend, Henry P., farmer, was born in St. Lawrence co., N. Y.. July 11, 1816; he is the son of Richard and Eliza M. Townsend, of New York.HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 711 His earlv life was spent on a farm; was educated in Bishop Peck’s School, of St. Lawrence, N. Y. He removed from New York to Pennsylvania, thence to Wiscon- sin, thence to Illinois; settled in Knox co. in 1851. He learned the tanner’s trade; followed it for a time, then turned his attention to teaching, then to selling goods. He was the first Assessor in Chestnut township; has also been Trus- tee of the township. Feb. 22, 1854, he married Helen Hickey. Has been a member of the M. E. Church since 1869. Republican. P. O., Hermon. Tribbey, Virginia C., was born in Clinton co., Ohio, Sept. 3, 1831; she is the daughter of Asahel and Catharine Tribbey, of Lancaster co.; Va. Her fa- ther was a physician. She was educated in the Female College at Hamilton, O. Her life has been spent largely in domes- tic labors. She came to Abingdon, where she now lives, in 1865. Truitt, £1 ijab, farmer, was born Oct. 14, 1817, in Ross co., O.; he is the son of Gilley and Nancy Truitt, the father from Georgia, the mother from Virginia; he was educated in the common school, and reared on a farm. Came to Illinois in 1856; in 1842, he married Eliza Jane Taylor; they have 11 children. He has been a member of the M.E. Church since 1842; has been Class-leader for a number of years Republican. Tncker, Ephraim, son of Jon- athan and Elizabeth, who were farmers, was born Jan. 15, 1831, in Richland co., O. ; received a good education; was mar- ried to Miss N. B. Jaques, May 25, 1854, and came to Knox co. in the Fall of the same year, where he engaged in farming, and later, in the manufacturing of tiles; will make of the latter, this year, about 400,000; is the owner of a large farm. Democrat. Was elected Road Commis- sioner in Truro township in 1860, and has since held the same office in Elba, where he now resides. P. O., Eugene. Tucker, Josiah, farmer, son of Samuel and Mary (Sells) Tucker, was born in Tuscarawas co., O., Nov. 12, 1826; his only educational opportunities were those of the district school. He served in the United States Army as a private during the Mexican war. He went from Ohio to Michigan in 1852; thence to Illinois, in 1855. Nov. 12, 1848, he married Catharine Baughman, who had 6 children: in 1862 he married Nancy Catharine Akins, who is the mother of 6 children. He joined the Baptist Church in 1841. Republican. P. O., Knoxville. ■ Tull it*, Rev. Amos K., Presid- ing Elder of this district in the M. E. Church, was born Jan. 10, 1837, in La Salle co., 111.; he is the son of Jonathan and Hannah (Odle) Tullis; his early life was passed on a farm; obtained his edu- cation in public schools, at Wheaton College and Garrett Biblical Institute; he became converted and united with the M. E, Church in 1858. During the war he was Chaplain of thel02d 111. Inf., and of the 134th Inf. He lived ia La Salle co. till 23 years of age. Has officiated as Pastor 12 years, and has been Presiding Elder 1 year. In 1860 he married Lou- isa D. Dixon; they have 7 children. Republican. Residence, Galesburg. Tunnicliff, John J., State’s At torney of Knox co., and whose portrait appears in this book, was bora in Penn Yan, Yates co., N. Y., March 17, 1841; he is the sou of Nelson and Mary (Smith) Tunnicliff, of the same cotinty. He Was educated at Hamilton College, Oneida co., N. Y., and at Albany Law School; he was elected State’s Attorney in Nov., 1872, and re-elected in 1876. July 13, 1866, he married Catharine L. Burrows, who died Aug. 10, 1871, leaving 1 son, Frederick B. Tunnicliff. Mr. T. was married again in 1873, to Margaretta Duffield, of Saginaw, Mich. They have 3 children. Republican. Residence, Galesburg. Tapper,Rev. Henry Hartyn, son of iVlarlyn and Persis S. (Peck) Tup- per, both of West Stafford, Ct. He was born in Hardwick, Worcester co., Mass., June 10, 1330; attended high school, Hartford Academy, Ellington, Ct., Wil- liston Seminary, East Hampton, Mass , and Yale College, New Haven, where he graduated in 1850; prepared himself for the ministry at Union Theological Sem- inary, New York City, graduating in 1856; married Nov. 13, 1860, to Maggie Ellen Cree. They have had 2 sons and 3 daughters; 1 son dead. In 1849 united with Yale College Church, Congrega- tional. Republican. P. O , Ontario. Tnrner, Israel, farmer and me- chanic; was born in Chester co., Pa., March 22, 1812. He was the second son of Henry and Susannah (Halderman) Turner, both natives of Pennsylvania, but of German ancestry; his father was born April 2, 1790; his mother May 18, 1781; his father married at the age of 19; he was a stone mason. Israel enjoyed no educational advantages, except such as the district school afforded. He hired out as a boat hand at the age of 16, and worked at that business 3 years, when he began to learn the stone and brick ma- son and stone cutter’s trades. After com- pleting the trades he was employed till he came west in building bridges • on railroads, and other public works, much of the time in charge of a corps of men ,712 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. at which he was at first somewhat sur- prised; for when ihe gang of men were placed in his charge he had worked at the business only a year and a half; he su- perintended the construction of the bridges on the Schuylkill canal, and on the Philadelphia & Reading railroad. In 1838 he came west and entered land in Knox co , and in 1840 settled on sec. 32, Orange township, where he now lives. He helped to burn the brick to build the first school-house erected in Orange township. When the winter of 1843 had draped the last days of the dying year in their white grave clothes, Mr. T. be- thought him that he would change his mode of living, and having made a habit of doing one thing at a time, and that well, he set ab9ut hunting a wife. After spending a month and half in the search, he found his treasure in earthen vessel in the person of Lucinda Hammond, whom he married Feb. 13, 1844. Their union has resulted in a family of 11 chil- dren, 7 sons and 4 daughters; 2 sons dead. They both died of typhoid fever, at the respective ages of 21 and 19 years. His life has been remarkably successful in a business sense, and he attributes a large share of it to the judicious man- agement and wise counsel of his wife. He has been a member of the Baptist Church since 1836. His portrait may be found in this volume. P. O., Knoxville. Upp, George W. Milton Upp, his father, of Ohio, and Talitha Upp, his mother, of New Jersey, were Highland co., Ohio, farmers, and here George was born Jan. 17, 1836, and here he spent the first 23 years of his life; attended the schools of that county; came to Knox co. Oct. 24, 1859; married Sarah E. Del- bridge March 14, 1861; united with the M. E. Church in 1866, in which he acted as Trustee; Collector of Haw Creek town- ship for the years 1876-7. Republican. Address, Maquon. Vaill,Harvey B.,farmer, was bom in Cortland, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1827. He is the son of Harvey and Almira (Mason) Vaill, of Litchfield, Ct,; came to Knox co. in Oct., 1850; manned Margaret Whitman Hadley, of Brownfield, Me., Jan. 1, 1851. Republican. P. O., Wataga. Vaill, John,son of Harvey and Al- mira Vaill, was born in Cortland co., N. Y., Sept. 1, 1823; was reared on farm and educated in common schools; his father died when John was only 4 years old, and he was put out to work on farm, which he has followed since, save a short time in the lumber trade; was married July 2, 1854, to Mariam Baker; has 3 girls; united with Christian Church in 1857; has been Deacon in church at Ab- ingdon and Trustee of college. Republi- can. P. O., Abingdon. Vivlon, John B., M. D., Gales- burg, was born in Clarke co., Ky., Oct. 23, 1810; his parents were Harvey and Mil- dred (Ryon), natives of Virginia. Dr. Vivion passed his early life on a farm and at the common schools; he completed his medical course at Lexington, Ky., where lie graduated in 1836; he then commenced the practice of his chosen profession, and has constantly followed it for the past 42 years; was a member of Legislature of Missouri in 1840-2; moved to Missouri in 1824, and came to Illinois in 1865; was married to Miss Maria J. Atkinson Sept. 21, 1836; they have 3 children; is a member of the Christian Church; was baptized in 1843; elected Elder in Sept., 1843, and has remained in the office since. Independent. Wadhams, Hakan M,. son of Swan Johnson and Christine (Wetter- halm) Johnson, natives of Sweden, was born in Sweden, Dec. 25,1853. His ear- ly life was passed on the farm. In 1874, came from Sweden lo Knox co. He now follows farming. In 1867, united with the Swedish Lutheran church. P. O., Woodbull, Henry co., 111. Wainright, Daniel, farmer, son of Vincent N. and Nancy Wainright, of N. J. and Ohio, respectively, was born in Clermont co.,O., May 4, 1829. He has been School Director 16 years, Road Com. 3, School Trustee 3. Supervisor 3 years. Came to 111. in 1852; was married Dec. 13, 1849, to Eliza J. Cramer; have 5 children living, 1 dead; joined the M. E. church in 1848. Class-leader. P. 0 , Knoxville. Wallace, Ethan A., farmer, sec. 26, Persifer township. P. 0-, Knoxville. Wallick, Jacob J., sonof Ja- cob and Martha (McGee) Wallick, na- tives of Pa., was born in Pa-, Dec. 2, 1841. His early life was passed on the farm; removed to Knox co. in 1850; served in Co. A. 111. Inf; farming has been his chosen profession, in which he has been very successful; was first mar- ried to Sarah E Andrews, Jan. 23, 1866, then again Sept. 17, 1871, to Nancy J. Buti. P. O., Knoxville. Walter, R. C., farmer, son of John W. and Hannah (Sumner) Walter,was born May 18, 1836, in Highland co., O. His parents removed to Knox co. in 1839; his early life was passed on the farm: was married in 1851 to Polly A. Hall, and they have ore child,a daughter. In 1862he enlisted in Co F. 86th 111. Regt., and took part in every battle the Regt. did; discharged June 22, 1865. P. O., Maquon. ,HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 713 Walsh, Michael, farmer, sec. 20. Truro township. P. 0.. Eugene. Ward, Amos Franklin, his parents, Amos and Eliza, of Ct.; was born at Forrington, Ct., Nov. 26, 1830; attended common school in Knox co.; he was an honest and industrious boy working on a farm, which he has contin- ued with success; came to Knox co when a child; married May 20, 1857, Maria H. Eells, and Nov. 9,1867, Cornelia S. Aber- nethy; has4-children;2 boys and 2 girls; has held the office of Collector, Clerk of township, and School Director; Repub- lican. P. 0 , Altona Warner, David, teacher and farmer, Elba Center, is the son of Jacob and Jane Warner, and was born in Pa, April 19, 1819. His early life was passed on a farm and in school; has taught school for 30 winters in succession; has been School Trustee, Director, and Assessor; came to Knox co. in 1857; was married to Nancy Ann Wells Aug. 28, 1844; joined the Presbyterian church in 1846 Republican. W ashbnrne,W ell i ngton, W., jeweler and watch maker; was born in Akron, Summit co., O. His parents were Leander and Eliza Washburne. He was educated in the public schools. He learned the jeweler’s trade and has followed it. He located in Galesburg in Sept., 1859; Feb. 9, 1876, he married Maggie Lockwood; they have 1 son; his political views are Republican. Resi- dence, Galesburg. Watson, Rev. WTiIliam, Alto- na, son of Joseph and Mary Watson, was born in Albany co , N. Y., Sept. 17, 1830. In the fifth year of his age his parents removed to Warren co , 111; his early life was passed on the farm; was educated in the common schools and Rock River Seminary of 111 ; from a belief of duty he felt called to be a min- ister of the gospel, and he is now a pas- tor of the M. E. church; Oct. 20,1858, he married Lucy M. Curtis, of Fulton co , 111. They are the parents of 5 daughters Way, Harmon, son of David and Rebecca ( Baldwin ) Way, natives of N Y , was born in Portage co., O , Feb. 19, 1815; was educated in the common schools; his early life was passed on the farm and in hunting; married Elizabeth Wilson, Jan. 1, 1837. They are the parents of 9 children, of whom 8 are living; moved to Knox co. in 1841; was School Director 9 years in Chestnut township; is Republican; he has followed hunting, trapping and farming, and is now a farmer in good circumstances In 1862 he killed 25 deer, and for several years aftor killed from 16 to 18 deer each winter; he has killed between 300 and 500 since he came to the co. P. O., Ilermon. Webb, James F., engineer C., B. & Q. R. R„ Galesburg, is the son of Isaac C. and Elizabeth (Fulkerson) Webb, the former of Vermont, his mother a native of Tennessee; was horn at Hillsgrove, McDonough co., 111., Feb. 23, 1846. De- termined to become a locomotive engi- neer he left home in 1865, came to Gales- burg and obtained employment, and Feb. 2, 1869, was promoted to engineer, which he has ever since been,never losing a day, or during these years no person has been injured on, or by his train. He is tem- perate in all things; never Jtnown to utter an oath or take a drink of whisky. Sept. 18, 1870, he married Clara Cofer; they have a son and daughter. Joined the M. E. Church at 18; now connected with 1st M. E. Church, Galesburg. Webb, Mrs. Sarah Eliza- beth, daughter of Erastus and Rachel (Foster) Child, was born in Whitestown, Oneida co., N. Y., May 14, 1849. She came to Oneida, 111., with her parents in 1855; married Fielding B. Webb, of Bed- ford, Taylor co., Iowa, Nov. 29, 1877; went immediately to her new home in Bedford, where she still resides. Welch, Engene W., lawyer, Galesburg, son of William and Jane Welch, the former of N. Y., his mother a native of Me., was born at La Salle, 111., Oct. 28, 1852; educated at St. Pat- rick’s Academy and Knox College; has followed teaching, until admitted to the bar; came to Galesburg in 1869. 'Wells, M. D. residence, Galesburg. West, 31 rs. Elizabeth, daugh- ter of Win. and Tobitha (Bales) George; was born in Ohio in 1811, where she re- ceived a common-school education. She came to this co. 30 years ago, and now owns a section of land near Yates City. She has had sole charge of her farm for 17 years, and proved herself eminently qualified to conduct large business inter- ests. She is the mother of 11 children, 5 living; joined the M. E. Church when 14: P. 0., Yates City. West, Miss Mary Allen. In the spring of 1836 the advance guard of the Galesburg colonists reached Log City. Among the company were Nehemiah West, Catherine, his wife, and their 5 children. Here, in alog house, July 31, 1837, was born Mary Allen West. The log house is still in existence, and is now occupied by Mr. Crosscup’s liens. Mr. West soon removed to his new house in Galesburg, and here his daughter grew to womanhood; educated entirely in the Galesburg district school and in Knox Seminar}'. The peculiar «tmospherc which surrounded her childhood’s home must have had much to do with the for- mation ot her character. They were rigid Puritan folk who formed that little714 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. colony, and although they loved all the bright and pleasant things of life, yet placed the interests of religion and edu- cation before everything else. When Miss West was 13 she passed the required examination to enter Knox Sem- inary, but the rules of that institution admitted no pupil under the age of 15. Prof. Hitchcock, much to her amuse- ment, advised her to teach a year or two. This she did; entering Knox Seminary as soon as permitted, she graduated at 17, and immediately entered upon what has since proved to be the great work of her life, the work of a teacher; for a teacher she pre-eminently is, whether in the school-room, the superintendent’s office, at her desk, or in society. With the exception of 3 years, she taught con- stantly, until her election as Co. Supt. A characteristic episode of her teaching was her connection with the colored school. During the first years of the war a great number of contrabands flocked to Galesburg; they were anxious to learn to read. Miss W. offered to teach the colored school, and did so for a year and a half, working under great difficul- ties. Her pupils often numbered more than a hundred, of all ages. When Miss W. was little more than a girl she wrote an article on “The Use of Wine in Cooking.” This was published in one of the Galesburg papers, and was her first attempt at writing for the press. Since then she has found time in her busy life to do much of such work, wri- ting occasionally for the Christian Union and other papers. For 2 years she edited l,Our Home Monthly,” of Philadelphia. But in her literary work, as in everything else, she has shown that she is'pre-emi- nently an educator. She has written largely for various educational journals, often giving her articles to some strug- gling publication devoted to the interests of education, when, if sent in other di- rections, she would have received liberal pay for them. She has been offered po- sitions on various editorial staffs, and is now Illinois correspondent of the New England Journal of Education, Boston. We understand that she is engaged on a literary work of a more permanent char- acter. April 3, 1873, the Legislature passed a law making woman eligible to all school offices in the State. Immediately lead- ing gentlemen besought her to become a candidate for the office of Co. Supt. ( f Schools. This she refused, and was great- ly astonished to find, at the close of the Re- publican Convention, that the nomina- tion had been given to her. She was elected over two opposing candidates by a good majority. She was again nominated, in 1877, this time by acclamation, and re- elected by a large majority. We have not space to speak, even su- perficially, of ali that Miss W. has done for the co.; we refer the reader to chap- ter on “Education.” She has read papers at the State Teachers’ Institute, and at the State Association of Co. Supts., and has been, ever since its formation, a mem- ber of the Examining Committee of the State Teachers’ Ass’n. She is also a mem- ber of the International Council of Edu- cation of the Permanent Exposition in Phil. It was the aspiration of her girl- hood to be a missionary, but she has striven to work for her Master in the place He has given her. She has been for several years Pres, of the little mission band, Prairie Gleaners, from whose num- ber have already gone 4 foreign mission- aries, and 3 to work among the Indians and freedmen. She has ever been a hard Sunday-school worker, conducting for many years a large Bible class for young ladies in the S. S. of the First Church, and, since the removal of the jail to Galesburg, working every Sunday after- noon among its inmates. Miss W. has always been deeply interested in the temperance cause. She organized, and has since superintended the Cen. Div. of the Band of Hope. She has been active in the local Temperance Union and Vice Pres, of this organization in the 9th Con- gressional Dist. She has also delivered many temperance addresses, and has been heard to declare that whenever it is too stormy for the gentlemen to keep an appointment in a country neighbor- hood, the committee always come to her, knowing, by experience, that neither rain, cold or Knox co. mud will keep her at home when there is work to be done for temperance. Galesburg was not behind in sending her soldiers to the ranks dur- ing the late war or caring for them, and high up on the list of those who did in- dispensable work at home, stands the name of Mary Allen West. She was, duringthe entire existence of the Soldiers’ Aid Society, either its Rec. or Cor. Sec- retary. It was her work to look after Galesburg boys wherever they were, par- ticularly the sick and wounded; and her correspondence was very large, not to mention the constant appeals and reports which came from her pen. To the 4 days’ Sanitary Fair that was field in Galesburg, Attorney General Bates sent his photograph, with the following writ- ten on the fiack, as his autograph: “To the best woman at the Galesburg Fair: from the old fogy, Edward Bates of Mo.” This was unanimously voted to Miss West. She has represented her city, co. and State in various State, National andHISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 715 International Conventions. She was a member of the Woman’s Centennial Commission, and was one of the Com. that presented the petition for home pro- tection to the State Legislature. She is much interested in the “Social Science” movement, and is Vice President of the association for this Congressional Dis- trict. She is always ready to give her thoughtful advice and more substantial aid to all who come to her; and although, perhaps, it is not fitting to dwell upon such things here, yet there are many young girls through the county who would be glad to acknowledge that she has helped them to attain not only a higher education but also a higher life in every way. Her abilities as a housekeeper are great. She is also something of an artist, and enjoys spending her 6pare hours—of which she has not found any of late— with pallet and brushes. That she has heen able to accomplish so much in her life, is, as she herself often says, largely owing to the fact that she never lets a moment go to waste. West, Isaac S., farmer, was born inHighlandco, O., Oct. 21,1811;his par- ents were Harmon and Mary (Smith) West, the former a native of Va., and the latter of N C; was a natural mechan- ic and worked at different trades, but changed to farming; was married Dec. 25,1834; moved to 111.in 1841. Republican. Was brought up a Quaker, but prefers the church of United Brethren. P. 0., Yates City. Westerdale, William, farmer, was born in Leicestershire, Eng., in 1809; his parents were James and Sarah ( Har- by) Westerdale, natives of Eng ; moved to Copley, Knox co., Aug. 1850; married Sophia Wilson Feb. 10, 1853. They are the parents of 3 children; is a member of the Presbyterian church. Republican in politics. P. O., Altona. Wetmore, I»aac Miller, far- mer, P. O.. Ontario, was born in White- borough, N. Y., Aug. G. 1809; his par- ents were Ashu and Olive (Miller) Wetmore, natives of Middletown, Ct.; his early life was passed on the farm and in milling; was educated in Water- town, N. Y. In 1832 he was first mar- ried to Mary Louisa Morse; was a mer- chant but. changed to farming; moved from N. Y. to Knox co , in 1836; united with the Baptist church in Whites- borough. and was elected Deacon of the Ontario Baptist church in 1854; he was again married in 1869 to Mary A. Stick- ney; he is the parent of 8 children, of whom 7 are living. Mr. Wetmore’s por- trait appears in this volume. Wetmore, T. A., druggist, Oneida. Wetmore,Theodore Palmer. born at Whitestown, N. Y., May 14,1811; attended common schools and worked on a farm and in a cotton, factory when a boy; his parents were Ezra and Susan (Palmer) Wetmore, natives of Ct. and R. I; moved to Ontario, 111, July, 1838; married Eveline C Morse Dec. 9, 1841; they have 2 sons and 2 daughters; con- nected with the Congregational church Sept. 1852; was elected Deacon and held the office till he died, in Aug. 16,1876; was School Director many years. Mrs. E. C Wetmore’s P. O. is Ontario. Whitaker, Wm. H., born in O., Jan. 7, 1838; married Dec. 4,1859,to Mar- garet Adair; they have a familyof 5 chil- dren ; his parents, Ephraim K. and Mary Whitaker, were farmers in Ohio William H. joined the Christian church in 1861, and in 1838 was Sunday School Supt. at Union chapel; served as School Direc- tor at Indian Point in 1875; is a farmer from choice, in politics a Republican. P. O., Gilson. White, Charles, farmer, was born in Salem township, Knox co., 111., July 17,1846; he is the son of James'and Sketurah White, of Gloucester co., N. J; his early years were spent on a farm, and education limited to the district school; he followed farming from choice. Political views, Democrat. P. O., Farm- ington, Fulton co. White, Chancy, physician, Gales- burg. White, Mrs. ,J. Ii., sec 4, Onta- rio township. P. O., Oneida. White, Samuel, farmer and lum- ber dealer; son of John and Ellen White; was born in Scott co . 111., May 5,1840; began a course at the Lombard Univer- sity at Galesburg, but was interrupted by the breaking out of the war in 1861, when he enlisted in Co Iv. 2nd 111 Cav., July 13, 1861, in which he served with distinction and was advanced to the rank of Major; was mustered out March 20, 1866 ; is a member of the Universalist church: was married to Miss H. B. Grant, June 28. 1864, the union being blessed with 3 children. P. O , LaFayette, Stark co.. III. Whiting, II K., farmer, sec. 21, Walnut Grove township. P O , Altona. Whiting, Samuel P., editor And publisher of the Altona Herald : son of Allen and Mary (Alford) Whiting, natives of Ct ; was bom in Ct.. Sept. 21, 1822; was educated in the district schools; followed various vocations; was married in 1846 to Lucretia Morse; removed from Ct. to Knox co. in 1850: is a Republican. Whiting, Col. William, Col. 4th Regt. I. N- G., Altona Wikoff, Henry I<., farmer, sec. 19, Ontario township. P O., Ontario. Wikoif, Garrett, farmer, son of716 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. Jacob and Alice (Green) Wikoff; was born Nov 5, 1804, in Monmonth co , N. J.; he worked at the wheelwright trade for 5 years; the rest of the time has been a farmer; he came to Knox co. in 1838; went to Fulton co. in 1841; came back to Knox co. in 1846; Nov. 16, 1831, he mar- ried Phebe Coon; they have had 4 sons and 4 daughters, 2 girls dead; he is a member of the Congregational church. P. 0., Ontario. Wilcox, William Henry, farmer, son of Henry and Mary K. (Mee- cham) Wilcox, of Eng., was born N. Y. State, Jan. 9, 1836; was educated in the public school of Galesburg. He served 3 years in the U. S. army during the re- bellion ; was taken prisoner. Oct 3,1866, he married Eliza P. Kellogg. They have 5 children ; political views, Republican; P, O , Galesburg. Wiley, Wm. H. farmer, son of Jacob and Mary A. (Hall) Wiley was born in Wayne Co., Ind., April 5, 1845; has lived in Knox Co. since 1849; married Nancy Janje Haynes, Nov. 28, 1867; they have 2 children; joined theP. M. church in 1872; Sunday-school Supt., Class-lead- er; Steward and Trustee. He enlisted in Co. D., 7th 111. Cav., in 1863; was dis- charged Nov. 18, 1865. P. O., Knox- ville. Willard, Thomas R., profes- sor in Knox college, Galesburg. Williams, George B.,* farmer, sec. 3, Rio township; P. O., Rio. Williams, John, son of W. S. and Elizabeth Williams, was born in Canton, 111., in 1831; reared on a farm and educated in common schools; has worked at various trades; is now farm- ing; has traveled considerably; was mar- ried in 1866 to Miss A. J. Weir; have 1 child living, 2 dead. P. O., Yates City. Williams, J. E., student at Ile’d- ding College, Abingdon; prominent member of the Lincolnian Society. Williams, Dr. Joseph C., chemist. Galesburg, was born in Gro- ton,Ct., June 29,1820. After obtaining the rudiments of an education in the com- mon school, he pursued study without teacher. He came to O. in 1822, where he-learned the carriage-making trade; meantime he qualified himself for the medical profession, and practiced sever- al years in Wis. and in Chicago, where he engaged in the manufacture of chem- icals, and was burned out by the trreat fire. He came to 111. in 1817; lived in Canton; was appointed to a position in the chemical department at Washing- ton in 1861 where he remained till 1865, during which time he spent considera- ble time in the hospitals in the field. At the solicitation of Gov. Kellogg he went to New Orleans in 1866 and took a posi- tion in the custom-house; came to Gales- burg in 1872. March 4, 1841, he married Charlotte Carter. Williamson, Moses O., har- ness-maker, Wataga, was born on the Atlantic Ocean, July 14, 1850. His par- ents, William and Margaret,were natives of Sweden, and it was while coming to America the subject of this sketch was born. He married, Oct. 18, 1871, to Mary Driggs; they have2children, 1 boy and 1 girl. 'Williamson, W. S., physician, Rio. Willsie, Horace H., was born in Hemmingford, Canada, Jan. 27, 1827. He is the son of John and Sabra (Hen- derson) Willsie. He left home at 14 and has provided for himself ever since. He learned the tanner’s trade and continued in the business till 1853. He came to Galesburg in 1854. He has held the office of Deputy Sheriff and Constable for 16 years, 4 years of the time was City Marshal. In July, 1862, he recruited a company for the U. S. service, and went out as its Capt. Resigned from ill health in 1863. He recruited to fill the quotaof the County again,and went to the front as Lieut-Col. of the 139th Inf. The third time he filled the quota of Knox co. was in Feb. 1865, when he went to the field as Col. of the 148th 111. Inf. CoL W. was noted as one of the finest drill- masters in the army, always manifesting great consideration for the welfare and good will of'his men. June 5, 1855, he married Betsey A. Nichols. They have 4 sons and 1 daughter. He is now en- gaged in the livery business. Galesburg. Wilmot, Amos, son of Jesse and HaDnah B. Wilmot, Cheshire, Ct.; born same place, March 2, 1862; after working at harness and shoe-making, settled down at farming; has been School Treasurer,Trustee and Director in Sparta township; came to Sparta June 5, 1836, first to settle on ihe prairie there; mar- ried, June 25, 1828, to Betsy Crawford; they have had 6 girls and 4 boys, one boy and one girl dead; member of Con- gregational Church, Ontario; Republi- can. Mr. W. died Aug. 28, 1878; he was an active and valuable promoter of ed- ucational and religious interests. Wilson, Francis*, farmer, was born in Butler Co., Pa., March 1,1809. He is the son of Francis and Priscilla (Gray) Wilson, the former from Ireland, the latter from Md. He removed to Champaign co., O. when small; lived on a farm and went to district school but little. Learned the blacksmith trade and worked at it a number of years, lie came to Knox co. in 1836. lie married Nancy McPherrin in Jan., 1813, who died in 1838. Nov. 26, 1840, he married Eliza-HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. 717 beth McPherrin. He had 3 children by 1st wife, 5 by 2d; 1 girl and 1 boy dead. Political views,Democratic. P. O., Knox- ville. Wilson, John, farmer, son of Francis and Elizabeth (McPherrin) Wil- son, was born in Knox co. Sept. 23, 1841; reared on a farm and in common schools; married Anna Carr. Sept. 5, 1865; have 2 sons, 1 daughter. Democrat. P. O., Galesburg. Wilson, H., farmer, Sec. 30, Per- sifer township. P. O., Knoxville. Wilson, Samuel, Hermon. Winchell, H. P., residence, Rio. Winter, John S., County Clerk, Galesburg, was born Aug. 9, 1822, at Pittsburg, Pa. His father, John Winter, was a Baptist minister, who came from Bradford, Eng., in 1818, and settled in Pittsburg, where he lately died. His education was obtained in the public schools of his native city, and at his home, under the tuition of his father. When 23, he traveled west, settling in Fulton co., 111., and establishing himself in the printing business. After the Mor- mon troubles, which for so long a time had excited Illinois, he went to Nauvoo, where he edited a paper for nearly a year; he then removed to Knox co., settling in Knoxville in 1849, where he com- menced the publication of the Knoxville Journal. For a short time after his with- drawal from its management, he engaged in mercantile pursuits. During the stir- ring campaign of 1856, he established the Knoxville Republican; in 1857 was elected County Clerk. With the exception of an interval of ODe term he has continued in that office, and has fulfilled all its res- ponsible duties with integrity and ability, and to the fullest acceptance of the peo- ple. He has been an active partisan, and has obtained large influence as a leading citizen of this county,—not simply.by party zeal, but by his public spirit, which has made him an energetic worker in all movements for the public weal. In 1847 he was married to Mary M. Brewen. Wood, J. W., Yates City. Woodmansee, Jamea, farmer, was born in Green co., Pa., March 24, 1812; his parents were Thomas and Mary ( Taylor) Woodmansee, the father of K J., the mother of Md.; he was ed- ucated in the common schools of O.; came to 111. in 1852; he married Jane Cook Dec. 27, 1832; they have 6 sons and 3 daughters; he has been a member of the M. P. church for many years. Rep. in politics. P. O., Abingdon. Wookey, Alonzo, gun and hard- ware dealer, Galesburg, is the son of Stephen and Hannah ( Jones ) Wookey, the former of Eng., his mother of O.; he was born in Peoria, 111., in 1849; from there he came to Galesburg, and is engaged in the hardware, gun and gen- eral repair business; was married to Emma Carrington; has2 girls and 1 boy; is a member of the First Church; confess- ion made in 1865. Republican. Woolsey, Darius, farmer, was born in Ohio, June 9V ’48; his parents Hez- ekiah and Hannah Woolsey, who were farmers in moderate circumstances; he followed in the footsteps of his father, engaging in farming and stock-raising; married Miss Emma Wolf; their family now number 3 children. P. O., Gilson. Woolsey, David, farmer, son of Hezekiah and Hannah Woolsey, of N. Y.; was born in that State in 1828; came to 111. in 1849; married Elizabeth Fry in 1850; Rep. in politics; has served as School Director; reared on a farm; ed- ucated in common schools, and has fol- lowed farming successfully. P. O., Gil- son. Wyckoif,Thomas S.,son of John and Temperance (Shanon) Wyckoff, of Pa.; was born in O. Sept. 14,1828; has traveled west considerably and seen much of frontier life; has been City Marshal of Abingdon, and School Di- rector; was married Feb. 9, 1849; in pol- itics a Dem. P. O., Abingdon. Wykolf, J. F., farmer, sec. 36, Rio township. P. O., Ontario. Wyman Edward J., farmer, son of Arthur and Anna Wyman, of N. Y., was born in Ohio in 1833. He was educated in the district school, and spent his early days on a farm. He left Ohio and came to Knox co. 1853. He has held the offices of School Director, Con- stable and Treasurer. In 1857 he mar- ried Elizabeth Bradford, by whom he has 7 children. He has been connected with the U. B. Church since 1863, and is a Trustee. Rep. P. O., Knoxville. Wyman, Richard V., farmer, son of Stephen and Catharine Wyman, the former a native of Ohio, and the lat- ter of Indiana, was born in Knox co., Sept. 7, 1857; was educated in the com- mon schools; his early life was passed on the farm. In 1875 was baptized by Rev. Dunn, and united with the Church of United Brethren. P. O., Knoxville. Yocum, W. M., son of W. S. and Mary Yocum, the former a native of Ken- tucky, and the latter of Indiana, was born in Clay co., Ind., May 28, 1846; was educated in the district schools of the county; his early life passed on the farm, and he has always followed farming. Removed to Warren co,, 111., thence to Mercer co., finally coming to Knox co. Was in Co. II, 14th 111. Inf.; Aug. 20, 1871, married Elizabeth Meeks; they718 HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. are the parents of 1 child. Republican. P. O., Knoxville. Yoonnet, F. V. and €has. M. Their father, Francis Xavier, was born in France in 1765; their mother, Martha Vail (Yoonnet), born in New York in 1779. F. Y. was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1800; Charles M. was born in the same city in 1817; he attended school at Stock- bridge, Mass.; F. V. graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1819; was clerk in a bank in New York, and also clerk in War Department, under Jackson. Moved from New York to Washington in 1886; to Knox co. in 1844. Is a believer in the Christian religion. Both Democrats. P. O., Galesburg. Young?, Henry, son of Jacob and Elizabeth Young, the former a native of Germany, and the latter of New York, was horn in Warren co., O., Jan. II, 1825. His early life was passed on the farm; learned the trade of a mason, which he has followed, and has also followed farm- ing; was married March 26, 1846; is a member of the Church of United Brethren, and held the office of Church Trustee in 1872. He has been very suc- cessful in business. P. O., Knoxville. Young, Robert, farmer, P. O. Abingdon, son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Harper) Young, the former of Pennsyl- vania, and the latter of Ohio, was horn in Warren co., O., Aug. 26, 1840; his early life passed on the farm; educated in common schools; moved to Knox co. in 1845; married Elizabeth Young Nov. 8, 1861; they are the parents of 8 chil- dren. Republican. Served 12 months in the army. Youngs, Wm. W., was bom in Knox co. June 24, 1856; parents were Nathan and Sarah Youngs, natives of Ohio; his early life was passed on the farm. Removed from Knox co. to Kan- sas, thence to Missouri; finally returned to Knox co. His chosen profession is that of a farmer, in which he has been very successful. Democrat. P. O., Knox- ville.